Article(id=1320889318072239026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854154365, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854154365, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854154365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854154365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=80, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889318286148531, articleId=1320889318072239026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Conformational Changes, Functional Properties and Complexation Mechanisms of Soybean Lipophilic Protein-Chlorogenic Acid Alkaline, Enzymatic, and Free Radical Covalent Binding Systems, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the effects of alkaline covalent binding, enzymatic covalent binding and free radical covalent binding of soybean lipophilic protein (LP) to chlorogenic acid (CA) on the conformational and functional properties of proteins and the mechanism of binding. Accordingly, this study comprehensively employed particle size and Zeta potential analysis, electrophoresis, multispectral techniques, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, scanning electron microscopy, and antioxidant activity assays to characterize the molecular weight, secondary and tertiary structures, thermal stability, rheological properties, and antioxidant capacity of the complexes under different preparation conditions. The results demonstrated that the polyphenol binding rate of LP increased based on free radical, base and enzyme conditions, and particle size and the absolute values of Zeta potential were higher than those of LP. The content of free amino group and sulfhydryl group decreased, but the content of disulfide bond increased, with the most significant changes observed in the enzymatic complexes. The introduction of CA shifted the electrophoretic bands of LP upward, and the subunits in the LP molecule were denatured into small molecular subunits, with progressively more significant denaturation of the free radical complexes, the alkaline complexes, and the enzymatic complexes. The free radical complexes, enzymatic complexes and alkaline complexes had sequentially increased ionic bonding content and sequentially decreased hydrophobic force compared to LP. The results of circular dichroism and Fourier infrared spectroscopy indicated that CA was successfully complexed with LP, and the two were mainly connected through C-N/C-S bonds, with an elevated content of random coils and a reduced content of β-sheets and β-turns in the complexes, and the most significant changes in the secondary structure of the alkali complexes. The intrinsic fluorescence results indicated that the enzymatic complex exhibited the strongest fluorescence quenching effect, followed by the alkali complex. The surface hydrophobicity of the complexes decreased, and that of the alkaline complexes was the lowest. The thermal stability and rheological properties of the complexes, especially the alkaline complexes, were enhanced. The incorporation of CA resulted in more protrusions and pores on the surface of LP, and the microscopic morphology of the free radical complexes, the enzyme complexes, and the alkaline complexes became more homogeneous and dense. The antioxidant capacity of the LP-CA covalent complexes increased after digestion. The free radical complexes possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity, while the enzymatic complexes had the weakest antioxidant capacity. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of LP-CA complexes as functional ingredients and the development of CA-containing soy protein products.

, authors=Panling LIU, Shiqi TANG, Shizhang YAN, Lianzhou JIANG*, Baokun QI*, authorsList=Panling LIU, Shiqi TANG, Shizhang YAN, Lianzhou JIANG, Baokun QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lianzhou JIANG, Baokun QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889320790148048, articleId=1320889318072239026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大豆亲脂蛋白-绿原酸碱、酶和自由基共价结合体系的构象变化、功能性质及复合机制的研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明晰大豆亲脂蛋白(soybean lipophilic protein,LP)与绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CA)碱、酶和自由基共价结合对蛋白质构象和功能性质的影响及复合机制,本研究综合运用粒径和Zeta电位、电泳技术、多光谱技术、差示扫描量热、流变、扫描电镜、抗氧化性分析等方法对不同制备条件下复合物的分子量、二级和三级结构、热稳定性、流变性和抗氧化性等功能性质进行表征。结果表明:LP在自由基、碱、酶条件下的多酚结合率依次升高,粒径和Zeta电位绝对值均高于LP;复合物中的游离氨基和巯基含量较LP降低,但二硫键含量升高,其中酶法复合物变化最明显;CA的引入使LP的电泳条带上移,LP分子中的亚基变性为小分子亚基,自由基、碱、酶复合物的变性情况愈加显著;自由基复合物、酶法复合物和碱法复合物的离子键含量较LP依次增加,疏水作用力依次减小;圆二光谱和傅里叶红外光谱结果表明CA与LP复合成功,二者主要通过C-N/C-S键连接,复合物的无规则卷曲含量升高,β-折叠和β-转角含量降低,碱法复合物的二级结构变化最为显著;荧光结果显示酶法复合物的荧光猝灭效果最强,碱法复合物次之;复合物的表面疏水性降低,碱法复合物的表面疏水性最低;复合物尤其是碱法复合物的热稳定性和流变性能增强;CA的加入使LP的表面出现较多突起和孔隙,自由基复合物、酶法复合物、碱法复合物的微观形貌愈加均匀致密;LP-CA共价复合物的抗氧化能力在消化后升高,且自由基复合物均拥有最强的抗氧化能力,酶法复合物的抗氧化能力最弱。本研究可为LP-CA复合物作为功能成分加以应用以及开发含CA的大豆蛋白产品提供理论依据。

, authors=刘盼玲, 唐诗琦, 闫世长, 江连洲*, 齐宝坤*, authorsList=刘盼玲, 唐诗琦, 闫世长, 江连洲, 齐宝坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=江连洲, 齐宝坤, authorNote=

刘盼玲(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
江连洲(1960−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
齐宝坤(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
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Rsc Advances, 2015, 5(20): 15641−15651., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889321041806289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889321050194898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, companyId=1320889321041806289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889321058583507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, companyId=1320889321041806289, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889323256398842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Particle size and Zeta potential of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=hh5WIyv2xLuKrNEuFo6MtQ==, figureFileBig=TuqpcB9Zb1X0/Igbsp7JvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323323507707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的粒径和Zeta电位

注:图中不同字母表示样品间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图2、图4、图8、图13同。

, figureFileSmall=hh5WIyv2xLuKrNEuFo6MtQ==, figureFileBig=TuqpcB9Zb1X0/Igbsp7JvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323541611516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Free amino group content (A), free thiol content, and disulfide bond content (B) of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=I9P5BIe+S8yFXUiOJPleyg==, figureFileBig=MSyCQVlhephO24dOx93+FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323608720381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的游离氨基含量(A)、游离巯基含量和二硫键含量(B), figureFileSmall=I9P5BIe+S8yFXUiOJPleyg==, figureFileBig=MSyCQVlhephO24dOx93+FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323684217854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SDS-PAGE of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=C8hgkF0S0hQ285JWV16dMQ==, figureFileBig=64cNrS8srtTsjFyM6sBvgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323768103935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的SDS-PAGE

