Article(id=1320889264800383460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854141663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854141663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854141663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854141663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889264989127141, articleId=1320889264800383460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Extrusion Input Parameters on the Quality Characteristics and Beany Flavor of High-moisture Extruded Textured Soybean Protein, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the effects of extrusion parameters on the quality and beany flavor of high-moisture extruded textured soy protein (extruded protein), soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, and low-temperature defatted soybean meal (SBM) were used as raw materials. The effects of SBM addition, extrusion temperature, cooling temperature, screw speed, feeding speed, and moisture content on anisotropy, texture properties, degree of texturization (DT) and key beany flavor compounds for extruded protein were systematically investigated. In addition, correlation analyses were conducted between these parameters and the DT and the concentration of key beany-flavor compounds in the extruded protein. The results indicated that the extrusion input parameters significantly influenced its quality characteristics and beany flavor of extruded protein. Optimal extrusion conditions were 40% SBM, extrusion temperature of 150 ℃, cooling temperature of 60 ℃, screw speed of 360 r/min, feeding speed of 10 kg/h, and moisture content of 60%, respectively. The extrude protein produced under each optimal parameter exhibited enhanced surface smoothness, a brighter color, and improved textural properties and DT, while maintaining relatively low concentrations of key beany flavor compounds. Correlation analysis indicated that cooling temperature had the strongest impact on DT (P<0.05), and a negative correlation was observed between DT and key beany flavor compounds. Molecular docking confirmed potential non-covalent interactions between extrude protein and key beany flavor compounds. These findings indicated that targeted modulation of extrusion parameters can enhance fiber formation while controlling beany flavor, providing guidance for the industrial production of low-cost, high-quality PBMA.

, authors=Rui CAO1, 2, Xiangquan ZENG1, 2, Wentao ZHANG1, 2, Yu XI1, 2, Wenjie BIAN3, Yibin JIN3, Fei GAO3, Yunsheng HAN3, Shoumin YAO3, Jian LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Rui CAO, Xiangquan ZENG, Wentao ZHANG, Yu XI, Wenjie BIAN, Yibin JIN, Fei GAO, Yunsheng HAN, Shoumin YAO, Jian LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889268617200120, articleId=1320889264800383460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白品质特性及豆腥味的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白(简称挤出蛋白)品质特性及豆腥味的影响,本研究以大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和低温脱脂豆粕粉为原料,系统考察低温脱脂豆粕粉添加量、挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速、喂料速度和水分含量对挤出蛋白各向异性、质构特性、纤维化程度及关键豆腥味化合物的影响规律,并分析挤压输入参数与纤维化程度及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的相关性。结果表明:挤压输入参数可明显影响挤出蛋白品质特性及豆腥味,最优挤压输入参数分别为低温脱脂豆粕粉添加量40%、挤压温度150 ℃、冷却温度60 ℃、螺杆转速360 r/min、喂料速度10 kg/h、水分含量60%。各最优参数下所得产品表面光滑、色泽鲜亮,质构性能与纤维化程度最佳,且关键豆腥味化合物浓度较低。相关性分析显示,冷却温度对组织化度的影响最为显著(P<0.05),组织化度与关键豆腥味化合物浓度呈负相关,分子对接验证了二者存在非共价相互作用。综上,本研究通过参数调控实现了挤出蛋白纤维化程度提升与豆腥味控制,可为低成本、高品质植物基肉制品的工业化生产提供理论支撑。

, authors=曹瑞1, 2, 曾祥权1, 2, 张文涛1, 2, 奚宇1, 2, 边文洁3, 靳贻斌3, 高飞3, 韩云圣3, 姚守民3, 李健1, 2, *, authorsList=曹瑞, 曾祥权, 张文涛, 奚宇, 边文洁, 靳贻斌, 高飞, 韩云圣, 姚守民, 李健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李健, authorNote=

