Article(id=1320889287449625242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854147064, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854147064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854147064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854147064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889287671923355, articleId=1320889287449625242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Enzymolysis Combined with Chemical Modification on Physicochemical Properties and Hypoglycemic Activity of Oil Palm Kernel Expeller Dietary Fiber, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation or acetylation modification on the chemical composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and hypoglycemic activity of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber. The results demonstrated that both composite modification methods rendered the microstructure of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber more loose and porous. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful introduction of carboxymethyl and acetyl groups via chemical modification, and the stretching vibration of the absorption peak around 3400 cm−1 indicated that the composite modifications disrupted the hydrogen bonds in the fiber. After enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation and enzymolysis combined with acetylation, the soluble dietary fiber content of oil palm kernel expeller fiber increased significantly from 4.00% to 16.14% and 12.85% (P<0.05); water-holding capacity rose from 2.06 g/g to 5.72 g/g and 4.15 g/g; water-swelling capacity increased from 1.01 mL/g to 3.58 mL/g and 2.46 mL/g; viscosity increased from 4.08 cP to 13.90 cP and 7.71 cP; glucose adsorption capacity enhanced from 1.84 μmol/g to 3.99 μmol/g and 4.53 μmol/g; and glucose diffusion inhibition capacity improved from 16.32% to 38.18% and 25.15%, respectively. In addition, for the oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber treated with enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation, its α-amylase inhibitory activity (19.41%) was increased by 0.43 times compared with that of the unmodified fiber, while the activity of the oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber treated with enzymolysis combined with acetylation was not improved. In conclusion, enzymolysis combined with either carboxymethylation or acetylation could enhance the physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic activity of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber to a certain extent, with enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation yielding the best results. This thus expands its application potential in the food industry.