注:条带1:LP;条带2:LP-Ca;条带3:LP-Ce;条带4:LP-Cf。

, figureFileSmall=C8hgkF0S0hQ285JWV16dMQ==, figureFileBig=64cNrS8srtTsjFyM6sBvgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323860378624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Intermolecular interaction forces in LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=VtD39lxQBkgotHhqHmubqg==, figureFileBig=VhaaBWHtQvVY/wR7yoB6Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889323944263680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的分子间相互作用力, figureFileSmall=VtD39lxQBkgotHhqHmubqg==, figureFileBig=VhaaBWHtQvVY/wR7yoB6Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324036538369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=CD spectra (A) and secondary structure content (B) of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=GLbC8TzgZSwyA4tyfDUIZA==, figureFileBig=6uh4QH+PkR6mSFl9OUU5QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324170756098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图5, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的CD(A)、二级结构含量(B), figureFileSmall=GLbC8TzgZSwyA4tyfDUIZA==, figureFileBig=6uh4QH+PkR6mSFl9OUU5QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324254642179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=FTIR of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=RGL2U9VYVH01XDaZO9KBcg==, figureFileBig=Innxp1j49JVbHPwCh9OFSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324569214980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的FTIR, figureFileSmall=RGL2U9VYVH01XDaZO9KBcg==, figureFileBig=Innxp1j49JVbHPwCh9OFSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324648906757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Intrinsic fluorescence spectra of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=ZOBqkCQnk+596sZt2fENXQ==, figureFileBig=4aBNL22NWa293rM+SLDitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324745375750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图7, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的内源荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=ZOBqkCQnk+596sZt2fENXQ==, figureFileBig=4aBNL22NWa293rM+SLDitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889324997033991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=H0 of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=yyhg3IC7GgrUG7ZW44XCkw==, figureFileBig=VjK+D1LPZisKXlqyTqt14A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889325064142856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图8, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的H0, figureFileSmall=yyhg3IC7GgrUG7ZW44XCkw==, figureFileBig=VjK+D1LPZisKXlqyTqt14A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889325152223241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Energy storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA in the strain range of 0.01%~100%, figureFileSmall=7p8jKDuyEj9gY6lrom1v0A==, figureFileBig=Q8taXyW0/HxYsGa6S693fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889325236109322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图9, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物在0.01%~100%应变范围内的储能模量(G’)和损耗模量(G”), figureFileSmall=7p8jKDuyEj9gY6lrom1v0A==, figureFileBig=Q8taXyW0/HxYsGa6S693fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889325416464395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=G' (A) and G" (B) of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA in the frequency range 0.1~10 Hz, figureFileSmall=TlVVXjMwYDISVD6jF5sSgg==, figureFileBig=jJEcT2mxhYWx9LYAVR5IlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327098380300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图10, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物在0.1~10 Hz频率范围内的G’(A)、G”(B), figureFileSmall=TlVVXjMwYDISVD6jF5sSgg==, figureFileBig=jJEcT2mxhYWx9LYAVR5IlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327173877773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Apparent viscosity of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=7emJkZS2o1Ador5pIagIOw==, figureFileBig=CLOKFSGnYIdwSvYAsQ34bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327232598030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图11, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的表观粘度, figureFileSmall=7emJkZS2o1Ador5pIagIOw==, figureFileBig=CLOKFSGnYIdwSvYAsQ34bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327295512591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=SEM images of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA, figureFileSmall=+SSGrOPO9NN9PL5Ok+9qWg==, figureFileBig=LphiENyQM/Zw9Rx3eKNTdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327530393616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图12, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的SEM图, figureFileSmall=+SSGrOPO9NN9PL5Ok+9qWg==, figureFileBig=LphiENyQM/Zw9Rx3eKNTdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327601696785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=DPPH free radical scavenging ability (A) and ABTS+ free radical scavenging ability (B) before and after digestion of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA in vitro, figureFileSmall=9DXIIPNAGaZ4MapTQUvpKw==, figureFileBig=LP6rPOaLiqHOAHrFi03oLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327672999954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图13, caption=LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物体外消化前后的DPPH自由基清除能力(A)、ABTS+自由基清除能力(B), figureFileSmall=9DXIIPNAGaZ4MapTQUvpKw==, figureFileBig=LP6rPOaLiqHOAHrFi03oLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327941435411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Mechanism of covalent bonding between protein and polyphenol by alkali, enzyme and free radical methods, figureFileSmall=CsS6DEtl6H2Y5t95EcmvAw==, figureFileBig=vjgboP1ptcq8N3OsTEAI+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328025321492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=图14, caption=蛋白质与多酚的碱法共价、酶法共价和自由基法共价结合机制, figureFileSmall=CsS6DEtl6H2Y5t95EcmvAw==, figureFileBig=vjgboP1ptcq8N3OsTEAI+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889328100818965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Polyphenol binding rates of LP under different binding modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品多酚结合率(%)
LP−
LP-Ca55.97±0.08b
LP-Ce67.43±0.11a
LP-Cf48.68±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328167927830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LP在不同结合方式下的多酚结合率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品多酚结合率(%)
LP−
LP-Ca55.97±0.08b
LP-Ce67.43±0.11a
LP-Cf48.68±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328432168983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Denaturation temperature (Td) and enthalpy change (ΔH) of LP and different covalent complexes of LP-CA

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样品Td(℃)ΔH(J/g)
LP52.25±0.01d1.56±0.03d
LP-Ca60.37±0.02a2.03±0.02a
LP-Ce56.25±0.01b1.92±0.02b
LP-Cf55.32±0.03c1.83±0.03c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328520249368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889318072239026, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LP和LP-CA不同共价复合物的变性温度(Td)和焓变(ΔH)

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样品Td(℃)ΔH(J/g)
LP52.25±0.01d1.56±0.03d
LP-Ca60.37±0.02a2.03±0.02a
LP-Ce56.25±0.01b1.92±0.02b
LP-Cf55.32±0.03c1.83±0.03c
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大豆亲脂蛋白-绿原酸碱、酶和自由基共价结合体系的构象变化、功能性质及复合机制的研究
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刘盼玲 , 唐诗琦 , 闫世长 , 江连洲 * , 齐宝坤 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 80-91
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 80 -91
大豆亲脂蛋白-绿原酸碱、酶和自由基共价结合体系的构象变化、功能性质及复合机制的研究
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刘盼玲 , 唐诗琦, 闫世长, 江连洲* , 齐宝坤*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
江连洲(1960−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
齐宝坤(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘盼玲(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