曹瑞(1999−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李健(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物基食品开发与利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hfgeIbjBwQQwXYbkMLUfFg==, magXml=axFmhKOgRLTDvt7LFqreIA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=08w+Fk4Fuj5hKqhZCu9ZGg==, pdfFileSize=56238265, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EtR7vKNHGCKN9DSID7fRwQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YJUr/fhb4ioaiczQn8ZPAg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889269128905219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=caorui13453422518@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889269221179910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, authorId=1320889269128905219, language=EN, stringName=Rui CAO, firstName=Rui, middleName=null, lastName=CAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Processing Technology for Plant-based Food of China National Light Industry Council, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Elucidating the mechanism of inulin-induced improvement in the structural and functional properties of high-moisture extruded products[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2024, 157: 110449., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889278972936798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Wanrong, YANG Xiaoyu, LI Liang. Flavor of extruded meat analogs: A review on composition, influencing factors, and analytical techniques[J]. 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注:b和c分别为挤出蛋白垂直于挤压方向和沿挤压方向的4倍光学显微镜图像;不同字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图3~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=rKFy9KJ+gyNiEOpXlVch9A==, figureFileBig=gFr+LKGmH61SPQnvLDY7wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889275147731527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of extrusion temperature on the quality attributes and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=Grxl6ePNsCCfsgMso4FA0w==, figureFileBig=Gp9Ht0OaS/da3/FQ9+DRvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889275210646088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图3, caption=挤压温度对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=Grxl6ePNsCCfsgMso4FA0w==, figureFileBig=Gp9Ht0OaS/da3/FQ9+DRvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889275277754953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of cooling temperature on the quality attributes and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=1RFX30SLWvrPBBoMPTtyXg==, figureFileBig=XPzv5Ackog1gy3nea4DJ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889275365835338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冷却温度对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=1RFX30SLWvrPBBoMPTtyXg==, figureFileBig=XPzv5Ackog1gy3nea4DJ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889275432944203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of screw speed on the quality attributes and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=M+jI/FXskbUChrdped9bGA==, figureFileBig=A+rV6sLHM/mVHuuO3LzdCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277186163276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图5, caption=螺杆转速对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=M+jI/FXskbUChrdped9bGA==, figureFileBig=A+rV6sLHM/mVHuuO3LzdCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277249077837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of feeding speed on the quality attributes and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=raKBpkjS4AhQ453BBDj20g==, figureFileBig=hVuXrYLtKu+rqeqV2Z+yCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277324575310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图6, caption=喂料速度对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=raKBpkjS4AhQ453BBDj20g==, figureFileBig=hVuXrYLtKu+rqeqV2Z+yCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277416849999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of moisture content on the quality attributes and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=XMnTpS6L5rCuPH4WBYAUew==, figureFileBig=hrntb8IzLWjQwORMbvCANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277483958864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图7, caption=水分含量对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=XMnTpS6L5rCuPH4WBYAUew==, figureFileBig=hrntb8IzLWjQwORMbvCANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277605593681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis between extrusion input parameters and degree of texturization and key beany flavor compounds concentrations of extruded protein, figureFileSmall=MH8KuEtcne/ax3EhwgCzgw==, figureFileBig=OR06J/z6vKB4OzSbFAxzGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277689479762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图8, caption=挤压输入参数与挤出蛋白组织化度及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的相关性分析

注:数字为相关性系数r,下方*、**和***分别表示相关性在0.05、0.01和0.005的水平显著。

, figureFileSmall=MH8KuEtcne/ax3EhwgCzgw==, figureFileBig=OR06J/z6vKB4OzSbFAxzGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277756588627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Docking postures and non-covalent interactions between key bean odor compounds and 7S/11S proteins, figureFileSmall=xohv5Pu10RRAzS3xFT4Y1A==, figureFileBig=EPj5ubd///q5bI3T89ZQow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889277823697492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=图9, caption=关键豆腥味化合物与7S/11S蛋白的对接姿势和非共价相互作用

注:A/a~F/f分别表示2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-壬烯醛、己醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、壬醛、己酸与7S/11S蛋白的分子对接。

