Article(id=1320889305644519869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854151402, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854151402, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854151402, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854151402, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=14, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889306311414206, articleId=1320889305644519869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Screening of Composite Starter and Its Effects on the Physicochemical Properties of Proso Millet Niandoubao in Northeast China, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Niandoubao is a famous traditional specialty food in Northeast China. Developing excellent starter for Niandoubao was an effective and crucial method to address the issue between traditional natural fermentation processes and modern production standards. By screening the fermentation properties of 10 groups of composite strains (numbered A~J) and comparative analyzing the various physicochemical and sensory properties of 6 groups of Niandoubao (numbered NDB-B, NDB-C, NDB-D, NDB-J, NDB-RG and NDB-SF), the influence of 4 groups of composite strains on the physicochemical properties of proso millet Niandoubao were explored. The fermentation experiment results showed that the composite strains in groups B, C, D, and J in the 10 starter exhibited good synergistic growth and acid production ability in both simulated dough medium and proso millet sourdough. Therefore, these 4 groups of composite strains were selected for the production of proso millet Niandoubao. The quality evaluation results of Niandoubao showed that compared with artificially acidified and naturally fermented Niandoubao, the chroma, digestion, fructan, phytic acid, texture, and sensory properties of 4 groups of composite strains Niandoubao were improved to a certain extent. Among them, Group B composite strains Niandoubao had the highest b* value (42.92), Group D composite strains Niandoubao had the lowest fructan content (5.55 g/100 g), and group J composite strains Niandoubao had the best comprehensive physicochemical quality. In summary, these results indicated that the composite strains in groups B, C, D, and J significantly improved the various physicochemical properties and sensory qualities of Niandoubao. Among the 10 groups of composite strains, the composite strains in group J were the best candidate starter for proso millet Niandoubao. These results provide excellent and key starter strain resources for the industrialization, standardization, and modernization of proso millet Niandoubao production in the future.

, authors=Ziqing DI, Daqing SUN*, Qingping HONG, Xinrui DU, Hongfei LI, authorsList=Ziqing DI, Daqing SUN, Qingping HONG, Xinrui DU, Hongfei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daqing SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889309012545999, articleId=1320889305644519869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合菌发酵剂的筛选及其对东北黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黏豆包是我国东北地区著名的传统特色食品,为解决传统自然发酵工艺与现代化生产标准之间存在的问题,开发黄米黏豆包优良发酵剂是一种有效且关键的方法。通过10组复合菌(编号A~J)发酵性质的筛选和6组黏豆包(编号NDB-B、NDB-C、NDB-D、NDB-J、NDB-RG、NDB-SF)多种理化和感官性质的比较分析,探究了4组复合菌对黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响。发酵实验结果表明,10组发酵剂中B、C、D、J组复合菌在模拟酸面团培养基和黄米酸面团中同时体现了良好的协同生长和产酸能力,因此选择这4组复合菌进行黄米黏豆包的制作。黏豆包品质评价结果表明,与人工酸化和自然发酵黏豆包相比,4组复合菌黏豆包的色度、消化、果聚糖、植酸、质构和感官性质均有一定程度的改善,其中B组复合菌黏豆包的b*值最大(42.92),D组复合菌黏豆包果聚糖含量最低(5.55 g/100 g),J组复合菌黏豆包的综合理化品质最佳。总之,研究结果表明B、C、D、J组复合菌可以明显改善黏豆包产品的多种理化性质和感官品质,10组复合菌中J组复合菌是黄米黏豆包的最佳候选发酵剂,这些结果为今后东北黄米黏豆包工业化、标准化和现代化生产提供了优良、关键的发酵剂菌种资源。

, authors=邸子清, 孙大庆*, 洪青平, 杜新蕊, 李洪飞, authorsList=邸子清, 孙大庆, 洪青平, 杜新蕊, 李洪飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙大庆, authorNote=

邸子清(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙大庆(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2023, 63(14): 2277−2317., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889309239038416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889309247427025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, companyId=1320889309239038416, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing and Quality Safety, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889309251621330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, companyId=1320889309239038416, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889313412370940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Number of viable strain of composite starters in simulated dough medium, figureFileSmall=OnU28D/9h4fER7Sd7EHIvQ==, figureFileBig=jvuin2oRRlxUJC8WZugprg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889313508839933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=图1, caption=复合菌发酵剂在模拟面团培养基中活菌数量, figureFileSmall=OnU28D/9h4fER7Sd7EHIvQ==, figureFileBig=jvuin2oRRlxUJC8WZugprg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889313924076030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Acid production ability of composite starters in simulated dough medium, figureFileSmall=IPCcYti9QXe/cMLzwon8BQ==, figureFileBig=70r+Il9DYBFuulGIR1EEKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889313995379199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=图2, caption=复合菌发酵剂在模拟面团培养基中的产酸能力, figureFileSmall=IPCcYti9QXe/cMLzwon8BQ==, figureFileBig=70r+Il9DYBFuulGIR1EEKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314247037440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Growth and acid production ability of composite starters in proso millet sourdough, figureFileSmall=Zmm5lEUPF88KDTuQ9D0j4Q==, figureFileBig=TvoPekh9Sr9Wv4ht4GxdBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314318340609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=图3, caption=复合菌在黄米酸面团中生长和产酸能力, figureFileSmall=Zmm5lEUPF88KDTuQ9D0j4Q==, figureFileBig=TvoPekh9Sr9Wv4ht4GxdBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314410615298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Rheological properties of proso millet sourdough, figureFileSmall=oRV91p2HwR3zEWh9ljdLuQ==, figureFileBig=WyCGV/ufupnMm6KykCvWkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314507084291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄米酸面团的流变学性质, figureFileSmall=oRV91p2HwR3zEWh9ljdLuQ==, figureFileBig=WyCGV/ufupnMm6KykCvWkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314586776068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Digestive properties of proso millet Niandoubao, figureFileSmall=cbzrjZyOvQS1L5NWdZBIOw==, figureFileBig=6dQZnODIWrqCuI+KkLP71A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889314645496325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黄米黏豆包的消化性质

注:A:淀粉消化动力学曲线;B:淀粉组成;C:预期血糖指数;D:蛋白质消化率;不同字母表示数据之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图6~图7同。