, authors=Nan WANG, Xinling SONG, Biao MA, Xinyu LIU, Yixuan ZHANG, Yajun ZHENG*, Hao WANG, authorsList=Nan WANG, Xinling SONG, Biao MA, Xinyu LIU, Yixuan ZHANG, Yajun ZHENG, Hao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yajun ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889290847011500, articleId=1320889287449625242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酶法结合化学改性对油棕粕膳食纤维理化性质与降血糖活性的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文探究酶法结合羧甲基化或乙酰化改性对油棕粕膳食纤维的化学组成、结构、理化性质与降血糖活性的影响。结果表明,两种复合改性均使油棕粕膳食纤维的微观结构变得疏松多孔;FT-IR 光谱证实化学改性成功引入了羧甲基和乙酰基,且3400 cm−1附近吸收峰的伸缩振动说明复合改性破坏了纤维中的氢键。经酶法结合羧甲基改性和酶法结合乙酰化改性处理后,油棕粕纤维的可溶性膳食纤维含量从4.00%显著增至16.14%和12.85%(P<0.05);持水力从2.06 g/g分别增至5.72 g/g和4.15 g/g;膨胀力从1.01 mL/g分别增至3.58 mL/g和2.46 mL/g;黏度从4.08 cP分别增至13.90 cP和7.71 cP;葡萄糖吸附能力从1.84 μmol/g分别增至3.99 μmol/g和4.53 μmol/g;葡萄糖扩散抑制能力从16.32%分别增至38.18%和25.15%。此外,经酶法结合羧甲基处理的纤维,其α-淀粉酶抑制活性(19.41%)较未改性纤维提升了0.43倍,而酶法结合乙酰化处理的纤维该活性并未得到提高。综上所述,酶法结合羧甲基或乙酰化均可一定程度增强油棕粕膳食纤维的理化性质与降血糖活性,其中酶法结合羧甲基改性的效果最优,这有助于扩大其在食品工业生产中的应用。

, authors=王楠, 宋昕凌, 马彪, 刘心语, 张怡萱, 郑亚军*, 王浩, authorsList=王楠, 宋昕凌, 马彪, 刘心语, 张怡萱, 郑亚军, 王浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑亚军, authorNote=

王楠(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郑亚军(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Journal of Functional Foods, 2020, 64: 103587., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889291069309613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889291077698222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, companyId=1320889291069309613, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889291081892527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, companyId=1320889291069309613, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889295519466207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different modifications on surface microstructure of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber, figureFileSmall=AP8jmpBTDXl9AeNHfBhXQg==, figureFileBig=GDIhdsTxr/8YoRZiU9qT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889295578186464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同改性对OPKEDF表面微观结构的影响

注:a、b、c分别代表OPKEDF、OPKEDF-EC、OPKEDF-EA。

, figureFileSmall=AP8jmpBTDXl9AeNHfBhXQg==, figureFileBig=GDIhdsTxr/8YoRZiU9qT5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889295792095969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FT-IR spectra of different modified oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber, figureFileSmall=QW+tloHS/p31ZuFJWX2n8Q==, figureFileBig=jmv++4CWc/1Xfb+S1YZp3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889295888564962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同改性OPKEDF的傅里叶红外光谱, figureFileSmall=QW+tloHS/p31ZuFJWX2n8Q==, figureFileBig=jmv++4CWc/1Xfb+S1YZp3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889295976645347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different modifications on water-holding capacity of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber, figureFileSmall=OdYegJRxsmcOIg2si2mezg==, figureFileBig=Z7XnDXs2VoLIQPPmSgx+NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889296064725732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同改性对OPKEDF持水力的影响

