Article(id=1320889421101122113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854178928, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854178928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854178928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854178928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=238, endPage=248, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889421306643010, articleId=1320889421101122113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Flavor Characteristics Evaluation of Seabuckthorn Whole Fruit Powder Cookies, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To develop more palatable sea buckthorn-based products with broader consumer appeal, this study used whole sea buckthorn fruit powder to produce cookies. The formulation was optimized, and the flavor profile was investigated. Methods: Based on sensory evaluation, the cookie formulation was optimized using an orthogonal experimental design. Volatile compounds in the samples were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated to explore the characteristic aroma compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies. Results: The optimal cookie formulation, using low-gluten flour, included 6% sea buckthorn whole-fruit powder, 60% butter, 20% powdered sugar, and 20% milk. The cookies exhibited a uniform orange-yellow color, intact shape, dense texture, suitable sweetness, and a distinctive sea buckthorn flavor, with a sensory score of 75.33. The flavor consisted of ester compounds from sea buckthorn, imparting fruity, sweet, and green notes, and aldehydes and ketones from the base recipe, contributing to buttery aromas. The characteristic aroma compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies included nonyl acetate, isovaleric acid, hexanal, 1-octanol, and δ-octa lactone, which significantly contributed to their fruity, sweet, and plant-like aromas. The flavor profile of the cookies was formed through the interaction of multiple structurally similar compounds. Conclusion: This study optimized the formula of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies through sensory evaluation, effectively improved their palatability, and further analyzed the flavor characteristics and key flavor substances of the products. This study provided theoretical support for the formulation optimization, flavor characterization, and potential industrial application of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies.

, authors=Xiaoxue WANG1, Yanjie YANG1, Wenjin WENG1, Yang LIU1, Xiaoyong WANG2, Zhaolin LÜ1, 3, *, authorsList=Xiaoxue WANG, Yanjie YANG, Wenjin WENG, Yang LIU, Xiaoyong WANG, Zhaolin LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaolin LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889422967587409, articleId=1320889421101122113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙棘全果粉曲奇制备及风味特征评价, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:本研究以沙棘全果粉为原料制作沙棘全果粉曲奇,优化配方,并研究其特征风味。方法:以感官评价为依据,通过正交试验优化配方,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定样品中挥发性成分,计算香气活性值探究沙棘全果粉曲奇的特征风味。结果:以低筋面粉质量为基准,加入6%沙棘全果粉、60%黄油、20%糖粉、20%牛奶的沙棘全果粉曲奇为橙黄色,色泽均匀,形态完整,组织紧密,甜度适宜,带有沙棘特殊风味,综合感官评分为75.33分。沙棘全果粉曲奇中的风味组分丰富,包括沙棘全果粉中呈现出果香、甜香和植物气味的酯类物质,以及原味曲奇中呈现出脂香的醛类和酮类物质。沙棘全果粉曲奇的特征风味物质有乙酸壬酯、异戊酸、己醛、1-辛醇、δ-辛内酯等,在果香、甜香、植物气味方面有显著贡献。沙棘全果粉曲奇的风味是由多组结构相似的物质交互形成的。结论:本研究通过感官评价优化沙棘全果粉曲奇的配方,有效改善了其适口性,并进一步解析了产品的风味特征与关键风味物质,为沙棘全果粉曲奇的工艺生产提供理论支持,在沙棘全果粉曲奇的品质研究方面具有一定的应用价值。

, authors=王晓雪1, 杨嫣婕1, 翁文谨1, 刘洋1, 王小勇2, 吕兆林1, 3, *, authorsList=王晓雪, 杨嫣婕, 翁文谨, 刘洋, 王小勇, 吕兆林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕兆林, authorNote=

王晓雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吕兆林(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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Factor level of orthogonal test

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水平因素
A SP(%)B 黄油(%)C 糖粉(%)
145020
266025
387030
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430223733395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平

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水平因素
A SP(%)B 黄油(%)C 糖粉(%)
145020
266025
387030
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430290842260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for SPC

