Article(id=1320889319527666239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854154711, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854154711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854154711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854154711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=47, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889319775130176, articleId=1320889319527666239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica L. Preserved Fruit Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the quality evaluation indicators of Phyllanthus emblica L. preserved fruit and establish an evaluation system, taking eight commercially available kinds of P. emblica L. preserved fruit as samples, this study measured and analyzed 20 quality indicators, including fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation, color values (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h* values), texture (hardness, adhesion, cohesion, elasticity, and chewiness), and physicochemical properties (moisture, total sugar, reducing sugar, total acid, ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, ABTS+, and DPPH radical scavenging rate). Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze the quality indicators and screen out the key quality evaluation indicators of P. emblica L. preserved fruit. The results showed that there were varying degrees of variation in the quality indicators of the eight commercially available varieties, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 6.42% to 56.34%. Among the color parameters, a* showed the largest change, there were significant differences in hardness, adhesion, and chewiness among the texture parameters, and there were also significant changes in the content of moisture, total sugar, total acid, ascorbic acid, and total phenols among the physicochemical parameters. Among the 20 quality indicators, there was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between 22 pairs of indicators, and a highly significant correlation (P<0.01) between 60 pairs of indicators. Sensory evaluation was highly positively correlated with moisture content, ascorbic acid content, and L* (P<0.01), while hardness was highly negatively correlated with sensory evaluation (P<0.01). The principal component analysis of quality indicators extracted four principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 92.77%. Using partial least squares analysis, seven key quality indicators were obtained and validated using cluster analysis, and they could distinguish different qualities of P. emblica L. preserved fruit effectively. Therefore, based on multivariate statistical analysis, it was ultimately determined that moisture content, ascorbic acid content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, L*, h*, hardness, and chewiness were key quality indicators for evaluating the quality of P. emblica L. preserved fruit. The research results of this study could provide a theoretical basis and scientific basis for the quality evaluation and processing of P. emblica L. preserved fruit.

, authors=Liyue QIN1, Daiqin HE1, Yaxin CHANG1, Haidan WANG1, Xin HU1, Yuting HUANG2, Qian LI3, Feifei MA1, *, authorsList=Liyue QIN, Daiqin HE, Yaxin CHANG, Haidan WANG, Xin HU, Yuting HUANG, Qian LI, Feifei MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feifei MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889321691927121, articleId=1320889319527666239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于多元统计学分析余甘子果脯综合品质, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究余甘子果脯品质评价指标,建立评价体系,本试验以8种市售余甘子果脯为样品,测定、分析包括模糊数学感官评价、色值(L*、a*、b*、C*和h*值)、质构(硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性)和理化性质(水分、总糖、还原糖、总酸、抗坏血酸、总酚、黄酮、ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除率)在内共20个品质指标,并运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对品质指标进行综合评价,筛选出影响余甘子果脯品质的关键评价指标。结果表明,8种市售余甘子果脯的品质指标存在不同程度的变异,变异系数范围为6.42%~56.34%,在色值参数中a*变化最大,质构参数中硬度、粘附性和咀嚼性的差异较大,理化参数中水分、总糖、总酸、抗坏血酸和总酚含量的变化较大;20个品质指标之间,22对指标间有显著的相关性(P<0.05),60对指标间有极显著的相关性(P<0.01),感官评价与水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、L*呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),硬度与感官评价呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01);品质指标的主成分分析提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率为92.77%;利用偏最小二乘法分析,得到7个关键品质指标,并利用聚类分析进行验证,以上指标可有效区分不同品质的余甘子果脯。因此,基于多元统计学分析最终确定水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、L*、h*、硬度和咀嚼性为评价余甘子果脯品质的关键品质指标,可用于余甘子果脯的品质评价以及为研究加工提供理论基础和科学依据。

, authors=秦力悦1, 何代琴1, 常雅欣1, 王海丹1, 胡昕1, 黄钰婷2, 李茜3, 马菲菲1, *, authorsList=秦力悦, 何代琴, 常雅欣, 王海丹, 胡昕, 黄钰婷, 李茜, 马菲菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马菲菲, authorNote=

秦力悦(1991−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

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马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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注:*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著,P<0.05;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上极显著,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=SSUbRVKJDhCTjLfSW0c8xg==, figureFileBig=mqO0RJkv2Ghjif+9cNCBoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327891108499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principal component analysis load diagram of quality indexes of P. emblica L. preserved fruit, figureFileSmall=peeuzR+1hto1FUNw7cmkYg==, figureFileBig=P4WtPzgrMhdkfV1TsNN+VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327974994580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图3, caption=余甘子果脯品质指标主成分分析载荷图

注:X、Y轴参考线原点为0。

, figureFileSmall=peeuzR+1hto1FUNw7cmkYg==, figureFileBig=P4WtPzgrMhdkfV1TsNN+VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328109212310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Principal component scores and composite scores of quality indexes of P. emblica L. preserved fruit, figureFileSmall=X3vgWQrmqypnJz05+WiiKA==, figureFileBig=/9vlhTdjMbYmYlJqjw5Eig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328193098392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图4, caption=余甘子果脯品质指标主成分得分与综合得分, figureFileSmall=X3vgWQrmqypnJz05+WiiKA==, figureFileBig=/9vlhTdjMbYmYlJqjw5Eig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328264401562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Partial least squares plot for the correlation between quality indicators and sensory evaluation of P. emblica L. preserved fruit, figureFileSmall=OpkkK6U0oFXnEoeapOOupw==, figureFileBig=gJUQDfnF+uS1iHD4DnY9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328331510427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图5, caption=余甘子果脯品质指标与感官评价的偏最小二乘法分析结果, figureFileSmall=OpkkK6U0oFXnEoeapOOupw==, figureFileBig=gJUQDfnF+uS1iHD4DnY9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328402813596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Permutation test plot, figureFileSmall=WA8RoWFuMzxnbZcfRKws4A==, figureFileBig=fc5yxkaax48MPdMYn4nkjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328465728157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图6, caption=验证模型, figureFileSmall=WA8RoWFuMzxnbZcfRKws4A==, figureFileBig=fc5yxkaax48MPdMYn4nkjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328545419934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=VIP values of quality indicators of P. emblica L. preserved fruit, figureFileSmall=3mYOcR0JGl7p5iEtWq8iig==, figureFileBig=j1gEypsJZuQabTv0bZoJbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328637694623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图7, caption=余甘子果脯品质指标的VIP值, figureFileSmall=3mYOcR0JGl7p5iEtWq8iig==, figureFileBig=j1gEypsJZuQabTv0bZoJbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328738357920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Heatmap of quality indicators in P. emblica L. preserved fruit, figureFileSmall=0RfuK1liBLL0ymqGbRl5Fg==, figureFileBig=qtJVlHeh/Nbol6GdMxS9AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328818049697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=图8, caption=余甘子果脯品质指标聚类热图, figureFileSmall=0RfuK1liBLL0ymqGbRl5Fg==, figureFileBig=qtJVlHeh/Nbol6GdMxS9AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328897741474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information list of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号配料信息执行标准生产地址
1野生滇橄榄果、白砂糖、食用盐GB 14884普洱市
2滇橄榄、蜂蜜、冰糖GB 14884红河哈尼族彝族
自治州
3滇橄榄、白砂糖、食盐GB 14884保山市
4滇橄榄、多晶体冰糖GB 14884昆明市
5滇橄榄、白糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB/T 10782曲靖市
6橄榄、冰糖、蜂蜜GB 1488红河哈尼族彝族
自治州
7滇橄榄、冰糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB 14884保山市
8滇橄榄、白糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB/T 10782曲靖市
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328960656035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