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Strain member of composite starters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号复合菌发酵剂菌株组成菌群
类型
发酵剂
编号
1Pediococcus pentosaceus 31M09IA
2P. pentosaceus 32M16+Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 32M13IB
3Torulaspora delbrueckii 33Y02+P. pentosaceus 33P03+Levilactobacillus brevis 33M01+Furfurilactobacillus rossiae 33M13IIC
4Saccharomyces.cerevisiae 34Y03+P. pentosaceus 34M10+Lac. plantarum 34M14IID
5S. cerevisiae 35Y03+P. pentosaceus 35M03+Lac. plantarum 35M01+Fur. rossiae 35M19IIE
6S. cerevisiae 36Y01+P. pentosaceus 36M11+Lev. brevis 36M12+Lac. plantarum 36P02IIF
7S. cerevisiae 37Y03+P. pentosaceus 37M09+Lac. plantarum 37M17IIG
8S. cerevisiae 38Y03+P. pentosaceus 38M02+Acetobacter indonesiensis 38D01IIIH
9S. cerevisiae 39Y02+P. pentosaceus 39P03III
10S. cerevisiae 40Y01+P. pentosaceus 40P12+Lev. brevis 40M18+Lac. plantarum 40M03+A. malorum 40D02IIIJ
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315266253325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合菌发酵剂菌株组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号复合菌发酵剂菌株组成菌群
类型
发酵剂
编号
1Pediococcus pentosaceus 31M09IA
2P. pentosaceus 32M16+Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 32M13IB
3Torulaspora delbrueckii 33Y02+P. pentosaceus 33P03+Levilactobacillus brevis 33M01+Furfurilactobacillus rossiae 33M13IIC
4Saccharomyces.cerevisiae 34Y03+P. pentosaceus 34M10+Lac. plantarum 34M14IID
5S. cerevisiae 35Y03+P. pentosaceus 35M03+Lac. plantarum 35M01+Fur. rossiae 35M19IIE
6S. cerevisiae 36Y01+P. pentosaceus 36M11+Lev. brevis 36M12+Lac. plantarum 36P02IIF
7S. cerevisiae 37Y03+P. pentosaceus 37M09+Lac. plantarum 37M17IIG
8S. cerevisiae 38Y03+P. pentosaceus 38M02+Acetobacter indonesiensis 38D01IIIH
9S. cerevisiae 39Y02+P. pentosaceus 39P03III
10S. cerevisiae 40Y01+P. pentosaceus 40P12+Lev. brevis 40M18+Lac. plantarum 40M03+A. malorum 40D02IIIJ
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315337556494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation score table for proso millet Niandoubao

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感官指标特性描述分值
颜色颜色自然、纯正,无任何杂色11~15
颜色基本纯正,较深、较浅或稍有杂色6~10
颜色不正,有杂色0~5
外观表皮平整光滑,形状规则,无明显塌陷、裂纹、气孔11~15
表皮基本平整,形状无明显变化6~10
表皮不平整,形状不够规则0~5
黏性黏度适中,有轻微黏牙感,咀嚼2~5次可吞咽11~15
黏度过大,黏牙感强,咀嚼6次以上可吞咽6~10
黏度过小,无黏牙感0~5
弹性手指按压有较好回弹性11~15
手指按压有较差回弹性6~10
手指按压无回弹性0~5
气味特有气味自然、纯正、宜人,稍有酸味,无异味16~20
特有气味平淡,酸味尚可接受,无异味10~15
特有气味不足,酸味过重或有其他异味0~9
味道特有味道自然、纯正、宜人,酸度适中,无异味16~20
特有味道平淡,酸味尚可接受,无异味10~15
特有味道不足,酸味过重或有其他异味0~9
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315417248271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄米黏豆包感官评价得分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标特性描述分值
颜色颜色自然、纯正,无任何杂色11~15
颜色基本纯正,较深、较浅或稍有杂色6~10
颜色不正,有杂色0~5
外观表皮平整光滑,形状规则,无明显塌陷、裂纹、气孔11~15
表皮基本平整,形状无明显变化6~10
表皮不平整,形状不够规则0~5
黏性黏度适中,有轻微黏牙感,咀嚼2~5次可吞咽11~15
黏度过大,黏牙感强,咀嚼6次以上可吞咽6~10
黏度过小,无黏牙感0~5
弹性手指按压有较好回弹性11~15
手指按压有较差回弹性6~10
手指按压无回弹性0~5
气味特有气味自然、纯正、宜人,稍有酸味,无异味16~20
特有气味平淡,酸味尚可接受,无异味10~15
特有气味不足,酸味过重或有其他异味0~9
味道特有味道自然、纯正、宜人,酸度适中,无异味16~20
特有味道平淡,酸味尚可接受,无异味10~15
特有味道不足,酸味过重或有其他异味0~9
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315488551440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chromaticity properties of proso millet Niandoubao

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
NDB-B69.47±0.01d2.12±0.01e42.93±0.16b
NDB-C68.76±0.04e3.21±0.12b42.52±0.08c
NDB-D69.79±0.14c2.99±0.01c37.43±0.16e
NDB-J71.62±0.03b2.40±0.02d41.45±0.08d
NDB-SF62.16±0.02f7.84±0.02a33.14±0.01f
NDB-RG74.08±0.07a3.09±0.07c48.20±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315551466001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄米黏豆包的色度性质

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样品L*a*b*
NDB-B69.47±0.01d2.12±0.01e42.93±0.16b
NDB-C68.76±0.04e3.21±0.12b42.52±0.08c
NDB-D69.79±0.14c2.99±0.01c37.43±0.16e
NDB-J71.62±0.03b2.40±0.02d41.45±0.08d
NDB-SF62.16±0.02f7.84±0.02a33.14±0.01f
NDB-RG74.08±0.07a3.09±0.07c48.20±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315635352082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Texture characteristics of proso millet Niandoubao