注:不同小写字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05),图4~图8同。

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Effects of different modification methods on the chemical composition of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学组成OPKEDFOPKEDF-ECOPKEDF-EA
水分 (g/100 g)9.67±0.62a7.00±0.79a7.21±0.38a
脂肪 (g/100 g)3.56±0.21a2.79±0.65a2.73±0.54a
灰分(g/100 g)3.28±0.39b4.23±0.32a1.81±0.48c
蛋白质 (g/100 g)4.47±0.07a3.72±0.24a2.44±0.18a
总膳食纤维 (g/100 g)66.60±2.40b73.87±5.67a75.74±5.52a
不可溶性膳食纤维 (g/100 g)62.61±2.26a57.73±4.25a61.89±5.34a
可溶性膳食纤维 (g/100 g)4.00±0.14b16.14±1.41a12.85±1.18a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889297104913136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889287449625242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同改性方法对油棕粕膳食纤维化学组成的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学组成OPKEDFOPKEDF-ECOPKEDF-EA
水分 (g/100 g)9.67±0.62a7.00±0.79a7.21±0.38a
脂肪 (g/100 g)3.56±0.21a2.79±0.65a2.73±0.54a
灰分(g/100 g)3.28±0.39b4.23±0.32a1.81±0.48c
蛋白质 (g/100 g)4.47±0.07a3.72±0.24a2.44±0.18a
总膳食纤维 (g/100 g)66.60±2.40b73.87±5.67a75.74±5.52a
不可溶性膳食纤维 (g/100 g)62.61±2.26a57.73±4.25a61.89±5.34a
可溶性膳食纤维 (g/100 g)4.00±0.14b16.14±1.41a12.85±1.18a
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酶法结合化学改性对油棕粕膳食纤维理化性质与降血糖活性的影响
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王楠 , 宋昕凌 , 马彪 , 刘心语 , 张怡萱 , 郑亚军 * , 王浩
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(5): 43-50
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (5) : 43 -50
酶法结合化学改性对油棕粕膳食纤维理化性质与降血糖活性的影响
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王楠(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:

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王楠 , 宋昕凌, 马彪, 刘心语, 张怡萱, 郑亚军* , 王浩
作者信息
  • 山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030092
通讯作者:
郑亚军(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王楠(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:

Effects of Enzymolysis Combined with Chemical Modification on Physicochemical Properties and Hypoglycemic Activity of Oil Palm Kernel Expeller Dietary Fiber
Nan WANG , Xinling SONG, Biao MA, Xinyu LIU, Yixuan ZHANG, Yajun ZHENG* , Hao WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030092, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050200
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本文探究酶法结合羧甲基化或乙酰化改性对油棕粕膳食纤维的化学组成、结构、理化性质与降血糖活性的影响。结果表明,两种复合改性均使油棕粕膳食纤维的微观结构变得疏松多孔;FT-IR 光谱证实化学改性成功引入了羧甲基和乙酰基,且3400 cm−1附近吸收峰的伸缩振动说明复合改性破坏了纤维中的氢键。经酶法结合羧甲基改性和酶法结合乙酰化改性处理后,油棕粕纤维的可溶性膳食纤维含量从4.00%显著增至16.14%和12.85%(P<0.05);持水力从2.06 g/g分别增至5.72 g/g和4.15 g/g;膨胀力从1.01 mL/g分别增至3.58 mL/g和2.46 mL/g;黏度从4.08 cP分别增至13.90 cP和7.71 cP;葡萄糖吸附能力从1.84 μmol/g分别增至3.99 μmol/g和4.53 μmol/g;葡萄糖扩散抑制能力从16.32%分别增至38.18%和25.15%。此外,经酶法结合羧甲基处理的纤维,其α-淀粉酶抑制活性(19.41%)较未改性纤维提升了0.43倍,而酶法结合乙酰化处理的纤维该活性并未得到提高。综上所述,酶法结合羧甲基或乙酰化均可一定程度增强油棕粕膳食纤维的理化性质与降血糖活性,其中酶法结合羧甲基改性的效果最优,这有助于扩大其在食品工业生产中的应用。