余甘子果脯样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号配料信息执行标准生产地址
1野生滇橄榄果、白砂糖、食用盐GB 14884普洱市
2滇橄榄、蜂蜜、冰糖GB 14884红河哈尼族彝族
自治州
3滇橄榄、白砂糖、食盐GB 14884保山市
4滇橄榄、多晶体冰糖GB 14884昆明市
5滇橄榄、白糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB/T 10782曲靖市
6橄榄、冰糖、蜂蜜GB 1488红河哈尼族彝族
自治州
7滇橄榄、冰糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB 14884保山市
8滇橄榄、白糖、蜂蜜、食盐GB/T 10782曲靖市
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329069707940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准感官标准评分(分)
色泽优黄绿色,色泽均匀,较透明,有光泽15~20
良黄棕色,色泽较均匀,稍透明,稍有光泽10~14
中黄褐色,色泽不均匀,透明度差,略有光泽5~9
差褐色,有杂色,不透明,无光泽1~4
组织形态优果肉饱满光滑,无结晶返砂15~20
良果肉不够饱满,表皮稍有破损,无结晶返砂10~14
中果肉皱缩不饱满,部分开裂,稍有结晶返砂5~9
差果肉干缩严重,开裂,有结晶返砂1~4
风味优酸甜适中,有橄榄特有的果香味,涩味适中,回甘良好23~30
良酸甜比稍不协调,橄榄果味稍淡,涩味稍明显,回甘淡16~22
中偏酸或偏甜,橄榄果味淡,涩味明显,无回甘8~15
差很酸或很甜,无橄榄果香味,涩味很重,稍有异味,无回甘1~7
口感优软硬度适中,果肉厚实有嚼劲,有韧性23~30
良质地稍硬,果肉较厚实有嚼劲,稍有韧性16~22
中质地较硬,果肉干瘪不易咀嚼,韧性差8~15
差质地很硬,口感粗糙,难咀嚼,无韧性1~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329149399717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

余甘子果脯的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评价标准感官标准评分(分)
色泽优黄绿色,色泽均匀,较透明,有光泽15~20
良黄棕色,色泽较均匀,稍透明,稍有光泽10~14
中黄褐色,色泽不均匀,透明度差,略有光泽5~9
差褐色,有杂色,不透明,无光泽1~4
组织形态优果肉饱满光滑,无结晶返砂15~20
良果肉不够饱满,表皮稍有破损,无结晶返砂10~14
中果肉皱缩不饱满,部分开裂,稍有结晶返砂5~9
差果肉干缩严重,开裂,有结晶返砂1~4
风味优酸甜适中,有橄榄特有的果香味,涩味适中,回甘良好23~30
良酸甜比稍不协调,橄榄果味稍淡,涩味稍明显,回甘淡16~22
中偏酸或偏甜,橄榄果味淡,涩味明显,无回甘8~15
差很酸或很甜,无橄榄果香味,涩味很重,稍有异味,无回甘1~7
口感优软硬度适中,果肉厚实有嚼劲,有韧性23~30
良质地稍硬,果肉较厚实有嚼劲,稍有韧性16~22
中质地较硬,果肉干瘪不易咀嚼,韧性差8~15
差质地很硬,口感粗糙,难咀嚼,无韧性1~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329237480102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Color values of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*C*h*(°)
122.97±0.99a1.50±0.25c10.01±0.74d10.13±0.71e81.40±1.76a
223.47±0.74a3.16±0.32b16.42±0.53a16.72±0.58a79.12±0.78ab
319.49±0.59c3.17±0.72b12.15±0.70c12.57±0.84d75.51±2.59cd
420.59±0.68b1.80±0.44c9.77±0.67d9.95±0.65e79.53±2.67ab
521.10±0.93b3.07±0.69b13.68±1.31b14.03±1.42bc77.48±1.68bc
617.93±0.43d5.30±0.85a12.15±0.30c13.28±0.31cd66.49±3.68e
721.17±0.99b5.25±0.28a13.65±1.17b14.63±1.12b68.88±1.67e
818.64±0.99cd3.15±0.17b10.29±0.74d10.76±0.69e72.93±1.65d
变异系数
(%)
8.8139.2017.3917.516.63
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329359114919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

余甘子果脯的色值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*C*h*(°)
122.97±0.99a1.50±0.25c10.01±0.74d10.13±0.71e81.40±1.76a
223.47±0.74a3.16±0.32b16.42±0.53a16.72±0.58a79.12±0.78ab
319.49±0.59c3.17±0.72b12.15±0.70c12.57±0.84d75.51±2.59cd
420.59±0.68b1.80±0.44c9.77±0.67d9.95±0.65e79.53±2.67ab
521.10±0.93b3.07±0.69b13.68±1.31b14.03±1.42bc77.48±1.68bc
617.93±0.43d5.30±0.85a12.15±0.30c13.28±0.31cd66.49±3.68e
721.17±0.99b5.25±0.28a13.65±1.17b14.63±1.12b68.88±1.67e
818.64±0.99cd3.15±0.17b10.29±0.74d10.76±0.69e72.93±1.65d
变异系数
(%)
8.8139.2017.3917.516.63
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329438806696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Texture characteristics of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)粘附性
(N·mm)
内聚性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
127.84±1.95e0.20±0.02a0.43±0.05a3.04±0.15a36.31±5.55cd
221.19±1.44f0.17±0.03a0.44±0.01a2.70±0.27ab24.63±1.58d
334.44±1.32d0.20±0.04a0.44±0.04a2.82±0.22ab42.67±5.20c
426.47±1.19e0.23±0.08a0.41±0.05a2.29±0.84b24.26±6.74d
532.22±2.86d0.09±0.02b0.36±0.05a2.37±0.28ab26.93±4.64d
664.23±3.31a0.05±0.01b0.3±0.03a2.86±0.30ab77.55±5.75a
749.70±2.04c0.07±0.01b0.40±0.05a2.99±0.34ab60.12±13.44b
857.21±2.73b0.18±0.07a0.38±0.11a2.74±0.58ab43.65±17.13c
变异系数
(%)
37.7542.616.699.2941.83
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329531081385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