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样品组别硬度黏性弹性咀嚼性胶着性内聚性
NDB-B249.38±19.62b24.08±2.55a0.89±0.03200.99±28.33b224.78±25.89b0.90±0.04
NDB-C220.32±38.50bc21.60±1.63abc0.87±0.05169.86±44.34b194.01±40.62b0.88±0.04
NDB-D204.63±20.60c23.55±1.68ab0.88±0.02159.10±24.70b181.41±23.79b0.89±0.03
NDB-J342.55±3.57a20.06±2.33bc0.92±0.01286.65±11.20a312.41±10.13a0.91±0.02
NDB-SF338.78±15.69a22.74±0.78ab0.90±0.03265.73±36.73a295.70±31.20a0.87±0.05
NDB-RG252.26±8.34b18.62±1.90c0.90±0.03200.93±23.64b223.03±20.82b0.88±0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1320889315715043859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889305644519869, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

黄米黏豆包的质构性质

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样品组别硬度黏性弹性咀嚼性胶着性内聚性
NDB-B249.38±19.62b24.08±2.55a0.89±0.03200.99±28.33b224.78±25.89b0.90±0.04
NDB-C220.32±38.50bc21.60±1.63abc0.87±0.05169.86±44.34b194.01±40.62b0.88±0.04
NDB-D204.63±20.60c23.55±1.68ab0.88±0.02159.10±24.70b181.41±23.79b0.89±0.03
NDB-J342.55±3.57a20.06±2.33bc0.92±0.01286.65±11.20a312.41±10.13a0.91±0.02
NDB-SF338.78±15.69a22.74±0.78ab0.90±0.03265.73±36.73a295.70±31.20a0.87±0.05
NDB-RG252.26±8.34b18.62±1.90c0.90±0.03200.93±23.64b223.03±20.82b0.88±0.06
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复合菌发酵剂的筛选及其对东北黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响
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邸子清 , 孙大庆 * , 洪青平 , 杜新蕊 , 李洪飞
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(2): 14-24
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (2) : 14 -24
复合菌发酵剂的筛选及其对东北黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响
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邸子清 , 孙大庆* , 洪青平, 杜新蕊, 李洪飞
作者信息
  • 黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
孙大庆(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邸子清(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Screening of Composite Starter and Its Effects on the Physicochemical Properties of Proso Millet Niandoubao in Northeast China
Ziqing DI , Daqing SUN* , Qingping HONG, Xinrui DU, Hongfei LI
Affiliations
  • National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing and Quality Safety, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020054
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黏豆包是我国东北地区著名的传统特色食品,为解决传统自然发酵工艺与现代化生产标准之间存在的问题,开发黄米黏豆包优良发酵剂是一种有效且关键的方法。通过10组复合菌(编号A~J)发酵性质的筛选和6组黏豆包(编号NDB-B、NDB-C、NDB-D、NDB-J、NDB-RG、NDB-SF)多种理化和感官性质的比较分析,探究了4组复合菌对黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响。发酵实验结果表明,10组发酵剂中B、C、D、J组复合菌在模拟酸面团培养基和黄米酸面团中同时体现了良好的协同生长和产酸能力,因此选择这4组复合菌进行黄米黏豆包的制作。黏豆包品质评价结果表明,与人工酸化和自然发酵黏豆包相比,4组复合菌黏豆包的色度、消化、果聚糖、植酸、质构和感官性质均有一定程度的改善,其中B组复合菌黏豆包的b*值最大(42.92),D组复合菌黏豆包果聚糖含量最低(5.55 g/100 g),J组复合菌黏豆包的综合理化品质最佳。总之,研究结果表明B、C、D、J组复合菌可以明显改善黏豆包产品的多种理化性质和感官品质,10组复合菌中J组复合菌是黄米黏豆包的最佳候选发酵剂,这些结果为今后东北黄米黏豆包工业化、标准化和现代化生产提供了优良、关键的发酵剂菌种资源。

黏豆包  /  发酵剂  /  协同发酵  /  质构  /  感官  /  乳酸菌  /  酵母菌  /  醋酸菌

Niandoubao is a famous traditional specialty food in Northeast China. Developing excellent starter for Niandoubao was an effective and crucial method to address the issue between traditional natural fermentation processes and modern production standards. By screening the fermentation properties of 10 groups of composite strains (numbered A~J) and comparative analyzing the various physicochemical and sensory properties of 6 groups of Niandoubao (numbered NDB-B, NDB-C, NDB-D, NDB-J, NDB-RG and NDB-SF), the influence of 4 groups of composite strains on the physicochemical properties of proso millet Niandoubao were explored. The fermentation experiment results showed that the composite strains in groups B, C, D, and J in the 10 starter exhibited good synergistic growth and acid production ability in both simulated dough medium and proso millet sourdough. Therefore, these 4 groups of composite strains were selected for the production of proso millet Niandoubao. The quality evaluation results of Niandoubao showed that compared with artificially acidified and naturally fermented Niandoubao, the chroma, digestion, fructan, phytic acid, texture, and sensory properties of 4 groups of composite strains Niandoubao were improved to a certain extent. Among them, Group B composite strains Niandoubao had the highest b* value (42.92), Group D composite strains Niandoubao had the lowest fructan content (5.55 g/100 g), and group J composite strains Niandoubao had the best comprehensive physicochemical quality. In summary, these results indicated that the composite strains in groups B, C, D, and J significantly improved the various physicochemical properties and sensory qualities of Niandoubao. Among the 10 groups of composite strains, the composite strains in group J were the best candidate starter for proso millet Niandoubao. These results provide excellent and key starter strain resources for the industrialization, standardization, and modernization of proso millet Niandoubao production in the future.

