Article(id=1320889317904462607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738944000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854154324, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854154324, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854154324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854154324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=258, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889318109983504, articleId=1320889317904462607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Freezing Methods on the Quality of Fried Brown Rice, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a crucial process in the production of frozen fried rice, little research had been conducted on the impact of freezing methods on the quality of fried brown rice. In this study, fried brown rice was frozen using four different methods: refrigerator freezing (RF), micro-freezing (MF), liquid nitrogen freezing (LF), and individual quick freezing (IQF). A variety of analytical techniques were employed, including low-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), texture analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to compare and analyze the moisture state, microstructure, short-range order of starch, crystal structure, retrogradation characteristics, and texture properties of fried brown rice. The results showed that the freezing rate of the three freezing methods was from fast to slow: LF (6.34 ℃/min)>MF (1.95 ℃/min)>RF (0.27 ℃/min). The LF group exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) higher proportion of T21 strongly bound water (10.21%) compared to the other three groups, along with notably lower hardness values (2544.03 g). This phenomenon could be attributed to accelerated freezing rates, which resulted in increased ice crystal formation, reduced average ice crystal dimensions, collectively indicating that LF treatment caused the least microstructural damage to fried brown rice. The results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC analyses indicated that as the freezing rate increased, the peak intensity ratio (R1047/1022) and relative crystallinity decreased, along with the rate constant k decreased, which in turn slowed the recovery rate of fried brown rice. Consequently, the quality of fried brown rice treated with LF was the highest, followed by MF and IQF, while the quality of fried brown rice treated with RF was the lowest. The research findings demonstrated the effects of various freezing methods on the moisture content, texture characteristics, and retrogradation properties of fried brown rice. This study provided a theoretical basis for the industrial production of frozen fried brown rice.

, authors=Lijuan ZHANG1, 2, Ping JIANG2, Naijuan WANG3, Pengyuan TIAN2, Sijia XU2, Dan LI4, Ziyue KANG2, Su ZHAO2, Guoping YU1, *, Ming LIU2, *, authorsList=Lijuan ZHANG, Ping JIANG, Naijuan WANG, Pengyuan TIAN, Sijia XU, Dan LI, Ziyue KANG, Su ZHAO, Guoping YU, Ming LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoping YU, Ming LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889319762539295, articleId=1320889317904462607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭品质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

冷冻方式作为冷冻炒饭生产中的关键工序,其对糙米炒饭品质影响的研究相对较少。本研究采用常规冰箱冷冻(RF)、微冻(MF)、液氮冷冻(LF)、流体单冻(IQF)四种冷冻方式对糙米炒饭进行冷冻处理,利用低场核磁共振成像分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、质构仪、差式扫描量热仪(DSC)对糙米炒饭的水分状态、微观结构、淀粉短程有序性、晶体结构、回生特性以及质构特性等指标进行比较分析。结果表明,三种冷冻方式的冷冻速率由快到慢依次为:LF(6.34 ℃/min)>MF(1.95 ℃/min)>RF(0.27 ℃/min)。随着冷冻速率的加快,LF组的T21强结合水的比例(10.21%)显著(P<0.05)高于其他三组,硬度(2544.03 g)显著(P<0.05)低于其他三组,且冷冻速度越快,形成的冰晶数目越多,平均冰晶面积越小,说明LF处理对糙米炒饭的微观结构破坏程度最小。FTIR、XRD、DSC的研究结果表明,随着冷冻速度的增加,峰强度比值(R1047/1022)和相对结晶度减小,速率常数k减小,减缓了糙米炒饭的回生速度。因此,LF处理的糙米炒饭的品质更优,MF和IQF次之,RF处理的糙米炒饭的品质较差。以上研究结果揭示了不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭水分状态、质构特性和回生特性的影响,为冷冻糙米炒饭的工业化生产提供理论依据。

, authors=张丽娟1, 2, 姜平2, 王乃娟3, 田棚元2, 徐思佳2, 李丹4, 康子悦2, 赵苏2, 于国萍1, *, 刘明2, *, authorsList=张丽娟, 姜平, 王乃娟, 田棚元, 徐思佳, 李丹, 康子悦, 赵苏, 于国萍, 刘明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于国萍, 刘明, authorNote=

张丽娟(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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于国萍(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及蛋白质工程,E-mail:。
刘明(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:粮食加工,E-mail:。