, figureFileSmall=xohv5Pu10RRAzS3xFT4Y1A==, figureFileBig=EPj5ubd///q5bI3T89ZQow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889278071161429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准产品描述及评分标准
1~3分4~6分7~9分10分
外观表面粗糙且无法形成长条表面粗糙并伴有气泡,长条不连续,出现断裂表面较为光滑,长条状态完整连续,组织排列有序表面光滑,长条完整连续,组织排列均匀
色泽色泽暗黄,表面明显焦糊色泽不均,表面稍有焦糊色色泽均一,表面发黄色泽均一,表面呈乳黄色
风味豆腥味明显稍有豆腥味具有一定肉香,基本无豆腥味具有强烈肉香,无焦糊味及豆腥味
纤维状态无纤维结构撕裂时有纤维但易撕裂撕裂时有明显纤维但状态稀疏撕裂时有明显纤维且状态密集
口感无弹性,口感粗糙,咀嚼时成碎块弹性较差,口感一般,咀嚼偏硬富有弹性,口感较好,咀嚼较好富有弹性且具有明显肉的口感
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278142464598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准产品描述及评分标准
1~3分4~6分7~9分10分
外观表面粗糙且无法形成长条表面粗糙并伴有气泡,长条不连续,出现断裂表面较为光滑,长条状态完整连续,组织排列有序表面光滑,长条完整连续,组织排列均匀
色泽色泽暗黄,表面明显焦糊色泽不均,表面稍有焦糊色色泽均一,表面发黄色泽均一,表面呈乳黄色
风味豆腥味明显稍有豆腥味具有一定肉香,基本无豆腥味具有强烈肉香,无焦糊味及豆腥味
纤维状态无纤维结构撕裂时有纤维但易撕裂撕裂时有明显纤维但状态稀疏撕裂时有明显纤维且状态密集
口感无弹性,口感粗糙,咀嚼时成碎块弹性较差,口感一般,咀嚼偏硬富有弹性,口感较好,咀嚼较好富有弹性且具有明显肉的口感
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278217962071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Qualitative results of GC-O-MS for odor compounds in extruded protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS号化合物名称气味描述理论RI实际RI鉴定方式
醛类
1590-86-3异戊醛巧克力味,桃味913−MS, O
266-25-1己醛青草味,脂肪味10831057MS, RI, O
3124-13-0辛醛柑橘味,脂肪味12851278MS, RI, O
418829-55-5(E)-2-庚烯醛柑橘味,青草味13141315MS, RI, O
5124-19-6壬醛蜡质味,玫瑰味13901384MS, RI, O
62548-87-0(E)-2-辛烯醛黄瓜味,脂肪味14341420MS, RI, O
7112-31-2癸醛橘皮味,柑橘味15151487MS, RI
8100-52-7苯甲醛苦杏仁味,樱桃味15551508MS, RI
918829-56-6(E)-2-壬烯醛肥皂味,柑橘味15421524MS, RI, O
1013019-16-42-丁基-2-辛烯醛水果味,金属味16591659MS, RI
11112-54-9月桂醛肥皂味,蜡质味17091702MS, RI
醇类
1616-25-11-戊烯-3-醇辣根味,萝卜味11651144MS, RI,
2623-37-03-己醇酒精味,药草味11921184MS, RI,
3123-51-3异戊醇油脂味,酒精味12081195MS, RI
4626-93-72-己醇甜香味,油脂味12261209MS, RI
571-41-0戊醇油脂味,水果味12561238MS, RI
6111-27-3己醇酒精味13591343MS, RI
73391-86-41-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇味14581438MS, RI, O
8111-70-6庚醇霉味,绿叶味14611444MS, RI
9111-87-5辛醇蜡质味,橙味15611546MS, RI
1018409-17-1(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇柑橘味,蔬菜味16121601MS, RI
11143-08-8壬醇油脂味,玫瑰味16661650MS, RI, O
12100-51-6苯甲醇花香,玫瑰味18851866MS, RI
酮类
1110-43-02-庚酮肥皂味11891168MS, RI
2111-13-72-辛酮泥土味,杂草味12831274MS, RI
3585-25-12,3-辛二酮芦笋味,香菜味13251310MS, RI
4821-55-62-壬酮清新味,甜香味13881380MS, RI, O
5693-54-92-癸酮橙味,脂肪味14931483MS, RI, O
614309-57-03-壬烯-2-酮水果味,脂肪味15181500MS, RI
730086-02-3(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮水果味,青草味15621558MS, RI
8112-12-92-十一酮蜡质味,果味15961588MS, RI,
酸类
1142-62-1己酸酸味,脂肪味18511845MS, RI, O
杂环类
13208-16-02-乙基呋喃甜香味,焦香味945−MS
23777-69-32-戊基呋喃泥土味,黄豆味12311232MS, RI, O
34861-58-92-戊基噻吩脂肪味,鸡汤味14521449MS, RI
芳香类
191-20-3甲苯甜味10411013MS, RI
291-20-3萘辛辣味,柏油味17631729MS, RI, O
3118-71-8麦芽酚甜香味,焦香味19681997MS, RI, O
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278293459544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