油棕粕膳食纤维  /  酶法改性  /  羧甲基化  /  乙酰化  /  理化性质  /  降血糖活性

This study investigated the effects of enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation or acetylation modification on the chemical composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and hypoglycemic activity of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber. The results demonstrated that both composite modification methods rendered the microstructure of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber more loose and porous. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful introduction of carboxymethyl and acetyl groups via chemical modification, and the stretching vibration of the absorption peak around 3400 cm−1 indicated that the composite modifications disrupted the hydrogen bonds in the fiber. After enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation and enzymolysis combined with acetylation, the soluble dietary fiber content of oil palm kernel expeller fiber increased significantly from 4.00% to 16.14% and 12.85% (P<0.05); water-holding capacity rose from 2.06 g/g to 5.72 g/g and 4.15 g/g; water-swelling capacity increased from 1.01 mL/g to 3.58 mL/g and 2.46 mL/g; viscosity increased from 4.08 cP to 13.90 cP and 7.71 cP; glucose adsorption capacity enhanced from 1.84 μmol/g to 3.99 μmol/g and 4.53 μmol/g; and glucose diffusion inhibition capacity improved from 16.32% to 38.18% and 25.15%, respectively. In addition, for the oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber treated with enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation, its α-amylase inhibitory activity (19.41%) was increased by 0.43 times compared with that of the unmodified fiber, while the activity of the oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber treated with enzymolysis combined with acetylation was not improved. In conclusion, enzymolysis combined with either carboxymethylation or acetylation could enhance the physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic activity of oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber to a certain extent, with enzymolysis combined with carboxymethylation yielding the best results. This thus expands its application potential in the food industry.

oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber  /  enzymatic modification  /  carboxymethylation  /  acetylation  /  physicochemical properties  /  hypoglycemic activity
王楠, 宋昕凌, 马彪, 刘心语, 张怡萱, 郑亚军, 王浩. 酶法结合化学改性对油棕粕膳食纤维理化性质与降血糖活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050200