Conformational Changes, Functional Properties and Complexation Mechanisms of Soybean Lipophilic Protein-Chlorogenic Acid Alkaline, Enzymatic, and Free Radical Covalent Binding Systems
Panling LIU , Shiqi TANG, Shizhang YAN, Lianzhou JIANG* , Baokun QI*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085
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为明晰大豆亲脂蛋白(soybean lipophilic protein,LP)与绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CA)碱、酶和自由基共价结合对蛋白质构象和功能性质的影响及复合机制,本研究综合运用粒径和Zeta电位、电泳技术、多光谱技术、差示扫描量热、流变、扫描电镜、抗氧化性分析等方法对不同制备条件下复合物的分子量、二级和三级结构、热稳定性、流变性和抗氧化性等功能性质进行表征。结果表明:LP在自由基、碱、酶条件下的多酚结合率依次升高,粒径和Zeta电位绝对值均高于LP;复合物中的游离氨基和巯基含量较LP降低,但二硫键含量升高,其中酶法复合物变化最明显;CA的引入使LP的电泳条带上移,LP分子中的亚基变性为小分子亚基,自由基、碱、酶复合物的变性情况愈加显著;自由基复合物、酶法复合物和碱法复合物的离子键含量较LP依次增加,疏水作用力依次减小;圆二光谱和傅里叶红外光谱结果表明CA与LP复合成功,二者主要通过C-N/C-S键连接,复合物的无规则卷曲含量升高,β-折叠和β-转角含量降低,碱法复合物的二级结构变化最为显著;荧光结果显示酶法复合物的荧光猝灭效果最强,碱法复合物次之;复合物的表面疏水性降低,碱法复合物的表面疏水性最低;复合物尤其是碱法复合物的热稳定性和流变性能增强;CA的加入使LP的表面出现较多突起和孔隙,自由基复合物、酶法复合物、碱法复合物的微观形貌愈加均匀致密;LP-CA共价复合物的抗氧化能力在消化后升高,且自由基复合物均拥有最强的抗氧化能力,酶法复合物的抗氧化能力最弱。本研究可为LP-CA复合物作为功能成分加以应用以及开发含CA的大豆蛋白产品提供理论依据。

大豆亲脂蛋白  /  多酚  /  相互作用  /  结合机制  /  构象变化  /  功能性质

In order to clarify the effects of alkaline covalent binding, enzymatic covalent binding and free radical covalent binding of soybean lipophilic protein (LP) to chlorogenic acid (CA) on the conformational and functional properties of proteins and the mechanism of binding. Accordingly, this study comprehensively employed particle size and Zeta potential analysis, electrophoresis, multispectral techniques, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, scanning electron microscopy, and antioxidant activity assays to characterize the molecular weight, secondary and tertiary structures, thermal stability, rheological properties, and antioxidant capacity of the complexes under different preparation conditions. The results demonstrated that the polyphenol binding rate of LP increased based on free radical, base and enzyme conditions, and particle size and the absolute values of Zeta potential were higher than those of LP. The content of free amino group and sulfhydryl group decreased, but the content of disulfide bond increased, with the most significant changes observed in the enzymatic complexes. The introduction of CA shifted the electrophoretic bands of LP upward, and the subunits in the LP molecule were denatured into small molecular subunits, with progressively more significant denaturation of the free radical complexes, the alkaline complexes, and the enzymatic complexes. The free radical complexes, enzymatic complexes and alkaline complexes had sequentially increased ionic bonding content and sequentially decreased hydrophobic force compared to LP. The results of circular dichroism and Fourier infrared spectroscopy indicated that CA was successfully complexed with LP, and the two were mainly connected through C-N/C-S bonds, with an elevated content of random coils and a reduced content of β-sheets and β-turns in the complexes, and the most significant changes in the secondary structure of the alkali complexes. The intrinsic fluorescence results indicated that the enzymatic complex exhibited the strongest fluorescence quenching effect, followed by the alkali complex. The surface hydrophobicity of the complexes decreased, and that of the alkaline complexes was the lowest. The thermal stability and rheological properties of the complexes, especially the alkaline complexes, were enhanced. The incorporation of CA resulted in more protrusions and pores on the surface of LP, and the microscopic morphology of the free radical complexes, the enzyme complexes, and the alkaline complexes became more homogeneous and dense. The antioxidant capacity of the LP-CA covalent complexes increased after digestion. The free radical complexes possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity, while the enzymatic complexes had the weakest antioxidant capacity. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of LP-CA complexes as functional ingredients and the development of CA-containing soy protein products.

