Article(id=1320889286589796634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110431, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854146859, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854146859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854146859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854146859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889286799511835, articleId=1320889286589796634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Volatile Flavor Compounds in Yak and Jersey Milk, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the changes in volatile compounds of yak and Jersey cow milk at different heat treatments (63 ℃/30 min, 75 ℃/15 s, 85 ℃/15 s, 90 ℃/15 s), electronic nose, HS-SPME-GC/MS combined with radar charts, principal component analysis and OAV, were utilized to explore the odor variation patterns of yak and Jersey cow milk at different heat treatments. The results demonstrated that electronic nose effectively discriminated between the two milk types, with Jersey milk exhibiting greater sensitivity to heat-induced flavor alterations. A total of 102 volatile compounds were identified across all samples, categorized as 10 ketones, 9 aldehydes, 32 esters, 25 alcohols, 14 acids, 3 phenols, and 9 miscellaneous compounds. Fresh yak milk was characterized by dominant alcohols and acids, whereas fresh Jersey milk was rich in ketones and acids. Heat treatments significantly modified both the composition and concentration of volatile compounds in both milk types. Key flavor compounds, determined by OAV>1, were 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-nonanol in fresh yak milk, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-nonanol, and butyric acid in fresh Jersey milk. Notably, The 75 ℃/15 s treatment augmented the variety of key flavor compounds in both yak and Jersey milk, and this processing condition was more conducive to the formation of these key flavor substances. These findings can provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal processing parameters to improve flavor quality in dairy products derived from these distinct milk sources.

, authors=Yahui ZHU1, 2, 3, Junlong ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chuang DONG1, 2, 3, Fumin CHI1, 2, 3, Xuedong GU1, 2, 3, Lin YANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yahui ZHU, Junlong ZHANG, Chuang DONG, Fumin CHI, Xuedong GU, Lin YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889288032637220, articleId=1320889286589796634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同热处理对牦牛和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究低温长时杀菌(63 ℃、30 min)、高温短时杀菌(75 ℃、15 s)、高温短时杀菌(85 ℃、15 s)、煮沸处理(90 ℃、15 s)对牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响,试验以新鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳为原料,采用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometr,HS-SPME-GC/MS)结合雷达图、主成分分析和气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)探究不同热处理后牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳风味物质变化规律。结果表明:电子鼻能够将两种乳进行区分,且不同热处理对娟姗牛乳风味的影响比牦牛乳更明显。不同热处理乳样中共检测出102种挥发性物质,包括:10种酮类、9种醛类、32种酯类、25种醇类、14种酸类、3种酚类及9种其他类。鲜牦牛乳和娟姗乳中挥发性物质分别以醇类、酸类和酮类、酸类为主,且不同热处理对两种乳样挥发性物质组成和含量均有明显的影响。通过气味活度值法确定了鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳关键风味物质,分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-壬基醇和3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-壬基醇、丁酸。75 ℃处理15 s增加了牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳关键风味物质种类,且该处理条件对关键风味物质的生成更为有利。研究结果可为优化乳品加工中的热处理条件及提升乳制品的风味品质提供参考。

, authors=祝亚辉1, 2, 3, 张俊龙1, 2, 3, 董闯1, 2, 3, 池福敏1, 2, 3, 辜雪冬1, 2, 3, 杨林1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=祝亚辉, 张俊龙, 董闯, 池福敏, 辜雪冬, 杨林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨林, authorNote=

祝亚辉(1990−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨林(1981−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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注:a:挥发性化合物种类;b:挥发性化合物百分比。

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注:a. 牦牛乳及不同热处理组;b. 娟姗牛乳及不同热处理组。

, figureFileSmall=YGg1oJOOyqKnO63aiYJkUw==, figureFileBig=y+JRmeNBOVwfc/hPU71p4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889293225185644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of cattle breeds from which milk samples were collected

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
牛种样本数胎次泌乳期产量(kg/d)
牦牛3081~2高峰期1.52±0.36[16]
娟姗牛11800~1高峰期12.09±0.45(公司提供)
), ArticleFig(id=1320889293288100205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本牛基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
牛种样本数胎次泌乳期产量(kg/d)
牦牛3081~2高峰期1.52±0.36[16]
娟姗牛11800~1高峰期12.09±0.45(公司提供)
), ArticleFig(id=1320889294940655982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grouping of samples by different thermal treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号不同热处理组别序号不同热处理组别
1鲜牦牛乳M16鲜娟姗牛乳J1
2牦牛乳63 ℃/30 minM27娟姗牛乳63 ℃/30 minJ2
3牦牛乳75 ℃/15 sM38娟姗牛乳75 ℃/15 sJ3
4牦牛乳85 ℃/15 sM49娟姗牛乳85 ℃/15 sJ4
5牦牛乳
煮沸(90 ℃)/15 s
M510娟姗牛乳
煮沸(90 ℃)/15 s
J5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295011959151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同热处理样品分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号不同热处理组别序号不同热处理组别
1鲜牦牛乳M16鲜娟姗牛乳J1
2牦牛乳63 ℃/30 minM27娟姗牛乳63 ℃/30 minJ2
3牦牛乳75 ℃/15 sM38娟姗牛乳75 ℃/15 sJ3
4牦牛乳85 ℃/15 sM49娟姗牛乳85 ℃/15 sJ4
5牦牛乳
煮沸(90 ℃)/15 s
M510娟姗牛乳
煮沸(90 ℃)/15 s
J5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295104233840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Corresponding aroma tyres of different sensors of electronic nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器响应物质类别物质
1Sensor_1烷烃、烟雾类丙烷、天然气、烟雾类
2Sensor_2醇类、醛类、短链烷烃类酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛
3Sensor_3臭氧−
4Sensor_4硫化物硫化氢
5Sensor_5有机胺氨气、甲胺、乙醇胺
6Sensor_6有机气体、苯酮类、醇醛类、芳香化合物甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气、其他有机蒸汽