挤出蛋白气味化合物的GC-O-MS定性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS号化合物名称气味描述理论RI实际RI鉴定方式
醛类
1590-86-3异戊醛巧克力味,桃味913−MS, O
266-25-1己醛青草味,脂肪味10831057MS, RI, O
3124-13-0辛醛柑橘味,脂肪味12851278MS, RI, O
418829-55-5(E)-2-庚烯醛柑橘味,青草味13141315MS, RI, O
5124-19-6壬醛蜡质味,玫瑰味13901384MS, RI, O
62548-87-0(E)-2-辛烯醛黄瓜味,脂肪味14341420MS, RI, O
7112-31-2癸醛橘皮味,柑橘味15151487MS, RI
8100-52-7苯甲醛苦杏仁味,樱桃味15551508MS, RI
918829-56-6(E)-2-壬烯醛肥皂味,柑橘味15421524MS, RI, O
1013019-16-42-丁基-2-辛烯醛水果味,金属味16591659MS, RI
11112-54-9月桂醛肥皂味,蜡质味17091702MS, RI
醇类
1616-25-11-戊烯-3-醇辣根味,萝卜味11651144MS, RI,
2623-37-03-己醇酒精味,药草味11921184MS, RI,
3123-51-3异戊醇油脂味,酒精味12081195MS, RI
4626-93-72-己醇甜香味,油脂味12261209MS, RI
571-41-0戊醇油脂味,水果味12561238MS, RI
6111-27-3己醇酒精味13591343MS, RI
73391-86-41-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇味14581438MS, RI, O
8111-70-6庚醇霉味,绿叶味14611444MS, RI
9111-87-5辛醇蜡质味,橙味15611546MS, RI
1018409-17-1(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇柑橘味,蔬菜味16121601MS, RI
11143-08-8壬醇油脂味,玫瑰味16661650MS, RI, O
12100-51-6苯甲醇花香,玫瑰味18851866MS, RI
酮类
1110-43-02-庚酮肥皂味11891168MS, RI
2111-13-72-辛酮泥土味,杂草味12831274MS, RI
3585-25-12,3-辛二酮芦笋味,香菜味13251310MS, RI
4821-55-62-壬酮清新味,甜香味13881380MS, RI, O
5693-54-92-癸酮橙味,脂肪味14931483MS, RI, O
614309-57-03-壬烯-2-酮水果味,脂肪味15181500MS, RI
730086-02-3(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮水果味,青草味15621558MS, RI
8112-12-92-十一酮蜡质味,果味15961588MS, RI,
酸类
1142-62-1己酸酸味,脂肪味18511845MS, RI, O
杂环类
13208-16-02-乙基呋喃甜香味,焦香味945−MS
23777-69-32-戊基呋喃泥土味,黄豆味12311232MS, RI, O
34861-58-92-戊基噻吩脂肪味,鸡汤味14521449MS, RI
芳香类
191-20-3甲苯甜味10411013MS, RI
291-20-3萘辛辣味,柏油味17631729MS, RI, O
3118-71-8麦芽酚甜香味,焦香味19681997MS, RI, O
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278473814617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

rOAV of 12 unpleasant odor active compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物相对浓度
(ng/g)
气味阈值
(ng/g)[28]
rOAV
2-戊基呋喃2945.445.80d100.00
(E)-2-壬烯醛9.860.692.81
己醛791.1673.002.13
(E)-2-辛烯醛26.363.00d1.73
壬醛54.158.001.33
己酸30.596.001.00
2-癸酮10.523.00d0.69
辛醛22.326.900.64
1-辛烯-3-醇73.5225.000.58
2-壬酮13.635.00d0.54
(E)-2-庚烯醛18.0313.00d0.27
萘3.156.000.10
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278545117786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

