Article(id=1320889345310053135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020196, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854160858, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854160858, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854160858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854160858, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889345700123408, articleId=1320889345310053135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characterization and Pickering Emulsification of Porcine Plasma Protein Nanoparticles Induced by Mild Acidification and Heat Treatment, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the emulsification properties of porcine plasma protein (PPP), this study focused on investigating the physicochemical characteristics and oil-water interface stabilization capabilities of PPP nanoparticles (PPP-NP) formed through thermal treatment under different pH conditions. Firstly, particle size, zeta potential, secondary structure, microscopic morphology, and oil-water interfacial tension reduction capacity of PPP-NP were characterized by the instruments including nanoparticle size analyzer, circular dichroism spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and interfacial rheometer. Subsequently, the Pickering emulsions were fabricated through using PPP-NP as emulsifier, and then the emulsibility and emulsification stability of PPP-NP were evaluated by analyzing the particle size, apparent viscosity, zeta potential, oil droplet morphology of the emulsion during storage. Finally, emulsion stability was quantitatively assessed through a stability analyzer. The results from analyzing the particle size, zeta potential, FE-SEM, interfacial tension indicated that PPP aggregated orderly at pH6.5, and thereby formed the nanoparticles with an average particle size of about 112 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.19. The aggregates were uniform in shape and size and showed good dispersibility and strong capability of reducing oil-water interfacial tension. Compared to the control group, the PPP-NP-stabilized Pickering emulsion displayed high viscosity, relatively large droplet size but better uniformity and storage stability. After 28 days of storage at 45 ℃, the emulsion maintained more uniform droplet distribution. The results from confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) combined with backscattered light intensity and Turbiscan stability index (TSI) analysis indicated that the corresponding PPP-NP-based emulsions at pH6.5 were very stable, and the oil droplets in it were uniform in size without aggregation. The TSI values of the emulsion were relatively low, which were 71.4% lower than that of the control group. Overall, PPP could aggregate orderly and form the nanoparticles with excellent emulsifying properties through heating the solution at pH6.5, and the finding could provide some valuable insights for the application of PPP as emulsifier in the structural and functional design of food.

, authors=Yuchen DUAN, Ping YAN, Xu KANG, Jianglan YUAN*, authorsList=Yuchen DUAN, Ping YAN, Xu KANG, Jianglan YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianglan YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889349898621732, articleId=1320889345310053135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=猪血浆蛋白微酸热纳米聚集体表征及Pickering乳化剂属性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高猪血浆蛋白(Porcine plasma protein,PPP)的乳化性能,探究了不同pH条件下加热所得PPP纳米颗粒(PPP nanoparticles,PPP-NP)的理化特征和稳定油水界面的能力。首先利用纳米粒度仪、圆二色光谱仪、场发射扫描电镜和界面流变仪对PPP-NP的粒径、电位、二级结构、微观形貌及降低油水界面张力的能力进行表征,然后以PPP-NP为乳化剂制备Pickering油水乳液,并通过对贮藏期间乳液的粒度、表观粘度、Zeta电位、油滴形貌等分析评估了PPP-NP的乳化性及乳化稳定性,最后利用稳定性分析仪精确分析了乳液的稳定性。粒径、Zeta-电位、场发射扫描电子显微镜、界面张力等分析结果表明,pH6.5时PPP发生有序聚集,形成了平均粒径约112 nm、多分散性系数(Polydispersity index,PDI)为0.19的纳米颗粒,聚集体形态、大小均一,分散性好,具有很强的降低油水界面张力的能力。相较于对照,这种由PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液粘度高、粒径大但均一性和贮藏稳定性更好,经45 ℃储藏28 d后乳液更均一。激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)、背散射光强度和Turbiscan稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)等结果表明,相应的PPP-NP乳液很稳定,油滴大小均匀无聚集,乳液的TSI值相对较低,相比对照组降低了71.4%。综合分析,PPP在pH 6.5下加热可发生有序自组装形成乳化性能良好的纳米颗粒,这一发现为PPP作为乳化剂在食品结构和功能设计中的应用提供了指导。

, authors=段雨辰, 闫萍, 康旭, 袁江兰*, authorsList=段雨辰, 闫萍, 康旭, 袁江兰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁江兰, authorNote=

段雨辰(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:蛋白质资源综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
袁江兰(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2007, 47(7): 611−649., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889363983094681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE H, YILDIZ G, DOS SANTOS L C, et al. Soy protein nano-aggregates with improved functional properties prepared by sequential pH treatment and ultrasonication[J]. 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International Dairy Journal, 2010, 20(2): 89−95., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889364238947228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FELIX M, ROMERO A, GUERRERO A. Influence of pH and Xanthan Gum on long-term stability of crayfish-based emulsions[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2017, 72: 372−380., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889364306056093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Jia, TONG Xiaohong, CAO Xinru, et al. Effect of pH on the soybean whey protein–gum Arabic emulsion delivery systems for curcumin: Emulsifying, stability, and digestive properties[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 456: 139938., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889364389942174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENGUAL O. TURBISCAN MA 2000: Multiple light scattering measurement for concentrated emulsion and suspension instability analysis[J]. Talanta, 1999, 50(2): 445−456., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889350116725541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889350141891366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, companyId=1320889350116725541, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Industrial Fermentation Province Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889350150279975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, companyId=1320889350116725541, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心,湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430068)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889352109019972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Particle size, PDI (A) and Zeta- potential (B) of PPP-NP at different pH, figureFileSmall=0N66LI6buxFSc8Id9iZeiA==, figureFileBig=Tu7yc+RE157rzZcAY/qB/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889352230654789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同pH下PPP-NP的粒径和PDI(A)及Zeta-电位(B)