余甘子果脯的质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)粘附性
(N·mm)
内聚性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
127.84±1.95e0.20±0.02a0.43±0.05a3.04±0.15a36.31±5.55cd
221.19±1.44f0.17±0.03a0.44±0.01a2.70±0.27ab24.63±1.58d
334.44±1.32d0.20±0.04a0.44±0.04a2.82±0.22ab42.67±5.20c
426.47±1.19e0.23±0.08a0.41±0.05a2.29±0.84b24.26±6.74d
532.22±2.86d0.09±0.02b0.36±0.05a2.37±0.28ab26.93±4.64d
664.23±3.31a0.05±0.01b0.3±0.03a2.86±0.30ab77.55±5.75a
749.70±2.04c0.07±0.01b0.40±0.05a2.99±0.34ab60.12±13.44b
857.21±2.73b0.18±0.07a0.38±0.11a2.74±0.58ab43.65±17.13c
变异系数
(%)
37.7542.616.699.2941.83
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329602384554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physicochemical properties of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水分含量
(%)
总糖含量
(mg/g)
还原糖含量
(mg/g)
总酸含量
(mg/g)
抗坏血酸含量
(mg/g)
黄酮含量
(mg/g)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
122.67±0.65b533.89±1.05a213.37±2.98b4.93±0.09e132.59±1.58b14.48±0.64d18.11±0.90a97.67±0.22a87.67±0.28c
224.56±1.07a395.12±2.76d207.57±3.39c4.55±0.09f214.18±0.92a19.29±0.33a18.51±1.26a97.02±0.21a90.96±0.28a
319.96±0.80c423.77±1.60c218.22±0.87a3.38±0.08h38.09±0.01g13.90±0.33d15.10±0.85b91.79±0.57d82.08±0.59f
422.39±0.91b384.88±2.05e183.90±2.08d4.34±0.03g128.26±2.43c15.99±0.37c17.55±0.71a95.75±0.12b85.44±0.24d
521.29±1.54bc301.00±1.60g113.87±1.35g7.33±0.03a95.88±2.43d17.38±0.33b18.38±1.03a97.75±0.72a89.93±0.28b
612.88±0.59e186.27±2.03h157.90±0.73f6.49±0.02b57.13±2.75f15.80±0.26c17.09±0.64a94.48±0.33c83.05±0.40e
717.17±0.72d349.76±1.71f157.25±0.70f5.68±0.05c84.73±2.43e16.13±0.23c18.22±0.78a95.74±0.16b84.79±0.58d
810.38±1.46f429.04±1.98b175.85±1.07e5.20±0.03d37.03±0.92g8.01±0.15e9.20±0.26c47.59±1.15e70.85±0.74g
变异系数(%)24.8825.418.522.3556.3417.8820.5417.866.97
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329711436459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

余甘子果脯的理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水分含量
(%)
总糖含量
(mg/g)
还原糖含量
(mg/g)
总酸含量
(mg/g)
抗坏血酸含量
(mg/g)
黄酮含量
(mg/g)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
ABTS+自由基清除率(%)DPPH自由基清除率(%)
122.67±0.65b533.89±1.05a213.37±2.98b4.93±0.09e132.59±1.58b14.48±0.64d18.11±0.90a97.67±0.22a87.67±0.28c
224.56±1.07a395.12±2.76d207.57±3.39c4.55±0.09f214.18±0.92a19.29±0.33a18.51±1.26a97.02±0.21a90.96±0.28a
319.96±0.80c423.77±1.60c218.22±0.87a3.38±0.08h38.09±0.01g13.90±0.33d15.10±0.85b91.79±0.57d82.08±0.59f
422.39±0.91b384.88±2.05e183.90±2.08d4.34±0.03g128.26±2.43c15.99±0.37c17.55±0.71a95.75±0.12b85.44±0.24d
521.29±1.54bc301.00±1.60g113.87±1.35g7.33±0.03a95.88±2.43d17.38±0.33b18.38±1.03a97.75±0.72a89.93±0.28b
612.88±0.59e186.27±2.03h157.90±0.73f6.49±0.02b57.13±2.75f15.80±0.26c17.09±0.64a94.48±0.33c83.05±0.40e
717.17±0.72d349.76±1.71f157.25±0.70f5.68±0.05c84.73±2.43e16.13±0.23c18.22±0.78a95.74±0.16b84.79±0.58d
810.38±1.46f429.04±1.98b175.85±1.07e5.20±0.03d37.03±0.92g8.01±0.15e9.20±0.26c47.59±1.15e70.85±0.74g
变异系数(%)24.8825.418.522.3556.3417.8820.5417.866.97
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329816294060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Eigenvalues, variance contribution rates and cumulative contribution rates of principal components of quality indexes of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

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主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累积方差贡献率(%)
18.8244.1044.10
25.6728.3372.43
32.6913.4685.89
41.386.8892.77
), ArticleFig(id=1320889329912763053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

余甘子果脯品质指标主成分特征值、方差贡献率和累计贡献率

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主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累积方差贡献率(%)
18.8244.1044.10
25.6728.3372.43
32.6913.4685.89
41.386.8892.77
), ArticleFig(id=1320889331586290350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Principal component loading matrix after rotation of quality indexes of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

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指标成分
1234
水分含量(X1)0.710.660.120.22
总糖含量(X2)0.73−0.270.46−0.14
还原糖含量(X3)0.40−0.070.90−0.09
总酸含量(X4)−0.440.15−0.750.16
抗坏血酸含量(X5)0.600.520.080.41
黄酮含量(X6)0.060.97−0.040.17
总酚含量(X7)0.090.90−0.100.39
ABTS+自由基清除率(X8)0.020.980.070.05
DPPH自由基清除率(X9)0.290.91−0.080.28
L*(X10)0.680.460.140.40
a*(X11)−0.89−0.01−0.040.43
b*(X12)−0.030.31−0.070.92
C*(X13)−0.180.30−0.070.91
h*(X14)0.950.210.03−0.14
硬度(X15)−0.87−0.46−0.08−0.07
粘附性(X16)0.79−0.210.38−0.38
内聚性(X17)−0.060.340.89−0.07
弹性(X18)−0.40−0.110.710.20
咀嚼性(X19)−0.96−0.070.22−0.03
感官评价(X20)0.740.470.280.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320889331678565039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

余甘子果脯品质指标旋转后主成分载荷矩阵

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指标成分
1234
水分含量(X1)0.710.660.120.22
总糖含量(X2)0.73−0.270.46−0.14
还原糖含量(X3)0.40−0.070.90−0.09
总酸含量(X4)−0.440.15−0.750.16
抗坏血酸含量(X5)0.600.520.080.41
黄酮含量(X6)0.060.97−0.040.17
总酚含量(X7)0.090.90−0.100.39
ABTS+自由基清除率(X8)0.020.980.070.05
DPPH自由基清除率(X9)0.290.91−0.080.28
L*(X10)0.680.460.140.40
a*(X11)−0.89−0.01−0.040.43
b*(X12)−0.030.31−0.070.92
C*(X13)−0.180.30−0.070.91
h*(X14)0.950.210.03−0.14
硬度(X15)−0.87−0.46−0.08−0.07
粘附性(X16)0.79−0.210.38−0.38
内聚性(X17)−0.060.340.89−0.07
弹性(X18)−0.40−0.110.710.20
咀嚼性(X19)−0.96−0.070.22−0.03
感官评价(X20)0.740.470.280.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320889331770839728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Principal component score coefficient matrix of quality indexes of P. emblica L. preserved fruit