12种不愉快气味活性化合物的rOAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物相对浓度
(ng/g)
气味阈值
(ng/g)[28]
rOAV
2-戊基呋喃2945.445.80d100.00
(E)-2-壬烯醛9.860.692.81
己醛791.1673.002.13
(E)-2-辛烯醛26.363.00d1.73
壬醛54.158.001.33
己酸30.596.001.00
2-癸酮10.523.00d0.69
辛醛22.326.900.64
1-辛烯-3-醇73.5225.000.58
2-壬酮13.635.00d0.54
(E)-2-庚烯醛18.0313.00d0.27
萘3.156.000.10
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278649975387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Amino acid residues involved in non-covalent interactions between key bean odor compounds and 7/11S protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸残基关键豆腥味化合物
2-戊基呋喃(E)-2-壬烯醛己醛(E)-2-辛烯醛壬醛己酸
7SGlu52(A)−−−−−*
Phe64(A)+−−−−−
Pro143(A)−−−−−+
Ser144(A)−−−−−*
Phe145(A)−−−−−*
Met263(A)−−−−+−
Ser265(A)−−−−*−
Ser267(A)−−−−*−
Thr268(A)−−−−*−
Val272(A)−−−−+−
Pro355(A)−−−−+−
Thr360(A)−−−−+−
Gly351(B)−−−−−*
Gln354(B)−−−−−+
Pro355(B)−−−−−+
Arg356(B)−−−−−+
Gln77(C)−−−+−−
Cys78(C)−−−+−−
Leu79(C)−+++−−
Ser80(C)−++**−−
Cys81(C)−++−−−
Pro82(C)−−+−−−
Gly88(C)−++−−−
Cys89(C)−−+−−−
His90(C)−+*−−−
Thr93(C)−+−−−−
Glu110(C)−+−−−−
Leu108(C)−−−+−−
Pro221(D)+−−−−−
Thr223(D)+−−−−−
Thr225(D)−−−+−−
Glu229(D)−−−+−−
Asn231(D)−−−+−−
Arg233(D)*−−−−−
Thr258(D)−−−*−−
Met263(D)−−−+−−
Asp321(D)+−−−−−
Met353(D)−++−−−
Gln354(D)−++−−−
Pro355(D)−++−−−
Arg356(D−+−+−−
Ala357(D)−+−−−−
Glu358(D)−*−−−−
11SPro160(B)−−−−−+
Arg161(B)+−−−−+
Val162(B)*+++++
Tyr164(B)+++−++
Pro169(B)++−+++
Asp170(B)++++++
Cys81(C)−++−−−
Glu172(B)++*+*+
His173(B−***−**
Thr176(B)+−−−−*
Gly201(B)−−−+−−
Gly202(B)−+−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320889278738055772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889264800383460, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

关键豆腥味化合物与7/11S蛋白发生非共价相互作用的氨基酸残基

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸残基关键豆腥味化合物
2-戊基呋喃(E)-2-壬烯醛己醛(E)-2-辛烯醛壬醛己酸
7SGlu52(A)−−−−−*
Phe64(A)+−−−−−
Pro143(A)−−−−−+
Ser144(A)−−−−−*
Phe145(A)−−−−−*
Met263(A)−−−−+−
Ser265(A)−−−−*−
Ser267(A)−−−−*−
Thr268(A)−−−−*−
Val272(A)−−−−+−
Pro355(A)−−−−+−
Thr360(A)−−−−+−
Gly351(B)−−−−−*
Gln354(B)−−−−−+
Pro355(B)−−−−−+
Arg356(B)−−−−−+
Gln77(C)−−−+−−
Cys78(C)−−−+−−
Leu79(C)−+++−−
Ser80(C)−++**−−
Cys81(C)−++−−−
Pro82(C)−−+−−−
Gly88(C)−++−−−
Cys89(C)−−+−−−
His90(C)−+*−−−
Thr93(C)−+−−−−
Glu110(C)−+−−−−
Leu108(C)−−−+−−
Pro221(D)+−−−−−
Thr223(D)+−−−−−
Thr225(D)−−−+−−
Glu229(D)−−−+−−
Asn231(D)−−−+−−
Arg233(D)*−−−−−
Thr258(D)−−−*−−
Met263(D)−−−+−−
Asp321(D)+−−−−−
Met353(D)−++−−−
Gln354(D)−++−−−
Pro355(D)−++−−−
Arg356(D−+−+−−
Ala357(D)−+−−−−
Glu358(D)−*−−−−
11SPro160(B)−−−−−+
Arg161(B)+−−−−+
Val162(B)*+++++
Tyr164(B)+++−++
Pro169(B)++−+++
Asp170(B)++++++
Cys81(C)−++−−−
Glu172(B)++*+*+
His173(B−***−**
Thr176(B)+−−−−*
Gly201(B)−−−+−−
Gly202(B)−+−−−−
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挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白品质特性及豆腥味的影响
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曹瑞 1, 2 , 曾祥权 1, 2 , 张文涛 1, 2 , 奚宇 1, 2 , 边文洁 3 , 靳贻斌 3 , 高飞 3 , 韩云圣 3 , 姚守民 3 , 李健 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(5): 1-17
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (5) : 1 -17
挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白品质特性及豆腥味的影响
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曹瑞1, 2 , 曾祥权1, 2, 张文涛1, 2, 奚宇1, 2, 边文洁3, 靳贻斌3, 高飞3, 韩云圣3, 姚守民3, 李健1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1北京工商大学食品与健康学院,中国轻工业植物基食品绿色低碳加工技术重点实验室,北京 100048
  • 2北京工商大学食品与健康学院,北京市食品添加剂工程技术研究中心,北京 100048
  • 3山东真诺智能设备有限公司,山东济南 251400
通讯作者:
李健(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物基食品开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曹瑞(1999−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:

Effects of Extrusion Input Parameters on the Quality Characteristics and Beany Flavor of High-moisture Extruded Textured Soybean Protein
Rui CAO1, 2 , Xiangquan ZENG1, 2, Wentao ZHANG1, 2, Yu XI1, 2, Wenjie BIAN3, Yibin JIN3, Fei GAO3, Yunsheng HAN3, Shoumin YAO3, Jian LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Processing Technology for Plant-based Food of China National Light Industry Council, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
  • 2Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
  • 3Shandong Arrow Machinery Co., Ltd., Jinan 251400, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040218
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为明确挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白(简称挤出蛋白)品质特性及豆腥味的影响,本研究以大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和低温脱脂豆粕粉为原料,系统考察低温脱脂豆粕粉添加量、挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速、喂料速度和水分含量对挤出蛋白各向异性、质构特性、纤维化程度及关键豆腥味化合物的影响规律,并分析挤压输入参数与纤维化程度及关键豆腥味化合物浓度的相关性。结果表明:挤压输入参数可明显影响挤出蛋白品质特性及豆腥味,最优挤压输入参数分别为低温脱脂豆粕粉添加量40%、挤压温度150 ℃、冷却温度60 ℃、螺杆转速360 r/min、喂料速度10 kg/h、水分含量60%。各最优参数下所得产品表面光滑、色泽鲜亮,质构性能与纤维化程度最佳,且关键豆腥味化合物浓度较低。相关性分析显示,冷却温度对组织化度的影响最为显著(P<0.05),组织化度与关键豆腥味化合物浓度呈负相关,分子对接验证了二者存在非共价相互作用。综上,本研究通过参数调控实现了挤出蛋白纤维化程度提升与豆腥味控制,可为低成本、高品质植物基肉制品的工业化生产提供理论支撑。

高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白  /  挤压输入参数  /  品质特性  /  豆腥味  /  相关性

To clarify the effects of extrusion parameters on the quality and beany flavor of high-moisture extruded textured soy protein (extruded protein), soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, and low-temperature defatted soybean meal (SBM) were used as raw materials. The effects of SBM addition, extrusion temperature, cooling temperature, screw speed, feeding speed, and moisture content on anisotropy, texture properties, degree of texturization (DT) and key beany flavor compounds for extruded protein were systematically investigated. In addition, correlation analyses were conducted between these parameters and the DT and the concentration of key beany-flavor compounds in the extruded protein. The results indicated that the extrusion input parameters significantly influenced its quality characteristics and beany flavor of extruded protein. Optimal extrusion conditions were 40% SBM, extrusion temperature of 150 ℃, cooling temperature of 60 ℃, screw speed of 360 r/min, feeding speed of 10 kg/h, and moisture content of 60%, respectively. The extrude protein produced under each optimal parameter exhibited enhanced surface smoothness, a brighter color, and improved textural properties and DT, while maintaining relatively low concentrations of key beany flavor compounds. Correlation analysis indicated that cooling temperature had the strongest impact on DT (P<0.05), and a negative correlation was observed between DT and key beany flavor compounds. Molecular docking confirmed potential non-covalent interactions between extrude protein and key beany flavor compounds. These findings indicated that targeted modulation of extrusion parameters can enhance fiber formation while controlling beany flavor, providing guidance for the industrial production of low-cost, high-quality PBMA.