soy lipophilic protein  /  polyphenol  /  interaction  /  bonding mechanism  /  conformational change  /  functional properties
刘盼玲, 唐诗琦, 闫世长, 江连洲, 齐宝坤. 大豆亲脂蛋白-绿原酸碱、酶和自由基共价结合体系的构象变化、功能性质及复合机制的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 80 -91 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085
Panling LIU, Shiqi TANG, Shizhang YAN, Lianzhou JIANG, Baokun QI. Conformational Changes, Functional Properties and Complexation Mechanisms of Soybean Lipophilic Protein-Chlorogenic Acid Alkaline, Enzymatic, and Free Radical Covalent Binding Systems[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 80 -91 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085
近年来,利用替代配料设计新的食品结构或增加食品中的功效成分,以提高食品品质受到广泛关注。在植物蛋白中,大豆亲脂蛋白(soybean lipophilic protein,LP)是一种富含卵磷脂的大豆蛋白,其极性脂质含量约为8%~10%,主要是磷脂[1]。LP有许多功能特性,如乳化、发泡和凝胶性等,被用于食品的开发和研究,但也存在不稳定或功能性较低的情况,有研究发现蛋白质与多酚结合可以改善蛋白质的功能特性或增强其稳定性[2]。与此同时这些功能与蛋白质-多酚相互作用机制和蛋白质构象密切相关。例如,Zhong等[3]发现在LP中加入表儿茶素可以改变LP的二级和三级结构,两者主要通过疏水相互作用与LP非共价结合。Dai等[4]研究了大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)与儿茶素之间的非共价相互作用,发现儿茶素的引入导致SPI聚集并形成网状结构,SPI的α-螺旋和β-折叠转变为β-转角和无规则卷曲,SPI与儿茶素之间的相互作用力主要是疏水相互作用和氢键。Yan等[5]证实了SPI-没食子酸(GA)共价结合主要通过C-N键连接,具有优异的抗氧化性能,提高了SPI结构的柔性。综上所述,研究多酚与LP的结合机制及其对LP构象的影响有助于改善LP的功能特性,深入优化食品体系,改善食品品质。
多酚是一类含有多个酚羟基的芳香族化合物,其核心结构为苯环,常带有羟基、羧基或酯键等官能团,可分为酚酸类、黄酮类、单宁类等[6]。绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CA)是有极性的有机酸,是由咖啡酸和奎宁酸通过酯键结合而成的活性酚酸。奎宁酸部分为环状结构(环己烷衍生物),而咖啡酸部分为苯丙烯酸结构。绿原酸分子中含有多个酚羟基(如邻二酚羟基)和部分羧基,使绿原酸具有抗氧化能力和一定的酸性。CA在pH偏碱性的环境下可被水解氧化成醌类[7]。绿原酸具有广泛的生物活性,具有抗氧化作用,能够清除自由基并抑制氧化应激,绿原酸还具有抗炎活性、调节血糖、抗菌、抗病毒、保护心血管等作用,这些特性使其在食品、医药和保健品领域具有广泛的应用潜力[8]。蛋白质与多酚的不同相互作用对蛋白质功能特性的改善有不同程度的影响。共价结合包括碱法共价结合、酶法共价结合和自由基法共价结合,共价结合依托较强的共价键,其原子间紧密的电子对共享,赋予了共价复合物卓越的稳定性,对环境因素(如温度、离子强度、pH或成分相互作用)适应性更强,这使得多酚得以更稳定地应用于食品中[9]。近年来,人们对大豆蛋白分离、11S、7S与多种植物多酚之间的相互作用进行了广泛的研究[10−11],但LP与多酚特别是与CA之间的相互作用尚未得到深入研究。且以往对蛋白质与多酚相互作用的研究主要集中在非共价或某单一共价结合模式上,缺乏共价结合方式的全面比较。
为了进一步了解植物多酚与蛋白质之间的相互作用,本研究深入探讨了LP与CA之间的三种共价结合方式(碱共价、酶共价和自由基共价结合)的机制,综合分析了LP和CA的不同结合方式下LP分子量、二级结构和空间构象的变化以及对其功能性质的影响,以期为在食品系统中开发具有提高蛋白质功能性质和生物活性的新复合物提供参考。
大豆 购自黑龙江哈尔滨市场;绿原酸、十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)、邻苯二甲醛(o-Phthalaldehyde,OPA)、8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid,ANS)、5,5'-二硫代比斯-(2-硝基苯甲酸)(5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DTNB)、三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)、β-巯基乙醇、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical,DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;盐酸(HCl)、硫酸(H2SO4)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)、甘氨酸(glycine,Gly)、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane,Tris) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;正己烷 天津市富宇精细化工;BCA蛋白定量测定试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
PHS-3C型pH计 上海雷磁仪电科学仪器有限公司;GL-21M高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;LGJ-1A-80冷冻干燥机 北京亚泰科隆仪器技术有限公司;NANO ZS90粒度及电位分析仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;UV-2600紫外-可见分光光度计、RF-6000荧光分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;HAAKE MARS60模块化旋转流变仪、Nicolet iS50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;Chirascan-VX圆二色谱仪 英国应用光物理公司;S-3400N钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;HWS-24水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;BZG-76烘箱 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;MS-H-S10十通道加热型磁力搅拌器 大龙兴创实验仪器股份公司。