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指标成分
1234
水分含量(X1)0.070.090.010.01
总糖含量(X2)0.12−0.120.100.06
还原糖含量(X3)0.01−0.030.280.02
总酸含量(X4)−0.030.04−0.220.00
抗坏血酸含量(X5)0.090.010.000.14
黄酮含量(X6)−0.070.270.00−0.15
总酚含量(X7)−0.040.18−0.02−0.01
ABTS+自由基清除率(X8)−0.100.300.04−0.21
DPPH自由基清除率(X9)−0.010.20−0.03−0.06
L*(X10)0.10−0.020.020.16
a*(X11)−0.13−0.020.060.16
b*(X12)0.04−0.120.010.41
C*(X13)0.01−0.110.020.40
h*(X14)0.140.01−0.05−0.05
硬度(X15)−0.12−0.050.020.01
粘附性(X16)0.11−0.050.06−0.08
内聚性(X17)−0.110.150.31−0.11
弹性(X18)−0.10−0.040.270.12
咀嚼性(X19)−0.190.080.14−0.07
感官评价(X20)0.10−0.010.060.14
), ArticleFig(id=1320889331846337201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889319527666239, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

余甘子果脯品质指标主成分得分系数矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成分
1234
水分含量(X1)0.070.090.010.01
总糖含量(X2)0.12−0.120.100.06
还原糖含量(X3)0.01−0.030.280.02
总酸含量(X4)−0.030.04−0.220.00
抗坏血酸含量(X5)0.090.010.000.14
黄酮含量(X6)−0.070.270.00−0.15
总酚含量(X7)−0.040.18−0.02−0.01
ABTS+自由基清除率(X8)−0.100.300.04−0.21
DPPH自由基清除率(X9)−0.010.20−0.03−0.06
L*(X10)0.10−0.020.020.16
a*(X11)−0.13−0.020.060.16
b*(X12)0.04−0.120.010.41
C*(X13)0.01−0.110.020.40
h*(X14)0.140.01−0.05−0.05
硬度(X15)−0.12−0.050.020.01
粘附性(X16)0.11−0.050.06−0.08
内聚性(X17)−0.110.150.31−0.11
弹性(X18)−0.10−0.040.270.12
咀嚼性(X19)−0.190.080.14−0.07
感官评价(X20)0.10−0.010.060.14
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基于多元统计学分析余甘子果脯综合品质
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秦力悦 1 , 何代琴 1 , 常雅欣 1 , 王海丹 1 , 胡昕 1 , 黄钰婷 2 , 李茜 3 , 马菲菲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(2): 47-58
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (2) : 47 -58
基于多元统计学分析余甘子果脯综合品质
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秦力悦1 , 何代琴1, 常雅欣1, 王海丹1, 胡昕1, 黄钰婷2, 李茜3, 马菲菲1, *
作者信息
  • 1云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221
  • 2元谋艾莱克食品有限责任公司,云南楚雄 651300
  • 3云南白药集团健康产品有限公司,云南昆明 650599
通讯作者:
马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

秦力悦(1991−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica L. Preserved Fruit Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Liyue QIN1 , Daiqin HE1, Yaxin CHANG1, Haidan WANG1, Xin HU1, Yuting HUANG2, Qian LI3, Feifei MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China
  • 2Yuanmou Aileke Food Company Limited, Chuxiong 651300, China
  • 3Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Company Limited, Kunming 650599, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030068
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为了探究余甘子果脯品质评价指标,建立评价体系,本试验以8种市售余甘子果脯为样品,测定、分析包括模糊数学感官评价、色值(L*、a*、b*、C*和h*值)、质构(硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性)和理化性质(水分、总糖、还原糖、总酸、抗坏血酸、总酚、黄酮、ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除率)在内共20个品质指标,并运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对品质指标进行综合评价,筛选出影响余甘子果脯品质的关键评价指标。结果表明,8种市售余甘子果脯的品质指标存在不同程度的变异,变异系数范围为6.42%~56.34%,在色值参数中a*变化最大,质构参数中硬度、粘附性和咀嚼性的差异较大,理化参数中水分、总糖、总酸、抗坏血酸和总酚含量的变化较大;20个品质指标之间,22对指标间有显著的相关性(P<0.05),60对指标间有极显著的相关性(P<0.01),感官评价与水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、L*呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),硬度与感官评价呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01);品质指标的主成分分析提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率为92.77%;利用偏最小二乘法分析,得到7个关键品质指标,并利用聚类分析进行验证,以上指标可有效区分不同品质的余甘子果脯。因此,基于多元统计学分析最终确定水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、L*、h*、硬度和咀嚼性为评价余甘子果脯品质的关键品质指标,可用于余甘子果脯的品质评价以及为研究加工提供理论基础和科学依据。

余甘子  /  果脯  /  主成分分析  /  偏最小二乘法  /  品质评价

In order to explore the quality evaluation indicators of Phyllanthus emblica L. preserved fruit and establish an evaluation system, taking eight commercially available kinds of P. emblica L. preserved fruit as samples, this study measured and analyzed 20 quality indicators, including fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation, color values (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h* values), texture (hardness, adhesion, cohesion, elasticity, and chewiness), and physicochemical properties (moisture, total sugar, reducing sugar, total acid, ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, ABTS+, and DPPH radical scavenging rate). Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze the quality indicators and screen out the key quality evaluation indicators of P. emblica L. preserved fruit. The results showed that there were varying degrees of variation in the quality indicators of the eight commercially available varieties, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 6.42% to 56.34%. Among the color parameters, a* showed the largest change, there were significant differences in hardness, adhesion, and chewiness among the texture parameters, and there were also significant changes in the content of moisture, total sugar, total acid, ascorbic acid, and total phenols among the physicochemical parameters. Among the 20 quality indicators, there was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between 22 pairs of indicators, and a highly significant correlation (P<0.01) between 60 pairs of indicators. Sensory evaluation was highly positively correlated with moisture content, ascorbic acid content, and L* (P<0.01), while hardness was highly negatively correlated with sensory evaluation (P<0.01). The principal component analysis of quality indicators extracted four principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 92.77%. Using partial least squares analysis, seven key quality indicators were obtained and validated using cluster analysis, and they could distinguish different qualities of P. emblica L. preserved fruit effectively. Therefore, based on multivariate statistical analysis, it was ultimately determined that moisture content, ascorbic acid content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, L*, h*, hardness, and chewiness were key quality indicators for evaluating the quality of P. emblica L. preserved fruit. The research results of this study could provide a theoretical basis and scientific basis for the quality evaluation and processing of P. emblica L. preserved fruit.