注:不同字母表示样品之间存在显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=0N66LI6buxFSc8Id9iZeiA==, figureFileBig=Tu7yc+RE157rzZcAY/qB/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889354071954246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scanning electron microscope image of PPP-NP, figureFileSmall=nMY8nOLun75A8TjrZLFypQ==, figureFileBig=pDIzzhrzS+2gCMLQobUU4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889354155840327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PPP-NP的扫描电子显微镜图

注:A、B分别为PPP-NP放大20000、50000倍的扫描电子显微镜图。

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注:图像在65×放大倍数下记录和捕捉,比例尺为25 μm。

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Effect of pH on secondary structure of PPP-NP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
con34.1±1.27a32.75±4.59c7.35±2.61a25.8±0.71c
pH4.022.35±0.92c48.2±1.69a1.4±0.42b28.05±0.35b
pH6.524.45±1.48bc43.2±3.11ab2.2±0.85b30.15±0.78a
pH7.026.2±2.12b39.3±3.67bc4.05±0.78b30.45±0.78a
pH7.526.9±0.42b38.85±0.07bc3.25±0.64b31±1.13a
pH8.027.55±0.35b35±0.42c8.05±0.35a29.4±0.78a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889355443491671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

pH对PPP-NP二级结构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
con34.1±1.27a32.75±4.59c7.35±2.61a25.8±0.71c
pH4.022.35±0.92c48.2±1.69a1.4±0.42b28.05±0.35b
pH6.524.45±1.48bc43.2±3.11ab2.2±0.85b30.15±0.78a
pH7.026.2±2.12b39.3±3.67bc4.05±0.78b30.45±0.78a
pH7.526.9±0.42b38.85±0.07bc3.25±0.64b31±1.13a
pH8.027.55±0.35b35±0.42c8.05±0.35a29.4±0.78a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889355749675865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Particle size monitoring of Pickering emulsions stored at 45 ℃ for 28 d

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
con1.396±0.83Cc22.740±2.66Ab26.306±1.70Bb28.245±0.81Bb44.876±6.72Ba
pH4.03.490±1.12Bd20.372±2.39ABd78.791±17.33Ac123.222±21.95Ab171.663±14.99Aa
pH6.59.963±0.70Ac18.250±0.95Bb23.499±1.32Ba24.003±0.78Ba23.169±0.48Ca
pH7.00.431±0.01Cb0.452±0.005Cb0.493±0.004Cb0.606±0.11Ca0.658±0.004Da
pH7.50.373±0.006Cb0.376±0.006Cb0.378±0.007Cb0.379±0.002Cb0.428±0.004Da
pH8.00.280±0.01Cbc0.278±0.005Cc0.292±0.004Cab0.291±0.106Cabc0.302±0.004Da
), ArticleFig(id=1320889355841950554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Pickering乳液在45 ℃储藏28 d的粒径监测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
con1.396±0.83Cc22.740±2.66Ab26.306±1.70Bb28.245±0.81Bb44.876±6.72Ba
pH4.03.490±1.12Bd20.372±2.39ABd78.791±17.33Ac123.222±21.95Ab171.663±14.99Aa
pH6.59.963±0.70Ac18.250±0.95Bb23.499±1.32Ba24.003±0.78Ba23.169±0.48Ca
pH7.00.431±0.01Cb0.452±0.005Cb0.493±0.004Cb0.606±0.11Ca0.658±0.004Da
pH7.50.373±0.006Cb0.376±0.006Cb0.378±0.007Cb0.379±0.002Cb0.428±0.004Da
pH8.00.280±0.01Cbc0.278±0.005Cc0.292±0.004Cab0.291±0.106Cabc0.302±0.004Da
), ArticleFig(id=1320889355900670811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889345310053135, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Zeta-potential of Pickering emulsions stored at 45 ℃ for 28 d

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样品0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
con21.03±1.10Ba13.63±2.63Ab12.43±1.60Abc9.33±1.53Ac6.13±0.51Ad
pH4.037.90±0.69Aa9.80±0.80Bb4.54±0.38Bc3.40±0.15Bd1.75±0.46Be
pH6.5−31.20±0.36Cc−29.27±1.75Cbc−27.37±0.80Cb−27.47±0.81Cb−22.97±0.61Ca
pH7.0−35.73±0.35Dbc−36.93±1.03Dc−34.00±2.46Dbc−33.20±1.42Dab−30.53±0.50Da
pH7.5−38.67±0.78Ec−37.87±1.17Dbc−37.63±0.76Ebc−35.80±2.46DEab−34.26±0.58Ea
pH8.0−44.33±1.84Fc−38.67±0.78Db−37.57±0.90Eb−37.43±0.95Eab−35.23±0.75Ea
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Pickering乳液在45 ℃储藏28 d的Zeta-电位