Nan WANG, Xinling SONG, Biao MA, Xinyu LIU, Yixuan ZHANG, Yajun ZHENG, Hao WANG. Effects of Enzymolysis Combined with Chemical Modification on Physicochemical Properties and Hypoglycemic Activity of Oil Palm Kernel Expeller Dietary Fiber[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050200
油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacp.)作为世界上产油率最高的多年生油料作物,素有“世界油王”之称,其脱脂后的副产物富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食纤维及微量元素等,是极具开发潜力的植物源膳食纤维资源[1−2]。膳食纤维作为人体必需的“第七类营养素”,通过调节肠道菌群、抑制碳水化合物消化酶活性、延缓葡萄糖吸收等机制,在预防2型糖尿病、心血管疾病及改善代谢综合征等方面发挥着非常重要的作用[3−5]。其中,可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)因具有亲水性基团丰富、水合能力强等特性,能够吸附葡萄糖、胆酸及胆固醇,进而降低餐后血糖峰值并改善机体对胰岛素的敏感性[6]。然而,天然油棕粕膳食纤维(oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber,OPKEDF)中可溶性成分含量较低(仅为4.00 g/100 g),且功能活性较差,限制了其在食品工业中的应用,目前大多被用作饲料或肥料[7]。
通过改性可以显著提高膳食纤维的理化性质和功能活性。膳食纤维的改性技术主要包括物理、化学及酶法改性。酶法改性通过纤维素酶、半纤维素酶等降解膳食纤维的糖苷键,可有效增加可溶性成分含量并改善其理化性质[8−9]。化学改性如羧甲基化、乙酰化等,通过引入极性基团(如羧甲基、乙酰基)增强膳食纤维的亲水性和膨胀力,进一步提升其功能活性[10−11]。酶法结合化学改性相较于单一改性方法,更能有效提高膳食纤维的理化性质和功能活性,其通过不同方法的互补作用,可协同改善膳食纤维的结构与功能。例如田海龙[9]发现酶法结合乙酰化处理能显著提高小米糠膳食纤维的葡萄糖吸附能力,ZHENG等[11]证实酶法结合乙酰化和羟丙基化增强了小米糠膳食纤维对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性。然而,目前针对油棕膳食纤维的复合改性研究仍极为有限,其改性后化学组成的动态变化、微观结构特征及其对理化性质与降血糖活性的影响机制尚不明确。
因此,本研究以油棕核仁脱脂副产物为原料,采用酶法分别结合羧甲基化、乙酰化技术对其膳食纤维进行改性,分析不同改性方法对油棕粕膳食纤维的化学组成(总膳食纤维、可溶性/不可溶性膳食纤维含量等)、理化性质(持水性、膨胀力、黏度)及降血糖活性(葡萄糖吸附能力、葡萄糖扩散抑制能力、α-淀粉酶抑制活性)的影响。旨在为油棕膳食纤维的深度开发提供理论依据,推动其在功能性食品中的应用,同时拓展油棕副产物资源化利用的新途径。
油棕 海南省海口市大致坡加工厂提供;石油醚、氢氧化钠、乙酸、氯乙酸、无水乙醇、盐酸、二甲基亚砜、无水碳酸钠、乙酸异丙烯酯、异丙醇、甲醇、苯酚、浓硫酸 分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂厂;α-淀粉酶(1.0×105 U/g)、葡萄糖淀粉酶(1.0×105 U/g)、木瓜蛋白酶(5×103 U/g)、纤维素酶(3.0×105 U/g)、木质素酶(75 U/g) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
XR 53648数显恒温水浴锅 金坛区西城新镜仪器厂;101-3AB干燥箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;DS-37高温鼓风干燥箱 上海灯晟仪器制造有限公司;JC-TP万分之一电子天平 青岛精诚仪器仪表有限公司;PHS-3E pH计 鹤壁市华晨电子科技有限公司;60SH恒温定时电动搅拌器 上海析牛莱伯仪器有限公司;RE-201D旋转蒸发器 郑州科达机械仪器设备有限公司;KQ-300E型超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;FB-1万用电炉 济南森亚实验仪器有限公司;GNXL-8马弗炉 鹤壁市隆桦仪器仪表有限公司;UV-1800PC紫外可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;LB-SHA-2双功能数显恒温振荡器 李沧区恒瑞兴达仪器仪表行;TGL-15B离心机 江苏华大制造有限公司;SZ-2000B-3超高速多功能粉碎机 深圳尚族机电有限公司;RVA4500快速黏度分析仪 津越工业设备(武汉)有限公司;JSM-IT800扫描电子显微镜 惠州市华高仪器设备有限公司;Nicolet Apex FTIR 光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司。
参考田海龙[9]和李肖肖[10]的方法略作修改。首先将油棕果皮去除得到油棕核仁,粗粉碎后用60~90 ℃沸点的石油醚(1:10,m/v)脱脂8 h,得到油棕粕(oil palm kernel expeller,OPKE)。将OPKE经粉碎机研磨后过100目标准筛,取20 g筛下粉末置于锥形瓶中,加入200 mL浓度为100 μmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液充分混匀;加入0.3 g α-淀粉酶,于90 ℃恒温振荡水浴中反应1.5 h,期间每30 min用0.1 mol/L NaOH/HCl溶液调节pH至5.0;调pH至7.0后加入0.1 g木瓜蛋白酶,于50 ℃恒温反应2 h;调pH至4.0后加入0.2 g糖化酶,50 ℃继续反应2 h。反应结束后经沸水浴灭酶10 min,过滤并收集滤渣,于50 ℃干燥3 h,制得油棕粕膳食纤维(oil palm kernel expeller dietary fiber,OPKEDF)。
参考田海龙[9]和李肖肖[10]的方法略作修改。精确称量20 g OPKEDF样品,转移至400 mL乙酸缓冲体系(pH4.5,0.1 mol/L)中充分混匀。加入纤维素酶(75 U/g OPKEDF),于35 ℃恒温水浴中搅拌酶解2 h;随后使用碱液调节体系pH至6.5,加入木质素酶(25 U/g OPKEDF),继续在35 ℃恒温水浴振荡器中酶解2 h。反应结束后将分散液在沸水中加热10 min使酶失活,过滤并收集滤渣,于50 ℃干燥6 h,制得酶解改性的OPKEDF(OPKEDF-E)。