7Sensor_7短链烷烃类甲烷、天然气、沼气
8Sensor_8芳香化合物、醇醛类甲苯、甲醛、苯、酒精、丙酮
9Sensor_9含氢气体氢气
10Sensor_10可燃气体类甲烷
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295171342705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电子鼻不同传感器对应物质种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器响应物质类别物质
1Sensor_1烷烃、烟雾类丙烷、天然气、烟雾类
2Sensor_2醇类、醛类、短链烷烃类酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛
3Sensor_3臭氧−
4Sensor_4硫化物硫化氢
5Sensor_5有机胺氨气、甲胺、乙醇胺
6Sensor_6有机气体、苯酮类、醇醛类、芳香化合物甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气、其他有机蒸汽
7Sensor_7短链烷烃类甲烷、天然气、沼气
8Sensor_8芳香化合物、醇醛类甲苯、甲醛、苯、酒精、丙酮
9Sensor_9含氢气体氢气
10Sensor_10可燃气体类甲烷
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295238451570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Volatile substances content in milk samples from different treatment groups(μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称保留时间(min)含量
M1M2M3M4M5J1J2J3J4J5
12-丁酮7.746−−2.06±0.01−−−−−−−
22-戊酮10.1660.25±0.00h0.22±0.00h3.58±0.03b0.31±0.00g−1.98±0.00d2.05±0.00c7.24±0.07a1.75±0.00f1.80±0.00e
32,3-戊二酮13.637−2.38±0.17b14.64±0.05a−−−−−−−
42-庚酮19.241−−15.77±0.74a−−6.76±0.15c6.75±0.08c7.42±0.09b4.89±0.14d4.86±0.10d
53-辛酮23.085−−−−−−−−−0.21±0.00
63-羟基-2-丁酮24.5436.86±0.39f51.67±0.47f779.87±4.51e39.32±2.04f35.78±1.67f1307.53±17.51c5264.84±49.41a1130.64±23.86d4300.00±51.39b5260.79±49.86a
71-辛烯-3-酮25.084−−0.38±0.00−−−−−−−
82-壬酮29.093−−5.48±0.02b−−4.51±0.04d4.95±0.02c5.85±0.03a3.70±0.01f4.05±0.10e
9二氢-2-甲基- 3(2H)-噻吩酮35.4440.84±0.02d0.87±0.00c−0.92±0.00b0.93±0.00b0.41±0.00f0.45±0.00e1.49±0.00a0.33±0.00h0.38±0.00g
10甲基壬基甲酮38.142−−0.55±0.00f−−1.18±0.02a0.95±0.00d0.84±0.00e1.06±0.00b1.04±0.00c
酮类37.94±0.21f55.13±0.64f822.32±5.35e40.55±2.04f36.71±1.67f1322.37±17.71c5279.99±49.51a1153.48±24.05d4311.74±51.54b5273.12±50.06a
112-甲基丁醛8.0741.43±0.05b−−0.76±0.02c1.70±0.00a−−−−−
12异戊醛8.21223.64±0.62a2.63±0.19d−10.00±0.37b23.91±1.35a−−6.50±0.11c−−
13正戊醛10.185−−1.61±0.00b−0.25±0.00c−−2.41±0.00a−−
14正己醛14.5010.80±0.00c−−0.81±0.00b2.91±0.02a−−−−−
15(E)-2-戊烯醛16.46−−12.84±0.37a0.28±0.00cd−−0.39±0.00c0.87±0.00b−0.15±0.00d
16(E)-2-庚烯醛26.387−−3.62±0.02−−−−−−−
17苯甲醛35.3030.50±0.00b0.16±0.00e5.32±0.03a0.40±0.00d0.50±0.00b−−0.44±0.00c−−
18苯乙醛40.224−−−−−−−2.01±0.00−−
19十六醛56.928−−−−−0.21±0.00a0.18±0.00b−0.18±0.00b0.21±0.00a
醛类26.37±0.72b2.79±0.19e23.39±0.44c12.25±0.38d29.27±1.36a0.21±0.00f0.57±0.00f12.22±0.11d0.18±0.00f0.36±0.00f
20丙酸乙酯9.4752.73±0.08h−2.89±0.00g6.90±0.21a5.29±0.02b3.26±0.00f3.45±0.03e1.94±0.00i3.67±0.01d4.56±0.14c
21异丁酸乙酯9.74−−−−−0.24±0.00b−−0.27±0.00a0.28±0.00a
22乙酸丙酯10.0750.98±0.00c0.37±0.00e−4.27±0.05a1.96±0.00b−0.60±0.00d−−−
23乙酸异丁酯11.5452.91±0.04a−−1.18±0.01b−−−−−−
24丁酸乙酯12.5150.64±0.00c0.73±0.00c26.46±0.50a1.34±0.02b1.54±0.01b0.23±0.00d0.19±0.00d0.58±0.00c0.22±0.00d0.21±0.00d
25异戊酸乙酯13.8711.42±0.02a−−−0.50±0.00b−−−−−
26乙酸丁酯13.8720.59±0.00−−−−−−−−−
272-甲基丁基乙酸酯16.25521.26±0.15e−0.98±0.00h15.03±0.41f11.29±0.46g12.55±0.45g67.47±1.50b230.49±2.77a26.70±0.75d44.68±2.41c
28乙酸异戊酯16.25612.97±0.28e−−11.91±0.60e6.87±0.10g8.73±0.30f51.08±1.52b176.11±2.52a19.10±0.62d32.22±1.35c
29戊酸乙酯16.726−−3.46±0.00−−−−−−−
30乙酸戊酯18.7420.16±0.00c−−0.37±0.00a0.20±0.00b−−−−−
31异己酸乙酯19.416−−0.66±0.00−−−−−−−
32乙酸-3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇酯19.853−−−0.08±0.00c−−0.11±0.00b0.78±0.00a−−
33正己酸乙酯21.672.04±0.01b1.20±0.01b129.08±3.05a1.44±0.02b1.67±0.02b1.76±0.00b1.55±0.00b1.53±0.00b1.52±0.00b1.48±0.00b
34梨醇酯23.089−−−−−−−−−0.18±0.00
35丁酸异戊酯23.092−−0.30±0.00b−−0.14±0.00d0.26±0.00c0.75±0.00a−0.13±0.00d
36乙酸己酯23.594−−−−−0.59±0.00b0.40±0.00d0.43±0.00c1.17±0.00a1.19±0.00a
37乙酸庚酯28.332−−−−−−−−−0.13±0.00
38己酸丙酯25.671−−0.45±0.00−−−−−−−
39庚酸乙酯26.386−−5.12±0.02−−−−−−−
40辛酸乙酯31.1040.46±0.00c0.22±0.00d13.63±0.06a0.21±0.00d0.26±0.00c0.24±0.02c0.95±0.00b0.20±0.00d0.14±0.00e0.12±0.00e
41己酸异戊酯32.162−−−−−−0.22±0.00b0.35±0.00a−−
42醋酸辛酯33.342−−0.27±0.00a−−−−−−0.11±0.00b
433-羟基丁酸乙酯35.093−−−−−−−0.41±0.00−−
44癸酸乙酯39.654−−0.38±0.00a−−0.27±0.00b−−0.20±0.00c0.18±0.00c
45乙酸苯乙酯46.6737.72±0.03f−−1.24±0.00g2.45±0.00g44.19±1.55e86.53±1.05a71.48±1.50b50.49±1.50d59.39±2.01c
46丁位辛内酯52.245−−−−−0.67±0.00e0.70±0.00d0.75±0.00c0.78±0.00b0.86±0.00a
47(Z)-威士忌内酯52.256−−−−−−−0.45±0.00−−
48丁位癸内酯59.57−−−−−1.27±0.00b1.08±0.00d1.28±0.02b1.21±0.01c1.51±0.00a
49丁位十二内酯66.39−−−−−0.41±0.00c0.32±0.00e0.35±0.00d0.51±0.00b0.54±0.00a
50丁位十一内酯63.333−−−−−3.25±0.02b2.34±0.01d0.85±0.00e8.68±0.11a3.06±0.02c
51γ-十二内酯64.901−−−−−0.51±0.00a0.30±0.00c0.28±0.00d0.41±0.00b0.50±0.00a
酯类53.87±0.63g2.52±0.02j183.68±3.69c43.97±1.32h32.02±0.60i78.31±2.34f217.55±4.11b489.01±6.80a115.07±3.01e151.31±5.93d
52仲丁醇11.9592.38±0.04a0.89±0.00d−1.51±0.02c1.83±0.00b−−−−−
53异丁醇14.51.12±0.03c−−1.61±0.02b3.43±0.02a0.63±0.00d−−−−
542-戊醇16.6810.65±0.00a−−0.50±0.00b−0.35±0.00c−−0.48±0.00b−
55正丁醇17.702−−−−−0.38±0.00−−−−
56异戊醇20.564268.87±4.51a65.18±2.11e43.79±2.05g118.87±3.52d170.12±4.00c12.09±0.40i55.11±0.80f183.00±2.28b10.60±0.25i18.47±0.82h
572-甲基丁醇20.816−64.77±1.09c43.52±1.61e118.13±3.00b−0.32±0.00f54.77±1.10d181.86±2.06a−−
581-戊醇22.620.50±0.00e0.71±0.00d0.72±0.00c1.03±0.00a0.87±0.00b−−0.15±0.00f−−
592-庚醇25.8471.90±0.02b1.33±0.02e2.70±0.02a1.61±0.02d1.76±0.01c0.43±0.00f0.36±0.00g0.34±0.00g0.18±0.00h0.16±0.00h
60异戊烯醇25.9930.24±0.00a−0.22±0.00bc−0.24±0.00ab0.20±0.00c−−0.18±0.00d0.15±0.00d
61正己醇27.3941.45±0.02c1.46±0.02c0.85±0.00d1.95±0.02b2.07±0.02a0.63±0.00e−0.24±0.00g−0.28±0.00f
62叶醇29.121−−−−−−−0.75±0.00−−
63仲辛醇30.399−−0.11±0.00−−−−−−−
641-辛烯-3-醇31.7650.30±0.00b0.21±0.00c0.19±0.00c0.31±0.00b0.41±0.00a−−−−−
65正庚醇31.9670.52±0.00d0.60±0.00c0.44±0.00f0.82±0.00a0.69±0.00b−−−−−
662-乙基己醇33.462−−−−−−−0.29±0.00−−
672-壬基醇34.710.50±0.00c−1.98±0.01a0.36±0.00f0.39±0.00e0.54±0.00b0.33±0.00g−0.51±0.00c0.43±0.00d
682,3-丁二醇异构体 -135.66124.55±0.12g49.69±1.37c33.86±1.46e44.17±1.55d44.73±1.66d−137.71±1.50b30.51±0.65f−207.33±2.50a
69辛醇36.3270.18±0.00ef0.18±0.00f0.23±0.00c0.22±0.00cd0.21±0.00de0.35±0.00a0.28±0.00b0.21±0.00cde0.20±0.00def0.27±0.00b