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感官评价标准评分区间
色泽(20)色泽不均匀,有烤焦现象,明显异色0~7
呈浅黄色,色泽不均匀,略有异色8~14
橙黄色,色泽基本均匀,无烤焦15~20
形态(20)表面起泡,破碎严重,SP分布不均匀0~7
外形基本完整,SP分布较均匀8~14
外形完整,表面无明显气孔,SP分布均匀15~20
滋味(20)沙棘香味无,有异味0~7
沙棘香味淡,无异味8~14
沙棘香味浓,无异味15~20
组织(20)质地僵硬,有杂质,厚薄极不均匀0~7
略有大孔,组织较粗糙,厚薄较均匀8~14
组织紧密不散,无杂质,无明显大空洞和局部
过硬的状态,厚薄均匀
15~20
口感(20)较硬、口感粗糙、粘牙,甜味淡或过腻0~7
紧实不细腻、略粘牙,SP质感较重,略淡或略甜8~14
酥松、细腻、不粘牙,SP质感好,甜味适宜15~20
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430362145429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SPC感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官评价标准评分区间
色泽(20)色泽不均匀,有烤焦现象,明显异色0~7
呈浅黄色,色泽不均匀,略有异色8~14
橙黄色,色泽基本均匀,无烤焦15~20
形态(20)表面起泡,破碎严重,SP分布不均匀0~7
外形基本完整,SP分布较均匀8~14
外形完整,表面无明显气孔,SP分布均匀15~20
滋味(20)沙棘香味无,有异味0~7
沙棘香味淡,无异味8~14
沙棘香味浓,无异味15~20
组织(20)质地僵硬,有杂质,厚薄极不均匀0~7
略有大孔,组织较粗糙,厚薄较均匀8~14
组织紧密不散,无杂质,无明显大空洞和局部
过硬的状态,厚薄均匀
15~20
口感(20)较硬、口感粗糙、粘牙,甜味淡或过腻0~7
紧实不细腻、略粘牙,SP质感较重,略淡或略甜8~14
酥松、细腻、不粘牙,SP质感好,甜味适宜15~20
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430437642902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of orthogonal test on raw material of SPC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABC感官评分
14%50%20%65.86
24%60%30%64.86
34%70%25%64.71
46%50%25%72.95
56%60%20%75.33
66%70%30%62.24
78%50%30%67.48
88%60%25%68.43
98%70%20%71.62
K1195.43206.29212.81
K2210.52208.62206.10
K3207.52198.57194.57
R5.033.356.08
主次C>A>B
最优方案A2B2C1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430521528983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SPC原料正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABC感官评分
14%50%20%65.86
24%60%30%64.86
34%70%25%64.71
46%50%25%72.95
56%60%20%75.33
66%70%30%62.24
78%50%30%67.48
88%60%25%68.43
98%70%20%71.62
K1195.43206.29212.81
K2210.52208.62206.10
K3207.52198.57194.57
R5.033.356.08
主次C>A>B
最优方案A2B2C1
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430597026456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance of orthogonal test of SPC (α=0.05)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差平方和自由度F值P值
A33.365224.9740.039*
B12.44029.3110.097
C39.542229.5970.033*
误差1.336
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430664135321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SPC正交试验方差分析(α=0.05)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差平方和自由度F值P值
A33.365224.9740.039*
B12.44029.3110.097
C39.542229.5970.033*
误差1.336
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430722855578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Summary of flavor compounds in SP, OC and SPC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称CAS号风味描述风味分类阈值
(mg/kg)
OAV(×103)
SPCOCSP
萜烯类
A1d-柠檬烯5989-27-5令人愉快的柠檬味10.0346.7932.93−
醇类
A2乙醇64-17-5轻微的特有气味50.62−−2.10
A31-戊醇71-41-0特征性的甜味20.150.190.28−
A41-十二烷醇112-53-8特有的脂肪味40.016−12.69−
A5正己醇111-27-3草本味、甜味、水果味1、2、30.0340.620.711.99
A62,4-庚二烯醇4313-03-5脂肪味、青香的气味3、40.01541.43−39.45
A7正庚醇111-70-6木质的、微弱的脂肪味3、40.00541.782.7517.51
A8苯乙醇60-12-8典型的玫瑰气味30.5640.56−9.62
A9苯甲醇100-51-6特有的令人愉快的水果味12.550.010.020.08
A101-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-4甜美的薰衣草、玫瑰的味道30.001518.9431.66−
A11反式-2-辛烯醇18409-17-1坚果味40.02−3.33−
A121-辛醇111-87-5清新的橙子、玫瑰味1、30.0421.283.436.99
A132-壬醇628-99-9强烈的果绿气味1、30.058−−2.24
A141-壬醇143-08-8典型的玫瑰橙子气味1、30.050.54−8.09
酯类
A15苯乙酸乙酯101-97-3令人愉快的、甜的蜂蜜味道20.15565.65−69.16
A16δ-癸内酯705-86-2油腻的桃子味1、40.06630.67180.02−
A173-甲基丁酸异戊酯659-70-1甜的、苹果和芒果特有的气味1、20.02290.06−2999.35
A18乙酸辛酯112-14-1橙子气味和花香1、30.047−5.94−
A192-甲基丁酸异戊酯27625-35-0水果味10.0086−−592.40
A20己酸丁酯626-82-4典型的菠萝味110−2.24−
A21异戊酸2-甲基丁酯2445-77-4草本的、甜的水果味1、2、30.02430.84−330.02
A22辛酸乙酯106-32-1令人愉快的水果花香1、30.0193738.2086.725726.78
A23丙烯酸正丁酯141-32-2强烈的、青香的水果味1、30.022−42.24−
A24γ-十二内酯2305-05-7脂肪味、桃子的味道1、40.00043−2946.90−
A25己酸异戊酯2198-61-0甜的水果味1、20.3217.67−193.63
A26乙酸壬酯143-13-5水果味、栀子花香1、30.61.12−−
A27肉桂酸乙酯103-36-6甜甜的蜂蜜味20.017−−23.74
A28苯甲酸异戊酯94-46-2甜的水果味1、20.2529.39−625.88
A29己酸己酯6378-65-0草本气味36.4−0.72−
A302,4-癸二烯酸乙酯3025-30-7梨子味10.12.08−91.91
A31δ-十二内酯713-95-1椰果味、油性气味1、40.05313.85153.07−
A32壬酸乙酯123-29-5坚果味、水果味1、40.377−−2.76
A33癸酸乙酯110-38-3葡萄味10.005396.62−10302.60
A34丁酸丁酯109-21-7梨和菠萝的味道10.4−2.00−
A35辛酸异戊酯2035-99-6水果味10.0710.58−310.05
A36乙酸己酯142-92-7苹果、樱桃、梨的味道和花香1、30.115−48.17−
A37月桂酸乙酯106-33-2花香、水果味1、35.90.10−3.56
A38肉豆蔻酸乙酯124-06-1蜡状气味、鸢尾植物气味3、440.02−0.60
A39γ-壬内酯104-61-0椰子的气味10.0097−41.63−
A40γ-己内酯695-06-7甜美的草本气味2、30.260.610.685.38
A41δ-辛内酯698-76-0甜味、脂肪味、椰子味、牛奶味1、2、40.22.659.952.26
A42十一酸乙酯627-90-7椰子的气味10.0003−−1241.87
A43己酸乙酯123-66-0菠萝和香蕉味道10.005834.10246.0914802.17
A44苯甲酸乙酯93-89-0依兰的、水果的味道1、30.055649.44−747.05
A45辛酸甲酯111-11-5葡萄酒的、橙子的气味10.20.12−2.98
A46棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7蜡状的甜味2、42−−0.14
A473-羟基丁酸乙酯5405-41-4新鲜的葡萄味12.5−−0.23
A48异戊酸乙酯108-64-5葡萄酒味的、苹果的气味10.00001−−936673.40
A492-甲基丁酸乙酯7452-79-1青香果味10.968−−3.82
A503-羟基己酸乙酯2305-25-1水果味10.045−−53.58
A51异戊酸异丁酯589-59-3苹果和覆盆子的风味1、30.034−−8.55
酸类
A52月桂酸143-07-7脂肪气味40.1−29.19−
A53肉豆蔻酸544-63-8蜡状的油性气味410−0.05−
A54癸酸334-48-5油腻的、难闻的气味4、5100.120.42−
A55乙酸64-19-7强烈的醋的气味50.01338.01−659.92
A56丁酸107-92-6腐臭的黄油的气味52.40.30−−
A57异戊酸503-74-2腐臭的奶酪的气味4、50.491.16−−
A58己酸142-62-1腐臭的、刺鼻的奶酪味4、50.892.212.31−
A59辛酸124-07-2轻微难闻的气味530.461.07−
A60壬酸112-05-0特有的脂肪气味44.60.060.25−
A61庚酸111-14-8腐臭的、酸的脂肪味40.64−−5.92
醛类
A62糠醛98-01-1特有的刺激性气味59.56−0.02−
A632,4-癸二烯醛25152-84-5油性的脂肪味40.0000272264.836082.981707.34
A64癸醛112-31-2柑橘味、脂肪气味和花香1、3、40.00327.5997.42−
A65月桂醛112-54-9脂肪气味和紫罗兰的气味3、40.010.815.49−
A66十三醛10486-19-8柑橘、蜡质的、柚子皮的风味1、40.011.789.71−
A67十四醛124-25-4油腻的、鸢尾的气味3、40.110.080.410.93
A68己醛66-25-1脂肪味、水果气味10.0058.6232.6757.50
A692,4-壬二烯-1-醛5910-87-2脂肪味、花香3、40.0001−307.81521.61
A70庚醛111-71-7油腻的、刺鼻的气味4、50.260.120.180.87
A71壬醛124-19-6强烈的脂肪气味40.0011−637.48−
A72苯甲醛100-52-7苦杏仁气味50.750.180.351.98
A73反-2-癸烯醛3913-81-3蜡质的橙子味1、40.017−−17.03
A74辛醛124-13-0脂肪味、柑橘和蜂蜜的气味1、2、40.000844.3252.16126.88
A75苯乙醛122-78-1刺鼻的风信子气味3、50.006393.2224.05286.24
A76异戊醛590-86-3辛辣的、刺鼻的苹果气味1、50.00035−−147.96
酮类
A772-十一酮112-12-9桃子的甜味1、20.005589.83477.64−
A782-十五烷酮2345-28-0牛奶味道、蓝莓味道1、40.001105.781516.36−
A793-辛烯-2-酮1669-44-9柠檬味10.25−0.19−
A80苯乙酮98-86-2甜味、刺激性的药味2、50.065−0.86−
A812-庚酮110-43-0辣味、水果味1、50.0235.8420.51−
A822-壬酮821-55-6芸香气味30.04111.4327.33−
A83α-紫罗兰酮127-41-3木质的、紫罗兰的气味1、30.01−−11.64
A84乙偶姻513-86-0木质的酸奶味40.014−−8.62
A85苯丙酮110-93-0脂肪的柑橘气味1、40.068−−1.49
其他类
A86对伞花烃99-87-6柠檬的柑橘香味10.01−10.14−
A872-戊基呋喃3777-69-3水果味10.005831.7433.69−
A88麦芽酚118-71-8焦糖味、果酱味21.24−0.28−
A892,6-二甲基吡嗪108-50-9坚果味、咖啡味40.718−0.07−
A90庚酸醚106-30-9白兰地的水果味10.00212.45−168.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430810935963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