参考王帅等[1]的方法制备LP。大豆通过打粉机打碎成为豆粉,过60目筛,按1:3(w/v)与正己烷混合,搅拌30 min后静置并除去上清液,重复脱脂三次,沉淀于通风橱风干得脱脂豆粉。将脱脂豆粉与去离子水(料液比1:8)混合,使用NaOH将pH调节至8.0,连续搅拌1 h后在4 ℃下以3000×g离心10 min。向上清液中加入Na2SO3(0.01 mol/L),用H2SO4将溶液的pH调节至5.8。离心后将上清液pH调节至5.0,55 ℃加热15 min。然后加入NaCl(0.05 mol/L),pH调节至5.5。将所得混合物在4 ℃下以3000×g离心10 min,沉淀即为LP,用3000 kDa透析袋透析48 h,冻干后的粉末在4 ℃下储存备用。
参考Li等[12]的方法制备LP-CA碱法复合物。将LP溶解在去离子水中,用NaOH将LP溶液(1%,w/v)调节至pH9.0。将CA(0.05 g/g蛋白)分散在LP溶液(1%,w/v)中,维持溶液的pH为9.0,并将所得溶液在20 ℃下暴露于空气中并搅拌(500 r/min)24 h,避光。在4 ℃下透析48 h后冻干备用。将此样品命名为LP-Ca。
参考Li等[12]的方法制备LP-CA酶法复合物。将CA(0.05 g/g蛋白)溶解在去离子水中,调节至pH6.5±0.5,接着向其中加入酪氨酸酶(120 U/mL)。将混合物在室温下暴露于氧气中并连续搅拌8 h,然后加入LP(1%,w/v)溶液(pH6.5±0.5)反应16 h,避光。透析48 h后冻干备用。将此样品命名为LP-Ce。
参考Li等[12]的方法制备LP-CA自由基复合物。将LP溶解在去离子水中,然后加入1 mL H2O2(5 mol/L),0.25 g抗坏血酸(VC),在25 ℃下搅拌24 h,将CA(0.05 g/g蛋白)分散在LP溶液(1%,w/v)中,反应24 h,避光。透析后冻干备用。将此样品命名为LP-Cf。
参考Yan等[13]的方法采用福林酚法测定样品中绿原酸的含量。首先,取0.5 mL样品溶液(1 mg/mL)于试管内,加入2.5 mL福林酚试剂(0.2 N,10%),涡旋混匀,在25 ℃下反应5 min,避光,然后向其中加入2 mL Na2CO3溶液(7.5%,w/v),涡旋混匀,置于25 ℃水浴锅中避光振荡2 h后,使用UV分光光度计在760 nm波长条件下测定吸光度,并对照绿原酸标准曲线计算样品中绿原酸的含量。最终结果以mg EGCG/g样品表示。按照公式(1)计算多酚结合率:
$ 多酚结合率(\text{%})=\dfrac{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{C}}\times 100 $
式中:C0是透析后各LP-CA复合物中的CA含量,C是各LP-CA共价复合物透析前的CA含量。
参考Wang等[14]的方法通过粒度及电位分析仪测定LP以及三种LP-CA复合物样品的平均粒径及其Zeta电位。将样品溶液(2 mg/mL)放入测定池中,测定蛋白质和水的折射率分别设定为1.46和1.33。所有样品溶液均在20 ℃下测定。
使用OPA测定游离氨基的含量。OPA(80 mg)与甲醇(2 mL)、SDS水溶液(5 mL,2%)、硼酸钠溶液(50 mL,0.1 mol/L)、β-巯基乙醇(200 μL)混合,去离子水调节终体积至100 mL。然后将OPA(4 mL)加入到200 μL样品中,在35 ℃下孵育2 min。最后,使用紫外-可见分光光度计在340 nm处测定吸光度。利用L-亮氨酸构建的标准曲线计算复合物中游离氨基的含量。
参考Li等[15]的方法采用DNTB比色法测定样品中游离巯基的含量。取样品粉末15 mg溶于5 mL Tris-Gly溶液中(0.086 mol/L Tris,0.09 mol/L Gly,4 mmol/L EDTA并调节pH至8.0)。混合溶液中加入100 μL DTNB(4 mg/mL)于25 ℃恒温水浴1 h。经10000×g 4 ℃离心15 min后测定412 nm处的吸光值,按照公式(2)计算样品游离巯基(SHf)的含量。
另称取15 mg冻干样品粉末溶于5 mL Tris-Gly-8 mol/L尿素溶液,加入100 μL β-巯基乙醇。将样品溶液于25 ℃恒温水浴1 h后加入20 mL TCA(12wt%)溶液,经10000×g 4 ℃离心15 min后取沉淀。将沉淀继续分散于20 mL TCA溶液,重复2次以上操作。最后取沉淀溶于5 mL Tris-Gly-8 mol/L尿素溶液。在该溶液中加入DTNB于25 ℃恒温水浴1 h。离心后测定412 nm处吸光值,按照公式(2)计算总巯基含量(SHt),并按照公式(3)计算二硫键(S-S)含量。
$ \text{SH}\left(\text{μmol}/\text{mg}\right)=\frac{75.53\times\text{A}_{412}}{\text{C}} $
$ \text{S-}\text{S}\left( \mu \text{mol}/\text{mg}\right) =\frac{{\text{SH}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{SH}}_{\text{f}}}{\text{2}}$
式中:A412是样品在412nm处测定的吸光值,C是样品的浓度(mol/L)。
参考Yan等[16]的方法,采用BeyoGel™ Plus PAGE预制凝胶(Tris-Gly,4%~20%,10道)。将5 mg/mL的LP和LP-CA复合物与负载缓冲液以4:1的体积比混合。样品在100 ℃下变性10 min,在电泳通道中加入10 μL的样品溶液。电压设为100 V,当样品带移至凝胶底部时,停止电泳。用考马斯亮蓝R250将凝胶染色1 h。最后,用冰乙酸脱色,每20 min更换一次冰乙酸至凝胶变清。
参考Pérez-Mateos等[17]的方法,测定样品蛋白质的溶解度。将样品依次溶解在0.6 mol/L氯化钠(S0)、0.6 mol/L氯化钠+1.5 mol/L尿素(S1)、0.6 mol/L氯化钠+8 mol/L尿素(S2)三种溶液中,将0.1 g样品用5 mL S0在12000 r/min均质后在10000×g下离心。使用BCA蛋白定量测定试剂盒测定上清液中的蛋白浓度。所得沉淀用S1溶解并做相同处理测定上清液蛋白含量。同样的,在S1中所获得的沉淀溶解在S2中,做相同处理得到上清液蛋白含量,结果表示为各组分相对于总蛋白的百分比。其中,溶解在S0中所得上清液蛋白含量为离子键,溶解在S1中的蛋白含量为氢键,溶解在S2中的蛋白含量为疏水作用力。