702,3-丁二醇异构体 -237.15515.54±0.07d25.08±0.85a3.32±0.03g22.85±1.00b19.90±0.66c−10.04±0.16f11.35±0.51e−22.21±0.53b
71(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇38.139−−0.16±0.00d−−−0.37±0.00a0.34±0.00b0.31±0.00c0.34±0.00b
721-壬醇40.4590.22±0.00a0.17±0.00cd0.15±0.00d0.17±0.00c0.19±0.00b−−−−−
733-甲硫基丙醇42.863−−−−−−−0.30±0.00−−
74苯甲醇48.8270.07±0.00ab−−−0.06±0.00ab−0.07±0.00a−0.05±0.00bc0.05±0.00c
75苯乙醇50.061.74±0.02e−0.63±0.00g0.47±0.00h0.93±0.00f3.72±0.00b2.30±0.02d2.49±0.02c2.32±0.00d3.85±0.00a
76法尼醇63.333−−−−−4.43±0.01a1.83±0.00d1.35±0.00e4.10±0.00b3.91±0.00c
醇类320.72±4.90b210.27±5.46e132.87±5.19f314.58±9.13b247.85±6.37d24.06±0.41g263.17±3.58c413.17±5.52a18.92±0.25g257.43±3.85c
77丙酸35.835−−−−−5.17±0.02−−−−
78异丁酸37.0285.75±0.23e1.17±0.02h−2.38±0.02g3.43±0.01f30.63±1.06b13.22±0.63d12.66±0.35d17.68±0.80c31.78±1.10a
79丁酸39.46214.67±0.10h20.06±1.33g63.32±2.01f17.79±0.53gh17.42±0.50gh400.36±4.02a312.82±2.06d181.49±1.61e357.46±6.06c363.23±2.53b
80异戊酸41.07712.26±0.06e−−6.72±0.20f8.57±0.02f91.18±2.51b90.53±1.50b104.50±2.57a50.33±1.58d86.96±1.52c
81正戊酸43.704−−1.29±0.01f−−4.30±0.00a3.26±0.01d2.51±0.02e3.98±0.01b3.66±0.03c
82己酸47.6371.56±0.01d34.61±0.54c355.12±6.78b2.93±0.02d1.34±0.02d−−479.61±7.60a−−
83异庚酸49.746−−0.46±0.00−−−−−−−
84辛酸54.9180.65±0.00g3.41±0.02g153.59±1.80f0.34±0.00g0.37±0.00g540.08±8.02a354.24±3.53d175.52±3.02e494.69±4.02b453.63±2.58c
85壬酸58.275−−−−−5.46±0.12a3.07±0.00d1.73±0.02e4.84±0.11c5.03±0.15b
86正癸酸61.5330.59±0.00g0.72±0.00g17.59±0.10f−−146.24±3.08a94.78±1.10d58.53±0.92e142.81±2.05b141.51±2.57c
87垅牛儿酸63.333−−−−−9.41±0.02a4.88±0.02c2.57±0.02e3.15±0.02d8.59±0.23b
88十一烷酸64.607−−−−−0.86±0.00c0.58±0.00d0.27±0.00e1.05±0.00a0.96±0.00b
89苯甲酸66.529456.10±6.03f−92.77±1.51i350.64±2.50h180.86±3.59g912.19±2.51c690.24±2.45e798.36±2.01d1599.67±43.65a1164.80±25.57b
90月桂酸67.59−−0.59±0.03f−−20.97±1.44c13.36±0.17d5.31±0.01e33.60±1.63a22.94±1.00b
酸类491.57±6.46g59.97±1.90j684.73±12.24f380.80±3.26h211.99±4.13i2166.85±22.79c1580.96±11.45e1823.07±18.13d2709.27±59.92a2283.08±37.29b
91邻甲酚53.2210.17±0.00a−−0.13±0.00b0.13±0.00b−−−−−
92苯酚53.3390.08±0.00a0.05±0.00b−−0.07±0.00a−−−−−
93对甲酚55.8220.58±0.00a0.32±0.00d−0.43±0.00c0.46±0.00b0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e0.11±0.00f0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e
酚类0.83±0.01a0.38±0.00d−0.56±0.00c0.67±0.00b0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e0.11±0.00f0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e
94二甲基硫5.165−−−−−4.93±0.02c4.82±0.01e6.39±0.12a4.86±0.08d5.05±0.07b
95二乙酰10.286−−−−−1.78±0.00e8.98±0.13a4.05±0.04d7.19±0.12b6.15±0.15c
962-正戊基呋喃21.4740.11±0.00b−−0.07±0.00c0.15±0.00a−−−−−
97苯乙烯22.9260.10±0.00bc−0.23±0.00a0.06±0.00d0.10±0.00b−0.08±0.00cd0.04±0.00e−−
984-异丙基甲苯23.3810.17±0.00a0.09±0.00d0.12±0.00c0.16±0.00ab0.15±0.00b−−−−−
991,2,4-三甲基苯24.0050.28±0.00a−0.13±0.00b−−−−−−−
100二甲硫基甲烷24.346−−−−−−−0.04±0.00−−
1011,2,4,5-四甲苯30.7770.33±0.00d−0.35±0.00d0.32±0.00d0.17±0.00e0.69±0.00b0.42±0.00c0.77±0.00a0.15±0.00e0.12±0.00f
102萘44.0430.39±0.00c−0.53±0.00a0.19±0.00e0.21±0.00e0.50±0.00b0.27±0.00d0.50±0.00ab0.14±0.00f0.12±0.00f
其他类1.37±0.00f0.09±0.00h1.36±0.00f0.80±0.00g0.78±0.00g7.89±0.02e14.56±0.14a11.80±0.16c12.34±0.20b11.44±0.22d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295351697779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同热处理乳样挥发性物质含量(μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称保留时间(min)含量
M1M2M3M4M5J1J2J3J4J5
12-丁酮7.746−−2.06±0.01−−−−−−−
22-戊酮10.1660.25±0.00h0.22±0.00h3.58±0.03b0.31±0.00g−1.98±0.00d2.05±0.00c7.24±0.07a1.75±0.00f1.80±0.00e
32,3-戊二酮13.637−2.38±0.17b14.64±0.05a−−−−−−−
42-庚酮19.241−−15.77±0.74a−−6.76±0.15c6.75±0.08c7.42±0.09b4.89±0.14d4.86±0.10d
53-辛酮23.085−−−−−−−−−0.21±0.00
63-羟基-2-丁酮24.5436.86±0.39f51.67±0.47f779.87±4.51e39.32±2.04f35.78±1.67f1307.53±17.51c5264.84±49.41a1130.64±23.86d4300.00±51.39b5260.79±49.86a
71-辛烯-3-酮25.084−−0.38±0.00−−−−−−−
82-壬酮29.093−−5.48±0.02b−−4.51±0.04d4.95±0.02c5.85±0.03a3.70±0.01f4.05±0.10e
9二氢-2-甲基- 3(2H)-噻吩酮35.4440.84±0.02d0.87±0.00c−0.92±0.00b0.93±0.00b0.41±0.00f0.45±0.00e1.49±0.00a0.33±0.00h0.38±0.00g
10甲基壬基甲酮38.142−−0.55±0.00f−−1.18±0.02a0.95±0.00d0.84±0.00e1.06±0.00b1.04±0.00c
酮类37.94±0.21f55.13±0.64f822.32±5.35e40.55±2.04f36.71±1.67f1322.37±17.71c5279.99±49.51a1153.48±24.05d4311.74±51.54b5273.12±50.06a
112-甲基丁醛8.0741.43±0.05b−−0.76±0.02c1.70±0.00a−−−−−
12异戊醛8.21223.64±0.62a2.63±0.19d−10.00±0.37b23.91±1.35a−−6.50±0.11c−−
13正戊醛10.185−−1.61±0.00b−0.25±0.00c−−2.41±0.00a−−
14正己醛14.5010.80±0.00c−−0.81±0.00b2.91±0.02a−−−−−
15(E)-2-戊烯醛16.46−−12.84±0.37a0.28±0.00cd−−0.39±0.00c0.87±0.00b−0.15±0.00d
16(E)-2-庚烯醛26.387−−3.62±0.02−−−−−−−
17苯甲醛35.3030.50±0.00b0.16±0.00e5.32±0.03a0.40±0.00d0.50±0.00b−−0.44±0.00c−−
18苯乙醛40.224−−−−−−−2.01±0.00−−
19十六醛56.928−−−−−0.21±0.00a0.18±0.00b−0.18±0.00b0.21±0.00a
醛类26.37±0.72b2.79±0.19e23.39±0.44c12.25±0.38d29.27±1.36a0.21±0.00f0.57±0.00f12.22±0.11d0.18±0.00f0.36±0.00f
20丙酸乙酯9.4752.73±0.08h−2.89±0.00g6.90±0.21a5.29±0.02b3.26±0.00f3.45±0.03e1.94±0.00i3.67±0.01d4.56±0.14c
21异丁酸乙酯9.74−−−−−0.24±0.00b−−0.27±0.00a0.28±0.00a
22乙酸丙酯10.0750.98±0.00c0.37±0.00e−4.27±0.05a1.96±0.00b−0.60±0.00d−−−
23乙酸异丁酯11.5452.91±0.04a−−1.18±0.01b−−−−−−
24丁酸乙酯12.5150.64±0.00c0.73±0.00c26.46±0.50a1.34±0.02b1.54±0.01b0.23±0.00d0.19±0.00d0.58±0.00c0.22±0.00d0.21±0.00d
25异戊酸乙酯13.8711.42±0.02a−−−0.50±0.00b−−−−−
26乙酸丁酯13.8720.59±0.00−−−−−−−−−
272-甲基丁基乙酸酯16.25521.26±0.15e−0.98±0.00h15.03±0.41f11.29±0.46g12.55±0.45g67.47±1.50b230.49±2.77a26.70±0.75d44.68±2.41c
28乙酸异戊酯16.25612.97±0.28e−−11.91±0.60e6.87±0.10g8.73±0.30f51.08±1.52b176.11±2.52a19.10±0.62d32.22±1.35c
29戊酸乙酯16.726−−3.46±0.00−−−−−−−
30乙酸戊酯18.7420.16±0.00c−−0.37±0.00a0.20±0.00b−−−−−
31异己酸乙酯19.416−−0.66±0.00−−−−−−−
32乙酸-3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇酯19.853−−−0.08±0.00c−−0.11±0.00b0.78±0.00a−−
33正己酸乙酯21.672.04±0.01b1.20±0.01b129.08±3.05a1.44±0.02b1.67±0.02b1.76±0.00b1.55±0.00b1.53±0.00b1.52±0.00b1.48±0.00b
34梨醇酯23.089−−−−−−−−−0.18±0.00