SP、OC及SPC风味物质汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称CAS号风味描述风味分类阈值
(mg/kg)
OAV(×103)
SPCOCSP
萜烯类
A1d-柠檬烯5989-27-5令人愉快的柠檬味10.0346.7932.93−
醇类
A2乙醇64-17-5轻微的特有气味50.62−−2.10
A31-戊醇71-41-0特征性的甜味20.150.190.28−
A41-十二烷醇112-53-8特有的脂肪味40.016−12.69−
A5正己醇111-27-3草本味、甜味、水果味1、2、30.0340.620.711.99
A62,4-庚二烯醇4313-03-5脂肪味、青香的气味3、40.01541.43−39.45
A7正庚醇111-70-6木质的、微弱的脂肪味3、40.00541.782.7517.51
A8苯乙醇60-12-8典型的玫瑰气味30.5640.56−9.62
A9苯甲醇100-51-6特有的令人愉快的水果味12.550.010.020.08
A101-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-4甜美的薰衣草、玫瑰的味道30.001518.9431.66−
A11反式-2-辛烯醇18409-17-1坚果味40.02−3.33−
A121-辛醇111-87-5清新的橙子、玫瑰味1、30.0421.283.436.99
A132-壬醇628-99-9强烈的果绿气味1、30.058−−2.24
A141-壬醇143-08-8典型的玫瑰橙子气味1、30.050.54−8.09
酯类
A15苯乙酸乙酯101-97-3令人愉快的、甜的蜂蜜味道20.15565.65−69.16
A16δ-癸内酯705-86-2油腻的桃子味1、40.06630.67180.02−
A173-甲基丁酸异戊酯659-70-1甜的、苹果和芒果特有的气味1、20.02290.06−2999.35
A18乙酸辛酯112-14-1橙子气味和花香1、30.047−5.94−
A192-甲基丁酸异戊酯27625-35-0水果味10.0086−−592.40
A20己酸丁酯626-82-4典型的菠萝味110−2.24−
A21异戊酸2-甲基丁酯2445-77-4草本的、甜的水果味1、2、30.02430.84−330.02
A22辛酸乙酯106-32-1令人愉快的水果花香1、30.0193738.2086.725726.78
A23丙烯酸正丁酯141-32-2强烈的、青香的水果味1、30.022−42.24−
A24γ-十二内酯2305-05-7脂肪味、桃子的味道1、40.00043−2946.90−
A25己酸异戊酯2198-61-0甜的水果味1、20.3217.67−193.63
A26乙酸壬酯143-13-5水果味、栀子花香1、30.61.12−−
A27肉桂酸乙酯103-36-6甜甜的蜂蜜味20.017−−23.74
A28苯甲酸异戊酯94-46-2甜的水果味1、20.2529.39−625.88
A29己酸己酯6378-65-0草本气味36.4−0.72−
A302,4-癸二烯酸乙酯3025-30-7梨子味10.12.08−91.91
A31δ-十二内酯713-95-1椰果味、油性气味1、40.05313.85153.07−
A32壬酸乙酯123-29-5坚果味、水果味1、40.377−−2.76
A33癸酸乙酯110-38-3葡萄味10.005396.62−10302.60
A34丁酸丁酯109-21-7梨和菠萝的味道10.4−2.00−
A35辛酸异戊酯2035-99-6水果味10.0710.58−310.05
A36乙酸己酯142-92-7苹果、樱桃、梨的味道和花香1、30.115−48.17−
A37月桂酸乙酯106-33-2花香、水果味1、35.90.10−3.56
A38肉豆蔻酸乙酯124-06-1蜡状气味、鸢尾植物气味3、440.02−0.60
A39γ-壬内酯104-61-0椰子的气味10.0097−41.63−
A40γ-己内酯695-06-7甜美的草本气味2、30.260.610.685.38
A41δ-辛内酯698-76-0甜味、脂肪味、椰子味、牛奶味1、2、40.22.659.952.26
A42十一酸乙酯627-90-7椰子的气味10.0003−−1241.87
A43己酸乙酯123-66-0菠萝和香蕉味道10.005834.10246.0914802.17
A44苯甲酸乙酯93-89-0依兰的、水果的味道1、30.055649.44−747.05
A45辛酸甲酯111-11-5葡萄酒的、橙子的气味10.20.12−2.98
A46棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7蜡状的甜味2、42−−0.14
A473-羟基丁酸乙酯5405-41-4新鲜的葡萄味12.5−−0.23
A48异戊酸乙酯108-64-5葡萄酒味的、苹果的气味10.00001−−936673.40
A492-甲基丁酸乙酯7452-79-1青香果味10.968−−3.82
A503-羟基己酸乙酯2305-25-1水果味10.045−−53.58
A51异戊酸异丁酯589-59-3苹果和覆盆子的风味1、30.034−−8.55
酸类
A52月桂酸143-07-7脂肪气味40.1−29.19−
A53肉豆蔻酸544-63-8蜡状的油性气味410−0.05−
A54癸酸334-48-5油腻的、难闻的气味4、5100.120.42−
A55乙酸64-19-7强烈的醋的气味50.01338.01−659.92
A56丁酸107-92-6腐臭的黄油的气味52.40.30−−
A57异戊酸503-74-2腐臭的奶酪的气味4、50.491.16−−
A58己酸142-62-1腐臭的、刺鼻的奶酪味4、50.892.212.31−
A59辛酸124-07-2轻微难闻的气味530.461.07−
A60壬酸112-05-0特有的脂肪气味44.60.060.25−
A61庚酸111-14-8腐臭的、酸的脂肪味40.64−−5.92
醛类
A62糠醛98-01-1特有的刺激性气味59.56−0.02−
A632,4-癸二烯醛25152-84-5油性的脂肪味40.0000272264.836082.981707.34
A64癸醛112-31-2柑橘味、脂肪气味和花香1、3、40.00327.5997.42−
A65月桂醛112-54-9脂肪气味和紫罗兰的气味3、40.010.815.49−
A66十三醛10486-19-8柑橘、蜡质的、柚子皮的风味1、40.011.789.71−
A67十四醛124-25-4油腻的、鸢尾的气味3、40.110.080.410.93
A68己醛66-25-1脂肪味、水果气味10.0058.6232.6757.50
A692,4-壬二烯-1-醛5910-87-2脂肪味、花香3、40.0001−307.81521.61
A70庚醛111-71-7油腻的、刺鼻的气味4、50.260.120.180.87
A71壬醛124-19-6强烈的脂肪气味40.0011−637.48−
A72苯甲醛100-52-7苦杏仁气味50.750.180.351.98
A73反-2-癸烯醛3913-81-3蜡质的橙子味1、40.017−−17.03
A74辛醛124-13-0脂肪味、柑橘和蜂蜜的气味1、2、40.000844.3252.16126.88
A75苯乙醛122-78-1刺鼻的风信子气味3、50.006393.2224.05286.24
A76异戊醛590-86-3辛辣的、刺鼻的苹果气味1、50.00035−−147.96
酮类
A772-十一酮112-12-9桃子的甜味1、20.005589.83477.64−
A782-十五烷酮2345-28-0牛奶味道、蓝莓味道1、40.001105.781516.36−
A793-辛烯-2-酮1669-44-9柠檬味10.25−0.19−
A80苯乙酮98-86-2甜味、刺激性的药味2、50.065−0.86−
A812-庚酮110-43-0辣味、水果味1、50.0235.8420.51−
A822-壬酮821-55-6芸香气味30.04111.4327.33−
A83α-紫罗兰酮127-41-3木质的、紫罗兰的气味1、30.01−−11.64
A84乙偶姻513-86-0木质的酸奶味40.014−−8.62
A85苯丙酮110-93-0脂肪的柑橘气味1、40.068−−1.49
其他类
A86对伞花烃99-87-6柠檬的柑橘香味10.01−10.14−
A872-戊基呋喃3777-69-3水果味10.005831.7433.69−
A88麦芽酚118-71-8焦糖味、果酱味21.24−0.28−
A892,6-二甲基吡嗪108-50-9坚果味、咖啡味40.718−0.07−
A90庚酸醚106-30-9白兰地的水果味10.00212.45−168.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430882239132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Interactions between SP and SPC co-flavouring compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号风味物质风味描述理论OAV(×104)实际OAV(×104)X交互作用
12-甲基丁酸异戊酯&3-甲基丁酸异戊酯&辛酸乙酯甜的、令人愉快的水果花香30.059102.8260.292协同
2异戊酸异丁酯&辛酸甲酯苹果、橙子和覆盆子的气味0.0380.01153.297掩盖
31-壬醇&2-壬醇果绿气味和玫瑰橙子气味0.0330.05390.612加成
), ArticleFig(id=1320889430957736605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