Niandoubao  /  starter  /  synergistic fermentation  /  texture  /  sensory  /  lactic acid bacteria  /  yeast  /  acetic acid bacteria
邸子清, 孙大庆, 洪青平, 杜新蕊, 李洪飞. 复合菌发酵剂的筛选及其对东北黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020054
Ziqing DI, Daqing SUN, Qingping HONG, Xinrui DU, Hongfei LI. Screening of Composite Starter and Its Effects on the Physicochemical Properties of Proso Millet Niandoubao in Northeast China[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020054
黄米黏豆包是我国东北地区一种具有代表性的传统特色食品。传统黏豆包以糯性黄米为面团主料,其他谷物为辅料,红芸豆为馅料,面团自然发酵,手工包馅成型,蒸熟后得到成品。如今黏豆包不仅是一种传统特色小吃,它还蕴含着东北地区丰富的节日礼仪和民俗文化,是我国传统发酵面食的优良典范之一[1]。尽管黏豆包历史悠久,但长期以来黏豆包的制作主要以农村家庭和小作坊式生产为主,商品化率很低[2−3]。近20年,随着城镇化和消费需求的不断发展,出现了以黑龙江亚沟镇为代表的一大批黏豆包生产企业,黏豆包商品开始进入城镇市场和超市,传统黏豆包初步实现了规模化生产。然而由于黏豆包发酵理论和生产应用研究严重不足,目前黏豆包生产企业仍然普遍采用传统自然发酵工艺进行生产,传统工艺虽然可以保留黏豆包原有的感官和风味特征,但传统工艺生产周期长、效率低,产品质量不稳定,食品安全存在较大风险隐患,因此传统自然发酵工艺缺陷严重影响了黏豆包产品的规模化、标准化和现代化生产[4]。
解决黏豆包传统自然发酵工艺与现代工业化生产要求之间的矛盾,关键是要实现黏豆包自然发酵过程的精准可控,但现有研究表明,自然发酵微生物群落受到复杂的生物和非生物因素影响,菌群结构和功能的演替无法实现准确的设计和调控[5],因此目前大多数工业化生产的发酵食品都采用接种食品级微生物菌种(发酵剂)的方式实现产品质量和安全的稳定、可控。同时,已有研究证明,复合菌种比单一菌种发酵剂在提高食品口感、风味和安全性等方面具有更强大的优势,因为复合菌种比单一菌种更适合替代自然发酵菌群丰富的代谢产物和多样的发酵功能[6]。目前黏豆包酸面团中发现和鉴定的细菌和真菌种类繁多[1,3],但已用于发酵剂开发和应用研究的种类很少,主要集中于单一菌种的乳酸菌[7−8]或酵母菌[9−10],而采用多物种进行黏豆包复合菌发酵剂开发和应用的研究鲜有报道。近年,课题组在前期研究中发现自然发酵黄米酸面团中优势微生物主要由乳酸菌、醋酸菌和酵母菌组成[11],基于它们开发类似于自然发酵菌群的复合菌发酵剂对于稳定和控制黏豆包产品理化品质将具有积极的现实意义。
因此,为了开发东北传统黄米黏豆包优良、专用的发酵剂,在前期糯性黄米酸面团自然发酵菌群多样性和优势菌种鉴定研究基础上[11],选取10个成熟黄米酸面团中原位优势菌种,组合成10组复合菌发酵剂,本文对10组复合菌发酵剂进行了发酵性质筛选及其对东北黄米黏豆包理化性质影响的研究,希望为东北黄米黏豆包标准化和现代化生产提供优良、关键的发酵剂菌种资源。
10组复合菌发酵剂 共涉及31个微生物菌株,包括21株乳酸菌、8株酵母菌和2株醋酸菌,其详细信息见表1。所有实验菌株均由本实验室前期从10个自然发酵成熟黄米酸面团中分离、纯化、鉴定和保藏(相关内容待发表);黄米原料 购自河北泥河湾农业发展股份有限公司;MRS、YPD、ABM培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;牛胆盐、α-淀粉酶(3600 U/mL)、唾液淀粉酶(75 U/mL)、胃蛋白酶(3000 U/mL)、胰蛋白酶(100 U/mL) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;植酸钠 金克隆(北京)生物技术有限公司;葡萄糖含量试剂盒(GOPOD酶法) 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;2-2联吡啶、三氯乙酸、硫酸铁铵、巯基乙酸 山东麦克林科源生化有限公司;0.22 μm无菌滤膜 美国密理博(Millipore)公司;上述试剂均为国产分析纯。
SHP-250F型生化培养箱 上海森信实验仪器有限公司;MLS-3751L-PC型高压蒸汽灭菌锅 日本松下健康医疗株式会社;Sorvall Legend Micro 21型高速离心机 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;SPECTROstar型全波长酶标仪 BMG科技(中国)有限公司;BSC-1360ⅡA2型生物安全柜 北京东联哈尔仪器制造有限公司;FE28-Standard型便捷式pH计 梅特勒-托利多国际有限公司;CR-410型色度仪 柯尼卡美能达(中国)投资有限公司;T35型海氏蒸汽烤箱 青岛汉尚电器有限公司;TA.TOUCH型质构仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;KDN-18型全自动凯氏定氮仪 上海纤检有限公司。
从−80 ℃冰箱取出保藏菌株,融化后乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌以1%(v/v)菌液分别接种到MRS、YPD和ABM液体培养基中,30 ℃条件下培养24 h。相同条件下活化培养两次。
模拟面团培养基(Simulated dough medium,SDM)制备:100 g黄米粉加入900 g蒸馏水中,充分搅拌后静置15 min,8000 r/min条件下离心15 min,上清液使用0.22 μm无菌滤膜过滤除菌。复合菌中单菌株均以1:1的比例接种到SDM中,30 ℃条件下培养48 h。培养过程中,分别在0、4、8、10、20、24、36、48 h取样,用pH计测定菌液的pH,同时用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液滴定菌液pH至8.3[12],总滴定酸度(TTA)结果表示为滴定1 mL SDM所消耗的0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液体积(µL)。培养结束后菌液用无菌生理盐水进行10倍梯度稀释,100 µL稀释液涂布在MRS、YPD、ABM平板上,30 ℃培养1~2 d后进行计数。活菌计数结果以lg CFU/mL(每mL SDM中菌落形成单位)表示。