high-moisture extruded textured soybean protein  /  extrusion input parameters  /  quality characteristics  /  beany flavor  /  correlation
曹瑞, 曾祥权, 张文涛, 奚宇, 边文洁, 靳贻斌, 高飞, 韩云圣, 姚守民, 李健. 挤压输入参数对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白品质特性及豆腥味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 1 -17 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040218
Rui CAO, Xiangquan ZENG, Wentao ZHANG, Yu XI, Wenjie BIAN, Yibin JIN, Fei GAO, Yunsheng HAN, Shoumin YAO, Jian LI. Effects of Extrusion Input Parameters on the Quality Characteristics and Beany Flavor of High-moisture Extruded Textured Soybean Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 1 -17 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040218
为应对日益扩大的动物肉缺口,同时响应可持续发展与环境保护的需求,以植物蛋白肉替代动物肉类的产业发展潜力巨大[1]。挤压技术凭借无污染排放、高效连续及原料适用性宽等优点,已成为生产植物蛋白肉的主要技术[2]。与低水分挤压(水分含量<40%)技术相比,高水分挤压(水分含量>40%)通过冷却模具可形成类似动物肉的纤维结构,从而改善植物蛋白肉的口感、质地和外观[3]。而物料配比、挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速、喂料速度及水分含量等挤压输入参数会共同影响挤压过程中蛋白质的相互作用,对高水分挤压组织化蛋白的结构形成关键调控作用[4]。
现有对高水分挤压组织化大豆蛋白(简称挤出蛋白)的研究大多以成本较高的大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolates,SPI)或大豆浓缩蛋白(Soybean protein concentrate,SPC)为生产原料[5−6]。而低温脱脂豆粕粉(简称豆粕粉)作为直接粉碎产物,生产成本较低,同时其中部分不溶性膳食纤维在挤压过程中可能转变为可溶性膳食纤维,进而改善挤出蛋白的流变性能及品质[7]。因此,将豆粕粉应用于挤出蛋白生产,能降低生产成本并改善纤维结构。现关于豆粕粉在挤压技术中的研究主要集中于低水分挤压[8],在高水分挤压中的应用较少,同时豆腥味是决定消费者购买的另一关键因素[9],也需深入讨论。已有研究表明,挤压温度[10]、螺杆转速[11]和水分含量[12]等挤压输入参数会影响风味物质的保留,并通过调控挤压过程中美拉德反应前体进而作用于美拉德反应进程[13]。但鲜有研究报道豆粕粉在高水分挤压中的应用潜力及对挤出蛋白品质与豆腥味的影响。
本研究以SPI、SPC及豆粕粉为原料,系统研究挤压输入参数(豆粕粉添加量、挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速、喂料速度及水分含量)对挤出蛋白品质特性(各向异性、质构特性与纤维化程度)及关键豆腥味化合物的影响,旨在筛选生产纤维化程度较高且豆腥味较低的挤出蛋白所需最优挤压输入参数,并明确挤压输入参数与纤维化程度及豆腥味间的关系,以期为高水分挤压技术在低豆腥味挤出蛋白工业化生产中的应用提供理论依据。
豆粕粉、SPC、SPI 食品级,山东禹王实业有限公司;2-甲基-3-庚酮、正己烷、正构烷烃(C8~C25) 色谱级,美国Sigma公司。
AHT36-32D双螺杆挤压机 山东真诺智能设备有限公司;OLYMPUS-DP73光学显微镜 日本奥林巴斯株式会社;CR-410色差计 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;TMS-Touch质构仪 美国FTC公司;7890B/5977A气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;Sniffer 9100嗅闻仪 瑞士Brechbühler公司。
以豆粕粉、SPC和SPI为原料,根据Zhao等[14]的研究,并结合前期试验及操作人员感官经验,固定SPC和SPI比例为1:1。挤压实验采用双螺杆挤压机进行,温度设置:温区1~6依次为20、40、60、80、120、140 ℃,温区8为150 ℃,温区10为40 ℃。
当挤出过程达到稳定时,收集冷却模头末端样品,冷却至室温后在−18 ℃下储存以待后续分析。
以豆粕粉添加量40%、挤压温度(温区7)150 ℃、冷却温度(温区9)60 ℃、螺杆转速360 r/min,喂料速度10 kg/h,水分含量60%为固定水平,考察不同豆粕粉添加量(0%、20%、30%、40%、50%)、挤压温度(140、150、160、170、180 ℃)、冷却温度(40、50、60、70、80 ℃)、螺杆转速(240、300、360、420、480 r/min)、喂料速度(6、8、10、12、14 kg/h)及水分含量(50%、55%、60%、65%、70%)对挤出蛋白感官性能、各向异性、质构特性、组织化度、关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响。