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caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the short range order of fried brown rice starch, figureFileSmall=Y9IcXXTy6MD2o9OZx3tvXA==, figureFileBig=oZmi9HzAledlUZvQRmOlQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327123542898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭淀粉短程有序性的影响

注:A:FTIR图谱;B:R1047/1022;图中小写字母表示组间差异性显著(P<0.05)。

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注:A:XRD图谱;B:相对结晶度;图中小写字母表示组间差异性显著(P<0.05)。

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注:图中小写字母表示组内差异性显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=qTU4VO7HqIWbd7AQLTNRVg==, figureFileBig=wRsMJvomfknJgWTW4PtB+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889327492641656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different freezing methods on freezing parameters of fried brown rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式米饭中心温度下降到−18 ℃所需时间(s)中心温度达到−18 ℃的速度(℃/min)通过最大冰晶生成带时间(s)通过最大冰晶生成带的速度(℃/min)
RF9631.33±8.02a0.27±0.00c2799.33±4.04a0.09±0.00c
MF1324.67±8.33b1.95±0.01b142.67±2.08b1.68±0.02b
LF407.00±3.00c6.34±0.05a49.00±1.00c4.90±0.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889327584916345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭冻结参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式米饭中心温度下降到−18 ℃所需时间(s)中心温度达到−18 ℃的速度(℃/min)通过最大冰晶生成带时间(s)通过最大冰晶生成带的速度(℃/min)
RF9631.33±8.02a0.27±0.00c2799.33±4.04a0.09±0.00c
MF1324.67±8.33b1.95±0.01b142.67±2.08b1.68±0.02b
LF407.00±3.00c6.34±0.05a49.00±1.00c4.90±0.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889327664608122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different freezing methods on the moisture ratio of fried brown rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
RF9.14±0.03c90.10±0.00a0.76±0.03a
MF9.48±0.07b89.85±0.09ab0.67±0.02ab
LF10.21±0.17a89.16±0.29c0.62±0.12b
IQF9.66±0.03b89.74±0.06b0.60±0.03b
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不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭水分比例的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
RF9.14±0.03c90.10±0.00a0.76±0.03a
MF9.48±0.07b89.85±0.09ab0.67±0.02ab
LF10.21±0.17a89.16±0.29c0.62±0.12b
IQF9.66±0.03b89.74±0.06b0.60±0.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889327807214460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different freezing methods on ice crystal morphological parameters of fried brown rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式冰晶数目总面积平均冰晶面积冰晶占比(%)
RF362520287000.77780.1923
MF1781904711070.06180.1453
LF213176778829.94370.1349
IQF1762130811210.68750.1626
), ArticleFig(id=1320889327878517629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭冰晶形态参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式冰晶数目总面积平均冰晶面积冰晶占比(%)
RF362520287000.77780.1923
MF1781904711070.06180.1453
LF213176778829.94370.1349
IQF1762130811210.68750.1626
), ArticleFig(id=1320889327949820798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different freezing methods on texture characteristics of fried brown rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式硬度(g)粘性(g·s)弹性(%)
RF3253.59±220.23a161.56±1.37a84.75±0.46a
MF2902.94±144.38b163.43±24.39a83.05±1.88ab
LF2544.03±71.14c220.59±2.32b80.86±0.58b
IQF2823.43±162.26bc201.21±14.28b81.29±2.09b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328021123967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式硬度(g)粘性(g·s)弹性(%)
RF3253.59±220.23a161.56±1.37a84.75±0.46a
MF2902.94±144.38b163.43±24.39a83.05±1.88ab
LF2544.03±71.14c220.59±2.32b80.86±0.58b
IQF2823.43±162.26bc201.21±14.28b81.29±2.09b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328109204352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different freezing methods on aging kinetic parameters of Fried Brown Rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式Avrami方程nkR2
RFy=0.7339x−1.55930.7339±0.0232d0.2103±0.0082a0.9750
MFy=0.7735x−1.64160.7735±0.0081c0.1937±0.0017b0.9745
LFy=0.8706x−1.82660.8706±0.0174a0.1609±0.0039d0.9846
IQFy=0.8233x−1.75270.8233±0.0146b0.1733±0.0039c0.9738
), ArticleFig(id=1320889328197284737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889317904462607, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭老化动力学参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻方式Avrami方程nkR2
RFy=0.7339x−1.55930.7339±0.0232d0.2103±0.0082a0.9750