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pH7.5−38.67±0.78Ec−37.87±1.17Dbc−37.63±0.76Ebc−35.80±2.46DEab−34.26±0.58Ea
pH8.0−44.33±1.84Fc−38.67±0.78Db−37.57±0.90Eb−37.43±0.95Eab−35.23±0.75Ea
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猪血浆蛋白微酸热纳米聚集体表征及Pickering乳化剂属性
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段雨辰 , 闫萍 , 康旭 , 袁江兰 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 116-125
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 116 -125
猪血浆蛋白微酸热纳米聚集体表征及Pickering乳化剂属性
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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心,湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430068)])])]
段雨辰 , 闫萍, 康旭, 袁江兰*
作者信息
  • 工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心,湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430068
通讯作者:
袁江兰(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质资源综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

段雨辰(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:蛋白质资源综合利用,E-mail:

Characterization and Pickering Emulsification of Porcine Plasma Protein Nanoparticles Induced by Mild Acidification and Heat Treatment
Yuchen DUAN , Ping YAN, Xu KANG, Jianglan YUAN*
Affiliations
  • Industrial Fermentation Province Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020196
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为了提高猪血浆蛋白(Porcine plasma protein,PPP)的乳化性能,探究了不同pH条件下加热所得PPP纳米颗粒(PPP nanoparticles,PPP-NP)的理化特征和稳定油水界面的能力。首先利用纳米粒度仪、圆二色光谱仪、场发射扫描电镜和界面流变仪对PPP-NP的粒径、电位、二级结构、微观形貌及降低油水界面张力的能力进行表征,然后以PPP-NP为乳化剂制备Pickering油水乳液,并通过对贮藏期间乳液的粒度、表观粘度、Zeta电位、油滴形貌等分析评估了PPP-NP的乳化性及乳化稳定性,最后利用稳定性分析仪精确分析了乳液的稳定性。粒径、Zeta-电位、场发射扫描电子显微镜、界面张力等分析结果表明,pH6.5时PPP发生有序聚集,形成了平均粒径约112 nm、多分散性系数(Polydispersity index,PDI)为0.19的纳米颗粒,聚集体形态、大小均一,分散性好,具有很强的降低油水界面张力的能力。相较于对照,这种由PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液粘度高、粒径大但均一性和贮藏稳定性更好,经45 ℃储藏28 d后乳液更均一。激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)、背散射光强度和Turbiscan稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)等结果表明,相应的PPP-NP乳液很稳定,油滴大小均匀无聚集,乳液的TSI值相对较低,相比对照组降低了71.4%。综合分析,PPP在pH 6.5下加热可发生有序自组装形成乳化性能良好的纳米颗粒,这一发现为PPP作为乳化剂在食品结构和功能设计中的应用提供了指导。

猪血浆蛋白  /  纳米聚集体  /  Pickering乳化剂  /  稳定性

To improve the emulsification properties of porcine plasma protein (PPP), this study focused on investigating the physicochemical characteristics and oil-water interface stabilization capabilities of PPP nanoparticles (PPP-NP) formed through thermal treatment under different pH conditions. Firstly, particle size, zeta potential, secondary structure, microscopic morphology, and oil-water interfacial tension reduction capacity of PPP-NP were characterized by the instruments including nanoparticle size analyzer, circular dichroism spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and interfacial rheometer. Subsequently, the Pickering emulsions were fabricated through using PPP-NP as emulsifier, and then the emulsibility and emulsification stability of PPP-NP were evaluated by analyzing the particle size, apparent viscosity, zeta potential, oil droplet morphology of the emulsion during storage. Finally, emulsion stability was quantitatively assessed through a stability analyzer. The results from analyzing the particle size, zeta potential, FE-SEM, interfacial tension indicated that PPP aggregated orderly at pH6.5, and thereby formed the nanoparticles with an average particle size of about 112 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.19. The aggregates were uniform in shape and size and showed good dispersibility and strong capability of reducing oil-water interfacial tension. Compared to the control group, the PPP-NP-stabilized Pickering emulsion displayed high viscosity, relatively large droplet size but better uniformity and storage stability. After 28 days of storage at 45 ℃, the emulsion maintained more uniform droplet distribution. The results from confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) combined with backscattered light intensity and Turbiscan stability index (TSI) analysis indicated that the corresponding PPP-NP-based emulsions at pH6.5 were very stable, and the oil droplets in it were uniform in size without aggregation. The TSI values of the emulsion were relatively low, which were 71.4% lower than that of the control group. Overall, PPP could aggregate orderly and form the nanoparticles with excellent emulsifying properties through heating the solution at pH6.5, and the finding could provide some valuable insights for the application of PPP as emulsifier in the structural and functional design of food.