参考Yan等[13]的方法,使用圆二色谱仪测定样品的CD。在25 ℃下在连续氮气流(20 mL/min)下以100 nm/min的扫描速度、2.0 nm的带宽和1 mm的路径长度进行测定。将样品以0.1 mg/mL的浓度溶解在PBS(0.01 mol/L,pH7.4)中,并在190~260 nm范围内进行测定。根据已建立的方法使用在线程序DichroWeb(伦敦大学,伦敦,英国)对数据进行分析。
将LP及LP-CA共价复合物的冻干粉末用KBr压制成薄片。测定波数范围为500~4000 cm−1。扫描32次,分辨率为4 cm−1。
参考Al-Shabib等[18]的方法,用PBS(0.01 mol/L,pH7.4)将样品溶液稀释至蛋白质浓度为2 mg/mL。使用荧光光度计扫描荧光光谱,其中激发波长设定为280 nm(以激发色氨酸荧光),发射波长范围设定为300~400 nm。激发狭缝和发射狭缝的宽度均设定为5 nm,并且使用PBS溶液(0.01 mol/L,pH7.4)作为空白。
参考Jiang等[19]的方法使用ANS作为荧光探针测定表面疏水性。将80 μL体积的8 mmol/L ANS溶液加入8 mL样品溶液中,然后振摇并静置3 min。在激发波长390 nm和发射波长470 nm的条件下测定荧光强度。以荧光强度与蛋白质浓度作图并通过线性回归分析计算初始斜率,其为表面疏水值。
参考Zhou等[20]的方法,称量样品(3 mg)并置于密封的铝坩埚中。使用空白铝坩埚作为空白对照。将每个坩埚加热至25~200 ℃,干燥氮气的流速设定为20 mL/min,并且加热速率为10 ℃/min。
参考Zhang等[21]的方法,采用流变仪测定LP及LP-CA复合物的流变特性,该流变仪采用直径为35 mm的平行板钛转子,板间间隙为1 mm,在25 ℃下水浴循环。
使用导电胶将冻干粉末粘贴固定在样品台上,对样品进行喷金处理,然后使用钨灯丝扫描电镜在5.0 kV加速电压下观察样品的微观结构,放大倍率为5000×。
参考Zhou等[20]的方法,将样品溶液的pH设定为2.0,然后加入胃蛋白酶(5%,w/w)。37 ℃下胃消化1 h后,用NaHCO3调节消化液pH为7.0。收集一部分消化后的上清以备后续使用。然后在上清液中加入5%胰酶(w/w)和300 mg猪胆汁盐。37 ℃下肠消化2 h,取出消化液,置于冰浴中至室温。然后,将消化液在3000×g离心10 min得到上清。
参考Dai等[22]的方法测定LP及LP-CA复合物的抗氧化性。
DPPH自由基清除能力:将4 mg DPPH粉末溶解于无水乙醇中以制备最终浓度为0.1 mmol/L的新鲜溶液。将该溶液转移至棕色瓶中,避光储存,3 h内使用。在样品分析之前,将DPPH溶液用无水乙醇稀释至吸光度<0.7。将体外消化前后的样品水溶液(2 mL,l mg/mL)分别加入到试管中,向其中加入DPPH溶液(2 mL),涡旋并混合。然后立即将该混合物置于黑暗中,并在30 min后在517 nm处测定吸光度。无水乙醇作为空白对照,按照公式(4)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ \text{DPPH}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right) \times 100 $
式中:A是样品在517 nm处的吸光度,A0是空白在517 nm处的吸光度。抗氧化活性表示为μmol Trolox当量(TE)/g样品,Trolox用作标准品。
ABTS+自由基清除能力:将7 mmol/L的ABTS水溶液与2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾水溶液(1:1,v/v)混合,并在室温下在黑暗中进行反应16 h。用蒸馏水稀释混合溶液,在734 nm处的吸光度为0.70±0.02。然后,将0.8 mL ABTS+自由基工作溶液与200 μL体外消化前后的样品溶液分别混合。反应于室温进行6 min,并在734 nm处测定样品的吸光度。按照公式(5)计算ABTS+自由基清除率(%)。
$ {\text{ABTS}}^{+}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right) \times 100 $
式中:A和A0分别为样品和ABTS+自由基工作溶液在734 nm处的吸光度,抗氧化活性表示为μmol Trolox当量(TE)/g样品,Trolox用作标准品。
每个实验重复3次,结果表示为平均值±标准差。使用SPSS 25软件进行单因素ANOVA检验,采用邓肯多重检验法比较数据的显著性,P<0.05表示存在显著性差异,使用Origin 2022软件进行图表绘制。
多酚结合率反映了蛋白质和多酚之间的结合程度。不同结合方式下LP-绿原酸复合物的多酚结合率示于表1中。可以看出LP-Cf、LP-Ca和LP-Ce的多酚结合率依次升高,这说明LP与CA在不同的共价结合条件下与CA发生的交联程度有所差别,且在酪氨酸酶的存在下,LP与CA交联最紧密,与CA的结合率达到最高的67.43%。酶法与碱法表现出更高的多酚结合率,蛋白质的共价修饰优先发生在赖氨酸的ε氨基和半胱氨酸的巯基上,在酶和碱性条件下它们会预先转化为醌[23]。而自由基结合方式中产生的羟自由基对蛋白质侧链的氨基酸氧化速度较慢,所以复合反应的效率相对较低,从而LP与CA结合较少。
用平均粒径来反映CA与LP结合后的聚集现象。图1显示了LP和LP-CA复合物的平均粒径和Zeta电位。三种共价复合物的平均粒径均大于LP且LP-Ce的平均粒径在共价复合物中最大,比LP平均粒径高1.24倍。这说明多酚复合到蛋白质分子上使蛋白质的分子量增加。酶促机制增强了多酚类物质的催化氧化作用,使CA与蛋白质的结合程度更大,故以酶法结合的LP-CA复合物粒径的增加最为明显。Zeta电位反映了溶液中粒子表面的电荷强度,反映了静电斥力或引力的大小[22]。如图1所示,所有样品都表现出很强的负Zeta电位。CA的引入增加了LP表面负电荷的含量,故LP-CA共价复合物的绝对电位高于LP[24]。由多酚结合率结果可知,由于酪氨酸酶的作用,LP-Ce结合了更多的CA,使LP表面负电荷增加最多,故此条件下形成的复合物离子之间的静电斥力最大,绝对电势最高。Dai等[22]发现儿茶素与大豆分离蛋白共价结合使LP表面负电荷增加,与本研究结果一致。
多酚在有氧条件下容易被氧化成半醌基团,然后重排成醌基团,这些基团与LP侧链中的亲核氨基酸残基相互作用,使LP中游离巯基和氨基损失,这是多酚修饰蛋白质的典型指标[25]。图2A显示了LP-CA共价复合物中游离氨基含量的变化。结果表明,所有LP-CA复合物的游离氨基含量均低于LP,尤其是LP-Ce。这是因为CA消耗蛋白质侧链上的氨基形成C-N键,因此蛋白质分子中游离氨基的数量减少,而酶促机制使LP和CA之间的结合程度最高,消耗的氨基数量最多。自由基法中产生的羟自由基将LP侧链的氨基氧化成自由基可与氨基反应,但由于产生的多是羟基自由基,形成的C-N键较少,自由基复合物的氨基含量降低较少[5]。