SP与SPC共同风味物质交互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号风味物质风味描述理论OAV(×104)实际OAV(×104)X交互作用
12-甲基丁酸异戊酯&3-甲基丁酸异戊酯&辛酸乙酯甜的、令人愉快的水果花香30.059102.8260.292协同
2异戊酸异丁酯&辛酸甲酯苹果、橙子和覆盆子的气味0.0380.01153.297掩盖
31-壬醇&2-壬醇果绿气味和玫瑰橙子气味0.0330.05390.612加成
), ArticleFig(id=1320889431050011294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Interactions between OC and SPC co-flavouring compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号风味物质风味描述理论OAV(×104)实际OAV(×104)X交互作用
1己酸丁酯&辛酸乙酯&乙酸辛酯令人愉快的水果香、花香9.18573.8200.124协同
2γ-十二内酯&δ-十二内酯脂肪味299.9981.385216.605掩盖
32-庚酮&庚醛水果味&刺鼻气味2.0010.5953.363掩盖
4丁酸丁酯&己酸乙酯&乙酸己酯热带水果的味道28.67183.4100.344协同
52-壬酮&壬醛芸香气味&脂肪气味64.3361.14356.287掩盖
), ArticleFig(id=1320889431129703071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889421101122113, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

OC与SPC共同风味物质交互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号风味物质风味描述理论OAV(×104)实际OAV(×104)X交互作用
1己酸丁酯&辛酸乙酯&乙酸辛酯令人愉快的水果香、花香9.18573.8200.124协同
2γ-十二内酯&δ-十二内酯脂肪味299.9981.385216.605掩盖
32-庚酮&庚醛水果味&刺鼻气味2.0010.5953.363掩盖
4丁酸丁酯&己酸乙酯&乙酸己酯热带水果的味道28.67183.4100.344协同
52-壬酮&壬醛芸香气味&脂肪气味64.3361.14356.287掩盖
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沙棘全果粉曲奇制备及风味特征评价
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王晓雪 1 , 杨嫣婕 1 , 翁文谨 1 , 刘洋 1 , 王小勇 2 , 吕兆林 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(5): 238-248
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沙棘全果粉曲奇制备及风味特征评价
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王晓雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

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王晓雪1 , 杨嫣婕1, 翁文谨1, 刘洋1, 王小勇2, 吕兆林1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院,北京 100083
  • 2北京原麦山丘食品有限公司,北京 101200
  • 3林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
吕兆林(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王晓雪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