porcine plasma protein (PPP)  /  nanoparticles  /  Pickering emulsifier  /  stability
段雨辰, 闫萍, 康旭, 袁江兰. 猪血浆蛋白微酸热纳米聚集体表征及Pickering乳化剂属性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020196
Yuchen DUAN, Ping YAN, Xu KANG, Jianglan YUAN. Characterization and Pickering Emulsification of Porcine Plasma Protein Nanoparticles Induced by Mild Acidification and Heat Treatment[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020196
热处理是食品工业中常用的加工单元,蛋白质经热处理会发生变性并进一步聚集,如果蛋白质浓度高于临界凝胶浓度(Critical gel concentration,Cg),则可能导致凝胶化[1−3],如果蛋白质浓度低于Cg,则产生稳定的聚集体悬浮液[4]。聚集体的形态和大小受很多因素的影响,包括pH、离子强度、盐的类型和蛋白质浓度等[5−6]。因此,可以通过控制热处理温度和pH来控制聚集体尺寸[7]。在一定的温度和pH下,蛋白会聚集形成球状纳米颗粒,已有文献报道的包括马铃薯蛋白[8]、大豆球蛋白[9]、乳清蛋白[10]、牛血清白蛋白[11]等。研究发现这些蛋白质纳米颗粒可以通过形成粘弹性更高的吸附层,从而极大地增强蛋白质的乳化活性和乳液稳定性[12]。
Pickering乳液是一种由固体颗粒稳定并吸附于乳液两相界面的新型乳化体系[13]。相较于传统乳液,Pickering乳液拥有毒性更低、稳定性更高等优点[14]。近年来,蛋白质纳米颗粒凭借其生物可降解性、良好表面活性及生物相容性等特性,成为Pickering乳液稳定剂的研究热点[15]。值得注意的是,颗粒的乳化能力与其理化特性(如颗粒形态、尺寸以及表面润湿性)密切相关[16]。因此,通过优化制备条件(如pH、温度、离子强度等)调控蛋白质纳米颗粒的界面行为,进而提升乳液稳定性,是当前食品领域的重要研究方向。
猪血浆蛋白(Porcine plasma protein,PPP)主要包括三大类蛋白:白蛋白(50%~60%)、球蛋白(40%~50%)和纤维蛋白原(1%~3%)[17−18]。PPP具有优异的乳化性、起泡性和凝胶性等功能特性[19],通常在食品中作为鱼糜凝胶增强剂、葡萄酒澄清剂、烘焙食品中的发泡剂和鸡蛋替代品等。据联合国粮农组织统计,2021年产生了约34.6亿升猪血浆,理论上PPP的全球年产量约为30.1万吨[20]。PPP不仅资源丰富、价格低廉,而且营养丰富,已经被广泛应用于食品。然而,PPP功能特性的呈现程度与其聚集状态具有相关性,关于这方面鲜少有研究涉及。研究表明,经加热形成的蛋白质纳米聚集体作为Pickering乳液乳化剂,其稳定乳液能力显著优于相应的未聚集蛋白[21],这为PPP乳化能力的提高提供了新思路。
本文探究了不同pH条件下热处理制备的PPP热聚集纳米颗粒(PPP heat aggregation nanoparticles,PPP-NP),通过粒径、Zeta-电位和场发射扫描电子显微镜等方法分析pH对PPP-NP粒径、结构、界面吸附特性的影响,通过对PPP-NP制备的Pickering乳液表观粘度、微观结构和稳定性的分析,阐明PPP-NP的乳化性能。本研究为PPP作为乳化剂的深度开发和应用提供了数据支持,为开发微酸体系的食品乳液体系提供了新策略。
喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉 中国襄阳赢加生物科技有限公司;中链甘油三脂(Medium-chain triglyceride, MCT) 广州永晟贸易有限公司;尼罗红(纯度≥95%) 上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;其他试剂均为分析级试剂;MD34型透析袋(截留分子量7 kDa) 北京梦怡美生物科技有限公司。
SCIENTZ-10ND冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;FA25-D高剪切分散乳化机 上海弗鲁克流体机械制造有限公司;LM10高压均质机 上海帝博思生物科技有限公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS纳米粒度电位仪、Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪 英国马尔文公司;J-1500圆二色光谱仪 日本JASCO公司;SU8010场发射扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;LEICA SP8激光共聚焦显微镜 德国徕卡仪器有限公司;TRACKER界面流变仪 法国TECLIS界面技术有限公司;MCR92安东帕流变仪 奥地利安东帕仪器有限公司;TURBISCAN TOWER多重光散射仪 法国Formulaction仪器有限公司。