将所有菌株活化后的菌液用无菌生理盐水稀释到相同的吸光值(OD600=0.01),复合菌中单菌株均以1:1的比例接种到和面蒸馏水中,取500 g黄米粉、加入350 g蒸馏水,混合成面团,面团在30 ℃下发酵10 h。发酵结束后,取适量面团,加入提前制备好的豆沙馅,手工搓揉成型后醒发30 min,在100 ℃蒸制20 min,即得黄米黏豆包成品。自然发酵(SF)组酸面团未接种任何菌株,面团在30 ℃下发酵40 h。人工酸化(RG)组酸面团没有进行发酵,但利用乳酸将面团pH调至4.5。SF和RG组黏豆包其他制作方法均与复合菌黏豆包相同。
复合菌中各单菌株均以1:1体积的比例接种到1.2.3制作的黄米酸面团中,pH、TTA和活菌计数操作与1.2.2相同。
取5 g 1.2.3制作的黄米酸面团样品,放置在两块直径为40 mm的不锈钢平板之间,预热10 min后开始测定。设置参数:恒温25 ℃,应力1.0%,频率0.1~20 Hz,夹缝距离为2 mm,并在1 h内完成测定。记录测量过程中的储能模量和损耗模量,损耗系数(tanδ)按下列公式计算。
$ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\delta =\frac{\mathrm{损}\mathrm{耗}\mathrm{模}\mathrm{量}}{\mathrm{储}\mathrm{能}\mathrm{模}\mathrm{量}} $
1.2.3制作的黄米黏豆包冷却至室温后开始用CR-410型色度仪进行产品颜色的测量[13]。L*代表亮度(0~100表示从黑色到白色),a*代表红绿值(正值表示偏红,负值表示偏绿),b*代表黄蓝值(正值表示偏黄,负值表示偏蓝)。
参照唐天培[14]的方法并进行部分修改。取0.5 g黄米黏豆包样品于50 mL离心管中,加入25.0 mL KCl-HCl缓冲液(pH1.5)、1 mL胃蛋白酶(3000 U/mL),在37 ℃下加热30 min,调节pH为7后加入20 mL乙酸钠缓冲液(0.2 mol/L pH=5.2)、4 mL α-淀粉酶(3600 U/mL)、1 mL糖化酶(2500 U/mL)。分别在第0、20、40、60、90、120、150和180 min取样,放入沸水浴中加热5 min。按照葡萄糖试剂盒说明测定各时间点样品中葡萄糖含量。采用《GB5009.9—2016》方法测定总淀粉含量。总淀粉(total starch,TS)、快消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)、慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS)和抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)含量的计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}=\left(\mathrm{G}180-\mathrm{G}0\right)\times 0.9 $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=\frac{(\mathrm{G}20-\mathrm{G}0)\times 0.9}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}\times 100 $
$\rm \mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=\frac{(G120-\mathrm{G}20)\times 0.9}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}(\text{%})=1-\frac{(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S})}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}} $
$ \mathrm{淀}\mathrm{粉}\mathrm{水}\mathrm{解}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{G}\times 0.9}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}\times 100 $
式中:G0、G20、G120、G180分别为水解0、20、120、180 min时释放的葡萄糖数量;0.9为转换系数。
以淀粉水解率为纵坐标,时间为横坐标,绘制淀粉水解率曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)进而计算得出淀粉水解指数(HI),HI=AUC样品/AUC白面包×100。预期血糖指数(Expected glycemic index,eGI)计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{I}=0.862\times \mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}+8.189 $
取0.5 g黄米黏豆包样品加入4 mL模拟口腔液(3.5 mL电解液、0.5 mL唾液淀粉酶)、4 mL蒸馏水、25 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2、975 µL蒸馏水,将pH调节至7,在37 ℃下搅拌2 min。其次,加入9.1 mL模拟胃液(7.5 mL电解液+1.6 mL胃蛋白酶)、5 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2,使用1 mol/L HCl调节pH至3,放入摇床在37 ℃条件下混匀振荡2 h,立即放入100 ℃沸水浴10 min。然后,加入10 mL模拟肠液(8 mL电解液、2 mL胰蛋白酶)、20 µL 0.3 mol/L CaCl2,将pH调节至7,放置37 ℃摇床混匀振荡2 h后立即放入100 ℃沸水浴10 min。最后,加入30 mL三氯乙酸(10%),于6000 r/min,离心20 min,取出上清液使用KDN-18全自动凯氏定氮仪对样品进行蛋白质含量测定[15]。蛋白质消化率(%)计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{消}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{上}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{液}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{g}/100\;\mathrm{g})}{\mathrm{总}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\mathrm{g}/100\;\mathrm{g})}\times 100 $