巯基是蛋白质中具有活性的还原性基团,对维持蛋白质的生理活性和结构稳态起着重要作用[15]。LP及其复合物的游离巯基及二硫键含量如图2B所示。LP-CA三种复合物中游离巯基的含量较LP中都减少。这是因为LP在共价结合过程中分子中的巯基被CA氧化,所以其巯基含量降低[26]。而CA分子中的羧基在酶的作用下更容易与LP中的巯基结合,导致LP-Ce共价复合物中游离巯基含量较LP降低最为显著。二硫键是相对稳定的共价键,对蛋白质多肽空间结构的稳定起作用[26]。与游离巯基结果相反,复合物的二硫键含量大于LP,这是由于游离的巯基在与CA成键时除去氢离子而转化为二硫键。
图3显示了样品的SDS-PAGE图谱,LP具有脂氧合酶(94 kDa)、7S(50~71 kDa)、11S(20~35 kDa)以及24 kDa、18 kDa等膜蛋白条带,这表明LP变性为小分子量亚基。所有复合物的条带均向上移动,说明CA与LP形成了具有更大分子量的蛋白质聚集体,即二者进行了有效结合。此外,SDS和β-巯基乙醇可以破坏蛋白质的非共价相互作用及次级共价键,排除了非共价作用的影响[27]。上移程度由大到小依次为LP-Ce、LP-Ca、LP-Cf,这是因为在酶法和碱法条件下,LP侧链上的氨基、巯基等更易与CA结合。另外可以从图中看出,共价复合物的条带逐渐减少,尤其是LP-Cf的条带减少最明显,这是因为在自由基途径中,H2O2-VC还原系统将蛋白质侧链氧化后与CA结合形成的复合物为不溶性的大分子聚合物,这些聚合物可在离心时形成沉淀导致可溶性蛋白含量减少[22]。Dai等[22]通过大豆分离蛋白与儿茶素共价复合的电泳条带证实了复合物的形成,与本实验结果一致。
通过测定LP和三种不同结合方式的复合物在不同溶剂中的溶解度,可以分析蛋白质分子在不同溶液中的分子间作用力。LP及其复合物的分子间相互作用力如图4所示。由于多酚引入了大量带负电荷的羟基,为蛋白质聚集提供了足够的阴离子(离子键),碱法、酶法、自由基法制备的LP-CA复合物的离子键含量较LP分别增加2个百分点、1.2个百分点和1个百分点。从图中可看出,共价复合物分子之间的氢键含量也高于LP,而疏水作用力却低于LP,因为共价结合引入的酚羟基不仅提供阴离子,还与蛋白质主链的肽基团以及侧链上的-OH、-NH2和-COOH多点结合形成氢键[17],而水分子间氢键的不稳定性阻碍了疏水水合作用。在三种共价复合物中,LP-Ca具有最高的离子键和氢键含量,这是因为碱性环境为溶液系统提供了更多的阴离子和阳离子来驱动蛋白质聚集,并提供了更多的OH−使LP和CA之间形成氢键[17]。
使用CD光谱法测定LP-CA复合物的二级结构。蛋白质的圆二色谱如图5A所示,LP与所有复合物在200~205 nm处有明显负峰,在195 nm处有明显正峰,且除LP-Ca外在208 nm和222 nm附近有明显负峰,分别对应蛋白质的无规则卷曲、β-折叠和α-螺旋结构[28]。碱法复合物在208 nm和222 nm无特征峰即碱法复合物二级结构变化最明显,表明四种结合方式中碱法结合使CA更多地复合到LP分子中,对LP结构变化影响最明显。另外,LP-Cf、LP-Ce和LP-Ca共价复合物的峰值较LP依次增大,且峰位蓝移程度也依次增大,说明CA成功复合到LP分子中且形成了新的氢键,LP的圆二色性随之发生改变[13]。照应分子间相互作用力研究中分子间氢键含量增加的结果。
以图5A为基础,通过计算得到LP及LP-CA复合物二级结构含量的变化如图5B所示。LP-CA复合物的二级结构含量在三种共价相互作用驱动下均发生了改变。与纯蛋白质相比,CA复合到LP分子中增加了其无规则卷曲的含量,与之对应的是β-折叠和β-转角的含量减少,这是因为CA与LP的共价相互作用使蛋白质原有的二级结构更加分散,并诱导β-折叠向无规则卷曲的转化,表明CA的复合使LP的主链骨架更具弹性[28],蛋白质增加的无规卷曲含量也可能与疏水性氨基酸如色氨酸和酪氨酸的暴露有关[29]。尤其是碱法复合后蛋白的二级结构变化最明显,无规则卷曲含量增加至23.2%,β-折叠含量降低至32.9%,酶法与自由基法复合对LP二级结构的影响小于碱法方式复合。
傅里叶变换红外光谱是用于蛋白质结构表征的光谱技术。将酚类化合物引入蛋白质骨架中将改变蛋白质的结构和物理化学性质。通过四种方法制备的LP-CA复合物的FTIR光谱示于图6中。LP的光谱在酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和酰胺A带处显示出特征峰[30]。LP-CA复合物的FTIR光谱强度相对于LP更强且更窄,表明CA成功复合到LP分子中,酰胺数量增加[27]。共价复合物在酰胺A带的峰位发生红移,说明LP和CA之间的相互作用由氢键诱导[31];复合物在酰胺Ⅱ带发生蓝移,在酰胺Ⅲ带发生红移,LP-Cf、LP-Ce、LP-Ca的偏移程度逐渐变大。这些结果表明,LP-CA复合物形成,且复合物中蛋白质的-NH2参与了共价反应,而在碱性条件下,LP结构解离程度最大,暴露出更多的-NH2与CA共价结合。另外,与LP相比,复合物在1073.82 cm−1处的峰强度也显著增加,该谱带归属于酚-OH基团的C-O伸缩振动,进一步证实绿原酸成功地复合到LP上,即LP-CA复合物形成[15,32]。以上结果表明,LP与CA结合成为共价复合物,二者之间的相互作用引起了多个官能团的拉伸和弯曲,改变了LP的分子结构。
内源荧光光谱可用来探究蛋白质和多酚之间的相互作用,通过监测荧光团对微环境的敏感性提供有关蛋白质空间构象的信息[33]。图7为LP及其复合物的荧光光谱。LP的最大发射波长约为334 nm。CA的苯环与LP中的芳香氨基酸残基(色氨酸)结合,掩盖了荧光发色基团,故与LP相比所有复合物的荧光强度降低[34]。三种共价方法的荧光强度由低到高依次为酶法、碱法和自由基法。CA与LP中的亲核氨基酸残基通过形成C-N、C-S等共价键,使更多的色氨酸残基接触到亲水环境,从而产生更强的荧光猝灭效应[25]。酪氨酸酶的催化作用更能提高大豆亲脂蛋白的分子柔性,使更多的色氨酸残基暴露于亲水环境中,从而使蛋白质中色氨酸残基与多酚结合更多,荧光猝灭效果更强[34]。Jannasch等[35]发现多酚会使蛋白质的三级结构改变。
蛋白质表面疏水性通过调控疏水核心的稳定性及分子间相互作用,直接影响蛋白质三级结构[36]。从图8可以看出,LP-CA复合物的H0均低于LP的H0,这是由于LP与CA的共价相互作用使LP的构象发生改变,LP中的色氨酸等疏水性基团暴露出来以及CA中新的亲水性基团(羟基和羧基)的引入使LP的H0降低。这一现象在之前的研究中已经得到证实[23]。此外,ANS对蛋白质表面电荷变化很敏感,LP与CA相互作用引起的蛋白质聚集增加会导致ANS与LP可结合的表面积减少,故LP表面疏水性表现出降低现象。在共价复合物中,碱共价作用使LP的H0降低幅度最大,表明LP三级结构在pH9.0时展开程度更大,暴露出更多与CA结合的侧链基团,并限制了ANS与LP的结合,从而使蛋白质的表面疏水性降低,符合CD光谱和FTIR光谱研究的结果,即碱法复合物的三级结构变化最明显。Wang等[37]也发现核桃蛋白与绿原酸结合后的复合表面疏水性降低。