MFy=0.7735x−1.64160.7735±0.0081c0.1937±0.0017b0.9745
LFy=0.8706x−1.82660.8706±0.0174a0.1609±0.0039d0.9846
IQFy=0.8233x−1.75270.8233±0.0146b0.1733±0.0039c0.9738
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不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭品质的影响
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张丽娟 1, 2 , 姜平 2 , 王乃娟 3 , 田棚元 2 , 徐思佳 2 , 李丹 4 , 康子悦 2 , 赵苏 2 , 于国萍 1, * , 刘明 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(2): 258-265
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (2) : 258 -265
不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭品质的影响
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张丽娟1, 2 , 姜平2, 王乃娟3, 田棚元2, 徐思佳2, 李丹4, 康子悦2, 赵苏2, 于国萍1, * , 刘明2, *
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 2国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院,北京 102200
  • 3浙江舟富食品有限公司,浙江舟山 316200
  • 4海军特色医学中心,上海 200082
通讯作者:
于国萍(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及蛋白质工程,E-mail:。
刘明(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:粮食加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张丽娟(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Different Freezing Methods on the Quality of Fried Brown Rice
Lijuan ZHANG1, 2 , Ping JIANG2, Naijuan WANG3, Pengyuan TIAN2, Sijia XU2, Dan LI4, Ziyue KANG2, Su ZHAO2, Guoping YU1, * , Ming LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 102200, China
  • 3Zhejiang Zhoufu Food Co., Ltd., Zhoushan 316200, China
  • 4The Naval Medical Research Institute, Shanghai 200082, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020032
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冷冻方式作为冷冻炒饭生产中的关键工序,其对糙米炒饭品质影响的研究相对较少。本研究采用常规冰箱冷冻(RF)、微冻(MF)、液氮冷冻(LF)、流体单冻(IQF)四种冷冻方式对糙米炒饭进行冷冻处理,利用低场核磁共振成像分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、质构仪、差式扫描量热仪(DSC)对糙米炒饭的水分状态、微观结构、淀粉短程有序性、晶体结构、回生特性以及质构特性等指标进行比较分析。结果表明,三种冷冻方式的冷冻速率由快到慢依次为:LF(6.34 ℃/min)>MF(1.95 ℃/min)>RF(0.27 ℃/min)。随着冷冻速率的加快,LF组的T21强结合水的比例(10.21%)显著(P<0.05)高于其他三组,硬度(2544.03 g)显著(P<0.05)低于其他三组,且冷冻速度越快,形成的冰晶数目越多,平均冰晶面积越小,说明LF处理对糙米炒饭的微观结构破坏程度最小。FTIR、XRD、DSC的研究结果表明,随着冷冻速度的增加,峰强度比值(R1047/1022)和相对结晶度减小,速率常数k减小,减缓了糙米炒饭的回生速度。因此,LF处理的糙米炒饭的品质更优,MF和IQF次之,RF处理的糙米炒饭的品质较差。以上研究结果揭示了不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭水分状态、质构特性和回生特性的影响,为冷冻糙米炒饭的工业化生产提供理论依据。

糙米炒饭  /  冷冻方式  /  水分状态  /  微观结构  /  回生特性

As a crucial process in the production of frozen fried rice, little research had been conducted on the impact of freezing methods on the quality of fried brown rice. In this study, fried brown rice was frozen using four different methods: refrigerator freezing (RF), micro-freezing (MF), liquid nitrogen freezing (LF), and individual quick freezing (IQF). A variety of analytical techniques were employed, including low-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), texture analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to compare and analyze the moisture state, microstructure, short-range order of starch, crystal structure, retrogradation characteristics, and texture properties of fried brown rice. The results showed that the freezing rate of the three freezing methods was from fast to slow: LF (6.34 ℃/min)>MF (1.95 ℃/min)>RF (0.27 ℃/min). The LF group exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) higher proportion of T21 strongly bound water (10.21%) compared to the other three groups, along with notably lower hardness values (2544.03 g). This phenomenon could be attributed to accelerated freezing rates, which resulted in increased ice crystal formation, reduced average ice crystal dimensions, collectively indicating that LF treatment caused the least microstructural damage to fried brown rice. The results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC analyses indicated that as the freezing rate increased, the peak intensity ratio (R1047/1022) and relative crystallinity decreased, along with the rate constant k decreased, which in turn slowed the recovery rate of fried brown rice. Consequently, the quality of fried brown rice treated with LF was the highest, followed by MF and IQF, while the quality of fried brown rice treated with RF was the lowest. The research findings demonstrated the effects of various freezing methods on the moisture content, texture characteristics, and retrogradation properties of fried brown rice. This study provided a theoretical basis for the industrial production of frozen fried brown rice.