35丁酸异戊酯23.092−−0.30±0.00b−−0.14±0.00d0.26±0.00c0.75±0.00a−0.13±0.00d
36乙酸己酯23.594−−−−−0.59±0.00b0.40±0.00d0.43±0.00c1.17±0.00a1.19±0.00a
37乙酸庚酯28.332−−−−−−−−−0.13±0.00
38己酸丙酯25.671−−0.45±0.00−−−−−−−
39庚酸乙酯26.386−−5.12±0.02−−−−−−−
40辛酸乙酯31.1040.46±0.00c0.22±0.00d13.63±0.06a0.21±0.00d0.26±0.00c0.24±0.02c0.95±0.00b0.20±0.00d0.14±0.00e0.12±0.00e
41己酸异戊酯32.162−−−−−−0.22±0.00b0.35±0.00a−−
42醋酸辛酯33.342−−0.27±0.00a−−−−−−0.11±0.00b
433-羟基丁酸乙酯35.093−−−−−−−0.41±0.00−−
44癸酸乙酯39.654−−0.38±0.00a−−0.27±0.00b−−0.20±0.00c0.18±0.00c
45乙酸苯乙酯46.6737.72±0.03f−−1.24±0.00g2.45±0.00g44.19±1.55e86.53±1.05a71.48±1.50b50.49±1.50d59.39±2.01c
46丁位辛内酯52.245−−−−−0.67±0.00e0.70±0.00d0.75±0.00c0.78±0.00b0.86±0.00a
47(Z)-威士忌内酯52.256−−−−−−−0.45±0.00−−
48丁位癸内酯59.57−−−−−1.27±0.00b1.08±0.00d1.28±0.02b1.21±0.01c1.51±0.00a
49丁位十二内酯66.39−−−−−0.41±0.00c0.32±0.00e0.35±0.00d0.51±0.00b0.54±0.00a
50丁位十一内酯63.333−−−−−3.25±0.02b2.34±0.01d0.85±0.00e8.68±0.11a3.06±0.02c
51γ-十二内酯64.901−−−−−0.51±0.00a0.30±0.00c0.28±0.00d0.41±0.00b0.50±0.00a
酯类53.87±0.63g2.52±0.02j183.68±3.69c43.97±1.32h32.02±0.60i78.31±2.34f217.55±4.11b489.01±6.80a115.07±3.01e151.31±5.93d
52仲丁醇11.9592.38±0.04a0.89±0.00d−1.51±0.02c1.83±0.00b−−−−−
53异丁醇14.51.12±0.03c−−1.61±0.02b3.43±0.02a0.63±0.00d−−−−
542-戊醇16.6810.65±0.00a−−0.50±0.00b−0.35±0.00c−−0.48±0.00b−
55正丁醇17.702−−−−−0.38±0.00−−−−
56异戊醇20.564268.87±4.51a65.18±2.11e43.79±2.05g118.87±3.52d170.12±4.00c12.09±0.40i55.11±0.80f183.00±2.28b10.60±0.25i18.47±0.82h
572-甲基丁醇20.816−64.77±1.09c43.52±1.61e118.13±3.00b−0.32±0.00f54.77±1.10d181.86±2.06a−−
581-戊醇22.620.50±0.00e0.71±0.00d0.72±0.00c1.03±0.00a0.87±0.00b−−0.15±0.00f−−
592-庚醇25.8471.90±0.02b1.33±0.02e2.70±0.02a1.61±0.02d1.76±0.01c0.43±0.00f0.36±0.00g0.34±0.00g0.18±0.00h0.16±0.00h
60异戊烯醇25.9930.24±0.00a−0.22±0.00bc−0.24±0.00ab0.20±0.00c−−0.18±0.00d0.15±0.00d
61正己醇27.3941.45±0.02c1.46±0.02c0.85±0.00d1.95±0.02b2.07±0.02a0.63±0.00e−0.24±0.00g−0.28±0.00f
62叶醇29.121−−−−−−−0.75±0.00−−
63仲辛醇30.399−−0.11±0.00−−−−−−−
641-辛烯-3-醇31.7650.30±0.00b0.21±0.00c0.19±0.00c0.31±0.00b0.41±0.00a−−−−−
65正庚醇31.9670.52±0.00d0.60±0.00c0.44±0.00f0.82±0.00a0.69±0.00b−−−−−
662-乙基己醇33.462−−−−−−−0.29±0.00−−
672-壬基醇34.710.50±0.00c−1.98±0.01a0.36±0.00f0.39±0.00e0.54±0.00b0.33±0.00g−0.51±0.00c0.43±0.00d
682,3-丁二醇异构体 -135.66124.55±0.12g49.69±1.37c33.86±1.46e44.17±1.55d44.73±1.66d−137.71±1.50b30.51±0.65f−207.33±2.50a
69辛醇36.3270.18±0.00ef0.18±0.00f0.23±0.00c0.22±0.00cd0.21±0.00de0.35±0.00a0.28±0.00b0.21±0.00cde0.20±0.00def0.27±0.00b
702,3-丁二醇异构体 -237.15515.54±0.07d25.08±0.85a3.32±0.03g22.85±1.00b19.90±0.66c−10.04±0.16f11.35±0.51e−22.21±0.53b
71(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇38.139−−0.16±0.00d−−−0.37±0.00a0.34±0.00b0.31±0.00c0.34±0.00b
721-壬醇40.4590.22±0.00a0.17±0.00cd0.15±0.00d0.17±0.00c0.19±0.00b−−−−−
733-甲硫基丙醇42.863−−−−−−−0.30±0.00−−
74苯甲醇48.8270.07±0.00ab−−−0.06±0.00ab−0.07±0.00a−0.05±0.00bc0.05±0.00c
75苯乙醇50.061.74±0.02e−0.63±0.00g0.47±0.00h0.93±0.00f3.72±0.00b2.30±0.02d2.49±0.02c2.32±0.00d3.85±0.00a
76法尼醇63.333−−−−−4.43±0.01a1.83±0.00d1.35±0.00e4.10±0.00b3.91±0.00c
醇类320.72±4.90b210.27±5.46e132.87±5.19f314.58±9.13b247.85±6.37d24.06±0.41g263.17±3.58c413.17±5.52a18.92±0.25g257.43±3.85c
77丙酸35.835−−−−−5.17±0.02−−−−
78异丁酸37.0285.75±0.23e1.17±0.02h−2.38±0.02g3.43±0.01f30.63±1.06b13.22±0.63d12.66±0.35d17.68±0.80c31.78±1.10a
79丁酸39.46214.67±0.10h20.06±1.33g63.32±2.01f17.79±0.53gh17.42±0.50gh400.36±4.02a312.82±2.06d181.49±1.61e357.46±6.06c363.23±2.53b
80异戊酸41.07712.26±0.06e−−6.72±0.20f8.57±0.02f91.18±2.51b90.53±1.50b104.50±2.57a50.33±1.58d86.96±1.52c
81正戊酸43.704−−1.29±0.01f−−4.30±0.00a3.26±0.01d2.51±0.02e3.98±0.01b3.66±0.03c
82己酸47.6371.56±0.01d34.61±0.54c355.12±6.78b2.93±0.02d1.34±0.02d−−479.61±7.60a−−
83异庚酸49.746−−0.46±0.00−−−−−−−
84辛酸54.9180.65±0.00g3.41±0.02g153.59±1.80f0.34±0.00g0.37±0.00g540.08±8.02a354.24±3.53d175.52±3.02e494.69±4.02b453.63±2.58c
85壬酸58.275−−−−−5.46±0.12a3.07±0.00d1.73±0.02e4.84±0.11c5.03±0.15b
86正癸酸61.5330.59±0.00g0.72±0.00g17.59±0.10f−−146.24±3.08a94.78±1.10d58.53±0.92e142.81±2.05b141.51±2.57c
87垅牛儿酸63.333−−−−−9.41±0.02a4.88±0.02c2.57±0.02e3.15±0.02d8.59±0.23b
88十一烷酸64.607−−−−−0.86±0.00c0.58±0.00d0.27±0.00e1.05±0.00a0.96±0.00b
89苯甲酸66.529456.10±6.03f−92.77±1.51i350.64±2.50h180.86±3.59g912.19±2.51c690.24±2.45e798.36±2.01d1599.67±43.65a1164.80±25.57b
90月桂酸67.59−−0.59±0.03f−−20.97±1.44c13.36±0.17d5.31±0.01e33.60±1.63a22.94±1.00b
酸类491.57±6.46g59.97±1.90j684.73±12.24f380.80±3.26h211.99±4.13i2166.85±22.79c1580.96±11.45e1823.07±18.13d2709.27±59.92a2283.08±37.29b
91邻甲酚53.2210.17±0.00a−−0.13±0.00b0.13±0.00b−−−−−
92苯酚53.3390.08±0.00a0.05±0.00b−−0.07±0.00a−−−−−
93对甲酚55.8220.58±0.00a0.32±0.00d−0.43±0.00c0.46±0.00b0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e0.11±0.00f0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e
酚类0.83±0.01a0.38±0.00d−0.56±0.00c0.67±0.00b0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e0.11±0.00f0.15±0.00e0.17±0.00e
94二甲基硫5.165−−−−−4.93±0.02c4.82±0.01e6.39±0.12a4.86±0.08d5.05±0.07b
95二乙酰10.286−−−−−1.78±0.00e8.98±0.13a4.05±0.04d7.19±0.12b6.15±0.15c
962-正戊基呋喃21.4740.11±0.00b−−0.07±0.00c0.15±0.00a−−−−−
97苯乙烯22.9260.10±0.00bc−0.23±0.00a0.06±0.00d0.10±0.00b−0.08±0.00cd0.04±0.00e−−
984-异丙基甲苯23.3810.17±0.00a0.09±0.00d0.12±0.00c0.16±0.00ab0.15±0.00b−−−−−
991,2,4-三甲基苯24.0050.28±0.00a−0.13±0.00b−−−−−−−
100二甲硫基甲烷24.346−−−−−−−0.04±0.00−−
1011,2,4,5-四甲苯30.7770.33±0.00d−0.35±0.00d0.32±0.00d0.17±0.00e0.69±0.00b0.42±0.00c0.77±0.00a0.15±0.00e0.12±0.00f
102萘44.0430.39±0.00c−0.53±0.00a0.19±0.00e0.21±0.00e0.50±0.00b0.27±0.00d0.50±0.00ab0.14±0.00f0.12±0.00f
其他类1.37±0.00f0.09±0.00h1.36±0.00f0.80±0.00g0.78±0.00g7.89±0.02e14.56±0.14a11.80±0.16c12.34±0.20b11.44±0.22d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295473332596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

OAV of volatile flavor substances in milk samples from different treatment groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性风味物质香气阈值
(μg/L)
香气描述OAV
M1M2M3M4M5J1J2J3J4J5