参考李肖肖[10]的方法并略作修改。称取20 g OPKEDF-E,加入400 mL、70 mmol/L的NaOH溶液(溶于85%乙醇中,v/v),在35 ℃恒温环境中碱化处理70 min;随后加入37 mL、3.5 mmol/L的氯乙酸中(溶于85%乙醇溶液),在35 ℃、115 r/min水浴振荡条件下反应30 min;缓慢加入45 mL、3.4 mol/L的NaOH溶液,升温至53 ℃持续反应4 h。反应体系经8.75 mol/L的醋酸中和至中性,4000 r/min离心30 min收集沉淀,所得沉淀用无水乙醇(每次15 mL)反复洗涤,并于50 ℃下干燥7 h,制得酶法结合羧甲基改性的OPKEDF(OPKEDF-EC)。
参考ZHENG等[11]的方法并略作修改。称取20 g OPKEDF-E置于三角瓶中,沿内壁缓慢加入270 mL二甲基亚砜,在70 ℃水浴中以45 r/min搅拌反应3 h;降温至40 ℃后,加入0.3 g碳酸钠和16 mL的乙酸异丙烯酯(7.4 mol/L),以145 r/min搅拌反应70 h。反应结束后过滤,滤渣用异丙醇纯化3次,于50 ℃下干燥7 h,制得酶法结合乙酰化改性的OPKEDF(OPKEDF-EA)。
水分含量采用恒温干燥恒重法测定(GB 5009.3-2016);蛋白质含量采用凯氏定氮法测定(GB 5009.5-2016);脂肪含量采用索氏抽提法测定(GB 5009.6-2016);灰分含量采用马弗炉高温灼烧法测定(GB 5009.4-2016);总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维及不可溶性膳食纤维含量均采用复合酶重量分析法(GB 5009.88-2023)进行测定。
参考YU等[12]的方法,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对OPKEDF、OPKEDF-EC、OPKEDF-EA三种样品的表面微观结构进行观察。将干燥后的样品均匀涂抹在样品台上,进行喷金处理后放入SEM中,并在加速电压为20 kV,距离为12.3 mm,电镜标尺为50 µm,放大倍数为1000倍下观察图像并记录。
参考LI等[13]的方法,将0.2 g干燥的溴化钾与4 mg样品充分混合,压制成薄片(直径1~2 cm、厚度10 nm),然后在扫描范围为4000~500 cm−1、分辨率为4 cm−1的条件下利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪扫描样品的FT-IR光谱。
参照刘鸿铖等[14]的实验方法并稍作修改。精确称量0.5 g纤维样品(m2)并转移至已称重的50 mL离心管中,加入30 mL蒸馏水后,于25 ℃恒温条件下静置12 h。经4000 r/min离心15 min后,弃去上层清液,使用滤纸吸除残液后进行二次称重(m1)。持水力计算如公式(1)所示:
$ \rm 持水力(g/g)=\frac{{{m}}_{{1}}-{{m}}_{{2}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}} $
参考CHEN等[15]的实验方法并稍作修改。精确称量0.5 g(m)纤维样品转移至20 mL的量筒中,记录初始干样体积(V1)。向其中注入10 mL蒸馏水,振荡混合均匀后,于25 ℃恒温条件下静置水合24 h,最终读取膨胀稳定后的体积(V2)。膨胀力计算如公式(2)所示:
$\rm 膨胀力(mL/g)=\frac{{{V}}_{{2}}-{{V}}_{{1}}}{\text{m}} $
参考ZHENG等[16]的方法,精确称量0.3 g纤维样品,加入25 g蒸馏水,并以1000 r/min的转速分散30 s使其形成均匀悬浮液。将搅拌桨插入样品筒后固定于黏度仪测试位,盖紧安全罩启动测试程序,全程记录15 min的黏度变化曲线。
将待测纤维用80%甲醇浸泡,50 ℃振荡2 h,过滤并收集滤渣,重复2~3次,于60 ℃干燥后得到脱糖纤维样品。参考SI等[17]的方法并稍作修改。准确称量1 g无糖纤维样品,加入20 mL、0.1 g/L葡萄糖标准溶液,于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡器中反应3 h。反应体系经3000×g离心20 min后,取上清液采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法测定还原糖含量。以葡萄糖为标准物质制作标准曲线为:y=2.9421x−0.071,R2=0.9748。葡萄糖吸附能力的计算如公式(3)所示:
$ \rm 葡萄糖吸附能力(\text{µ} \text{mol/g)}=\frac{{{(C}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{C}}_{\text{2}})\times \text{V}}{\text{M}} $
式中:V表示吸附液体积,mL;C1表示吸附前的葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L;C2表示吸附后的葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L;M表示油棕粕膳食纤维样品质量,g。
参考ZHENG等[11]的方法。准确称量0.5 g无糖纤维样品置于15 mL葡萄糖标准液(0.2%,w/v)中,装入截留分子量为3500 Da的透析袋(预先于蒸馏水中软化)后转移至含250 mL蒸馏水的烧杯,37 ℃水浴1 h。吸取外液2 mL,采用DNS比色法测定葡萄糖含量。样品对照组以等量蒸馏水代替葡萄糖溶液,空白对照组不加无糖纤维样品,其余步骤同上。葡萄糖扩散抑制能力的计算如公式(4)所示:
$\rm 葡萄糖扩散抑制能力(\text{%})=100-\frac{{{C}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}\times \text{100} $
式中:C1表示样品的葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L;C2表示样品对照的葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L;C3表示空白对照的葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L。