Phyllanthus emblica L.  /  preserved fruit  /  principal component analysis  /  cluster analysis  /  quality evaluation
秦力悦, 何代琴, 常雅欣, 王海丹, 胡昕, 黄钰婷, 李茜, 马菲菲. 基于多元统计学分析余甘子果脯综合品质. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 47 -58 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030068
Liyue QIN, Daiqin HE, Yaxin CHANG, Haidan WANG, Xin HU, Yuting HUANG, Qian LI, Feifei MA. Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica L. Preserved Fruit Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 47 -58 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030068
余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)又名滇橄榄、油甘,是大戟科叶下珠属植物余甘子的果实,广泛分布于我国西南和东南多个省区,而云南省是全国野生余甘子分布最广,产量最高的省份[1]。余甘子营养丰富,含有多种维生素、氨基酸和生物活性物质(多糖、多酚、黄酮、萜类等),但其可利用率低,鲜果食用量有限。近年来,由于余甘子的独特风味和营养价值,被广泛地应用于食品加工领域,余甘子加工研究主要集中在余甘子果汁[2−4]、果脯[5−7]、软糖[8−9]、酵素[10]、果冻[11]、果粉[12−13]和固态调味品[14]领域。其中,余甘子果脯是近年来的新型果脯品类产品,因其清香回甘、具有多种活性成分等特点而广受消费者欢迎。在购物网站上对余甘子(滇橄榄)干/果脯进行搜索,可出现1000多条结果,产地遍布云南各地。但是,云南大多数余甘子果脯加工企业生产规模小、加工设备落后、加工过程不规范,导致产品品控不严,市面上产品品质参差不齐,降低了消费者对其的认可度,难以形成消费忠诚度,从而影响产业发展。
目前,余甘子果脯相关研究主要集中在加工工艺优化方面,张敏等[6]对比了3种糖渍工艺(常压预煮糖渍、盐渍糖渍、真空预煮负压糖渍)对余甘子果脯营养成分和品质的影响,何代琴等[5]研究了不同护色剂(柠檬酸、植酸和抗坏血酸)对余甘子果脯的护色效果,并没有涉及余甘子果脯品质分析及标准体系建立等相关研究。同时,我国也没有针对余甘子果脯的产品标准与生产规范,目前市售产品均执行的GB/T 10782-2021《蜜饯质量通则》或GB 14884-2016《食品安全国家标准 蜜饯》标准,在GB/T 10782-2021《蜜饯质量通则》中仅对果脯的感官、含水量和总糖含量进行要求,而GB 14884-2016《食品安全国家标准 蜜饯》主要对食品安全相关的污染物、微生物等进行要求。余甘子果脯的风味、形态、色泽和口感决定了其品质的优劣,因此对市售产品进行品质差异分析,找到能科学客观地评价指标以及建立品质评价标准,对于进一步从原料、工艺等角度开展质量调控研究和加工规范的制定具有重要的意义。
果脯研究中的品质评价指标主要为感官评价、色泽(包括褐变值)、总糖及水分为主[15−17],其余还涉及硬度、pH、果糖、葡萄糖、总酚、黄酮、抗坏血酸含量等[18−19]。参考以上果脯品质评价指标,本文选购了8种云南不同产地、配料及品牌的市售余甘子果脯样品为研究对象,测定、分析包括模糊数学感官评价、色值、质构和理化性质在内共20个品质指标,明确市售余甘子果脯之间的品质差异,并通过主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析探索品质差异与品质指标之间的关联性,筛选出可用于科学全面评价余甘子果脯品质的关键指标并建立综合品质评价标准,以期为余甘子果脯的工艺研究和生产加工提供依据。
8种余甘子果脯 市售,将其以1~8进行编号,样品产地均为云南省境内,其余主要信息见表1,指标测定时产品均在保质期内;葡萄糖标准品、抗坏血酸标准品、亚硝酸钠、碳酸钠 广州光华科技股份有限公司;没食子酸标准品 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;芦丁标准品、2,6-二氯靛酚、福林酚、ABTS、DPPH、邻苯二甲酸氢钾 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;硫酸、DNS溶液、硝酸铝、草酸 天津市风船化学试剂有限公司;蒽酮 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氢氧化钠 成都金山化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇 云南景锐科技有限公司;过硫酸钾 天津致远化学试剂有限公司;上述试剂均为分析纯。
ME204电子分析天平、FE28 pH计 梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司;BPG-9140A精密鼓风干燥箱、BWS-5恒温水槽与水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;TGL-16M冷冻离心机、Multiskan GO酶标仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;CM-5台式色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;TM-Touch食品质构测定仪 美国Food Technology Corporation公司。
参考Yu等[20]的模糊数学感官评价方法,稍作修改。参照GB/T 1629.1-2012《感官分析 选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则》标准的要求挑选定员,依次对余甘子果脯的色泽、组织形态、风味、口感的重要程度进行权重打分,具体评定标准见表2。
参考任二芳等[21]的方法,稍作修改,测定果脯球面的L*、a*、b*,每组样品测定5次。L*表示样品亮度,L*=0为黑色,L*=100为白色;a*表示样品的红绿度,−a*=绿色,+a*=红色;b*值表示样品的黄蓝度,−b*=蓝色,+b*=黄色。同时,依据如下公式(1)和公式(2)[22]进一步根据样品L*、a*和b*计算样品色度C*和色相h*。色度C*包含a*和b*的贡献,是颜色的定量属性,其值越大,颜色越集中,色彩饱和度越高[23]。色调h*是颜色的定性属性,表征色彩的总体倾向,等效于吸收光谱的波峰位置,取值0°(或360°)、90°、180°和270°分别为红色、黄色、绿色和蓝色色调[24]。
$ \mathrm{C}^{ \text{*}} \mathrm{=(} \mathit{a} ^{ \text{*} \mathrm{2}} \mathrm+ \mathit{b} ^{ \text{*} \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{)}^{ \mathrm{1/2}} $
$ \mathrm{h}^{ \mathrm{*}} \mathrm{=arctan(} \mathit{b} ^{ \mathit{*} } \mathrm{/} \mathit{a} ^{ \mathit{*} } ) $
质构分析选用50 mm圆柱型探头,测试样品选取大小均匀、形态完整的半球形果脯,测试条件参考胡翔等[25]的方法进行修改,检测速度90 mm/min,形变量30%,触发力0.5 N,循环次数2次,每组样品检测5次。
称取余甘子果脯样品100 g,经液氮速冻后,使用组织粉碎机研磨成粉,于−20 ℃密封保存备用。