为了进一步探讨LP和CA之间的三种共价相互作用对复合物热稳定性的影响,对LP和LP-CA复合物进行了DSC分析。DSC测定的变性温度反映了蛋白质结构的稳定性[38]。表2显示了LP和LP-CA复合物的变性温度(Td)及焓变(ΔH),与LP相比,LP-Cf、LP-Ce和LP-Ca的变性温度依次升高,这是由于CA结构中的酚羟基与LP结合时形成了大量的氢键,使复合物的稳定性增强。由于LP-Ca的分子间氢键数最多,且LP-Ca比LP-Ce和LP-Cf含有更多的β-转角含量,而β-转角含量的微小变化可引起变性温度的较大变化,这一结论已被证实[39],故而LP-Ca的Td最大。另外从表2中可看出LP-CA复合物的ΔH值大于LP。CA的引入使LP的结构展开并发生重排,形成了更稳定的复合物构象即具有更紧密的分子结构,需要更多的能量来展开,故共价复合物的ΔH值大于LP的ΔH值。另外,CD光谱表明碱性共价结合对蛋白质结构的影响最大,与ΔH结果一致。Liu等[40]研究乳清蛋白与不同膳食多酚的相互作用中也发现蛋白-多酚共价结合会使蛋白质的热稳定性增强。
流变特性是蛋白质关键的功能特性之一,其变化将影响食品或材料的加工条件和方式。图9显示,所有试样的G’和G”均随应变的增大而减小,且在应变范围内G’和G”出现交点,表明样品的微观界面被破坏[41]。应变扫描结果中发现LP-Ca、LP-Ce、LP-Cf、LP向粘性转变的应变数值逐一减小,这归因于CA的引入使蛋白质粘弹性增大。在0.1%~100%应变范围内,3种共价复合物中LP-Cf的模量最低,分子间相互作用较弱;LP-Ca的模量最高,意味着分子间相互作用较强,能够形成相对稳定的聚集体[41]。样品分子间较强的相互作用能有效减缓剪切变稀现象,所以可以通过提高复合物的稳定性来增强其流变特性[42]。图10A和B展示了样品在0.1~10 Hz频率范围内的模量变化。LP的G’和G”最低,其次为LP-Cf,而LP-Ca的G’和G”最高,这种现象是由LP-CA复合物上的苯酚基团与蛋白质之间的交联以及氢键和酰胺键的形成引起[43]。与应变扫描结果趋势相近,LP与CA的三种共价结合均提升了蛋白溶液的粘弹性,聚集行为强于LP,更容易形成聚集体长链结构。如图11所示,所有样品的表观粘度随着剪切速率的增加而降低,该结果反映了蛋白溶液出现剪切变稀现象,属于非牛顿流体[44]。样品的表观粘度由大到小依次为LP-Ca、LP-Ce、LP-Cf、LP,表观粘度变化规律符合上述分析结果。
LP和LP-CA复合物的SEM微观结构如图12所示。LP表面较为光滑,仅存在少量突起结构。而LP-CA复合物微观形貌较LP形成更多突起以及较多孔隙。其中LP-Cf的表面变化最小,突起和孔隙较少;LP-Ce表面出现较多突起和孔隙,且形成的突起较为均匀,孔隙较LP-Cf也更多,孔径变小;LP-Ca微观结构变化最明显,其微观形貌表现出多且均匀的突起,同时其含有最多、孔径最小且分布最均匀的孔隙。这些微观形态的变化证实了CA与LP的成功复合。本文的研究结果表明LP分子中的氨基和羧基与CA的羟基在共价相互作用过程中发生反应,导致LP与CA的交联更加紧密,与前人研究的均匀致密的微观结构结果相似[45]。而LP-Ca的微观结构最均匀致密,说明在碱性条件下LP与CA发生的交联最紧密。
采用DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除活性指标测定蛋白质及其多酚复合物的抗氧化能力。如图13所示,复合物的抗氧化能力明显高于LP,说明CA的引入增强了LP的抗氧化能力[46]。消化后的复合物比未消化的复合物具有更高的抗氧化能力,这表明复合物在胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的水解作用下被分解成小分子物质使CA暴露出来,LP被分解成具有抗氧化能力的小分子多肽,与LP的磷脂发生协同作用,提高了LP的抗氧化能力。与Li等[12]研究结果一致。对于LP-Cf,H2O2-VC还原体系与羟基的协同作用使得其具有最强的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力。此外,由于酪氨酸酶的存在增强了酚羟基的交联作用,使LP-Ce的抗氧化能力在共价复合物中最低。
蛋白质与多酚的碱法共价结合、酶法共价结合和自由基法共价结合机制的示意图如图14所示。在碱性条件下(pH9.0),绿原酸的羟基被氧化形成醌,醌基团与其他CA形成二聚体,发生去质子化反应[47]。醌基和这些二聚体比单体具有更低的氧化还原电位,因此具有更高的活性,易与LP侧链上的亲核基团或侧链上的氨基酸(如胺、半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、组氨酸等)相互作用形成C-N、C-S等共价键[48]。酪氨酸酶存在的环境下,LP和CA的反应机制相似,酪氨酸酶的主要作用是催化绿原酸酚羟基生成醌的交联反应[49]。在自由基途径中,H2O2和抗坏血酸还原对形成羟基自由基,这些羟自由基与LP中氨基和巯基上的氢原子反应生成蛋白自由基,生成的蛋白自由基与CA中的芳香基形成共价键[50]。
本研究阐明了LP与CA碱法、酶法和自由基法三种共价结合对蛋白质结构和功能性质的影响并深入探究了二者共价结合机制。结果表明,在酶催化下LP结合的CA含量最多,自由基条件下结合的CA最少,受多酚结合含量的影响,自由基复合物、碱法复合物和酶法复合物的粒径、Zeta电位绝对值的变化情况愈加显著,并依次显著提升(P<0.05)。从SDS-PAGE结果来看自由基复合物、碱法复合物和酶法复合物的分子量和条带变化依次增强,说明酶法复合物的聚集行为较强,自由基复合物最弱。三种共价结合方式均导致LP二级和三级结构解折叠及疏水基团暴露,其中碱法引起的结构解离程度和活性基团暴露最为显著,酶法次之,自由基法相对最弱。LP、自由基复合物、酶法复合物和碱法复合物的Td和ΔH依次增大,说明CA的加入增强了LP的热稳定性。流变、体外消化前后的抗氧化结果表明,LP与CA的复合提升了蛋白质的流变性能和抗氧化能力,且LP-CA复合物在体外消化后的抗氧化活性高于消化前的抗氧化活性。另外,与CA复合后,LP的微观结构发生变化,这说明LP分子中的氨基和羧基与CA的羟基在共价相互作用过程中发生反应,导致LP与CA的交联更加紧密,碱法复合物分子间相互作用力变化最明显,热稳定性最好,模量和表观粘度最优均充分证实了碱性条件(pH9.0)是LP与CA结合效果最好的环境。这些结果为研究蛋白质与多酚类物质之间的共价相互作用提供了参考,也为大豆亲脂蛋白与绿原酸复合物在食品工业中的应用奠定了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

通讯作者:

江连洲(1960−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
齐宝坤(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spgykj/CN/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020085
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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