果聚糖标准曲线制作[16]:取6支试管,分别加入2%果聚糖(菊粉)标准溶液0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5 mL,用蒸馏水补至1 mL,加入1.2 mL浓硫酸,混匀,静置于室温,5 min后迅速冷却,测定波长460 nm处的吸光度值,以菊粉含量为横坐标(X),吸光度为纵坐标(Y)作标准曲线(Y=188.57X+0.0365,R2=0.992)。样品的测定:取1 g黏豆包加入9 mL蒸馏水中,充分搅拌混匀,在10000 r/min离心10 min,取0.5 mL上清液加入等体积蒸馏水至1 mL,其余方法与标准曲线测定相同,果聚糖含量以g/100 g(每100 g黏豆包中果聚糖含量)表示。
植酸标准曲线制作[17]:取5支2 mL离心管,准确移取0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mL的1 mg/mL的植酸标准溶液,并用2 mol/L盐酸溶液定容至2 mL,试剂摇匀后,各吸取0.5 mL于2 mL离心管中,加入1 mL硫酸铁铵溶液(0.02 g硫酸铁铵溶于1000 mL、0.2 mol/L盐酸溶液),混匀后沸水浴30 min,迅速置于冰水中冷却至室温后,再于5000 r/min,离心10 min。将上清液1 mL与双吡啶溶液1.5 mL振荡混匀后,于519 nm波长处测定吸光度值(Y=2.5414x+1.2312,R2=0.988)。样品的测定:称取1 g黄米黏豆包,加入30 mL、0.2 mol/L盐酸溶液,室温下磁力搅拌提取3 h。提取液在5000 r/min,离心10 min,取0.5 mL上清液加入1 mL硫酸铁铵溶液,其余步骤与标准曲线测定相同。
将黄米黏豆包样品切取边长为3 cm的正方体,使用TA4/1000探头置于样品上方于2.0 cm处,以0.1 cm/s的速率下降,压缩35%后,探头会自动恢复到原来的位置并重复一次移动以完成测量[18]。
挑选10名经过专业培训的感官评价员(男女比例1:1)对本研究制作的黄米黏豆包的颜色、外观、黏性、弹性、气味和味道6个感官指标进行打分评价[8],具体指标见表2。
所有实验指标至少进行3次重复,数据以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 25.0进行数据统计分析并进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05表示组间具有显著差异。使用Origin 2024或Graphpad prism 9.0进行绘图。
复合菌中微生物成员之间在发酵过程中形成合作共生关系是复合菌作为发酵剂的前提,也是复合菌发挥协同发酵作用的代谢基础[19]。为了考察复合菌生长能力和互作关系,利用MRS、YPD、ABM平板分别对SDM培养后的乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌进行了活菌计数(图1)。结果显示,所有10组发酵剂中乳酸菌、酵母菌或醋酸菌在SDM中均可以良好的存活和生长,10组发酵剂活菌总数均高于10 lg CFU/mL,明显高于黄米酸面团(原位)条件下活菌总数[11],尽管MRS平板计数不能明确区分2株以上乳酸菌的具体数量,但这些结果可以证明,10组发酵剂在SDM中具有良好的生长能力,同时II型(C、D、E、F、G、I组)和III型(H、J组)发酵剂中乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌之间存在良好的共生互作关系。
根据发酵剂中乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌组成不同,10组发酵剂可以分为3类菌型(表1)。由图1可知,I型发酵剂中A组活菌数量最高(10.77 lg CFU/mL),II型发酵剂中D组活菌总数最高(16.19 lg CFU/mL),III型发酵剂中J组活菌总数最高(20.54 lg CFU/mL),因此根据生长活性(活菌总数)大小,10组发酵剂中A、D和J组生长能力表现最好,同时后2组发酵剂中乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌之间体现最佳的协同发酵关系。
为了考察复合菌的发酵产酸能力,在SDM培养过程中10组发酵剂pH和TTA的监测结果如图2所示。pH代表样品中强酸的浓度,而TTA代表样品中总酸的浓度,因此pH和TTA的变化趋势并非总是一致的。由图2A可知,在培养20 h之前,随着培养时间的增加所有样品pH迅速降低;在培养24 h之后,大多数样品pH趋于稳定;发酵结束时,10组样品pH平均值为3.83,其中A、B组样品终点pH明显低于其他组样品,且B组样品pH下降速度快于A组样品。这些结果表明,10组发酵剂中B组产酸能力最佳。由图2B可知,在全程发酵过程中,随着培养时间的增加所有样品TTA始终在增加,在培养8 h之前,所有样品TTA缓慢增加;在8 h之后,少数样品TTA快速升高,其中B组样品TTA增加速度最快;培养结束时,10组样品TTA平均值为65.4 μL/mL,其中A、B、C组样品终点TTA明显高于其他组样品。这些结果表明,10组发酵剂中B组产总酸能力最强。
综合考虑10组发酵剂菌群类型、生长能力和产酸能力,在三类菌型中分别挑选B组(I型,生长第二,产酸第一)、D组(II型,生长第一,产酸第二)和J组(III型,生长第一,产酸第一)进行后续原位培养和黏豆包理化性质研究。此外,考虑到只有C组发酵剂中含有独特的戴尔有孢圆酵母(T. delbrueckii)[20],而其他组发酵剂中酵母菌均为酿酒酵母,因此C组发酵剂也被挑选出来进行后续研究。
为了验证4组复合菌在原位生长条件下的发酵性质和互作关系,对4组复合菌在黄米酸面团中生长、产酸能力进行了研究,结果如图3所示。由图3A可知,经过40 h培养的自然发酵组(SF)菌群同时含有7.82 lg CFU/g乳酸菌和4.37 lg CFU/g酵母菌,因此属于II型菌群。经过10 h培养的4组发酵剂中乳酸菌数量为8.89~9.32 lg CFU/g,酵母菌数量为3.34~4.74 lg CFU/g,醋酸菌数量为5.11 lg CFU/g。与SF相比,4组复合菌发酵酸面团中乳酸菌数量都明显高于SF组,C、D组复合菌(II型菌群)发酵酸面团中酵母菌数量均略高于SF组,这些结果表明,4组复合菌在黄米酸面团中生长速度和生物量明显高于自然发酵,证明在生长能力上这4组复合菌是良好的发酵剂。此外,尽管乳酸菌、酵母菌、醋酸菌数量和活菌总数均略低于SDM,但4组复合菌发酵酸面团中乳酸菌、酵母菌、醋酸菌数量比例与SDM中生长情况(图1)基本一致,这进一步证明4组复合菌在原位与SDM条件下体现了一致的共生互作关系。由图3B可知,随着发酵时间的增加,4组复合菌发酵酸面团pH在4 h后迅速降低,发酵结束时(10 h)pH范围4.44~4.63,pH平均值为4.54,明显低于自然发酵酸面团pH(6.41)。由图3C可知,随着发酵时间的增加,4组复合菌发酵酸面团TTA快速增加,发酵结束时(10 h)TTA达到990~1020 μL/g(平均值977.5 μL/g),明显高于自然发酵酸面团TTA(390 μL/g)。为了保持自然发酵与4组复合菌发酵酸面团在制作黏豆包时初始酸度的一致性,自然发酵酸面团的发酵时间延长到40 h,此时酸面团的pH为4.45,TTA为1350 μL/g,表明此时黄米酸面团酸度已经成熟[11]。总之pH和TTA结果进一步证明4组复合菌在原位条件下体现了优良的发酵产酸能力。