参考文献[22]的方法纯化PPP。将喷雾干燥的PPP粉末溶解在超纯水中配制成10.0% (w/v)的蛋白溶液,在4 ℃条件下10000 r/min离心15 min以除去不溶性杂质,用透析袋(截留分子量为7 kDa)对上清液进行透析。最后将透析液冷冻干燥即获得PPP,密封后置于4 ℃保存备用。
取1.2.1制备获得的PPP配制1% (w/v)的PPP溶液,室温300 r/min搅拌2 h,冰箱中静置过夜,充分水合,然后在4 ℃条件下10000 r/min、15 min离心取上清液,调节pH至4.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0,在85 ℃水浴加热20 min后,立即4 ℃冰水浴冷却,获得不同pH的PPP-NP的稳定悬浮液。同时设置对照样品,不做任何处理。
粒径和Zeta-电位由Nano ZS+MPT-2 Malvern纳米粒度分析仪测定。参考文献[23]的方法,并稍作修改。用相应pH的超纯水稀释至0.4 mg/mL,在25 ℃下平衡120 s后测定。
将1.2.2制备的悬浮液使用液氮进行速冻后,再对其进行冷冻干燥获得样品粉末备用,将样品粉末均匀分散于导电胶上,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜观察样品的表面形貌。
参考文献[24]的方法,并在其基础上修改。用相应pH的超纯水将1.2.2制备的悬浮液稀释至1 mg/mL。利用0.1 cm的石英比色皿,在190~240 nm的波长范围内进行扫描,取三次扫描结果的平均值生成数据。
使用Tracker界面流变仪测量了不同pH的PPP-NP降低油水界面张力的能力。参考文献[25]的方法,稍作修改。将1.2.2制备的PPP-NP用相应pH的超纯水稀释10倍,然后添加到一个光学玻璃样品皿中(40 mm×40 mm×30 mm),油相MCT添加到U型注射器(弯曲G18,内径0.84 mm,长度10 cm)。在恒定的油滴体积下,监测了6000 s内界面张力值的变化,直到达到平衡。所有测量均在25 ℃下进行。
将1.2.2制备的悬浮液与油相(MCT)按体积比9:1混合,先高速剪切3 min形成粗乳液,再75 MPa高压均质制备Pickering乳液。
使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪测定乳液液滴的大小和分布情况。测定乳液液滴的大小和分布情况。参考文献[26]的方法,测定前使乳液与分散剂(去离子水)充分混匀后进行测试,其中样品折射率设置为1.47,分散剂折射率为1.33;泵速为2000 r/min。液滴的大小用体积加权平均粒径(Volume-weighted diameter,d4,3)表示。其中计算公式如下:
$\rm {d}_{\mathrm{4,3}}=\left(\sum {n}_{i}{{d}_{i}}^{4}\right)∕\left(\sum {n}_{i}{{d}_{i}}^{3}\right) $
式中:di表示油滴直径,μm;ni表示直径为di的油滴数量。
通过安东帕MCR92流变仪中带有的不锈钢板和板的几何测量单元(pp-25,直径25 mm)对乳液的表观粘度进行测量。参考文献[27]的方法并加以修改。将制备的新鲜乳液放置在两个平行板之间,间隙高度设置为1 mm。在0.1~1000 s−1的剪切速率范围内进行剪切扫描,研究乳液表观粘度的变化。
参考文献[28]的方法并加以修改。将新鲜制备的乳液(20 mL)转移到30 mL玻璃瓶中,然后在45 ℃进行加速实验,定期监测乳液的视觉外观、粒径和电位的变化,观察其储存稳定性。
采用LEICA SP8共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察乳液的微观结构。参考文献[29]的方法并稍加修改。将20 µL的尼罗红(2 mg/mL,溶于异丙醇)加入到1 mL乳液中,充分混匀完成染色。取染色后的乳液10 µL涂在显微镜载玻片上,然后用盖玻片覆盖。在488 nm(Ar-Kr激光器)激发波长下,在25 ℃下采集物镜放大倍数为63×,像素为1024×1024的乳液显微图像,并在45 ℃的加速储藏条件下定期监测其乳液微观结构的变化。
利用多重光散射技术通过测定稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)和相对背散射光(Relative backscattered light,ΔBS)的变化来评估Pickering乳液的稳定性。实验过程中,将新鲜制备的乳液(20 mL)转移到其样品瓶中,要求乳液不能有气泡,仪器平衡后立即进行测定[30]。设置扫描程序为45 ℃扫描48 h,每1 h进行一次扫描,通过仪器所带软件得到Pickering乳液的整体TSI值变化情况以及ΔBS随时间的变化曲线。通过样品的扫描图谱变化情况,分析乳液的稳定性。
所有实验至少重复3次,结果之间的差异用平均值±标准差(Standard deviation,SD)表示,使用Origin Pro 2017对结果进行统计分析,实验数据采用SPSS 23进行统计学分析,应用Duncan检验分析样品之间差异的显著性,并且在P<0.05时定义显著差异。