12,3-戊二酮5[36]奶香味[36]−0.482.93−−−−−−−
23-羟基-2-丁酮14[36]黄油味[36]2.633.6955.702.812.5693.40376.0680.76307.14375.77
32-壬酮5[37]青草[38]−−1.10−−0.900.991.170.740.81
4苯甲醛3[37]果香[38]0.170.051.770.130.17−−0.15−−
52-甲基丁醛1.5[39]杏仁味、可可味[39]0.95−−0.511.13−−−−−
6乙酸异戊酯30[40]香蕉味、梨香味[41]0.43−−0.400.230.291.705.870.641.07
7正己酸乙酯8[41]青苹果香、白兰地香[41]0.250.1516.140.180.210.220.190.190.190.18
8辛酸乙酯0.58[36]菠萝香味[36]0.790.3823.510.370.450.421.640.350.250.21
91-辛烯-3-醇0.01[42]蘑菇味[43]30.4021.1018.9030.7041.40−−−−−
102-甲基丁醇140[39]香蕉味[39]−0.460.310.84−−0.391.30−−
112-壬基醇0.1[44]生水果味、脂香、青香[44]4.99−19.783.563.945.373.31−5.064.34
12丁酸16[39]黄油、奶酪、腐臭、酸味、汗味[39]0.921.253.961.111.0925.0219.5511.3422.3422.70
13己酸48[39]酸味、奶酪味、山羊味、辛辣味、腐臭味[39]0.030.727.400.060.03−−9.99−−
14辛酸500[39]酸臭味[43]−0.010.31−−1.080.710.350.990.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320889295573995893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889286589796634, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同处理组乳样挥发性物质的OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性风味物质香气阈值
(μg/L)
香气描述OAV
M1M2M3M4M5J1J2J3J4J5
12,3-戊二酮5[36]奶香味[36]−0.482.93−−−−−−−
23-羟基-2-丁酮14[36]黄油味[36]2.633.6955.702.812.5693.40376.0680.76307.14375.77
32-壬酮5[37]青草[38]−−1.10−−0.900.991.170.740.81
4苯甲醛3[37]果香[38]0.170.051.770.130.17−−0.15−−
52-甲基丁醛1.5[39]杏仁味、可可味[39]0.95−−0.511.13−−−−−
6乙酸异戊酯30[40]香蕉味、梨香味[41]0.43−−0.400.230.291.705.870.641.07
7正己酸乙酯8[41]青苹果香、白兰地香[41]0.250.1516.140.180.210.220.190.190.190.18
8辛酸乙酯0.58[36]菠萝香味[36]0.790.3823.510.370.450.421.640.350.250.21
91-辛烯-3-醇0.01[42]蘑菇味[43]30.4021.1018.9030.7041.40−−−−−
102-甲基丁醇140[39]香蕉味[39]−0.460.310.84−−0.391.30−−
112-壬基醇0.1[44]生水果味、脂香、青香[44]4.99−19.783.563.945.373.31−5.064.34
12丁酸16[39]黄油、奶酪、腐臭、酸味、汗味[39]0.921.253.961.111.0925.0219.5511.3422.3422.70
13己酸48[39]酸味、奶酪味、山羊味、辛辣味、腐臭味[39]0.030.727.400.060.03−−9.99−−
14辛酸500[39]酸臭味[43]−0.010.31−−1.080.710.350.990.91
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不同热处理对牦牛和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响
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不同热处理对牦牛和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响
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祝亚辉(1990−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

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祝亚辉(1990−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

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祝亚辉1, 2, 3 , 张俊龙1, 2, 3, 董闯1, 2, 3, 池福敏1, 2, 3, 辜雪冬1, 2, 3, 杨林1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1西藏农牧大学食品科学学院,西藏林芝 860000
  • 2西藏农牧大学食品科学与工程重点实验室,西藏林芝 860000
  • 3西藏特色农牧资源研发省部共建协同创新中心,西藏林芝 860000
通讯作者:
杨林(1981−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

祝亚辉(1990−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Volatile Flavor Compounds in Yak and Jersey Milk
Yahui ZHU1, 2, 3 , Junlong ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chuang DONG1, 2, 3, Fumin CHI1, 2, 3, Xuedong GU1, 2, 3, Lin YANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Xizang Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Xizang Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
  • 3The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Nyingchi 860000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110431
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为探究低温长时杀菌(63 ℃、30 min)、高温短时杀菌(75 ℃、15 s)、高温短时杀菌(85 ℃、15 s)、煮沸处理(90 ℃、15 s)对牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响,试验以新鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳为原料,采用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometr,HS-SPME-GC/MS)结合雷达图、主成分分析和气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)探究不同热处理后牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳风味物质变化规律。结果表明:电子鼻能够将两种乳进行区分,且不同热处理对娟姗牛乳风味的影响比牦牛乳更明显。不同热处理乳样中共检测出102种挥发性物质,包括:10种酮类、9种醛类、32种酯类、25种醇类、14种酸类、3种酚类及9种其他类。鲜牦牛乳和娟姗乳中挥发性物质分别以醇类、酸类和酮类、酸类为主,且不同热处理对两种乳样挥发性物质组成和含量均有明显的影响。通过气味活度值法确定了鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳关键风味物质,分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-壬基醇和3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-壬基醇、丁酸。75 ℃处理15 s增加了牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳关键风味物质种类,且该处理条件对关键风味物质的生成更为有利。研究结果可为优化乳品加工中的热处理条件及提升乳制品的风味品质提供参考。

牦牛乳  /  娟姗牛乳  /  热处理  /  电子鼻  /  顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用  /  气味活度值

To explore the changes in volatile compounds of yak and Jersey cow milk at different heat treatments (63 ℃/30 min, 75 ℃/15 s, 85 ℃/15 s, 90 ℃/15 s), electronic nose, HS-SPME-GC/MS combined with radar charts, principal component analysis and OAV, were utilized to explore the odor variation patterns of yak and Jersey cow milk at different heat treatments. The results demonstrated that electronic nose effectively discriminated between the two milk types, with Jersey milk exhibiting greater sensitivity to heat-induced flavor alterations. A total of 102 volatile compounds were identified across all samples, categorized as 10 ketones, 9 aldehydes, 32 esters, 25 alcohols, 14 acids, 3 phenols, and 9 miscellaneous compounds. Fresh yak milk was characterized by dominant alcohols and acids, whereas fresh Jersey milk was rich in ketones and acids. Heat treatments significantly modified both the composition and concentration of volatile compounds in both milk types. Key flavor compounds, determined by OAV>1, were 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-nonanol in fresh yak milk, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-nonanol, and butyric acid in fresh Jersey milk. Notably, The 75 ℃/15 s treatment augmented the variety of key flavor compounds in both yak and Jersey milk, and this processing condition was more conducive to the formation of these key flavor substances. These findings can provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal processing parameters to improve flavor quality in dairy products derived from these distinct milk sources.