fried brown rice  /  freezing method  /  moisture state  /  microstructure  /  regenerative property
张丽娟, 姜平, 王乃娟, 田棚元, 徐思佳, 李丹, 康子悦, 赵苏, 于国萍, 刘明. 不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 258 -265 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020032
Lijuan ZHANG, Ping JIANG, Naijuan WANG, Pengyuan TIAN, Sijia XU, Dan LI, Ziyue KANG, Su ZHAO, Guoping YU, Ming LIU. Effects of Different Freezing Methods on the Quality of Fried Brown Rice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 258 -265 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020032
近年来,随着人们生活方式的改变和预制食品行业的快速发展,符合当代年轻人消费模式的预制炒饭在中国开始流行。目前,市场上预制炒饭主要是以精白米为主,而与精白米相比,糙米因其皮层含有丰富的营养物质和生物活性化合物,具有调节血糖、减少心血管疾病风险和增强免疫系统功能等多种健康益处[1],因此糙米炒饭作为一种很有前途的方便食品受到了极大的关注。
冷冻炒饭制品在预制炒饭市场中占据着较大比重,但其淀粉回生问题是制约其销售和发展的关键问题之一[2]。冷冻可以抑制水分子、淀粉颗粒和微生物的活力,抑制淀粉凝胶化后的重结晶,从而达到保持产品质量和延长保质期的目的[3]。然而,不同的冷冻技术与工艺对产品的耗能、成本及质量的影响是有差异的,因此被认为是冷冻炒饭生产中的关键工序[4]。食品的冷冻方式按照冷冻媒介与食品的接触状态可以分为冷空气冷冻、间接接触式冷冻和直接接触式冷冻[5]。常规冰箱冷冻是家庭常用的冷冻方式,冷冻速率最慢;低温快速微冻技术能够在极短的时间内使被冻物品通过最大的冰晶生成区,使食品细胞内外的压力相对达到平衡,最大程度地保护被冻物品的细胞组织,保持细胞活性[6];液氮冷冻冻结速度极快,在食品内部迅速形成小而多的冰晶,对产品内部组织结构和营养成分破坏较小,但其损耗成本较高[7];流体单冻冷冻效率较高,能耗较低,更容易实现工业机械化的生产要求[8]。这些冷冻技术已经广泛应用于食品的各个领域,包括淀粉类食品、果蔬类食品、水产品以及肉产品等。Niu等[9]研究了液氮浸没冷冻、速冻机冷冻、包装浸没冷冻、超低温冰箱冷冻四种冷冻方式及冻藏时间对面团和成品馒头品质的影响,发现液氮浸没冷冻处理表现出较高的冷冻速率,提高了面团的质构特性,表现出较为紧密连续的结构,并且更好的保持了面团长达15 d的冷冻质量;Zheng等[10]研究发现随着冷冻速率的增加,凉皮的相对结晶度和R1047/1022值降低,表明较快的冷冻速率可以抑制凉皮淀粉凝胶的回生;Zhou等[11]研究发现螺旋隧道冷冻处理的鲭鱼硬度和弹性下降缓慢,电导率值、挥发性盐基氮含量、丙二醛含量和K值上升速率较慢,蛋白质二级结构较稳定;黄碧飞等[12]研究发现,与超低温冰箱冷冻相比,液氮速冻蓝莓解冻后汁液流失减少,可溶性固形物含量和花青素含量与鲜果更相近;过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性更低;微观结构的紧密性和完整性更强。
目前,对炒饭的研究主要集中在炒饭的工艺研究,关于冷冻技术对炒饭品质影响的研究相对较少。因此,本研究主要以糙米为原料制作炒饭,研究不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭的水分状态、微观结构、冰晶形态、质构特性、淀粉短程有序性、晶体结构以及回生特性的影响,为冷冻炒饭的工业化生产提供一定的理论依据。
稻花香糙米 采购于黑龙江省五常市金禾米业有限公司;福临门食用油 中粮佳悦(天津)有限公司;溴化钾 美国PIKE;实验所用水均为蒸馏水。