酸面团动态流变学性质可以用储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')、损耗系数(tanδ)来表征[21]。图4为6组酸面团的流变学特性。由图4C可知,所有样品tanδ都小于1,表明所有酸面团样品表现为明显的固体特性。由图4A可知,随频率的增加,所有样品G'呈现增大的趋势,但增加的幅度逐渐减小;角频率大于50时,样品G'趋于稳定;角频率为100时,酸面团SD-J的G'最大(6148.76 Pa),酸面团SD-D的G'最小(5547.95 Pa),这些结果表明4组复合菌酸面团的弹性不同,且都大于人工酸化面团和自然发酵酸面团,J组复合菌酸面团的弹性最大。由图4B可知,随角频率的增加,所有样品G''同样逐渐增大,但与G'不完全相同,多数样品G''的增幅没有逐渐减小(例如SD-B);角频率为100时,酸面团SD-B的G''最大(2034.95 Pa),人工酸化面团SD-RG的G''最小(1597.40 Pa),这些结果表明4组复合菌酸面团的黏性是不同的,且都大于人工酸化面团,B组复合菌制作的酸面团黏性最大。
传统黄米黏豆包成品具有明亮、金黄的宜人色泽,不仅给消费者带来诱人的食欲,而且具有美好的节日寓意[3],因此色度是黏豆包外观品质的重要评价指标。4组复合菌制作黏豆包的色度检测结果如表3所示。由表3可知,4组复合菌黏豆包的L*、a*、b*值均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中黏豆包NDB-J的L*值最大(71.62±0.03),黏豆包NDB-C的a*值最大(3.21±0.12),黏豆包NDB-B的b*值最大(42.93±0.16),表明4组复合菌发酵可以赋予黏豆包色度显著性的变化和差异。此外,与自然发酵黏豆包NDB-SF和人工酸化黏豆包NDB-RG相比,4组复合菌黏豆包的L*和b*值显著高于NDB-SF且低于NDB-RG(P<0.05),4组复合菌黏豆包的a*值显著低于NDB-SF(P<0.05),而与NDB-RG相差不大,NDB-D与NDB-RG的a*值最接近(P>0.05),这些结果表明4组复合菌黏豆包的亮度、黄蓝色和红绿色均显著优于自然发酵黏豆包,亮度和黄蓝色均显著劣于人工酸化黏豆包,红绿色与人工酸化黏豆包相比互有优劣。总之,与自然发酵组相比,4组复合菌都能够显著改善黏豆包的亮度和黄色,其中黏豆包NDB-J的亮度最佳,黏豆包NDB-B的黄色值最大。
发酵可以全面改善发酵食品的理化性质,其中微生物对食品中淀粉和蛋白质的利用和改变最为显著[22−23]。为了探究4组复合菌对黄米黏豆包淀粉和蛋白质消化性质的影响,在体外模拟消化条件下测定了6组黄米黏豆包的淀粉消化动力学曲线、淀粉组成、预期血糖指数和蛋白质消化率(图5)。由图5A可知,在消化20 min之前所有黏豆包淀粉消化率迅速增加,在消化40 min以后淀粉消化率趋于稳定,在消化结束时(180 min),4组复合菌黏豆包的淀粉消化率均低于自然发酵组和人工酸化组,其中J组黏豆包淀粉消化率最低(63.96%)。由图5B可知,与自然发酵和人工酸化黏豆包相比,4组复合菌黏豆包中快消化淀粉含量均有所降低,抗性淀粉均明显升高,而慢消化淀粉含量无明显变化,其中J组黏豆包快消化淀粉最低(21.97%)且抗性淀粉最高(41.16%)。由图5C可知,6组黄米黏豆包eGI值高低排序为:NDB-J<NDB-C<NDB-D<NDB-B<NDB-SF<NDB-RG。总体来说,C、D、J组黏豆包eGI值显著低于人工酸化黏豆包(P<0.05),其中J组黏豆包的eGI值最低(68.5),这与J组黏豆包的淀粉消化率(图5A)和快消化淀粉组成(图5B)结果一致。上述结果证明,与人工酸化黏豆包相比,4组复合菌发酵剂可以明显改善黏豆包的淀粉消化性质,B、D、J组复合菌可以显著降低淀粉消化率、减少快消化淀粉和增加抗性淀粉含量,C、D、J组复合菌可以显著降低黏豆包的eGI值,其中J组复合菌改善黏豆包淀粉消化性质的能力最佳。由图5D可知,4组复合菌黏豆包蛋白质消化率普遍高于自然发酵黏豆包,且显著高于人工酸化黏豆包(P<0.05),J组黏豆包蛋白质消化率最高,且显著高于其他复合菌黏豆包(P<0.05)。这些结果表明,与人工酸化黏豆包相比,4组复合菌可以有效提高黏豆包的蛋白质消化率,J组复合菌分解黏豆包中蛋白质能力最强。
食物中果聚糖通常被肠道菌群降解为低聚果糖,现有研究表明低聚果糖对健康人群具有多种有益功效,例如调节血糖、降低血脂、调节肠道菌群,调节便秘等[24−26],但高果聚糖饮食会加重肠易激综合征患者的症状[27−29],因此食品中果聚糖含量高低对不同人群饮食健康可能具有不同的生理作用和现实意义。6组黏豆包中果聚糖含量见图6A。由图可知,人工酸化黏豆包中果聚糖含量最高(9.21 g/100 g),自然发酵黏豆包中果聚糖含量最低(5 g/100 g),与人工酸化黏豆包相比,4组复合菌黏豆包中果聚糖含量均显著降低(P<0.05),其中D组复合菌黏豆包的果聚糖含量最低(5.55 g/100 g),且与自然发酵黏豆包的果聚糖含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,4组复合菌发酵可以不同程度降低黏豆包中果聚糖含量,果聚糖含量较高的B、C、J组黏豆包适合消化正常的人群消费,并对摄食人群可能带来多种健康好处,相反,果聚糖含量较低的D组黏豆包更适合特殊的人群(如肠易激综合征患者)食用,可以减轻或缓解特殊人群的症状,从而预防相关疾病的发生和发展。因此B、C、J组复合菌发酵剂适合用于开发普通消费者食用的黏豆包,而D组复合菌可以针对肠易激综合征患者开发具有特殊医疗作用的低果聚糖黏豆包。
植酸广泛存在于谷物食品中,是谷物中磷的主要贮存形式,由于植酸在生物体内可以螯合蛋白质和矿物质元素,形成难以降解的复合物,降低谷物食品中蛋白质和矿物质元素的生物利用度,因此植酸被认为是食品中的抗营养因子[30]。图6B显示了6组黏豆包中植酸的含量。由图可知,5组发酵黏豆包中植酸含量均显著低于人工酸化黏豆包,J组黏豆包中植酸含量最低(0.12 mg/g),这表明微生物发酵可以显著降低黄米黏豆包中植酸含量,从而显著提高黄米粘豆包中蛋白质和矿物质元素的可及性和生物利用度,其中J组复合菌降低植酸的效果最佳。