yak milk  /  jersey milk  /  heat treatments  /  electronic nose  /  HS-SPME-GC/MS  /  OAV
祝亚辉, 张俊龙, 董闯, 池福敏, 辜雪冬, 杨林. 不同热处理对牦牛和娟姗牛乳挥发性风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110431
Yahui ZHU, Junlong ZHANG, Chuang DONG, Fumin CHI, Xuedong GU, Lin YANG. Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Volatile Flavor Compounds in Yak and Jersey Milk[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110431
牦牛是青藏高原极具代表性的反刍动物,通常生活在海拔2500~6000 m无污染地区,能适应高寒、严重缺氧的恶劣环境,有“高原之舟”之称[1]。青藏高原作为世界上最大和最高的放牧区[2],随着畜牧业的发展,除牦牛养殖外,还引进了娟姗牛等牛种。牦牛作为青藏高原特有的品种,生存环境使牦牛乳与普通牛乳在营养物质含量方面存在明显差异[3]。然而,娟姗牛因其优良的泌乳性能[4],正日益成为高原地区乳品企业重要的奶源。乳及乳制品营养成分丰富,且易于消化吸收,深受消费者喜爱,消费者对牛乳的选择和影响牛乳品质的因素有很多,主要包括感官品质和营养价值。风味是牛乳感官品质的一项重要指标,也是消费者对于牛乳选择最直接的因素之一[5]。挥发性风味化合物在牛乳风味的形成中起着重要作用,包括大量具有特征气味的物质,如醇类、挥发性脂肪酸、酯类类、醛类、酚类、酮类和酸类等。牛乳中挥发性风味化合物的形成途径比较复杂,主要来源于动物饮食及体内物质代谢。脂质、蛋白质等物质在体内的降解均可在牛乳中产生上述挥发性风味化合物[6],已有研究表明,相对于牛乳中蛋白质等物质,脂质对其挥发性风味的影响更为明显[5]。
热处理是乳制品生产过程中的一个关键环节,可以杀死乳中致病微生物,达到预防食源性疾病的目的,也是确保鲜乳和乳制品在保质期内直至消费期间微生物安全与产品质量的最普遍方法。但不同的热处理会在一定程度上会改变鲜乳风味物质的组成和含量,也会直接或间接地影响乳制品的风味和产品质量[7−9],例如热处理过程中伴随的脂肪氧化、美拉德和焦糖化反应等,还可能产生一些类似氧化味、焦糊味、蒸煮味等不良风味[9],会直接影响产品感官品质及消费者可接受度。
随着风味检测技术的发展,电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-massspectrometr,HS-SPME-GC/MS)技术更广泛地应用于乳品风味检测[10−12]。目前,关于生鲜牦牛乳风味物质的研究已有报道[5,13−15],多为有机化合物,包括醇类、酯类、内酯类、醛类、酮类、酚类、醚类、含硫化合物及萜类化合物等;针对热处理如何系统性影响牦牛乳挥发性风味物质的研究尚不够深入。对于娟姗牛乳,特别是在高原特定环境下所产牛乳的风味物质基础研究相对匮乏。因此,系统比较这两种具有地域特色和经济价值的牛乳风味特性,并探究不同热处理对其挥发性物质的影响,对于揭示热处理过程中乳品风味形成和变化规律具有重要意义。
本研究以新鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳为原料,采用电子鼻、HS-SPME-GC/MS结合雷达图、主成分分析和气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV),识别乳样在热处理过程中整体风味轮廓,鉴定乳样热处理过程中的挥发性物质,分析其主要香气物质及差异,以期为乳品加工过程中热处理条件的优化及乳品风味调控提供参考。
牦牛 传统放牧,乳采集于西藏墨竹工卡斯布牧场;娟姗牛 舍饲,乳采集于西藏林芝市乡兴牧业有限责任公司,奶站收奶结束后进行采样,乳样采集后迅速用冰袋保存,运送至实验室(采样时间:2024年7月),样本牛基本信息见表1。C7~C30正构烷烃、对溴氟苯标品 色谱纯,Sigma;其他试剂均为分析纯。
JA1003型精密电子天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;HH-1型数显恒温水浴锅 常州澳华仪器有限公司;cNose-10型电子鼻 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;GCMS-TQ8050 NX+AOC-6000型气质联用仪 日本岛津公司。
采集的鲜乳为对照组,其余组别按照乳品工业中常用的热处理方法[7,17]处理,然后保存于−4 ℃冰箱中待测。分组情况如表2所示。
参考陈宝蓉等[18]方法,略作修改:取5.0 mL不同热处理的乳样,置于20 mL顶空瓶中,密封后在40 ℃水浴中平衡30 min,用电子鼻进行测定,载气为空气,样品检测时间90 s,清洗时间120 s,进样流量200 mL/min,每个样品重复5次,选取3个样品作为平行。电子鼻传感器类型如表3所示。
参考Chi等[19]方法,略作修改:取5.0 mL乳样置于20 mL顶空进样瓶中,加入100 μL对溴氟苯溶液(100 μg/mL),混匀,60 ℃水浴锅中保温20 min,然后插入老化之后的萃取头,于60 ℃顶空吸附35 min,解吸2 min,进行GC-MS分析。
气相色谱条件:色谱柱SH-Polar Wax(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);程序升温:从40 ℃开始,保持5 min,以3 ℃/min升至250 ℃,保持15 min;载气为高纯He,柱流量1.0 mL/min,进样口温度250 ℃,分流比5:1。
质谱条件:接口温度250 ℃,EI源,电离电压70 eV,离子源温度200 ℃,扫描范围35~400 amu。
定性分析:在相同色谱条件下,通过正构烷烃(C7~C40)的保留时间,计算目标化合物的保留指数,采用NIST20谱库进行化合物检索,结合匹配度和保留指数进行物质定性分析,目标化合物保留指数计算公式(1)为:
$ \text{RI}=100\text{n}+\frac{100\times ({\text{t}}_{\text{i}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{n}})}{{\text{t}}_{\text{n}+1}-{\text{t}}_{\text{n}}} $
式中:RI为目标化合物保留指数;n为碳原子数;ti为目标化合物的保留时间,min;tn和tn+1分别为碳原子数为n和n+1的正构烷烃保留时间,min。
定量分析:根据内标物的质量浓度、样品中各组分峰面积与内标物峰面积,按照公式(2)计算样品中各组分含量。
$ {{\text{W}}_{\text{i}}} = \frac{{{{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}} \times {{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}} \times {{\text{A}}_{\text{i}}}}}{{{{\text{V}}_{\text{i}}} \times {{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}}} $
式中:Wi为目标化合物质量浓度,μg/L;W0为内标物质量浓度,μg/mL;V0为所加内标物体积,mL;A0为内标物峰面积;Vi为所加奶样体积,mL;Ai为目标化合物峰面积。
气味活度值是评价食品中各挥发性风味物质对样品整体香味贡献的常用评价指标。OAV的计算参考Zheng等[20]的方法,如公式(3)所示:
$ {\text{OA}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{i}}} = \frac{{{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}}}{{{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}}}} $
式中:OAVi为化合物的气味活性值;Ci为化合物的浓度(μg/L);Ti为化合物在水中的阈值(μg/L)。
所有数据采用Excel进行处理,各检测结果采用3次重复的“平均值±标准差”表示,利用Origin 2019作图,SPSS 22.0进行显著性分析,P<0.05。