MB-WFZ4099IH美的电饭锅 广东美的生活电器制造有限公司;C22-IJ59E苏泊尔电磁炉 浙江绍兴苏泊尔生活电器有限公司;ZX2603智贤不粘锅炒锅 浙江厨禾工贸有限公司;BC/BD-66DTX美菱冰柜 长虹美菱股份有限公司;美的M1-L201B微波炉 广东美的厨房电器制造有限公司;MFT-25低温微冻机 盛林集团上海生物科技有限公司;DJL-QF-30A液氮速冻机 深圳德捷力低温技术有限公司;T40W-PT WiFi无线温度记录仪 深圳市华汉维科技有限公司;MiNiMR-60低场核磁共振仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;FD-1A-50冷冻干燥机 上海贺帆仪器有限公司;FW100高速粉碎机 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;JSM-IT700HR冷冻传输系统扫描电子显微镜 日本电子株式会社;iN10-Iz10傅里叶变换红外光谱 赛默飞世尔科技公司;D/max-rB型X射线衍射仪 日本理学公司;TA-XTPLUS质构仪 英国SMS公司。
准确称取400 g糙米,米水比为1:2,使用电饭煲蒸煮30 min,焖煮10 min,冷却至室温[13]。
依据T/ZNZ 132-2022《速冻炒饭加工技术规范》中脂肪≤10(g/100 g)的要求以及前期预实验结果,最终确定油米比为5:100。在锅中加入5 g食用油,待油温升至120 ℃时,倒入冷却后的米饭100 g,以14档(功率2200 W)炒制1 min,出锅,冷却至室温。
取100 g糙米炒饭用包装碗密封后,分别采用常规冰箱冷冻(RF,−20±1 ℃,170 min);微冻(MF,−30±1 ℃,30 min);液氮冷冻(LF,−120±1 ℃,7 min);流体单冻(IQF,−30±1 ℃,30 min)四种冷冻方式进行处理,直至糙米炒饭中心温度达到−18 ℃以下。新鲜制备完成的样品用于水分状态、质构特性的测定,其余样品冷冻干燥后−20 ℃保存备用。
在炒饭的中心位置,插入WiFi无线温度记录仪的探头,设置每隔1 s记录1次温度,直至糙米炒饭中心温度达到−18 ℃,得出糙米炒饭在不同冷冻方式下中心温度的数据,将数据在Origin软件中绘制成曲线,得到炒饭的冻结曲线[14]。冷冻速率(v,℃/min)根据公式(1)计算[15]。
$ \mathrm{v}=\frac{\mathrm{T}_2-\mathrm{T}_1}{\mathrm{t}_{ }} $
式中:T2为样品初始温度(℃);T1为样品终点温度(−18 ℃);t为样品冻结所需时间(min)。
根据Long等[16]的方法略有修改。使用LF-NMR分析仪进行水分分布的测定,取在28 ℃恒温箱解冻后的糙米炒饭1.0 g置于2 mL的硅硼玻璃样品管,封口。选用多层-回波(CPMG)序列为测试程序。参数设置为:TD=640012,TE=0.200 ms,NECH=16000,NS=32。利用设备提供的分析软件进行多组分反演。
取冷冻干燥后的米粒,用胶条将其固定在样品台上,对观察面进行喷金处理,使用扫描电子显微镜放大500倍扫描成像[17]。
将1.2.4得到的SEM图片加载到MATLAB R2023 a软件中,调整感光度,得到冰晶分布图[18]。
将冻干粉碎后的样品与KBr按照1:100的比例混合,研磨压片后利用傅里叶红外光谱仪进行扫描。具体参数为:扫描范围400~4000 cm−1,扫描次数为64,分辨率为4 cm−1[19]。
将样品利用X射线衍射仪测定,测定条件:电压40 kV,电流40 mA,扫描区域2θ:5°~40°,步长为0.02°,扫描速度为3°/min[20]。
参考Long等[16]的方法稍作修改。将冷冻炒饭微波复热90 s,称取30 g炒饭放入直径60 mm的平皿中,采用P36/R号探头,TPA测试程序。参数设定为:测前速率1 mm/s,测试速率0.5 mm/s,测后速率1 mm/s,形变量50%,触发力为5 g。
将冷冻糙米炒饭放于−20 ℃冰柜中进行冻藏,于1、15、30、60、90 d取不同冷冻方式的冷冻糙米炒饭100 g,置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥72 h,并进行粉碎研磨。分别取不同储藏期的样品5 mg与蒸馏水按1:2的比例置于DSC铝制坩埚中,混合均匀后于4 ℃平衡24 h。以空坩埚为对照,以氮气为载气,扫描温度范围为20~130 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min,得到样品的回生焓值。本实验中使用Avrami[21]模型来建立淀粉老化动力学模型,Avrami方程为式(2)。
$ \mathrm{R}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{\infty }}=1-\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-\mathrm{k}\times {\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{n}}) $