蛋白质热聚集颗粒的形成是蛋白质分子之间的静电和疏水相互作用的一种竞争现象。当蛋白质溶液中的亲水基团能够提供足够的排斥力时,蛋白质的聚集就会停止。相反,当疏水基团的作用很强时,会给蛋白质的聚集带来动力[31]。粒径和多分散性系数(Polydispersity index,PDI)测量通常用于表征溶液中的聚合物聚集情况;Zeta-电位用于表征溶液的电负性,分析溶液中分子间的静电相互作用[32]。研究表明,蛋白质分子之间的作用力不仅与它们自身的特性有关,而且还取决于外部的加工环境条件[33]。图1A测定了不同pH对PPP-NP粒径的影响。如图1A所示,PPP-NP的粒径在45~120 nm之间,在pH6.5时,PPP溶液的粒径在110 nm左右,且拥有最低的PDI(0.19),表明PPP在pH6.5下形成的PPP-NP是分布最均一的。由图1B可知,PPP-NP电位的绝对值随着pH的增加而增大,大豆蛋白热聚集体也有相同的趋势[34]。在pH4.0时,Zeta-电位值为正,主要是由于此时pH<5.5(PPP的等电点(Isoelectric point,pI)为5.5[18]),溶液带正电荷;当pH≥6.5时,Zeta-电位的绝对值随pH增大的原因是此时溶液距离pI越来越远,携带更多的负电荷。综上所述,在pH6.5下PPP-NP粒径最大,为110 nm。且PDI值最低,说明在此pH下,PPP-NP的粒径分布集中,分散性好。
用场发射扫描电子显微镜研究的PPP-NP的形态如图2所示。根据粒径结果,可得出pH6.5下PPP-NP的PDI值低,粒径分布集中,因此以pH6.5制备的PPP-NP为代表。由图2A所示,此条件下PPP-NP尺寸均匀。在图2B放大5万倍下更为清晰地观察到这一现象。颗粒尺寸大小和分布情况符合图2A的结果。这些PPP-NP以适当的尺寸制造以稳定Pickering乳液。由图2A可知PPP-NP的粒径大小在45~120 nm之间,较小的颗粒具有较快的吸附动力学,它们可以更快更准确地吸附在水包油界面上,从而使界面得到更大程度的填充,从而形成更稳定的Pickering乳液[35]。均一的粒径分布和低PDI值是稳定Pickering乳液的关键。在pH6.5下制备的PPP-NP不仅粒径分布均匀一致,并且兼具吸附动力学优势[36],因此具有更高的应用价值。
使用远紫外圆二色光谱测量pH对PPP-NP二级结构的影响。图3为圆二色光谱图,表1为二级结构的定量分析。由表1可知,PPP含有α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲四种二级结构组分:α-螺旋和β-折叠代表蛋白质的有序结构;β-转角和无规卷曲则代表蛋白质的无序结构。与未经任何处理的对照(control group,con)相比,在调节pH后经过加热的样品,α-螺旋结构含量显著减少约19.2%~34.5%,β-折叠含量显著增加6.9%~47.2%,无规卷曲含量降低8.7%~20.2%。α-螺旋减少的原因是由于热处理会导致α-螺旋中的氢键损伤,而氢键是稳定蛋白质二级结构的主要作用力[37]。β-折叠含量增加是由于热处理能打开蛋白结构,暴露疏水性基团,增强了蛋白质间的相互作用,进而通过分子间β-折叠形成蛋白聚集体[38]。与中性和碱性条件相比,酸性(pH4.0)条件下的α-螺旋含量较低,这可能是由于α-螺旋主要是由氢键稳定的,而PPP的pI约5.5,此时蛋白是带负电荷,酸性环境可能会增加由于电荷中和而增加蛋白质之间的静电作用力,从而影响氢键的稳定性。静电作用力和氢键的变化会导致酸性条件下α-螺旋的损失[39]。研究表明,其他来源的蛋白二级结构变化也有相似的规律,例如,Wu等[40]将芸豆蛋白进行低pH热处理,蛋白结构发生变形和重组,从而使β-折叠含量增加。在pH6.5~8.0范围内,α-螺旋和β-折叠含量变化不显著,说明在此范围内的pH的变化不足以引起蛋白质二级结构的变化。并且,在此范围内,pH6.5下PPP-NP的β-折叠含量相对最高。已经有相关研究表明,β-折叠含量的增加可能会提高颗粒的界面吸附能力[41]。因此,pH6.5下PPP-NP具有较强的降低界面张力能力,这与后面的界面吸附特性实验结果相互论证。
由于从乳液界面去除吸附颗粒需要巨大的解吸能量,因此颗粒的界面吸附被认为是一个不可逆的过程[42]。PPP-NP在油-水界面的吸附可能包括至少两个阶段:第一阶段PPP-NP接近乳液界面并渗透到油-水界面,第二阶段颗粒附着在界面,导致粘弹性界面膜的形成。由于乳化剂的界面特性是评估其稳定乳液能力的关键因素[43],因此测定了不同pH条件下PPP-NP的界面张力的变化。如图4所示,所有样品在前200 s内界面张力值急剧下降,这是由于PPP-NP开始附着在油水界面上。界面张力的快速下降是PPP-NP具有有效乳化剂的一个基本特征[44]。随后,界面张力值下降速度减慢直至达到平衡,这是由于颗粒在油水界面的堆积和结构重排,接近平衡状态意味着颗粒即将终止分子构象的重排。在所有pH条件下,界面张力值均随着时间的推移而降低,表明PPP可以在各种pH条件下在油水界面处吸附[45]。界面张力的降低会降低吉布斯表面自由能,从而提高界面层的稳定性[44]。与con相比,所有样品的最终平衡值均小于con,这可能是由于con未经加热处理,而实验组在热处理过程中球状蛋白质的展开(以及疏水部分的暴露)的结果[46],说明PPP-NP的乳化性优于PPP。有些蛋白加热聚集后降低界面张力的能力增加,因此稳定油水界面能力增强,乳化性和乳化稳定性改善[47]。