不同热处理乳样电子鼻检测结果雷达图如图1所示。不同热处理样品对传感器响应强度存在差异,其中鲜牦牛乳(M1)在Sensor_8传感器上的响应值最大,其次是Sensor_1、Sensor_2和Sensor_7,表明鲜牦牛乳中芳香类、醇醛类和(短链)烷烃类化合物风味特征明显。不同热处理对牦牛乳在传感器上的响应值有影响:相较于鲜牦牛乳,热处理条件为63 ℃/30 min(M2)和75 ℃/15 s(M3)时,Sensor_1、Sensor_2和Sensor_8传感器响应值下降,表明这两种热处理对牦牛乳中烷烃类、醇醛类和芳香类化合物有一定的影响。而85 ℃/15 s(M4)和90 ℃/15 s(M5)处理时,牦牛乳风味无明显变化。娟姗牛乳(J1)在sensor_8传感器上的响应值最大,其次是Sensor_1、Sensor_2、Sensor_4、Sensor_5、Sensor_10、Sensor_6和Sensor_7,对应的敏感物质分别是芳香类、醇醛类、(短链)烷烃类、硫化物、有机胺和苯酮类化合物。75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理时,Sensor_1、Sensor_2、Sensor_4,Sensor_5和Sensor_8传感器响应值有所增加,表明此种热处理对增强了娟姗牛乳中烷烃类、醇醛类、硫化物、有机胺和芳香类化合物的响应。85 ℃/15 s(J4)热处理与75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理结果相反,而63 ℃/30 min(J2)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)热处理对娟姗牛乳风味影响不明显。总体而言,娟姗牛乳及不同处理组(不包括J4)在传感器上的响应值均明显大于牦牛乳及不同处理组,且不同热处理对娟姗牛乳在传感器上的响应值比牦牛乳的影响更强。牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳在不同热处理条件下的风味变化差异显著。牦牛乳在85 ℃/15 s和90 ℃/15 s的短时高温处理时,由于其脂肪球膜可包埋挥发性物质及稳定的酪蛋白结构,促使风味物质损失较少,传感器响应变化不明显。然而,在63 ℃/30 min的长时间处理时,热敏物质如烷烃和醇醛显著降解,导致相关传感器响应下降。娟姗牛乳则因含有丰富的含硫前体物和热敏性的β-乳球蛋白,在75 ℃/15 s处理时挥发性物质显著增强,传感器响应上升;但在85 ℃/15 s处理时,蛋白质变性与小分子风味物质结合,抑制了挥发,导致传感器响应下降。75 ℃/15 s是乳样风味显现差异的临界点,两种乳品在相同处理条件下呈现相反的电子鼻响应趋势,这表明乳源基质成分在热处理响应中起着一定的调控作用。
通过电子鼻传感器响应值大小可以初步判定不同乳样气味物质之间的差异,但无法明确各样品之间的相似性,所以对电子鼻数据进行了主成分分析。电子鼻主成分(PCA)分析结果如图2所示。图中第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)贡献率分别为89.6%和7.0%,累计贡献率为96.6%,能够表达不同乳样挥发性物质的主要信息[21]。乳样分布于不同区域,其中M1、M3、M4、M5组与M2组位于不同象限,即M2处理组风味明显区别于其余牦牛乳样品,表明63 ℃长时间热处理的牦牛乳与鲜牦牛乳能够明显区别,过高温度短时热处理乳样与鲜牦牛乳无明显差异;J1、J2、J3、J5组与J4组位于不同象限且距离较远,说明85 ℃/15 s处理组风味与其余娟姗牛乳气味有明显区别。新鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳风味也能够明显区分。
通过HS-SPME-GC/MS对不同热处理乳样挥发性风味物质种类及百分比进行分析,结果如图3和表4所示。不同热处理乳样中共检测出102种挥发性风味物质,分为7类,包括酮类物质10种、醛类9种、酯类32种、醇类25种、酸类14种、酚类3种和其他9种。其中,M1、M2、M3、M4、M5、J1、J2、J3、J4和J5分别含有53、31、54、49、48、53、54、63、49和57种挥发性物质。鲜牦牛乳中挥发性物质以醇类和酸类为主,而鲜娟姗牛乳以酮类和酸类为主,且不同热处理对两种乳样挥发性物质含量和组成均有明显的影响。
酮类化合物是乳风味物质主要组成成分,天然存在于生乳中,热处理过程中乳脂降解、不饱和脂肪酸的氧化都会促进酮类物质的形成[9,22−23],其感知阈值较低,主要赋予奶制品花香、果香及奶香风味[24]。鲜牦牛乳(M1)中有3种酮类物质,含量为37.94 μg/L;75 ℃/15 s(M3)处理时酮类物质增加到8种,含量为822.32 μg/L,新产生的酮类物质分别为2-丁酮、2,3-戊二酮、2-庚酮、1-辛烯-3-酮、2-壬酮和甲壬基甲酮,且与M1组共同含有的2-戊酮及3-羟基-2-丁酮在含量上存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中2-壬酮和2-庚酮主要贡献水果味、花香味,是牛乳中代表性挥发性风味物质[22,25−26],3-羟基-2-丁酮具有较强的奶香、奶油香气[26]。63 ℃/30 min(M2)、85 ℃/15 s(M4)组和90 ℃/15 s(M5)处理组酮类物质种类和含量分别为4种、3种和2种,含量分别为55.13、40.55、36.71 μg/L,种类和含量变化不大,可能由于牦牛乳中多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低,热处理过程中由不饱和脂肪酸的氧化生成的酮类物质较少所致。鲜娟姗牛乳(J1)比鲜牦牛乳(M1)酮类物质种类多3种,且酮类总含量为1322.37 μg/L,与M1差异显著(P<0.05);不同热处理对娟姗牛乳在酮类物质种类上影响不明显,但在含量上与鲜娟姗乳均存在显著差异(P<0.05),J2、J3、J4和J5酮类物质含量分别为5279.99、1153.48、4311.74和5273.12 μg/L,表明热处理对娟姗乳酮类化合物影响明显,尤其是63 ℃/30 min(J2)、85 ℃/15 s(J4)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)处理组显著增加了娟姗乳中酮类化合物含量(P<0.05)。虽然酮类物质可以赋予乳及乳制品良好的风味,但也有研究指出,酮类物质含量过高时会引入霉味[25]。有研究报道,原料乳中不存在酮类物质,其产生原因是由热处理导致的,且当温度达到83 ℃时,酮类物质会基本消失[9],与本研究结果不一致,可能是由于本研究所选乳中乳脂种类和含量不同所致,在热处理过程中,乳脂中的不饱和脂肪酸可能会发生氧化反应,生成酮类物质。
乳及乳制品中存在多种直链(支链)醛及芳香醛,主要来源于乳中脂肪酸代谢和氨基酸分解,其阈值较低,化学性质比较活泼属于瞬时挥发性化合物[9]。鲜牦牛乳(M1)中有4种醛类物质,含量为26.37 μg/L;各处理组对牦牛乳醛类物质种类影响不大,但63 ℃/30 min(M2)处理显著降低醛类物质含量(P<0.05),降低至2.79 μg/L。醛类物质不是鲜娟姗牛乳(J1)主要挥发性物质,仅有1种十六醛,且含量较低(0.21 μg/L);75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组对娟姗牛乳醛类物质种类及含量影响较大,处理后种类增加了4种,含量增至12.22 μg/L,与电子鼻结果一致;其余处理组影响不明显。醛类物质中的正己醛和苯甲醛主要呈现青草气味和坚果类香气[11,26]。
一般来说,酯类化合物来源于短链或游离脂肪酸发生的酯化反应,对牛乳风味的形成发挥着重要作用[27],通常呈现出花香和果香味,能有效减弱脂肪酸类和胺类物质带来的辛辣和苦味[26,28]。鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳含有较丰富的酯类化合物,种类和含量分别为12种53.87 μg/L,16种78.31 μg/L,两种乳中酯类含量占比最高物质分别是2-甲基丁基乙酸酯、乙酸异戊酯和乙酸苯乙酯,且在M1和J1中含量差异性显著(P<0.05)。63 ℃/30 min(M2)处理组使牦牛乳中酯类化合物种类和含量显著降低(4种、2.52 μg/L)。对于娟姗牛乳,各处理组对鲜娟姗牛乳酯类物质种类影响不大,但均显著增加了酯类物质含量,其中75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组酯类增加的最多,含量为489.01 μg/L,其次是J2、J5和J4,酯类含量分别为217.55、151.31、115.07 μg/L,其中含量变化最明显的有2-甲基丁基乙酸酯、乙酸异戊酯和乙酸苯乙酯。生乳中的内酯类物质一般呈现甜味和果香味[28]。鲜牦牛乳及各处理组中均未检测到内酯类化合物,而鲜娟姗牛乳中检测到5种内酯类化合物,分别为丁位辛内酯、丁位葵内酯、丁位十二内酯、丁位十一内酯和γ-十二内酯,其中含量比较高的为丁位十一内酯和丁位葵内酯,分别为3.25和1.27 μg/L,丁位癸内酯来源于脂质高温下的β-氧化,主要贡献水果味和甜味[29]。
醇类化合物阈值较高,只有浓度达到一定量时,才会影响乳的风味[18]。生鲜牦牛乳中醇类物质最多(17种),主要是异戊醇(268.87 μg/L),热处理后的牦牛乳醇类种类减少,但会生成新的醇类物质,包括2-甲基丁醇、仲辛醇和(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇。鲜牦牛乳中醇类物质含量最高(320.72 μg/L),热处理后醇类含量有所降低。鲜娟姗乳醇类含量较低(24.06 μg/L),63 ℃/30 min(J2)、75 ℃/15 s(J3)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)处理组均显著增加了醇类物质含量(P<0.05),变化最大的是75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组中的异戊醇和2-甲基丁醇,分别由原来的12.09和0.32 μg/L增至183.00和181.86 μg/L。乳中醇类物质的来源有多种途径:有脂肪分解、糖代谢和蛋白质水解[25]。牦牛乳的风味几乎全部来源于乳脂肪,而72 ℃/15 s就可以灭活了大部分牛乳中的酶[30],热处理灭活酶后抑制了主要生成途径,导致醇类减少。而娟姗乳风味形成可能以多途径代谢(美拉德反应、脂质氧化)为主,热处理激活了非酶反应,且初始含量低使其增量更显著(P<0.05)。