参考WANG等[18]的方法。称取0.1 g无糖纤维样品与50 mL淀粉溶液(0.5%,w/v)混合,加入20 mg α-淀粉酶后装入透析袋。将透析袋置于含250 mL蒸馏水的烧杯中,于37 ℃恒温摇床(115 r/min)内振荡1 h。反应结束后移取2 mL透析液,采用DNS法检测葡萄糖含量。α-淀粉酶抑制活性计算如公式(5)所示:
$\rm \alpha{\text-}淀粉酶抑制活性(\text{%})=\frac{{{N}}_{\text{c}}-{\text{N}}_{\text{s}}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{c}}}\times \text{100} $
式中:Nc表示不加样品的透析液中葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L;Ns表示加样品后透析液中葡萄糖浓度,mmol/L。
数据结果以平均值±标准差形式呈现,所有实验至少重复三次。采用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),组间差异比较采用Duncan多重比较法,显著性差异的阈值(P<0.05)为95%。绘图采用Origin 2021完成。
不同改性方法对OPKEDF化学组成的影响如表1所示。可以看出,酶法结合羧甲基化和酶法结合乙酰化改性后的OPKEDF总膳食纤维含量分别达到73.87和75.74 g/100 g。两种改性方法对可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)的提升尤为显著,OPKEDF-EC和OPKEDF-EA的SDF含量分别达16.14和12.85 g/100 g,是未改性纤维的4.0倍和3.2倍,这表明酶法结合化学改性的协同作用显著改善了膳食纤维的水溶性。原因可能是纤维素酶和木质素酶可以降解糖苷键,释放出更多的亲水基团(如羟基、羧基等),增加了OPKEDF的SDF含量[13];而化学改性则通过取代反应进一步增加了纤维的极性位点,如羧甲基化通过醚化反应在纤维表面引入负电荷基团,增强了与水分子的相互作用;乙酰化则通过酯键形成降低了纤维的结晶度,提高了其水溶性[19]。
此外,复合改性方法对水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);而OPKEDF-EC 的灰分含量(4.23%)较未改性组(3.28%)显著增加了28.96%(P<0.05),这可能归因于羧甲基化过程中引入的金属离子(如Na+)与膳食纤维结合[13];相反,OPKEDF-EA的灰分含量(1.81%)显著降低(P<0.05),可能是由于乙酰化反应过程中,二甲基亚砜等有机溶剂长时间的处理脱除了部分盐分,导致灰分降低。
不同改性方法的纤维样品表面微观结构如图1所示,OPKEDF(图1a)的表面块状结构突出,孔隙较少,说明其结构致密,内部空间有限,不利于与外界物质接触和相互作用。OPKEDF-EC(图1b)的表面呈多孔蜂窝状,孔隙丰富且相互连通,这种结构大幅增加了纤维的比表面积,能为水分子提供更多的吸附位点,有利于提高纤维的水合能力。OPKEDF-EA(图1c)的表面也呈多孔结构,但孔隙大小、分布及结构疏松度不如羧甲基化改性,然而其比表面积较OPKEDF仍显著增加,这可以在一定程度上改善其水合性能。这一变化是源于双酶协同化学改性的双重作用机制:纤维素酶和木质素酶通过降解糖苷键,破坏了纤维原本的致密结构[20],同时羧甲基化与乙酰化处理时的化学反应也会使纤维分子间作用力改变,促使结构展开,最终形成了多孔结构。这种疏松多孔的结构不仅增加了纤维与水分子的接触机会,还可能在肠道中更有效地吸附葡萄糖、胆固醇以及各种有害物质,增强其在肠道内的生理功能[21−22]。
如图2所示,改性前后OPKEDF的傅里叶红外光谱均呈现典型的多糖吸收峰,并在3430、2924、1640、1069 cm−1附近均有特征吸收峰。3400 cm−1附近宽而强的吸收峰是纤维中羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动产生的,OPKEDF-EC(3438 cm−1)和OPKEDF-EA(3436.2 cm−1)的峰发生蓝移,可能是因为酶法结合羧甲基化和乙酰化改性破坏了OPKEDF中的氢键[23]。在2924.8 cm−1的吸收峰对应纤维中甲基或亚甲基的C-H的伸缩振动。1640.1 cm−1处的吸收峰对应羰基(C=O)的伸缩振动。1069.1 cm−1附近的吸收峰对应C-O伸缩振动,可能是OPKEDF中的C-O-H和C-O-C键。对于OPKEDF-EC,1640.1 cm−1和1069.1 cm−1处的吸收峰发生了偏移,表明羧甲基化改性引入了羧基(-COOH);OPKEDF-EC中1384.6 cm−1处的吸收峰对应-CH3的伸缩振动,这些共同说明OPKEDF-EC中羧甲基的成功引入[13]。对于OPKEDF-EA,2928.5、1636.5和1089 cm−1处吸收峰的偏移共同说明了OPKEDF-EA中乙酰基的成功引入[11]。此外,OPKEDF-EC和OPKEDF-EA中870.4 cm−1处的吸收峰都有所偏移,而870.4 cm−1处的吸收峰对应OPKEDF中糖苷键的伸缩振动,这说明酶法改性可以破坏纤维中的β-糖苷键[20]。上述结果表明,酶法结合化学改性使OPKEDF的结构发生了明显变化。
水合能力是评价膳食纤维性能的核心指标,不仅直接影响其在肠道内的排毒、排便效果,也是食品工业开发增稠剂及保湿剂时的重要考量指标[24−25]。如图3所示,OPKEDF-EC和OPKEDF-EA的持水能力均显著提高(P<0.05),这说明酶法结合化学改性的协同作用可有效改善OPKEDF的水吸附能力。这主要归功于改性后的可溶性膳食纤维含量的提高(见表1),使得纤维与水分子间的亲和力更强。在双酶改性中,纤维素酶和木质素酶使纤维中的糖苷键被破坏;化学改性中,强碱或长时间的高温处理也会使纤维分子中的氢键断开,羟基等亲水基团暴露出来,进一步增强了纤维表面的亲水性。此外,改性导致纤维表面出现多孔的微观结构(见图1),为水分吸附提供了更多的结合位点[26]。实验结果中OPKEDF-EC持水力达5.72 g/g(较OPKEDF提高177.7%),效果优于OPKEF-EA(4.15 g/g,较OPKEDF提高101.4%),这可能是前者的化学改性引入的羧甲基是亲水基团,与水分子结合形成氢键的能力更强[27]。