式中,ΔHt为时间t时刻的回生焓值;ΔH∞为回生焓极限值,本文定义为样品放置第90 d的回生焓值;k表示速率常数;n表示Avrami指数,对Avrami方程做两次对数处理最终得到式(3)。
$ \mathrm{ln}[-\mathrm{ln}(1-\mathrm{R})]=\mathrm{ln}\;\mathrm{k}+\mathrm{ln}\;\mathrm{t} $
而后,不同储藏时间的淀粉回生焓值代入公式(3)中,计算出各t时刻的ln[−ln(1−R)]后,对lnt进行线性回归,即可得到速率常数k和指数n。
每项实验重复三次,采用Excel进行数据的统计与处理,IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件对数据进行单因素方差分析及邓肯检验(P<0.05),采用Origin 2018软件绘图。
食品冻结是指食品中心温度从初始温度降至食品冻结点以下,使食品中的大部分水分冻结成冰晶体,从而限制水分子和微生物的活力[22]。本实验中将样品的最终温度设定为−18 ℃。图1为三种冷冻处理下,炒饭中心温度随时间的变化曲线,即冻结曲线(IQF因其以分散颗粒的形态进行冷冻,无法检测到炒饭的中心温度,所以无法得到其冻结曲线)。表1是根据实验数据得到的冷冻糙米炒饭的冻结参数。由表1可知,RF、MF、LF三种冷冻方式处理后的糙米炒饭从起始温度到最终温度所用的冷冻时间从长到短依次为9631.33 s(RF)>1324.67 s(MF)>407.00 s(LF);冷冻速率由快到慢依次为:LF(6.34 ℃/min)>MF(1.95 ℃/min)>RF(0.27 ℃/min)。RF、MF、LF三种冷冻方式下糙米炒饭经过最大冰晶生成带所消耗的时间分别为2799.33 s(46.66 min)、142.67 s(2.38 min)、49.00 s(0.82 min)。通常认为,通过最大冰晶生成带的时间大于30 min,属于慢速冷冻,小于30 min,则是快速冷冻[22]。由此可见,RF属于慢速冷冻范畴,MF和LF属于快速冷冻范畴。
综上,不同的冷冻方式在总冷冻时间、通过最大冰晶生成带的时间和冷冻速率上存在显著的差别,存在差异的主要原因是其制冷剂不同,传热效率存在差异。常规冰箱冷冻主要依靠氨制冷剂或者氟利昂制冷剂,传热效率较低;微冻是将微冻液制冷到−30~−35 ℃,再放入被冻食品将其冷冻;液氮冷冻是以液氮为冷源,依靠液氮相变吸收食品的热量(吸收热量效率可达383 kJ/kg),使食品快速冻结,与传统的机械制冷相比可以达到更低的温度,更快的降温速率[23]。Lü等[24]研究了冰箱冷冻、29.3% CaCl2盐水溶液浸渍冷冻、平板冷冻、螺旋隧道式冷冻、鼓风冷冻和液氮冷冻6种冷冻方式对墨鱼品质的影响,结果表明,通过最大冰晶生成带的时间由小到大依次为:液氮冷冻<鼓风冷冻<螺旋隧道式冷冻<平板冷冻<29.3% CaCl2盐水溶液浸渍冷冻<冰箱冷冻,所以液氮冷冻组在冷冻和储存过程中其保水性、微观结构、TVB-N值和巯基含量等方面均优于其他5组。综上,不同的冷冻方式可以通过影响糙米炒饭通过最大冰晶生成带的时间,从而影响糙米炒饭内部的水分状态、微观结构和淀粉性质,进而影响糙米炒饭的品质。
冷冻过程中形成的冰晶会影响糙米炒饭中的水分分布,糙米炒饭中的水分子与其他化合物的结合紧密程度不同呈现出不同的水分状态,从而影响冷冻糙米炒饭的品质。图2表示四种冷冻方式对糙米炒饭T2横向弛豫时间的影响。由图2可以看出,冷冻糙米炒饭主要有3个特征峰。三个峰分别代表了强结合水峰1(0.1~10 ms)、不易流动水峰2(10~100 ms)、自由水峰3(100~1000 ms)。糙米炒饭经过冷冻处理后,不易流动水峰2为主峰,说明不易流动水是冷冻糙米炒饭中主要存在的水,其次是强结合水和自由水。
四种冷冻方式对糙米炒饭水分比例的影响情况如表2所示。从表2可知,不同冷冻方式处理后的糙米炒饭,其强结合水含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中LF处理的糙米炒饭中强结合水的比例最大,为10.21%;RF处理的糙米炒饭中强结合水的比例最小,为9.14%。由2.1可知,三种冷冻方式的冷冻速率由快到慢依次是:LF(6.34 ℃/min)>MF(1.95 ℃/min)>RF(0.27 ℃/min),由此可以推断,强结合水的比例随着冷冻速度的加快而增加,不易流动水的比例随着冷冻速度的加快而减少,这与黄忠民[25]的研究结论相一致。这可能是因为随着冷冻速率的减慢,冷冻过程中形成的冰晶体积就越大,对糙米炒饭组织结构的破坏程度就越严重,从而造成水与其他物质的结合能力降低[5]。冷冻会对水与其他物质的结合能力产生削弱作用[26],LF处理的糙米炒饭中强结合水比例最大,说明冷冻速率越快,这种削弱作用就越不明显,从而更好地抑制糙米炒饭中淀粉的老化。为了更好地阐明这些,还分析了不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭微观结构和老化特性的影响。