余甘子果脯中水分、抗坏血酸和总酸参照GB/T 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中的水分测定》、GB/T 5009.86-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中抗坏血酸的测定》、GB/T 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》中所述的方法进行测定。
参照翁霞等[26]的方法,稍作修改。称取0.2 g样品粉末,加入1 mL 6 mol/L HCl溶液和1.5 mL蒸馏水,沸水浴0.5 h后取出,冷却至室温,用6 mol/L NaOH溶液中和至中性,过滤,蒸馏水定容至50 mL,得余甘子果脯总糖提取液。采用蒽酮比色法测定余甘子果脯中的总糖含量,以葡萄糖为标准品,标准曲线方程Y=4.3672X+0.2698,R2=0.9997。Y为620 nm处的吸光度,X为总糖含量(mg/g)。
参照王丽等[27]的方法进行修改提取样品还原糖,称取1 g样品粉末,加入10 mL蒸馏水,摇匀,常温200 W超声提取30 min,8000 r/min离心15 min,上清液为余甘子果脯还原糖提取液。采用DNS法测定余甘子果脯中的还原糖含量,以葡萄糖为标准品,标准曲线方程Y=3.1637X+0.0139,R2=0.9949。Y为540 nm处的吸光度,X为还原糖含量(mg/g)。
提取余甘子果脯中的总酚和黄酮,参照刘祚祚等[28]的方法,稍作修改。称取2 g样品粉末,加入30 mL 70%乙醇溶液,60 ℃、200 W超声提取40 min,12000 r/min离心15 min,上清液为余甘子果脯的乙醇提取液。
总酚含量测定参照Rambaran等[29]采用福林酚法测定余甘子果脯中的总酚含量,以没食子酸为标准品,得到标准曲线方程Y=25.371X+0.122,R2=0.9957。Y为765 nm处的吸光度,X为总酚含量(mg/g)。
黄酮含量测定参照Dong等[30]采用NaNO3-Al(NO3)3比色法测定余甘子果脯中的黄酮含量,以芦丁为标准品,得到标准曲线方程Y=4.283X+0.0085,R2=0.9922。Y为510 nm处的吸光度,X为黄酮含量(mg/g)。
参照肖新生等[31]的方法,稍作修改,使用无水乙醇配制0.2 mmol/L DPPH工作液,将余甘子果脯的乙醇提取液和DPPH工作液等体积混匀,避光反应40 min,于517 nm波长下检测吸光度。按以下公式(3)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ \text{DPPH}\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left({1-}\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:A1为样品+DPPH自由基工作液的吸光度;A2为样品+无水乙醇的吸光度;A0为样品溶剂+DPPH自由基工作液的吸光度。
参照王国霞等[32]的方法,稍作修改,将7 mmol/L ABTS乙醇溶液和4.9 mmol/L过硫酸钾乙醇溶液等比例混合,室温避光放置12~16 h,使用前用70%乙醇稀释,使其在734 nm下吸光度为0.7±0.2,得到ABTS工作液。取20 μL余甘子果脯的乙醇提取液和80 μL ABTS工作液混匀,室温避光反应6 min,于734 nm波长下检测吸光度。按以下公式计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^+\text{自由基清除率}\text{(\%)}=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:A1为样品+ABTS+自由基工作液的吸光度;A2为样品+70%乙醇溶液的吸光度;A0为样品溶剂+ABTS+自由基工作液的吸光度。
除特殊说明,所有实验均进行3次平行实验。数据采用SPSS 26软件进行单因素方差分析,结果表示为平均值±标准差,采用Duncan’s Multiple Range Test计算组间的差异显著性(P<0.05)。将8种余甘子果脯样品作为评价单元,以20项品质指标为变量,采用SPSS 26进行皮尔逊相关性分析、主成分分析。采用SIMCA 14.1软件进行偏最小二乘法分析。相关性分析热图、主成分分析载荷图和聚类热图采用Origin 2021软件绘制。
模糊数学的方法已被广泛应用于食品研发及品质分析[20,33]中,该方法不仅能使模糊的感官分析科学化,还能有效解决评分方法的主观性和片面性。以色泽、组织形态、风味、口感为评价因素集进行权重打分,得到权重集A=[0.15,0.17,0.32,0.36],计算每个指标4个等级的得分率,得到8个样品的模糊矩阵R,结合权重集A与模糊矩阵R,得到综合评判的模糊关系集Y=A×R。以优(90)、良(80)、中(70)、差(60)为评语集,确定评价等级Z=[90,80,70,60],则余甘子果脯的感官评分W=Y×Z,计算得出8个样品的感官评分。结果如图1所示,1号和2号样品的色泽和风味评分较高,1、2和3号的组织形态评分较高,1、2、4和5号口感评分较高。同时,由权重集A可知,感官评价人员对余甘子果脯的风味和口感权重打分较颜色和组织形态高,说明消费者更加关注果脯的风味和口感,总分最高的2号样品在风味和口感的评分也比其他样品高。样品的感官评价总分在67.41~82.15之间,80分以上的样品1个(2号),75~80分的样品1个(1号),70~75分的样品4个(3、4、5和7号),70分以下的样品2个(6和8号),由此可知目前市售的余甘子果脯品质参差不齐,其中1号和2号样品品质较高。
余甘子果脯的颜色直接影响消费者对其品质的判断,8种余甘子果脯样品的色值检测结果如表3所示,a*的变异系数最大为39.2%,其次为b*和C*,L*和h*的变异系数较小,说明余甘子果脯的颜色区别主要在红色、黄色和饱和度的变化。C*表示样品的饱和度,数值越高则饱和度越高,8种余甘子果脯样品的C*分布在9.95~16.72之间,变异系数为17.51%,以上结果表明余甘子果脯的颜色饱和度均不高,视觉感知到的样本颜色强度较低。8种余甘子果脯样品的h*分布在66.49°~81.40°之间,变异系数为6.63%,介于红色(0°)和黄色(90°)之间,说明余甘子果脯均有发生不同程度的褐变反应,导致市售果脯难以保持余甘子原有的绿色。以上颜色变化主要由余甘子果脯加工和储藏过程中的褐变反应造成,杀青和糖渍时间过长、烘干温度过高、储存不当均会导致果脯颜色变深,L*值和b*值降低,a*升高[5],以及C*和h*的降低。其中1号样品h*最高、a*最小、L*较高,2号样品的C*和L*最高、h*也较大,说明1号和2号样品颜色偏黄且明亮,褐变情况较少,与感官评价结果一致,色泽得分较高。
余甘子果脯的口感是消费者关注的主要品质因素之一,果脯的口感主要取决于果脯的硬度和韧性。同时,果脯的质构特征也将影响咀嚼过程中风味物质的释放,从而影响消费者对果脯风味的感知[34]。因此通过质构仪模拟咀嚼过程,以硬度、粘附性、内聚力、弹性、咀嚼性反映果脯的口感[35],进而对果脯口感进行多维度的评价。
结果由表4所示,样品间硬度、粘附性和咀嚼性的变异系数较大,而内聚性和弹性的变异系数较小,说明余甘子果脯的质构差异主要存在于果脯的硬度、粘附性和咀嚼性。8个样品中6号样品硬度和咀嚼性显著大于其他样品(P<0.05),而1、2和4号样品的硬度和咀嚼性相对较小。在感官评价中,6号样品口感评分最低,1、2和4号评分最高,说明消费者对硬度和咀嚼性较小的余甘子果脯接受度更高。粘附性可以反映果脯表面的粘性,1、2、3、4和8号样品的粘附性显著高于5、6和7号样品(P<0.05),粘附性高可能与水分含量高及果脯返砂有关。