膨胀力是膳食纤维的另一水合性质[25],其大小受亲水基团含量、粒径、表面结构和表面的游离羟基等多因素共同调控[9]。如图4所示,与OPKEDF(1.01 mL/g)相比,OPKEDF-EC和OPKEDF-EA的膨胀力分别提升至3.58 mL/g和2.46 mL/g。这是由于复合改性显著提升了可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量,强化了纤维与水分子的亲和性;同时,改性使OPKEDF的比表面积增大,结构更为疏松多孔(见图1),极大地增加了纤维与水分子的接触面积[27],从而有效提升膨胀力。但OPKEDF-EA的膨胀力效果不如OPKEDF-EC,一方面是由于OPKEDF-EA中的乙酰基与水分子形成氢键的能力弱于羧甲基,难以通过亲水作用吸引大量水分子进入纤维结构内部;另一方面乙酰基中的甲基(CH3-)具有一定的空间体积,会在纤维分子链表面形成空间位阻,阻碍水分子向纤维内部的扩散与渗透,减少了纤维结构因吸水而扩张的程度。ZHENG等[11]也发现,羧甲基、交联等化学改性都可以有效改善小米糠膳食纤维的膨胀力,这与本研究结果一致。
膳食纤维的黏度与血糖和胆固醇浓度、胃排空时间有关,其具有的黏性能够缩短胃中的食物转送至小肠的时间[28]。研究表明,溶液中膳食纤维的黏度特性与其水分含量、粒径、分子量大小、化学组成和纤维结构等密切相关[29]。如图5所示,OPKEDF-EC的黏度(13.90 cP)相较于未改性OPKEDF(4.08 cP)显著提高了2.4倍(P<0.05);OPKEDF-EA的黏度(7.71 cP)相较于未改性OPKEDF(4.08 cP)显著提高了0.89倍(P<0.05)。这可能是因为酶解处理通过降解β-1,4-糖苷键,降低了OPKEDF的粒径并增加其比表面积[13];图1结果也表明复合改性后OPKEDF的表面结构更加多孔和碎片化,比表面积增大,与水的相互作用增强,使黏度变大。在此基础上,羧甲基化引入的强极性羧甲基(-CH2COOH),既能增强纤维表面的静电排斥作用以抑制纤维团聚[30],其较强的亲水性又可与水分子形成稳定的氢键,从而显著提升OPKEDF黏度;而乙酰化引入的乙酰基(CH3CO-)极性较弱且存在空间位阻,导致其与水分子的氢键作用减弱,因此对黏度的影响没有羧甲基改性的效果好。
葡萄糖吸附能力是表征体外胃肠道运输过程中纤维结合葡萄糖能力的关键参数之一[31]。由图6可以看出,OPKEDF-EC(3.99 μmol/g)和OPKEDF-EA(4.53 μmol/g)的葡萄糖吸附能力,相较于未改性油棕粕纤维(OPKEDF,1.84 μmol/g),分别提升了1.16倍和1.46倍。荆淳等[32]发现葡萄糖吸附能力与纤维粒径大小有关,粒径越小,葡萄糖吸附能力则越强。张慧娟等[33]的研究表明,葡萄糖吸附能力与膳食纤维表面疏松程度和表面积大小有关。因此改性后OPKEDF对葡萄糖吸附能力显著提升的原因可能是复合改性处理使OPKEDF的致密结构被破坏,形成疏松多孔的微观形态(见图1),为葡萄糖分子提供了更多潜在的吸附位点;另一方面,改性后纤维粒径减小、比表面积增大,增加了OPKEDF与葡萄糖分子的接触面积,最终使葡萄糖吸附能力增强。此外,改性后的OPKEDF黏度增大(见图4),而较大的黏度可有效延缓葡萄糖分子的扩散速率与吸收效率,即通过物理阻隔作用增强OPKEDF对葡萄糖分子的结合能力,该结论也与闫宇轩[34]的研究结果一致。
膳食纤维对葡萄糖扩散的抑制能力与其化学基团、SDF含量、多孔结构、黏度以及膨胀力等特性有关[20]。如图7所示,OPKEDF-EC(38.18%)与OPKEDF-EA(25.15%)相较于OPKEDF(16.32%),都展现出更高的葡萄糖扩散抑制能力。纤维可通过物理和化学机制抑制葡萄糖的扩散。从物理机制分析,纤维膨胀力或黏度的提升可以通过增强物理屏障作用来抑制葡萄糖的扩散,如HU等[35]发现较高黏度的纤维能够抑制葡萄糖分子的运动并将其截留于纤维网络结构中。从化学机制来看,羧甲基化改性引入的羧甲基基团(-OCH2COOH)可以增强纤维与葡萄糖的化学亲和力,这也可能是OPKEDF-EC的葡萄糖扩散抑制能力最高的关键因素。
膳食纤维可通过抑制α-淀粉酶活性来减少淀粉的水解,从而发挥降血糖的作用[36]。由图8所示,OPKEDF-EC(19.41%)对α-淀粉酶的抑制能力显著强于OPKEDF(13.54%)(P<0.05)。研究表明,多孔结构、SDF浓度、黏度和葡萄糖结合能力的改善都能提高纤维物理阻断α-淀粉酶与淀粉接触的能力[18]。此外,酶在膳食纤维上的直接吸附也会导致α-淀粉酶的作用位点减少,活性降低[34]。因此,OPKEDF-EC较高的SDF含量、黏度及葡萄糖吸附活性,可能是其抑制α-淀粉酶效果更优的主要原因。相较之下,OPKEDF-EA(6.47%)对α-淀粉酶的抑制能力最差,这可能是因为α-淀粉酶活性中心含色氨酸、苯丙氨酸等疏水性氨基酸,而化学改性中引入的乙酰基可能使这些疏水性基团进一步暴露,影响了α-淀粉酶的构象和活性,这使得OPKEDF-EA的α-淀粉酶抑制活性降低[37−38]。
本文研究酶法协同两种化学改性对油棕粕膳食纤维结构与降血糖活性的影响。研究表明,酶法结合羧甲基改性和酶法结合乙酰化改性处理后,OPKEDF的总膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维含量均明显上升。理化性质与降糖活性分析中,酶法结合羧甲基化油棕粕纤维具有较高的持水力(5.72 g/g)、膨胀力(3.58 mL/g)、黏度(13.90 cP)、葡萄糖扩散抑制能力(38.18%)和α-淀粉酶抑制活性(19.41%);酶法结合乙酰化油棕粕纤维具有较高的葡萄糖吸附能力(4.53 μmol/g),但α-淀粉酶抑制活性较差。总体来看,相对于未处理的OPKEDF,两种复合改性均可一定程度提高OPKEDF的理化性质和降血糖活性,其中酶法结合羧甲基改性的效果更优,它们具有避免餐后血糖快速升高的潜力。本实验结果为油棕纤维的深度开发利用提供了理论依据,有助于扩大其在食品工业生产中的应用,推动油棕副产物的资源化利用。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050200
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030092

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郑亚军(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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