Preparation and Flavor Characteristics Evaluation of Seabuckthorn Whole Fruit Powder Cookies
Xiaoxue WANG1 , Yanjie YANG1, Wenjin WENG1, Yang LIU1, Xiaoyong WANG2, Zhaolin LÜ1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Beijing Yuanmai Shanqiu Food Co., Ltd., Beijing 101200, China
  • 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020111
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目的:本研究以沙棘全果粉为原料制作沙棘全果粉曲奇,优化配方,并研究其特征风味。方法:以感官评价为依据,通过正交试验优化配方,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定样品中挥发性成分,计算香气活性值探究沙棘全果粉曲奇的特征风味。结果:以低筋面粉质量为基准,加入6%沙棘全果粉、60%黄油、20%糖粉、20%牛奶的沙棘全果粉曲奇为橙黄色,色泽均匀,形态完整,组织紧密,甜度适宜,带有沙棘特殊风味,综合感官评分为75.33分。沙棘全果粉曲奇中的风味组分丰富,包括沙棘全果粉中呈现出果香、甜香和植物气味的酯类物质,以及原味曲奇中呈现出脂香的醛类和酮类物质。沙棘全果粉曲奇的特征风味物质有乙酸壬酯、异戊酸、己醛、1-辛醇、δ-辛内酯等,在果香、甜香、植物气味方面有显著贡献。沙棘全果粉曲奇的风味是由多组结构相似的物质交互形成的。结论:本研究通过感官评价优化沙棘全果粉曲奇的配方,有效改善了其适口性,并进一步解析了产品的风味特征与关键风味物质,为沙棘全果粉曲奇的工艺生产提供理论支持,在沙棘全果粉曲奇的品质研究方面具有一定的应用价值。

沙棘全果粉曲奇  /  沙棘全果粉  /  顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)  /  食品风味  /  交互作用

Objective: To develop more palatable sea buckthorn-based products with broader consumer appeal, this study used whole sea buckthorn fruit powder to produce cookies. The formulation was optimized, and the flavor profile was investigated. Methods: Based on sensory evaluation, the cookie formulation was optimized using an orthogonal experimental design. Volatile compounds in the samples were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated to explore the characteristic aroma compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies. Results: The optimal cookie formulation, using low-gluten flour, included 6% sea buckthorn whole-fruit powder, 60% butter, 20% powdered sugar, and 20% milk. The cookies exhibited a uniform orange-yellow color, intact shape, dense texture, suitable sweetness, and a distinctive sea buckthorn flavor, with a sensory score of 75.33. The flavor consisted of ester compounds from sea buckthorn, imparting fruity, sweet, and green notes, and aldehydes and ketones from the base recipe, contributing to buttery aromas. The characteristic aroma compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies included nonyl acetate, isovaleric acid, hexanal, 1-octanol, and δ-octa lactone, which significantly contributed to their fruity, sweet, and plant-like aromas. The flavor profile of the cookies was formed through the interaction of multiple structurally similar compounds. Conclusion: This study optimized the formula of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies through sensory evaluation, effectively improved their palatability, and further analyzed the flavor characteristics and key flavor substances of the products. This study provided theoretical support for the formulation optimization, flavor characterization, and potential industrial application of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies.