果脯质地与原料细胞壁结构及多糖[36]、糖渍浓度和加糖[37]种类密切相关,且不同的糖或糖醇对质构的影响很大[38]。同时,使用食用盐腌制水果可使果肉细胞失水,软化组织结构,便于加工[39];在糖渍时添加食盐可以增大渗透压,缩短渗透时间,改善果脯组织结构[40]。表1中所示的市售余甘子果脯中糖的添加种类主要以蔗糖为主,区别在于使用白糖还是冰糖,部分样品中添加了蜂蜜,也有部分果脯中使用了食盐,说明糖渍工艺和糖渍配料均会影响余甘子果脯的质构特征。
果脯的理化指标中,水分含量对于果脯成品的贮藏有重要意义,而总糖和还原糖含量不仅反映果脯的甜味,还是果脯加工过程的重要控制指标。因此,在GB/T 10782《蜜饯质量通则》中要求果脯的水分/(g/100 g)≤35、总糖(以葡萄糖计)/(g/100 g)≤85。理化指标检测结果由表5所示,8种果脯的水分含量分布在10.38%~24.56%之间,样品的总糖含量在186.27~533.89 mg/g之间,均符合上述国家标准的要求。可滴定酸和可溶性糖是水果中的重要风味来源和营养成分,8个样品的总糖和总酸含量均具有显著性差异,变异系数较大。
抗坏血酸、黄酮和总酚是余甘子中的主要的活性成分[28],上述活性成分具有较强的抗氧化能力,对ABTS+和DPPH自由基有较强的清除能力。由表5可知,8种余甘子果脯的抗坏血酸含量变异系数为56.34%,均大于其他理化指标,说明样品间的抗坏血酸含量差异较大,可能由于抗坏血酸含量易受加工和储运条件影响导致。DPPH自由基清除率的变异系数为6.79%,在理化指标中最小。
本文对8个余甘子样品的20个品质指标进行皮尔逊相关性分析,结果如图2所示,其中有22对指标之间呈显著的相关性(P<0.05),60对指标之间呈极显著的相关性(P<0.01),说明20个品质指标之间具有较强的关联。
水分与抗坏血酸、黄酮、总酚、ABTS+及DPPH自由基清除率、L*和h*呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),与a*呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。水分一定程度代表了糖渍和干燥的程度,糖渍和干燥的程度越高,黄酮类、酚类物质在该过程中的渗透和降解就越多[41−42]。Alice等[43]的研究显示菠萝、柑橘皮和香橼果脯的L*与水分成正相关,本研究结果与之一致。水分还与硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01),是由于果脯干燥过程中水分蒸发导致[44];水分与感官评价也呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。
总糖含量与还原糖含量呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),与胡丽丽等[37]的研究一致,当使用浓度不超过50%的蔗糖溶液糖渍时,果脯中的还原糖和总糖呈相同的上升趋势;总糖和还原糖与总酸呈显著负相关(P<0.01),可能是由于总酸在果脯加工过程中损失较大[45],而果脯在糖渍过程中吸收大量糖分,导致两者呈负相关。总糖与L*呈正相关(P<0.05),总糖和还原糖与a*呈负相关(P<0.05),与h*呈正相关(P<0.05)。非酶促褐变反应以美拉德反应为主,糖作为美拉德反应的底物,反应加速时,导致果脯褐变颜色加深[46],但当反应减缓时,对底物的消耗量减少,果脯褐变减少,使总糖和还原糖含量呈现出与色值间的相关性。总糖与硬度及咀嚼性呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01),总糖和还原糖与粘附性呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),还原糖与内聚性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。以往研究结果显示,当使用较低的浓度蔗糖溶液糖渍时,草莓果脯呈干瘪状,硬度和咀嚼性较大,随着蔗糖浓度增加,果脯形态饱满,硬度和咀嚼性减小[37]。总酸含量值与a*呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与h*呈显著的负相关(P<0.05),Pham等[47]的研究表明橙汁的pH越小,产品褐变值越高,在余甘子果脯中可能由于原料中总酸含量较高,pH较小,导致褐变反应增加,a*升高。
抗坏血酸、黄酮、总酚、ABTS+及DPPH自由基清除率之间呈不同程度的正相关,上述指标均与L*呈不同程度的正相关,抗坏血酸及DPPH自由基清除率与b*呈显著正相关(P<0.05),总酚与b*和C*呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),这是由于抗坏血酸、黄酮、总酚这一类化合物直接参与果脯的酶促褐变和非酶促褐变反应,一方面这类物质具有抗氧化和护色的作用,另一方面又是褐变反应的底物,当褐变反应被抑制时,这类物质损耗也减少,使果脯维持较高的L*和b*[48−49],较低的a*[47]。
L*与a*呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与b*呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与h*呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与柑橘皮和香橼果脯研究结果一致[43]。由于C*和h*均由a*和b*计算得到,因此与a*和b*具有相关性。余甘子果脯的硬度与咀嚼性呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),二者与粘附性均呈现极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。
同时,水分、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、L*、硬度和粘附性与感官评价均有不同程度的相关性,说明理化、色值和质构指标评价与感官评价之间具有较强的相关性,检测指标在一定程度可以反映消费者对余甘子果脯品质评价。
上述相关性分析结果表明,余甘子果脯的感官品质、色值、质构、理化特性各指标之间存在较强的相关性,且各项指标所呈现的信息有一定程度的重叠,大量信息造成了分析障碍,因此可通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法对余甘子果脯的品质指标进行降维简化[50],消除指标间的重叠性,从而筛选出关键品质指标,提升综合评价的精确性。
本文通过对8种余甘子果脯的感官评价、色值、质构、理化分析共20个指标进行主成分分析,由表6可知,前4个主成分特征值大于1,累计贡献率为92.77%,表明这4个主成分可以反映余甘子果脯品质评价的主要信息。
以表7中余甘子果脯品质指标旋转后主成分载荷矩阵的数据为基础,绘制主成分分析载荷图(图3),图3中可直观地显示主成分与变量的直接关系,图3中不同变量的分布由载荷因子决定,离象限原点越远,对主成分的贡献值越大。结合图3和表6可知,第1主成分特征值为8.82,方差贡献率为44.1%,h*和粘附性主要起正向作用,载荷值分别为0.95、0.79,咀嚼性、a*和硬度起负向作用,载荷值分别为−0.96、−0.89、−0.87。第2主成分特征值为5.67,方差贡献率为28.33%,抗氧化相关的指标起正向作用,黄酮含量、总酚含量、ABTS+及DPPH自由基清除率载荷值较高,分别为0.97、0.90、0.98、0.91。第3主成分特征值为2.69,方差贡献率为13.46%,还原糖含量、内聚性和弹性其正向作用,载荷值分别为0.90、0.89、0.71,总酸含量载荷值为−0.75,起负向作用。第4主成分特征值为1.38,方差贡献率为6.88%,b*和C*起正向作用,载荷值分别为0.92和0.91。
根据表8中5个主成分的因子得分系数矩阵,可计算得到每个主成分的因子得分,各主成分的因子得分按下公式计算。