乳液在不同pH下的粒径分布如图5所示。大多数乳液呈现双峰分布,但峰均不同。这可能是由于PPP-NP在油水界面上的重组和重排可能使液滴桥接,从而导致其呈双峰分布[48]。con与pH4.0的乳液的粒径分布在较宽的范围内变化,而在中性及碱性条件下(pH7.0~8.0),乳液的液滴尺寸分布在小范围内相对均匀。乳液液滴粒径分布范围越窄、峰值越小表明乳液越稳定;因此,碱性条件下制备的Pickering乳液相对稳定。事实上,较多种类的蛋白质在碱性条件下的热变性和适度聚集均会导致其乳化性增强,包括乳清分离蛋白[10]、卵白蛋白等。而且,虽然pH6.5乳液的粒径分布比较窄,但其峰值远远大于其余各组,与较大的液滴尺寸相对应的乳液的峰面积可能是由于桥接机制形成的絮凝[49]。因此可能导致pH6.5乳液的长期稳定性低于碱性条件下制备的Pickering乳液。
如图6所示,所有乳液的表观粘度均随着剪切速率的增加而下降,表现出剪切稀释行为。在pH 4.0(低于pI)和6.5时,乳液的表观粘度相似,表现出最高的粘度和剪切稀释行为。这时由于乳液液滴的高度絮凝,乳液表现出最高的粘度和剪切稀化行为,这与文献的分析结果一致[50−51]。对于球状蛋白质包裹的油滴,当pH接近吸附蛋白质的pI时,油滴之间的静电斥力降低,导致油滴聚集[52]。与非絮凝乳液相比,絮凝乳液表现出更高的粘度和剪切稀化行为,因为聚集体在其结构中保留了一些连续相,这导致粘度增加。在施加的剪切作用下,絮凝结构的破坏导致剪切变稀行为。然而,在高于pI的pH(pH7.0~8.0)下,乳液表现出明显较低的粘度,表明液滴絮凝较低。油水界面处蛋白较高程度的聚集会增加乳液的表观粘度[53]。根据2.1的结果可得,碱性条件下形成的热聚集体粒径较小,界面处蛋白聚集程度较低,因此碱性条件下所制备的乳液表现出低粘度。
制备了不同pH下PPP-NP稳定的水包油Pickering乳液,并在45 ℃下加速储存28 d,每7 d进行拍照记录其视觉外观的变化。乳液的视觉外观监测照片如图7所示。con和pH4.0的乳液在加速储藏7 d后发生分层和聚结等现象;pH6.5的乳液在第14 d时底部出现分层现象;pH7.0~8.0的乳液在储藏28 d后仍保持良好的视觉外观,未出现相分离、聚结等现象,在整个实验过程中均保持均匀稳定。这些现象直观地表明PPP-NP具有良好的乳化能力,且制备出的乳液具有较好的稳定性,这可能与蛋白聚集体表面疏水性提高,从而有效降低其在油水界面上吸附所需的能量[54]。
粒径和Zeta-电位是用于评估乳液体系稳定性的重要指标[55]。在45 ℃下储存4周,在制备出后立即测量液滴大小和Zeta-电位,在为期4周的储存期间每7 d测量一次。d4,3用于评估乳液的粒径,发现其随pH而变化。如表2所示,第0 d时,pH7.0~8.0的乳液粒径为纳米级;con、pH4.0、pH6.5的乳液粒径则为微米级。较小的粒径会形成更稳定的乳液[56],表明pH7.0~8.0乳液的长期稳定性可能优于其他组。由图1A可知,在pH8.0时的PPP-NP粒径明显小于其他pH条件下的,因此更容易吸附到油水界面上降低界面张力值,从而拥有更优异的乳化性能,这与Lee等[57]获得的结果相似。Gao等[58]也报道了SPI稳定的乳液在碱性pH下稳定性更好。当储藏第7 d时,con和pH4.0乳液粒径显著增加,说明其稳定性差,这与图7的外观图的表现一致。pH4.0的乳液稳定性差的原因是蛋白质之间的静电排斥不足以克服吸引相互作用,导致颗粒聚集从而粒径增加[55]。PPP-NP稳定的乳液在酸性条件下的d4,3随着贮藏天数的延长而逐渐增加,但随着pH的升高,d4,3的增长速度逐渐减慢;当pH大于等于7.0时,其乳液粒径未发生显著性增加,说明乳液在碱性条件下保持稳定。可以得出结论,PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液的稳定性随着水相从酸性变为碱性而增加,这可能是由于pH对PPP吸附的影响。
还监测了不同pH条件下乳液液滴的Zeta-电位值。如表3所示,在第0 d时,随着pH从4.0变化到8.0,Zeta-电位值从正值(37.90±0.69)变为负值(−44.83±1.84)。这种趋势可归因于PPP的pI出现在5.5左右,且Zeta-电位的绝对值随着pH从6.5增加到8.0而显著增加,这是由于高于蛋白质的pI时的静电排斥从而抑制液滴的絮凝[51]。除pH7.0~8.0外,其他样品的Zeta-电位的绝对值随着储藏天数的延长而显著降低(P<0.05),同表2的粒径监测变化趋势相似。综上所述,pH6.5下PPP-NP制备的乳液的初始稳定性良好,但于14 d后出现分层,因此pH6.5更适应于需要快速乳化的应用情况,比如肉制品加工;而中性和碱性条件下的PPP-NP制备的乳液,通过静电排斥机制可以较好的维持长期稳定性,适合储存型食品体系。