sea buckthorn whole fruit powder cookies  /  sea buckthorn whole fruit powder  /  headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)  /  food flavor  /  interaction
王晓雪, 杨嫣婕, 翁文谨, 刘洋, 王小勇, 吕兆林. 沙棘全果粉曲奇制备及风味特征评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 238 -248 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020111
Xiaoxue WANG, Yanjie YANG, Wenjin WENG, Yang LIU, Xiaoyong WANG, Zhaolin LÜ. Preparation and Flavor Characteristics Evaluation of Seabuckthorn Whole Fruit Powder Cookies[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 238 -248 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020111
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)是一种落叶灌木,属于胡颓子科沙棘属(Hippophae)。在中国,沙棘的种植面积广泛,占全球沙棘种植面积的约90%,并覆盖新疆、内蒙古、山西等16个省市[1]。沙棘不仅具有显著的生态价值,其果实、种子和叶片中均含有丰富的活性成分,如黄酮类化合物、维生素、不饱和脂肪酸、血清素和白藜芦醇等。研究表明,沙棘具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、抗菌等生理活性,此外,还在促进伤口愈合、肝脏保护及神经保护等方面展现出良好的效果[2−4]。
沙棘全果粉由沙棘全果干燥粉碎制作而成,不提油不去籽,全果全营养,更好地保留沙棘中丰富的营养物质及特征香气。沙棘全果粉营养成分丰富,具有调节脂质代谢和肠道菌群等生理功能[5]。但其口感偏酸涩,将沙棘全果粉应用于食品中,不仅能减轻沙棘本身的酸涩感,还能为食品增添沙棘的特殊风味。此外,沙棘全果粉具有良好的保存性、加工性和较低的运输成本,是生产沙棘全果粉产品的重要优势之一。尽管如此,当前关于沙棘全果粉在食品中的应用研究仍较为稀缺,现有沙棘相关产品多集中于沙棘果粉或果浆的开发与应用。例如,Gani等[6]通过将沙棘提取物添加至小麦粉中,制备出功能性饼干,显著提高了饼干中的酚类物质含量。相比之下,采用沙棘全果粉作为原料,能够避免在果粉或果浆加工过程中可能造成的营养成分损失,从而更好地保留沙棘的全面营养成分,并提供更为丰富的沙棘风味。
食品的风味组成复杂,是消费者选择食品的重要考量因素[7]。沙棘的风味通常被描述为酸涩并带有刺激性气味及发酵味[8],因此,沙棘的加入会显著影响食品的风味特征。杨秉坤等[9]对沙棘饮料和沙棘酸奶的风味进行研究,发现乙酸乙酯、甲酸丁酯和甲酸异戊酯等酯类物质为其主要风味物质,产品具有沙棘的特殊风味,风味更加浓郁。随着对食品风味研究的深入,已发现多个风味化合物的混合效应并非简单的加和关系[10]。因此,本研究将探讨沙棘全果粉曲奇中风味物质之间的相互作用。
本研究以新疆地区沙棘全果粉为原料,结合感官评价,采用正交试验优化沙棘全果粉曲奇的配方。通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),分析沙棘全果粉(Seabuckthorn whole fruit powder,SP)、原味曲奇(Original cookie,OC)和沙棘全果粉曲奇(Seabuckthorn whole fruit powder cookie,SPC)中的挥发性成分,并利用香气活性值(Odor activity value,OAV)法分析果粉对沙棘全果粉曲奇风味特征的影响,进一步探讨风味物质间的交互作用。本文旨在为沙棘全果粉曲奇的研发与品质评价提供科学数据支持,并评估其风味贡献物质,期望为制备口感优良且消费者可接受的沙棘全果粉曲奇提供理论依据,推动更具风味的沙棘全果粉曲奇产品的开发。
沙棘全果粉 新疆康元生物技术集团股份有限公司;低筋面粉、黄油、糖粉、全脂灭菌牛奶 北京原麦山丘食品有限公司;己醇标准品、辛醛标准品、十一烷标准品、壬酸标准品、正构烷烃(C10~C25)标准品 美国 Sigma 公司。
FW100高速万能粉碎机 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;SK-642F电烤炉 新麦机械(无锡)有限公司;B15打发器 上海世麦智能科技有限公司;ACS-D11电子秤 上海乾峰电子仪器有限公司;TVT6700质构仪 波通瑞华科学仪器有限公司(瑞典Perten);BC5196硅胶刮刀 拜格日用品有限公司;57357-U固相微萃取操作平台 美国Supelco公司;GCMS-QP2010Ultra气相色谱质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司。
参考许栗等[11],以低筋面粉质量为基准,按不同比例加入沙棘全果粉(SP)、黄油、糖粉以及40 g牛奶,以SP、黄油、糖粉三个因素为影响沙棘全果粉曲奇品质的因素,依据单因素实验的优选结果对SPC品质进行评价分析。选用三因素三水平正交试验,确定其最佳工艺配方。正交试验因素水平如表1所示。
称取一定量的黄油和糖粉,将糖粉加入黄油中,40 g牛奶分3次加入并搅拌均匀,再称取200 g低筋面粉、一定比例的SP加入,搅拌均匀揉成面团。将面团平均分成15 g左右的小面团,将面团压平,保证每个面饼厚度均匀,放入烤盘,上火温度为190 ℃,下火温度为 100 ℃,烘烤15 min,待曲奇冷却至室温后每块独立封装。上述同样配方比例和制作步骤,但不加入SP,制得原味曲奇作为对照。
设立感官评价小组,小组成员共7人,4位女生3位男生,年龄在20~30岁之间,对SPC色泽、形态、滋味、口感及组织5个方面进行感官评价。评价标准及对应评分区间如表2所示。
分别准确称取沙棘全果粉、研磨后的沙棘全果粉曲奇、原味曲奇2 g,放入15 mL固相微萃取专用样品瓶中待用。60 ℃下平衡10 min后,在此条件下吸附30 min,气质联用仪进样口解析进样[12]。
采用GC-MS对沙棘全果粉、原味曲奇、沙棘全果粉曲奇进行检测,具体条件如下。
GC条件:Rtx-5MS色谱柱(0.25 mm×30 m×0.25 μm);升温程序为50 ℃保持5 min,以5 ℃/min的速率升温至120 ℃后保持5 min,再以8 ℃/min的速率升温至230 ℃后保持5 min;载气为氦气,流速1 mL/min;分流进样,分流比为5:1;进样口温度230 ℃。
MS条件:电离方式EI,离子能量70 eV,离子源温度230 ℃,扫描范围33~500 m/z。
定性分析:采用GCMS Postrun Analysis软件进行分析,利用NIST14和NIST14s标准质谱库检索谱图中的挥发性成分,保留匹配度≥90%的物质;并结合正构烷烃保留时间计算保留指数,与NIST Chemistry WebBook中查询得到的RI值进行对比,来筛选挥发性成分。
$ \text{RI}=100\text{n}+100\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{x}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{n}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{n}+1}-{\text{T}}_{\text{n}}} $
式中:RI表示挥发性成分的保留指数;n表示正构烷烃的碳原子个数;Tx表示挥发性物质出峰的保留时间,min;Tn表示碳原子数为n的正构烷烃的保留时间,min;Tn+1表示碳原子数为n+1的正构烷烃的保留时间,min。