6组黏豆包的质构特性见表4。整体而言,6组黏豆包的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性和胶着性存在显著性差异(P<0.05),弹性和内聚性差异不显著(P>0.05),表明发酵可以显著改变黄米黏豆包的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性和胶着性特征,而对黏豆包的弹性和内聚性改变较小。通常而言,自然发酵制作的黏豆包具有良好的质构性质(质构分析时作为阳性对照),而未发酵的人工酸化黏豆包质构性质较差(质构分析时作为阴性对照)。具体而言,J组黏豆包与自然发酵黏豆包的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性和胶着性没有显著差异(P>0.05),而其他3组黏豆包与自然发酵黏豆包的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性存在显著差异(P<0.05),与此同时J组黏豆包与人工酸化黏豆包的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性存在显著差异(P<0.05),B、C组黏豆包与人工酸化黏豆包的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性没有显著差异(P>0.05),这些结果一致表明在4组复合菌制作的黏豆包中,J组黏豆包质构特征与自然发酵黏豆包最相似,C组黏豆包与人工酸化黏豆包质构特征最接近,因此4组复合菌黏豆包中J组黏豆包质构性质最佳,C组黏豆包质构特征最差。
感官评价可以直接反映消费者对产品单一和整体感官品质的喜好程度,因此是评价食品消费者接受度的关键指标[31]。6组黄米黏豆包的感官评价结果如图7所示。具体而言(图7A),4组复合菌黏豆包的颜色得分明显高于自然发酵黏豆包,但低于人工酸化黏豆包,这与6组黏豆包的色度结果(表3)完全一致;6组黏豆包的外观得分差异很小;4组复合菌黏豆包的黏性得分明显高于自然发酵和人工酸化黏豆包,其中J组黏豆包黏性得分最高,这与黏豆包流变性质的损耗模量G''结果(图4B)部分一致;4组复合菌黏豆包的弹性得分明显高于自然发酵和人工酸化黏豆包,其中J组黏豆包弹性得分最大,这与黏豆包流变性质的储能模量G'结果(图4A)完全一致;4组复合菌黏豆包的气味得分也明显高于自然发酵和人工酸化黏豆包;4组复合菌黏豆包的味道得分明显高于人工酸化黏豆包,但只有J组黏豆包的味道得分高于自然发酵黏豆包。整体而言(图7B),4组复合菌黏豆包的感官评价均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中J组黏豆包感官评价最高(79.4)。综合可知,4组复合菌发酵显著提高了黄米黏豆包的味道、气味、弹性、黏性和感官评价(P<0.05),证明4组复合菌可以明显改善黄米黏豆包的感官风味品质,其中J组黏豆包具有最佳的感官风味品质和消费者接受度。
为了综合评价4组复合菌发酵剂对黄米黏豆包理化品质的影响,对6组黄米黏豆包17个理化指标进行了主成分分析。由图8可知,前两个主成分合计方差贡献率为71.6%,表明前两个因子可以解释产品大多数理化性质信息。整体而言,6组样品没有明显聚类,表明6组黏豆包理化性质存在明显的差异。与人工酸化黏豆包NDB-RG相比,4组复合菌黏豆包均向第一主成分正方向移动,主要表现为感官总分、蛋白消化率、抗性和慢消化淀粉、果聚糖和弹性等质构特性的增加,以及植酸、快消化淀粉和eGI值的减小,这些指标的变化均体现为黏豆包理化品质地改善和提高,其中黏豆包NDB-J在第一主成分正方向最远端,这些结果证明与人工酸化黏豆包NDB-RG相比,4组复合菌黏豆包理化性质均得到有效改善和提升,但4组复合菌对黏豆包理化性质具体影响是不同的,其中J组复合菌制作的黏豆包NDB-J理化品质最佳。此外,与自然发酵黏豆包NDB-SF相比,4组复合菌黏豆包均向第二主成分负方向移动,感官总分、抗性淀粉、L*和b*值的增加,以及a*值、快消化和慢消化淀粉、果聚糖、硬度等质构性质的减少,多数指标变化对黏豆包理化品质具有改善作用,少数指标(例如b*增加、果聚糖含量减少)变化对黏豆包理化品质不利,这些结果进一步证明4组复合菌对黏豆包理化性质具有积极地改善作用,但4组复合菌的具体影响是特异性的。在4组复合菌黏豆包中NDB-J的大多数理化、功能和感官指标优于其他3组黏豆包,只有颜色b*指标稍差,因此黏豆包NDB-J的综合理化品质最佳,也就是说J组是黄米黏豆包的最佳复合菌发酵剂。
本文通过10组复合菌发酵剂的筛选和6组黏豆包多种理化性质的比较,探究了4组复合菌发酵剂对黄米黏豆包理化性质的影响。筛选实验结果表明,10组复合菌含有三类不同的菌群类型,B、D、J组复合菌在模拟酸面团培养基中表现出最佳的发酵性质和共生互作关系,由于含有独特的酵母菌(T. delbrueckii),C组复合菌同时入选。经原位条件下发酵,4组复合菌在黄米酸面团中协同生长和产酸能力得到了验证。然后以未发酵的人工酸化黏豆包为阴性对照,自然发酵黏豆包为阳性对照,对4组复合菌酸面团的流变学与黏豆包的色度、消化、果聚糖、植酸、质构和感官性质进行比较和综合评价,结果表明4组复合菌对黄米黏豆包理化性质均有积极的改善作用,但4组复合菌的具体改善效果是特异性的,B组复合菌黏豆包的b*值最大,D组复合菌黏豆包果聚糖含量最低,J组复合菌黏豆包的综合理化品质最佳。总之,本研究筛选了10组黄米酸面团原位优势菌群的协同发酵性质,获得4组黄米黏豆包优良发酵剂候选复合菌,揭示了4组复合菌对黄米黏豆包多种理化和感官性质的影响,J组复合菌是黄米黏豆包的最佳候选发酵剂,这些结果为东北黄米黏豆包产品品质稳定、改造和控制提供了新的研究思路和参考方法,为今后东北黄米黏豆包工业化、标准化和现代化生产提供了优良、关键的发酵剂菌种资源。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020054
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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    黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319

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孙大庆(1979−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品微生物与生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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