酸类化合物主要来源于乳中脂肪分解和微生物代谢[28]。热处理对两种乳酸类化合物种类影响不明显,但对其含量影响显著(P<0.05)。鲜牦牛乳中酸类化合物总量为491.57 μg/L,其中含量最多的为苯甲酸(456.10 μg/L),占总含量的92.78%。鲜娟姗牛乳中酸类化合物总量为2166.85 μg/L,其中含量最多的同样是苯甲酸(912.19 μg/L),占总酸含量的42.10%,其次为辛酸(540.08 μg/L)、丁酸(400.36 μg/L)、正癸酸(146.24 μg/L)和异戊酸(91.18 μg/L),分别占酸类总量的24.92%、18.48%、6.75%和4.21%。
75 ℃/15 s(M3、J3)处理会使两种乳中己酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),分别由原来的1.56和0.00 μg/L增至355.12和479.61 μg/L,己酸在低浓度下贡献花香、奶香和甜味,而高浓度下会产生刺鼻、腐臭等异味[31]。63 ℃/30 min(J2)和75 ℃/15 s(J3)较低温度处理降低了娟姗牛乳中酸类总含量,而85 ℃/15 s(J4)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)处理时酸类总含量有所上升,可能是随着热处理温度的升高,导致乳中更多的脂肪水解为脂肪酸所致[9]。酸类化合物的阈值较高,但多表现出不愉悦气味[26,32],例如辛酸具有典型的“肥皂”气味[28]。两种鲜乳中酸类化合物含量均最高,因此酸类对乳整体风味可能具有消极影响。
有研究报道,鲜牛奶中含有苯酚、邻甲酚、间甲酚和对甲酚和香芹酚等多种酚类化合物,其中大多数以葡萄糖醛酸、硫酸盐和磷酸盐结合物的形式存在[33−34]。鲜牦牛乳中共检测出3种酚类化合物,为苯酚、邻甲酚和对甲酚,总含量仅为0.83 μg/L,且随着不同热处理的含量呈下降趋势;鲜娟姗牛乳中只检测到对甲酚,含量为0.15 μg/L,且不同热处理对其含量影响不明显。对甲酚具有独特的“谷仓”风味,且是牛奶中存在的主要酚类化合物[35]。
鲜牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳中分别检测出6种、4种其他类化合物,主要包括含硫化合物和含苯化合物。鲜牦牛乳特有的为4-异丙基甲苯和1,2,4-三甲基苯,鲜娟姗牛乳特有的为二甲基硫和二乙酰。一般生乳含有极少量的硫化物,但却因其低阈值可以对生乳风味产生显著影响[28],例如有研究称低浓度的二甲基硫是奶中强有力的风味化合物[34]。
对不同热处理牛乳挥发性物质样品进行OAV分析,结果如表5所示。一般认为,挥发性化合物的含量及香气阈值决定了其对样品整体的风味贡献,且OAV值越大,对样品风味贡献越大,0.1<OAV<1的物质被认为对样品风味有重要的修饰作用,1<OAV的物质对样品风味影响较大,可作为关键风味化合物[37]。由表5可知,鲜牦牛乳中OAV>1的物质有3-羟基-2-丁酮(2.63)、1-辛烯-3-醇(30.40)和2-壬基醇(4.99),说明这三种物质对鲜牦牛乳香气形成有重要贡献,分别贡献黄油味、蘑菇味、生水果味、脂香和青香味。M3样品OAV>1的物质有10种,分别为2,3-戊二酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-壬酮、苯甲醛、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-壬基醇、丁酸和己酸,说明75 ℃/15 s(M2)处理组更有助于牦牛乳风味物质的生成。鲜娟姗乳样品OAV>1的物质有3-羟基-2-丁酮(93.40)、2-壬基醇(5.37)、丁酸(25.02)和辛酸(1.08),说明鲜娟姗乳黄油味比较重,其次是奶酪味和酸味等。63 ℃/30 min(J2)、85 ℃/15 s(J4)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)处理组在一定程度上增强了娟姗乳的黄油味、香蕉味和梨香味,减弱了奶酪味和酸味。75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组OAV>1的物质有6种,分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮(80.76)、2-壬酮(1.17)、乙酸异戊酯(5.87)、2-甲基丁醇(1.30)、丁酸(11.34)和己酸(9.99),与鲜娟姗乳相比较,3-羟基-2-丁酮和丁酸的OAV值有所降低,且呈香蕉味、梨香味的乙酸异戊酯OAV值增大,但同时呈酸味、奶酪味等的己酸OAV值增加更明显,整体风味表现上还是以黄油味和酸味为主。各处理组共有的关键风味物质有4种,分别为3-羟基-2-丁酮、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和丁酸,且OAV>1的3-羟基-2-丁酮和丁酸在娟姗乳处理组中的值远大于牦牛乳处理组,这可能与牛的品种、饲粮、饮用水水质、饲养方式及生活环境有关[28],也有报道表明,由于牧场管理不善等原因,可能会增加生乳中游离脂肪酸含量,从而导致奶中产生异味,特别是短链脂肪酸引起的酸败味[34]。
图4为不同处理组牦牛乳和娟姗牛乳香气成分PCA分析图,第一主成分贡献率分别为77.1%和56.3%,第二主成分贡献率分别为12.8%和25.0%,总贡献率分别为89.9%和81.3%。不同处理组样本点之间的距离越近,说明样本的香气成分越相似。由图4a可知,当热处理为75 ℃/15 s(M3)和90 ℃/15 s(M5)时,乳样香气成分能与鲜牦牛乳明显区分,而63 ℃/30 min(M2)和85 ℃/15 s(M4)处理组香气成分与鲜牦牛乳比较无明显差异。75 ℃/15 s(M3)处理组乳样香气成分相关性较大的挥发性物质有2-壬基醇、2-壬酮、2,3-戊二酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、己酸、丁酸、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和苯甲醛,可赋予牦牛乳脂香、清草香、奶香味、黄油味、奶酪味、菠萝香味和果香味等风味。90 ℃/15 s(M5)处理组牦牛乳样香气成分相关性较大的挥发性物质有2-甲基丁醛和1-辛烯-3-醇,赋予乳样杏仁味、可可味和蘑菇味。由图4b可知,各热处理组乳样香气成分均能与鲜娟姗牛乳明显区分,而63 ℃/30 min(J2)、85 ℃/15 s(J4)和90 ℃/15 s(J5)处理组香气成分与75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组乳样区分也较明显。75 ℃/15 s(J3)处理组乳样香气成分相关性较大的挥发性物质有己酸、2-甲基丁醇、乙酸异戊酯和2-壬酮,可赋予娟姗牛乳奶酪味、香蕉味、梨香味和青草味。其余处理组乳样香气成分相关性较大的挥发性物质有辛酸乙酯和3-羟基-2-丁酮,赋予娟姗牛乳菠萝香味和黄油味。
鲜牦牛乳以醇类和酸类物质为主,其关键风味物质为3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-辛烯-3-醇及2-壬基醇,赋予其黄油香与青草脂香特征;而鲜娟姗牛乳则以酮类和酸类物质为主,其中3-羟基-2-丁酮与丁酸贡献了显著的黄油味及酸味,其挥发性物质含量显著高于牦牛乳(P<0.05)。75 ℃/15 s处理可显著增加两种牛乳的关键风味物质种类,且娟姗牛乳对热处理更为敏感。所有样品共有的关键风味物质包括3-羟基-2-丁酮、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和丁酸,其中娟姗牛乳的3-羟基-2-丁酮和丁酸的OAV值高于牦牛乳,表明其更强烈的风味特征与牛种特性及乳脂代谢差异密切相关。综上,牦牛乳风味稳定性更优,而娟姗牛乳风味对热处理响应显著;75 ℃/15 s处理是两种牛乳关键风味物质增加的关键工艺参数,可为高原特色乳加工中热处理条件优化及风味调控提供参考。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110431
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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    1西藏农牧大学食品科学学院,西藏林芝 860000
    2西藏农牧大学食品科学与工程重点实验室,西藏林芝 860000
    3西藏特色农牧资源研发省部共建协同创新中心,西藏林芝 860000

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杨林(1981−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:西藏特色畜产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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