定量分析:采用外标法定量,对定性得到的挥发性成分的色谱峰进行积分,并选择己醇、辛醛、十一烷和壬酸作为定量的外标物,利用已知浓度的标准品计算出挥发性成分的含量,结果以mg/kg表示。
对检测到的挥发性成分进行风味物质分析,查询其阈值及香气特征[13]。通过计算OAV值进行表征以确定该组分在整体风味中的贡献程度,其中OAV值是挥发性成分的含量与阈值之比,当OAV>1时,说明该成分对风味具有较大的贡献[14]。
本研究对SP和SPC中的共有特征香气成分进行分析,将SP中特征香气成分的OAV值作为理论数值,按照SPC中实际含有SP含量对HS-SPME-GC-MS分析结果进行折算,折算后SPC中共有的特征香气成分的OAV值为实际数值,将理论数值和实际数值进行对比,两者总和为1,结果以百分比表示。
所有实验重复三次,实验数据用平均数±标准差(SD)表示。采用Excel对数据进行整理分析,Origin 2021绘制图表,SIMCA 14.1进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),SPSS 26.0进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。
正交试验基于单因素实验的结果,单因素实验结果:SP在曲奇中的最佳添加范围为4%~8%,黄油的最佳添加量为50%~70%,糖粉的最优添加范围为20%~30%。基于上述原料添加比例,采用正交试验法对不同配比的SPC进行了优化。试验1~9所制备的SPC形态如图1所示。根据感官评分结果,正交试验数据详见表3,方差分析结果见表4。
由表3可知,最佳配方为A2B2C1。极差分析结果表明,影响沙棘全果粉曲奇品质的主要因素为糖粉,其次为沙棘全果粉,而黄油的影响相对较小。表4显示,不同添加比例SP和糖粉对曲奇的感官特性具有显著影响,与正交试验结果相符。其中,最佳配方A2B2C1对应正交试验中的第5组样品,其综合感官评分为75.33分,处于较高水平。该配方制得的曲奇呈橙黄色,色泽均匀,沙棘全果粉分布均匀且无杂质,质地酥松细腻,并具有良好的沙棘风味。
综上,以低筋面粉质量为基准,确定最佳工艺配方为:沙棘全果粉6%、黄油60%、糖粉20%。所得沙棘全果粉曲奇整体风味协调,酸涩感得到有效平衡,同时沙棘赋予曲奇独特的风味特征,具备良好的消费者接受度。因此,本研究进一步分析沙棘全果粉曲奇的风味组成,并探讨沙棘对其风味特征的影响机制。
本研究采用HS-SPME-GC-MS对SP、OC和SPC的挥发性成分进行分析。三种样品总离子流色谱图如图2所示。
在三种样品中共检测到193种挥发性成分,其中SP、OC和SPC分别检出99种、96种和88种挥发性化合物,总含量分别为8.15×105、1.11×105和6.77×104 mg/kg。三种样品中不同类别挥发性物质的含量如图3所示。
由图3可见,三种样品中酯类物质均为主要挥发性成分。其中,SP中酯类含量最高,为7.83×105 mg/kg,占总挥发性化合物含量的96.07%;SPC次之,占82.71%;OC中酯类含量最低,仅占67.71%。沙棘中挥发性成分多为乙酯类和3-甲基丁酯类物质[15−16]。Ma等[17]对沙棘的风味物质进行分析和预测,发现酯类物质占总挥发性化合物含量的88%以上,这一结果与本研究相符。
除酯类外,酸类化合物也是三种样品中的重要挥发性成分。在OC和SPC中,酸类物质的相对含量较高,分别占13.82%和10.05%,而在SP中仅占1.52%。酸类物质在曲奇风味形成中具有重要作用,但含量过高可能导致刺激性气味的增强,从而影响曲奇风味[18]。SPC中酸类物质的主要成分为己酸、辛酸和癸酸,这些物质在OC中也有检出,而在SP中未检测到,表明SP的加入对曲奇酸类物质的形成影响较小。然而,由于酸类化合物的嗅觉阈值较高,其刺激性气味并不显著,反而使SPC的气味更加丰富。此外,醛类和酮类物质主要由脂肪氧化反应生成,在食品风味的形成中发挥重要作用,能够赋予产品醇厚而丰富的香气[19]。
感官评价中,感官小组成员均认为在OC中加入SP制得的SPC带有特殊沙棘风味,为进一步明确SPC的风味特征,进一步筛选风味贡献较高的,即OAV>1的挥发性成分共90种。将SP、OC及SPC中的风味分为果香、甜香、植物气味、脂香、刺激性气味5类,更细致地区分与表征每种风味物质的风味贡献。
在SPC、OC和SP中,共筛选出90种关键风味物质,其中SPC、OC和SP分别含有51种、52种和51种风味成分。酯类物质为主要挥发性成分,共检测到37种,其次为醛类(15种)、醇类(13种)和酸类(10种)。各挥发性风味物质的具体信息及其OAV如表5所示。
由表5可见,三种样品中共有14种风味物质,包括7种醛类、4种酯类和3种醇类。SP与SPC共有17种风味成分,其中包括3种醇类、12种酯类、1种酸类和1种醚类物质。OC与SPC共有17种挥发性化合物,包括1种萜烯类、2种醇类、2种酯类、4种酸类、3种醛类、4种酮类和1种呋喃类物质。在SP中,OAV最高的风味化合物为异戊酸乙酯,而己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯等酯类物质的OAV也较高,表明其对SP具有重要的风味贡献。
在SP中检测到2-壬醇,其具有明显的水果风味,但在SPC中经加热氧化后,转化生成2-壬酮和壬醛等化合物,增强了脂肪类气味。此外,在原料SP中检测到的苯甲醇具有愉悦的水果香气,但在SPC加热后转化为苯甲醛,呈现出类似苦杏仁的气味。SP富含醇类物质,在SPC的烘焙过程中,这些醇类化合物在高温条件下氧化,生成相应的醛类、酮类和酸类物质,从而丰富了SPC的风味构成[20]。然而,这些氧化产物如异戊酸、己酸等通常带有脂肪气味或一定的刺激性气味,对SPC风味产生不好的影响[21]。
Tiitinen等[22]研究沙棘果的风味特征时发现,短链羟基和羧基酯类是沙棘的主要挥发性成分,其中己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等酯类物质的含量均超过70%。Ma等[17]进一步分析沙棘风味物质,认为9种酯类化合物对沙棘风味具有重要贡献,其中多种成分在SP中被检测到,且其OAV较高。曾奥等[23]研究沙棘的关键风味物质,发现3-甲基丁酸异戊酯、己酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯等酯类化合物对沙棘的典型风味起关键作用,这些物质主要呈现水果、花香和草本气息,并赋予SPC独特的沙棘风味特征。
在OC中,OAV较高的风味物质主要为醛类和酮类,其中癸醛、辛酸和2-十五烷酮等是OC对SPC主要的风味贡献化合物,这些成分集中在醛类、酮类和酸类类别中,该结果与以往研究中对曲奇风味物质的检测结果一致[24]。SPC中的酮类化合物主要来源于OC,其中2-十一酮、2-十三酮和2-十五烷酮等物质的含量较高,且嗅觉阈值较低,能够呈现坚果香气,从而提升SPC的风味复杂性。此外,癸醛、辛酸和2-十五烷酮等化合物除了呈现花香和果香外,还带有牛奶、奶酪等乳脂类气息,同时具有一定的酸味和辛辣感,使SPC风味更具层次感。
基于所有物质的风味分类,分别将果香、甜香、植物气味、脂香、刺激性气味5类物质的OAV加和并取对数,得到各类风味物质的lgOAV绘制风味轮廓图,如图4所示。由图可见,SP在果香、甜香、刺激性气味及植物气味方面表现突出,而OC则以脂香为主要特征。在SP中,OAV较高的3-甲基丁酸异戊酯、己酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯和苯甲酸乙酯等酯类化合物,在SPC中的OAV值同样较高,表明这些物质在SPC中对风味贡献显著。SP的加入赋予SPC沙棘特有的浓郁水果风味,并增强了甜香、花香和草木香,使其整体风味更为丰富且令人愉悦。
聚类热图分析旨在探讨SP、OC和SPC之间的风味差异及其关键贡献成分,该方法有助于识别样品间相似的风味特征,并进一步确认SPC的特征风味[25]。如图5所示,横轴代表三种样品,纵轴表示不同类别的风味成分。