扫描电子显微镜可以用来研究食品的表面和内部特征,并且可以进行大范围的放大[27]。将冷冻炒饭放入真空冷冻干燥机中进行干燥脱水处理,会在冷冻炒饭内部形成一些孔洞,孔洞是冷冻炒饭中的冰晶原位升华造成的[28]。如图3所示,经过不同冷冻处理后米粒间的微观结构存在明显差异。其中,LF处理的糙米炒饭的米粒孔洞最小,MF和IQF处理的糙米炒饭的米粒孔洞大小相近,RF处理的糙米炒饭米粒孔洞最大。这可能是因为冷冻速率越快,越容易在米粒内部形成细小且均匀的冰晶,这与Zheng等[10]的研究结果相似。另外,从图3中也可以看到,LF处理的炒饭米粒的组织结构更显致密,且分布均匀,MF和IQF的组织结构稍显致密,RF处理的炒饭米粒的组织结构则不够致密。这说明冻结速率较快的冷冻方式(LF)对炒饭米粒的组织结构破坏程度更小,有利于糙米炒饭品质的保持。
为进一步表明冷冻方式对冷冻炒饭冰晶大小和尺寸的影响,通过Matlab软件处理SEM图像,得到冰晶分布图和冰晶分布参数,结果如图4和表3所示。图4中的白色区域是炒饭米粒内部冰晶形态,黑色区域是背景。由图4可知,RF处理后的糙米炒饭米粒内部形成的孔洞大小不一、形状不规则、分布不均,LF处理后的糙米炒饭米粒内部有许多细小且分布均匀的孔洞。从表3中可以看出,RF处理后的糙米炒饭冰晶数目最少,平均冰晶面积最大,MF、IQF、LF处理后的糙米炒饭的冰晶数目分别是RF的4.94倍、4.89倍和5.91倍;与RF相比,MF、IQF、LF处理后的糙米炒饭的平均冰晶面积分别减小了84.72%、82.71%、88.14%。由以上结果可以看出,随着冷冻速率的加快,冰晶数目增加,平均冰晶面积减小,对米粒组织结构的破坏程度变小,最终呈现出较为致密的结构。这与扫描电子显微镜的分析结果一致。Pan等[18]在研究冷冻处理对速冻熟面条品质的影响时指出,随着冷冻温度的降低和冷冻速率的增加,速冻熟面条的孔隙面积减小,冰晶体积减小,对面筋网络结构的机械损伤减小,与本研究得到的结果是一致的。
图5A表示的是四种冷冻方式处理的糙米炒饭FTIR(傅里叶变换红外光谱仪)光谱图。由图5A可知,四种冷冻方式处理后糙米炒饭的FTIR光谱图中各波长位置的吸收峰形状没有明显变化,仅在峰位和峰强度上存在微小差异,说明冷冻处理后糙米炒饭中的淀粉颗粒结构没有形成新的官能团。峰强度比值R1047/1022的变化反映的是淀粉的短程有序性,淀粉的短程有序性指的是直链淀粉与支链淀粉的短链形成的双螺旋结构[29],比值增大表示淀粉朝向结晶度高的方向发展,即老化程度加剧[30]。从图5B中可知,四种冷冻处理的R1047/1022值从大到小依次是0.98(RF)>0.97(MF)>0.95(IQF)>0.93(LF),且存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着冻结速率的加快,R1047/1022值减小,这说明较快的冷冻速率可以减缓淀粉的老化程度。赵凯凤[31]研究发现在同一冻藏周期内,液氮速冻处理的冷冻熟面的R1047/1022值显著低于低温冰箱冷冻组和高速冷冻机速冻组,本文的研究结论与之一致。这可能是因为较慢的冻结速率形成的相变压力和冰晶体积更大,对淀粉分子的结构造成破坏,可能会引起淀粉分子的重新排列,增强了分子结构的有序排列,进而提高了淀粉颗粒结构的短程有序性[5]。
使用X射线衍射对淀粉晶体结构进行了分析,结果如图6所示。从图6A可以看出,四种冷冻糙米炒饭的X射线衍射图谱在20°附近存在衍射峰,呈典型的V型淀粉的晶体结构。从图6B可以看出,四种冷冻方式处理的糙米炒饭的相对结晶度之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着冻结速率的加快,相对结晶度减小。与RF的8.42%相比,MF、IQF、LF的相对结晶度分别减小了24.83%、27.97%、38.11%。冷冻处理会促使淀粉分子内部发生重排,增大淀粉颗粒结晶区的比例,使淀粉结构更稳定[32]。冷冻速度越慢,形成的冰晶就越大,造成的微机械力和相变压力就越大,可以给淀粉分子内部重排提供更多的能量,从而造成相对结晶度的增大[5]。这说明较快的冻结速率能够抑制冷冻糙米炒饭相对结晶度的上升,从而减缓淀粉老化的发生。Yang等[33]的研究中也指出冷冻速度的加快能够减小淀粉的相对结晶度。