F1=0.07X1+0.12X2+0.01X3−0.03X4+0.09X5−0.07X6−0.04X7−0.10X8−0.01X9+0.10X10−0.13X11+0.04X12+0.01X13+0.14X14−0.12X15+0.11X16−0.11X17−0.10X18−0.19X19+0.10X20
F2=0.09X1−0.12X2−0.03X3+0.04X4+0.01X5+0.27X6+0.18X7+0.30X8+0.20X9−0.02X10−0.02X11−0.12X12−0.11X13+0.01X14−0.05X15−0.05X16+0.15X17−0.04X18+0.08 X19−0.01X20
F3=0.01X1+0.10X2+0.28X3−0.22X4+0.003X5+0.002X6−0.02X7+0.04X8−0.03X9+0.02X10+0.06X11+0.01X12+0.02X13−0.05X14+0.02X15+0.06X16+0.31X17+0.27X18+0.14X19+0.06X20
F4=0.01X1+0.06X2+0.02X3−0.003X4+0.14X5−0.15X6−0.01X7−0.21X8−0.06X9+0.16X10+0.16X11+0.41X12+0.40X13−0.05X14+0.01X15−0.08X16−0.11X17+0.12X18−0.07X19+0.14X20
式中:X1~X20分别表示20个品质指标;F1~F4分别表示主成分1~4的主成分因子得分。
结合主成分因子得分公式并以相应的主成分方差贡献率为权重进行线性加权求和,通过以下公式计算各种余甘子果脯的综合评价得分。
$ \mathrm{F}=\frac{44.10}{92.77}\times \mathrm{F}1+\frac{28.33}{92.77}\times \mathrm{F}2+\frac{13.46}{92.77}\times \mathrm{F}3+\frac{6.88}{92.77}\times \mathrm{F}4 $
根据综合得分公式,得出8种余甘子果脯的品质综合得分,并进行排序,F值越大,表明样品品质越高。结果如图4所示,2号样品得分排名第一,其次为1号和4号,其中1和2号样品品质较好,得分大于0.5分,与感官评价结果一致。
偏最小二乘法是一种新型多元统计分析法,是多元线性回归法、主成分分析法和典型相关分析法的有机结合,可有效对自变量多、样本量少而相关性高的数据进行分析[51]。为了更加直观地体现出感官评价指标和检测指标的相关性。本研究以检测指标为X矩阵,感官评价指标为X矩阵,进行偏最小二乘法分析。各品质指标与感官评价之间的关系如图5所示,其中靠外的两个圆环分别表示50%和100%的相关性,在两个圆环内表示相关性较好,变量间的距离也表示两者的相关性,位置越接近,正相关性越强,两者在距离圆心的相反位置,负相关性越强,两者位置越垂直越不相关。感官评价与水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、h*、L*有较好的相关性且呈正相关;与硬度、咀嚼性、a*呈负相关。
在偏最小二乘法中使用交叉验证和置换检验可以评价模型的性能指标,模型的R2X=0.721、R2Y=0.964、Q2=0.945,以上数值在0.5~1之间,表明模型的拟合度较好。同时,对模型进行200次置换模拟,结果如图6所示,模型0回归线与横坐标交叉,且截距为负数,所有置换检验R2和Q2均低于原始值,可认为没有发生过拟合,该模型的预测能力很好,能够用于描述不同余甘子果脯样品之间的差异。变量投影重要性(variable important for the projection,VIP)值可以反映变量的贡献程度,当VIP值>1时被认为具有显著影响,结果如图7所示,VIP值>1的品质指标有7个,分别为水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、L*、硬度、h*、DPPH自由基清除率、咀嚼性,说明以上品质指标对感官评价具有显著影响,在一定程度上可代替感官评价,减少评价人员的主观因素,科学客观的评价余甘子果脯的品质。
聚类分析是研究样本与指标分类问题的一种多元分析工具,已被广泛运用于各个领域,根据相似程度对变量的特性进行分类[52],相似度更高的变量优先聚类,类内变量具有较高相似度,类间变量的差异较大[53]。通过偏最小二乘法分析得到7个重要的品质指标可用于评价余甘子果脯的优劣,利用聚类分析可进一步验证这7个品质指标对于余甘子果脯样品的评价效果。
聚类热图如图8所示,颜色越蓝色代表样品对应的指标数值越低,反之颜色越偏橙色,则样品对应的指标数值越高。通过聚类分析,7个品质指标可将七个样品的3个平行样本归为一类,说明关键品质指标可将样品区分开。同时,可将8个余甘子果脯分为2大类,其中1、4、5和2号样品为第一类,3、7、6和8号样品为第二类,第一类样品的咀嚼性和硬度较低,h*、L*、DPPH自由基清除率、抗坏血酸含量和水分含量较高,第二类样品则相反。在第一类样品中1和2号样品被聚为一类,4和5号为一类,区别在于1和2号样品的h*、L*、DPPH自由基清除率、抗坏血酸含量和水分含量高于4和5号样品。在第二类样品中3和7号样品为一类,6和8号为一类,6和7号样品的硬度叫另外2个样品更高,而L*、抗坏血酸含量和水分含量更低。由以上结果可知,水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、L*、h*、硬度和咀嚼性,这7个评价指标将不同品质的余甘子果脯进行区分和分类,可有效评价余甘子果脯样品的品质优劣。
研究所购的余甘子果脯产品的水分和总糖含量均符合GB/T 10782-2021《蜜饯质量通则》的要求。但目前市售产品质量参差不齐,在不同余甘子果脯样品的色值指标中a*变化最大;质构指标中硬度、粘附性和咀嚼性的差异较大;理化指标中水分、总糖、总酸、抗坏血酸和总酚含量的变化较大。通过对20个品质指标进行相关性分析,发现各项指标之间有较强的相关性,各指标呈信息重叠现象,采用主成分分析、偏最小二乘法分析和聚类分析对品质指标进行分析和检验,最终确定水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除率、L*、h*、硬度和咀嚼性为综合评价余甘子果脯品质优劣的决定性指标。
目前,GB/T 10782-2021《蜜饯质量通则》仅对果脯的水分和总糖含量进行要求,果脯加工研究中多以感官评价、色值、质构对果脯品质进行评价[54−56],而余甘子不仅可食用也可药用,因其含有大量抗坏血酸和单宁类、酚类、黄酮类物质,具有较强的抗氧化、抗炎作用[57],因此部分研究也会将以上活性成分含量和抗氧化能力作为余甘子的品质评价之一[28]。基于本文研究结果,得到的7个关键品质评价指标在果脯品质和余甘子营养价值方面均有涉及,且其中5个指标与感官评价具有显著的相关性,说明这7个关键品质评价指标可在一定程度上代替感官评价对余甘子果脯品质优劣进行客观科学的评价,可作为考察余甘子果脯产品综合品质的标准,为余甘子果脯的进一步工艺研究和生产质量把控提供了理论依据和科学支持。此外,余甘子果脯的风味和回甘程度也是其重要的品质因素,进一步对其挥发性成分、滋味、回甘效应相关成分进行分析评价,对特征风味物质和回甘物质进行阐释,可为余甘子果脯品质评价提供更多理论依据和科学支持。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030068
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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    1云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221
    2元谋艾莱克食品有限责任公司,云南楚雄 651300
    3云南白药集团健康产品有限公司,云南昆明 650599

通讯作者:

马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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