聚类热图分析结果表明,OC与SPC的风味特征较为相近。SP的风味成分占比最高,约占所有风味物质的三分之二,主要包括苯甲酸异戊酯和肉豆蔻酸乙酯等酯类化合物,以及苯甲醇、苯乙醇、正己醇等醇类物质,使SP具有明显的花香和水果香气。OC的风味成分主要由癸醛、月桂醛等醛类物质以及2-庚酮、2-十五烷酮等酮类化合物组成,赋予其较为突出的脂肪风味。相比之下,SPC的风味构成较为复杂,主要包含2-戊基呋喃、己酸、1-戊醇等化合物,呈现出甜香、水果香及脂肪风味的综合感官特征。
目前有很多研究通过OPLS-DA分析并参考VIP值探究特征香气[26−27]。本研究依据SPC、SP和OC的风味物质OAV,建立OPLS-DA模型。为考察该模型建模效果,利用置换检验分析进行200次交叉验证(见图6a),R2X=0.998,R2Y=0.997,模型预测指数Q2=0.994,超过0.5表示模型拟合较好,且R2和Q2间距合理,没有过拟合现象,代表模型十分可靠,可用来进一步分析三种样品间的差异性。图6b为OPLS-DA分析,PCA1贡献率为75.9%,PCA2贡献率为23.9%,主成分贡献率之和大于80%,表明模型具有较好的解释力和适用性,三种样品被明显区分,其挥发性风味组分具有显著差异。
图6c为样品中风味物质对样品分类的贡献,红色区域是SP样品及其贡献较多的风味物质,主要包括A69(2,4-壬二烯-1-醛)、A68(己醛)等醛类物质和A12(1-辛醇)、A9(苯甲醇)等醇类物质,上述物质主要呈现水果味、花香和甜香,为SPC提供了沙棘特殊的果香和植物气味;黄色区域是OC及其贡献较大的风味物质,主要包括A52(月桂酸)、A11(反式-2-辛烯醇)、A71(壬醛)等物质,上述物质主要为坚果味、脂肪气味等丰富的脂香,为SPC贡献黄油的脂香和烘烤气味;蓝色区域与SPC显著相关的风味物质较少,仅有A26(乙酸壬酯)、A56(丁酸)、A57(异戊酸),呈现的风味比较多样,综合了OC和SP提供的不同风味成分,与上述风味轮廓图与聚类热图分析结果相符。
通过OPLS-DA模型分析,每种风味物质均获得一个VIP值,该值反映了其在区分样品间风味差异中的贡献程度。通常,VIP值大于1的物质被视为重要的贡献因子,是三组样品间主要的差异风味物质。如图6d所示,共有28种风味物质的VIP值超过1,其中大多数源自OC样品。其中,OC与SPC共有的物质主要呈现出脂肪气味、油性气味等脂香特征风味物质,表明SPC中上述风味主要由OC贡献。综合筛选VIP值大于1且OAV超过1000的物质,包括乙酸壬酯、异戊酸、己醛、1-辛醇、δ-辛内酯、2-十五烷酮、δ-十二内酯、2,4-癸二烯醛、δ-癸内酯和2-十一酮。这些物质对样品间风味差异的贡献尤为显著。
风味物质之间的相互作用对食品风味的形成具有重要影响[9]。这些相互作用通常被归类为协同作用、加成作用和掩盖作用,协同作用指两种或多种物质相互作用时,其综合风味效果超过各自单独作用的总和;加成作用则是多种物质的风味效果相加;掩盖作用则是某些物质的风味掩盖了其他物质的风味[28−29]。在本研究中,采用OAV法来评估SPC中风味物质的相互作用,通过比较理论OAV与实际OAV的比值,判断风味物质间的交互作用类型[30−31]。选择SPC与SP共有物质中lgOAV较高的四种特征风味物质实际OAV与理论OAV对比如图7所示。
分析结果显示,SP和SPC共有的特征风味物质中,辛酸异戊酯和癸酸乙酯主要呈现水果味,其实际OAV略高于理论值,表现为加成作用;而己酸异戊酯和2-甲基丁酸异戊酯则展现出更丰富的香甜水果味,实际OAV远高于理论值,表现为协同作用。这表明,风味更丰富的物质对SPC的风味贡献更为显著。在SPC的制备和烘烤过程中,SP中具有甜香和水果香的物质得以保留,其实际OAV高于理论值,表现出更浓郁的风味。有研究指出,结构相似或风味相似的物质间可能产生更强的相互作用[32]。因此,进一步研究多种结构相似的物质在交互作用下对SPC风味的贡献具有重要意义。多种风味物质的理论OAV是通过SP和OC作为原料在SPC中所占比例,折算得到各风味物质OAV之和;实际OAV是SPC中各风味物质OAV之和。两者比值为X,若该比值大于1,则表明存在掩盖作用;若等于1,则无作用;若介于0.5和1之间,则为加成作用;若小于0.5,则为协同作用。SP和SPC中结构相似的物质间交互作用如表6所示。
SP和SPC中结构相似的物质间的交互作用也表现出复杂性。其中,2-甲基丁酸异戊酯、3-甲基丁酸异戊酯和辛酸乙酯在SPC中呈现出更显著的甜香和愉悦的水果花香,表现为协同作用;而1-壬醇和2-壬醇的实际OAV值高于理论值,在玫瑰味和橙子味上表现为加成作用,说明结构相似的物质间大多表现为加成或协同作用[33]。然而,异戊酸异丁酯和辛酸甲酯虽然都表现出水果风味,但两者相互掩盖,反而减少了果香的形成,这可能是由于两者结构间的差异,使得风味间未表现为协同或加成作用[31]。
表7所示为OC与SPC共同风味物质交互作用。OC与SPC中共有的特征风味物质交互作用同样十分显著,不同的是,部分结构相似的物质,在风味表现上具有较大差异。第1组己酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯和乙酸辛酯三种风味物质结构相似度高,且均表现为令人愉悦的水果味和花香;第4组丁酸丁酯、己酸乙酯和乙酸己酯则呈现出香蕉和菠萝等热带水果味道,第1组和第4组中风味物质实际OAV远高于理论值,在烘烤制备SPC后,表现为更加浓郁的水果和花香等风味。第2组γ-十二内酯和δ-十二内酯是SPC中脂香的特征风味物质,其X值远大于1,表现为显著的掩盖作用,削弱了OC中的油脂气味在SPC中的体现,这与之前的研究结果相符[34]。
与表6中结果相比,部分结构相似的物质,在风味表现上具有较大差异。第3组中2-庚酮表现为水果风味,而庚醛完全呈现油腻的、刺鼻的气味;第5组中,2-壬酮呈现芸香气味,而壬醛则表现为强烈的脂肪气味,上述两组物质由于官能团不同,在风味中表现为掩盖作用,很大程度上减弱刺激性气味在SPC中的体现[33]。
综上所述,SPC最终的风味并非由单一物质或一类物质决定,而是多种结构相似的物质在相互作用下共同作用的结果。深入研究这些相互作用机制,对于优化食品风味和品质具有重要意义。
依据对沙棘全果粉曲奇的感官评价,通过正交试验优化配方。利用HS-SPME-GC-MS对沙棘全果粉、原味曲奇和沙棘全果粉曲奇进行风味物质对比分析,探究沙棘全果粉曲奇的特征风味及其交互作用。配方实验中,以感官评价为依据进行正交试验,得到沙棘全果粉曲奇的最优配方为:200 g低筋面粉、12 g沙棘果粉、120 g黄油、40 g糖粉和40 g牛奶,该配方下的沙棘全果粉曲奇为橙黄色,外形完整组织紧密,口感酥松细腻,味道酸甜适宜且具有沙棘特殊风味,添加沙棘全果粉对曲奇的色泽、风味、口感有很大改善。挥发性物质分析中,沙棘全果粉曲奇与沙棘全果粉检测到共有物质主要为酯类物质,与原味曲奇检测到共有物质主要为酸类、酮类等物质,沙棘全果粉饼干中的挥发性成分以酯类物质为主。特征风味分析中,沙棘全果粉曲奇特征风味物质有乙酸壬酯、异戊酸、己醛、1-辛醇、δ-辛内酯等,其中果香、甜香和植物气味主要由沙棘全果粉贡献,脂香物质由原味曲奇贡献。沙棘全果粉曲奇丰富的风味是多组结构相似的风味物质交互作用的结果。
本研究依据感官评价优选沙棘全果粉曲奇配方,制得感官评价良好的沙棘产品,成功解决了沙棘虽含有丰富的营养物质,但由于其酸涩的口感难以被消费者所接受的问题。进一步探究其风味特征和关键风味物质,在沙棘全果粉曲奇的品质研究及产品控制方面具有独特的应用价值。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020111
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院,北京 100083
    2北京原麦山丘食品有限公司,北京 101200
    3林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083

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吕兆林(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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