表4为不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭质构特性的影响。由表4可知,与RF相比,MF、IQF、LF处理后糙米炒饭的硬度分别降低了10.78%、13.22%、21.81%,粘性分别增加了1.16%、24.54%、36.54%,而不同冷冻方式对糙米炒饭的弹性影响不显著(P>0.05)。从以上结果可知,冷冻速率与糙米炒饭的硬度呈负相关,与粘性呈正相关。徐侃[34]研究指出随着冷冻速率的减小,冷冻米饭的硬度随之增加而粘着性却随之降低,本实验结果与之相一致。这可能是因为随着冷冻速率的加快,形成的冰晶较小,在复热过程中,具有较小冰晶的糙米炒饭能够快速解冻,能够快速通过最大冰晶生成带,故而糙米炒饭的老化程度较小,从而导致硬度减小,而粘性增加[35]。综上,LF处理可最大程度地改善糙米炒饭的质构特性,提高糙米炒饭的食用品质,并进一步可能影响淀粉的回生特性。
图7为经过四种冷冻方式处理后的糙米炒饭分别放置1、15、30、60、90 d的回生焓值变化情况。从图7可以看出,随着储藏时间的延长,样品的回生焓值逐渐增加,与郭婉雪[36]的研究结论一致。储藏周期内,RF处理的糙米炒饭回生焓值从0.2090 J/g增大到2.9983 J/g,LF则是由0.0781 J/g增大到1.9751 J/g,且MF、IQF、LF的最终回生焓值分别比RF减小了0.4737、0.6094、1.0233 J/g,说明MF、IQF、LF三种冷冻方式抑制炒饭老化的程度比RF要强,且LF的抗老化效果更优,这与前文对炒饭淀粉短程有序性影响的分析结果相一致。
表5为四种冷冻方式处理后的糙米炒饭的老化动力学方程及其参数。由表5可知,Avrami方程的R2>0.9738,说明Avrami方程适用于预测以下样品的淀粉回生行为。指数n值均小于1,说明淀粉是以一次成核的方式结晶,速率常数k代表晶体重结晶速率,k值越大表示晶核的结晶速率越快,老化程度越大。根据表5可知,四种冷冻炒饭的k值存在显著性差异(P<0.05),LF组的k值最小。与RF组相比,MF、IQF、LF组的k值分别减小了7.89%、17.59%、23.49%,说明LF处理对炒饭老化作用的抑制效果要优于其他三种冷冻方式,此模型拟合结果与前文有关炒饭淀粉短程有序性的实验结论基本一致。
本研究主要探究了常规冷冻(RF)、微冻(MF)、液氮冷冻(LF)和流体单冻(IQF)四种冷冻方式对糙米炒饭的水分状态、冰晶形态、质构特性和淀粉回生特性的影响。结果表明,三种冷冻方式的冷冻速率由快到慢依次为:LF(6.34 ℃/min)>MF(1.95 ℃/min)>RF(0.27 ℃/min);LF处理的强结合水的比例最大,抑制强结合水向不易流动水和自由水转移的作用最强,提高了糙米炒饭的水分稳定程度。从微观角度分析,冷冻速度越快,冷冻过程中形成的冰晶体积越小,组织结构更显致密。质构数据表明,LF处理后的糙米炒饭硬度最小,粘性最大,具有较好的食用品质。与RF处理相比,MF、LF、IQF处理能更好的保持糙米炒饭的组织结构和质构特性。从FITR和XRD的结果来看,随着冷冻速率的加快,R1047/1022值和相对结晶度减小。另外,Avrami回生动力学模型表明,在储藏周期内,LF组的速率常数k最小,回生焓值增长较为缓慢,回生程度最小,表明较快的冷冻速率能够延缓淀粉的老化。综上,冷冻速率较快的LF处理更有利于保持糙米炒饭的品质,MF和IQF次之,家庭常用的冷冻方式RF则不利于保持糙米炒饭的品质。研究结果揭示了冷冻方式对糙米炒饭水分状态和淀粉回生特性的影响,为冷冻糙米炒饭的工业化生产提供理论依据,同时丰富了冷冻工艺对方便食品品质影响的相关理论。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020032
  • 接收时间:2025-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08
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    1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
    2国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院,北京 102200
    3浙江舟富食品有限公司,浙江舟山 316200
    4海军特色医学中心,上海 200082

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于国萍(1963−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食、油脂及蛋白质工程,E-mail:。
刘明(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:粮食加工,E-mail:。
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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