共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)常用于分析乳液的微观结构,它可以内在地反映乳液颗粒的尺寸分布、分散性和稳定性[51]。不同pH下形成的PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液如图8所示。油滴被尼罗红染色显示绿色,因此绿色区域代表油滴。由于乳液液滴的粒径较小,因此在CLSM下显现出满屏的绿色小点。由图8可知,当储藏14 d时,Con、pH4.0的乳液均出现大面积的油滴聚集,pH6.5的乳液出现局部小聚集,而pH7.0~8.0的乳液微观结构显示其分布仍然均匀,无任何油滴聚集现象。当储藏28 d后,Con、pH4.0、pH6.5的乳液中聚集程度明显加强,pH7.0的乳液也有较微弱的局部小聚集现象;而pH7.5与pH8.0的乳液仍保持良好的分布状态,这与图7的视觉直观图、表2粒径监测和表3电位监测的结果保持一致。CLSM的结果再次证实PPP-NP稳定的乳液酸性条件下的长期稳定性较差,在中性和碱性条件下有着更好的乳液稳定性。这一结果与He等[59]的结果相似,其所制备的样品同样在碱性条件下稳定性更高。
作为稳定性研究的一部分,在45 ℃连续测量48 h的乳液光散射衍射。这些测量可用于评估乳液短期或长期稳定性,并阐明不稳定机制。图9A显示了在不同pH条件下PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液ΔBS的演变。乳液稳定性的定义表明,如果液滴的数量、尺寸分布和空间分布不随时间变化,则乳液是稳定的[60]。而BS则可直观反映乳化体系整体或局部的不稳定现象。因此,乳液越稳定,观察到的BS变化就越小。由图9A可知,con的ΔBS随扫描时间的延长出现大尺度平行平移,说明类似光强对应的液体体积在增加,结合视觉直观图,该乳液出现明显的相分离,大液滴上升,小液滴残留。pH4.0的底部(0~15 mm)曲线下移,这表明发生了明显的聚结/絮凝现象[60],这与Cao等[61]报道的pH4.0下界面蛋白桥接絮凝机制相吻合。pH6.5~8.0的ΔBS曲线基本保持不变,说明pH6.5~8.0的乳液稳定性较好。
虽然BS可以直观反映乳液体系的局部不稳定现象,但无法量化比较多个样品的不稳定程度。因此乳液稳定性也可以使用TSI值[62]来表征。TSI可以表征多种不稳定现象对光强度变化的综合影响,还可以比较出不同样品间的稳定性差异;TSI值越大,乳液体系越不稳定。不同pH制备的PPP-NP稳定的Pickering乳液的TSI如图9B所示。所有样品的TSI值均随着扫描时间的增加而增大。从图9B可以看出,乳液稳定性结果为pH8.0>pH7.5>pH7.0>pH6.5>pH4.0>con。这与图7的储藏稳定性直观图相一致。在瓶装直观图中,肉眼仅方便观察并记录由乳液液滴上升引起的乳液分层,然而,在TSI测量中,TSI值不仅记录了分层现象,而且还记录了絮凝和聚结。絮凝和聚结被认为是乳液稳定性中影响因素的一部分。因此TSI值的变化能更全面、系统的表征乳状液体系的稳定性。
在pH6.5条件下,PPP通过有序自组装形成平均粒径为112 nm、PDI低至0.19的纳米粒子,显著优于其他pH条件的PPP-NP。场发射扫描电镜实验进一步证实了pH6.5下PPP-NP的均一形态和优异分散性,表明pH6.5是调控PPP聚集行为的理想pH条件。界面张力实验表明,PPP-NP在200秒内迅速降低油水界面张力至平衡值,这归因于热处理后疏水基团的暴露及分子间β-折叠结构的增加。此类结构特性增强了颗粒在界面的粘弹性膜形成能力,从而提升乳化效率。表观粘度和乳液稳定性实验表明,pH6.5制备的Pickering乳液在中短期内具有显著稳定性优势,其表观粘度最高,液滴粒径分布集中,且在45 ℃加速储存14 d后仍保持均匀。尽管中性/碱性条件(pH7.0~8.0)的乳液在长期储存(28 d)中表现更优(TSI值最低),但其较小的颗粒尺寸(0.28~0.43 μm)可能需更高能量输入以实现快速乳化。因此,pH6.5在加工效率与稳定性之间取得了平衡,尤其适用于肉制品等需即时乳化的场景。综上所述,pH6.5条件下制备的PPP-NP凭借均一的纳米结构、快速界面吸附及中短期稳定性,为更优异的食品乳化剂的开发提供了新思路,并为接下来设计一种更有效的活性物质递送系统提供了新的策略和理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020196
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
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    工业发酵省部共建协同创新中心,湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430068

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袁江兰(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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