感官评价小组由10名具有植物基食品研究背景的硕士研究生(男女比例各半)组成。参考Zhang等[15]的研究,从挤出蛋白的外观(系数0.1)、色泽(系数0.1)、风味(系数0.3)、纤维状态(系数0.2)和口感(系数0.3)进行打分。具体标准见表1,综合感官评分由各项加权得出。
按照Qian等[16]的方法稍作修改:将挤出蛋白切成3×3×5 mm3块状,称取1 g于40 mL顶空瓶中,加入1 μL内标物2-甲基-3-庚酮(0.0816 μg/μL);在60 ℃水浴平衡15 min,随后插入50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取纤维于60 ℃水浴吸附气味化合物40 min;吸附结束后于250 ℃进样口解析5 min。
GC参数:采用DB-WAX强极性色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),进样口温度250 ℃,压力30 psi,不分流模式进样。升温程序:40 ℃保持2 min后以5 ℃/min升温至75 ℃,再以2 ℃/min升温至150 ℃,最终以7 ℃/min升温至230 ℃并保持2 min。
MS参数:电子轰击离子源温度230 ℃,电子能量70 eV;四级杆温度150 ℃;质量扫描范围40~400 amu/s。
嗅闻仪条件:气味化合物经色谱柱分离后,以1:1分流比分别进入MS检测器和嗅闻仪,一部分用于定性分析,另一部分记录气味特征和强度。
通过与NIST 17质谱库对比鉴定未知气味化合物(正反匹配度均大于700),并结合实际保留指数(Retention index,RI)与理论RI进行确认,嗅闻特征作为辅助依据[17]。化合物的实际RI通过式(1)计算系列正构烷烃(C8~C25)的保留时间得出:
$ \rm{R}I=100\times N+100\frac{(t_a-t_n)}{(t_{n+1}-t_n)} $
式中:N为正构烷烃Cn的碳数;tn为Cn的保留时间;ta为目标气味化合物保留时间(位于Cn与Cn+1之间)。
采用内标法进行相对定量。通过式(2)计算气味化合物相对浓度:
$\rm {{C}}_{{x}}=\frac{{{{{C}}_{{i}}}\times {A}}_{{x}}}{{{A}}_{{i}}} $
式中:Cx为目标气味化合物浓度;Ci为内标物2-甲基-3-庚酮浓度(0.0816 μg/μL);Ai为内标参照物峰面积;Ax为目标气味化合物峰面积。
由于挤出蛋白气味化合物种类繁多,绝对定量成本过高且相对繁琐,因此可计算相对气味活性值(Relative odor activity value,rOAV)评价关键豆腥味化合物对总体豆腥味的影响[18]。对样品整体风味影响最明显的气味化合物rOAV设为100,其他气味化合物rOAV根据式(3)计算:
$\rm {rOAV=100}\times \frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{OT}}_{\text{x}}}\times\frac{{\text{OT}}_{\max }}{{\text{C}}_{\max }} $
式中:Cx和OTx分别为目标气味化合物相对浓度(ng/g)和阈值(ng/g);Cmax和OTmax分别为贡献最大气味化合物的相对浓度和阈值(ng/g)。rOAV≥1的化合物为关键气味活性化合物,0.1≤rOAV<1的化合物对总体风味具有重要修饰作用[19]。
根据Chen等[20]的方法稍作修改,将挤出蛋白分别沿挤出方向和垂直于挤出方向切成长条(5×5×1 mm3),使用光学显微镜以4×放大倍数观察其宏观各向异性。
将挤出蛋白裁减为30×30×6 mm3块状。如Zheng等[21]所述并稍作修改,使用质构分析仪以TPA模式,将TMS 10mm Steel探头压缩两次测试挤出蛋白的质构特性,TPA模式参数:测试前、中、后速度均为1.5 mm/s,压缩比50%,触发力1 N,上升距离15 mm,每次实验重复测定9次,去除极值后取平均值。
参考Lee等[3]的方法并略作修改,切换为质构分析仪剪切模式对块状挤出蛋白进行横向(垂直于挤出方向)和纵向(沿挤出方向)剪切试验。将挤出蛋白的纤维化程度定义为横向剪切力与纵向剪切力之比,即组织化度(N/N)。剪切力参数:测试速度前后均为1.5 mm/s,剪切至原始高度的75%,每次实验重复测定9次,排除极值后取平均值。
使用AutoDock Vina 1.2.0软件进行盲分子对接,7S蛋白(PDB ID: 3AUP)和11S蛋白(PDB ID: 1OD5)从RCSB数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/)中下载[22],并使用PyMOL 2.4.0软件去除水分子及配体。
配体2-戊基呋喃(PubChem CID: 19602)、(E)-2-壬烯醛(PubChem CID: 5283335)、己醛(PubChem CID: 6184)、(E)-2-辛烯醛(PubChem CID: 5283324)、壬醛(PubChem CID: 31289)和己酸(PubChem CID: 8892)的3D结构从PubChem 数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)获取,并使用具有MM2力场的Chem 3D软件进行能量最小化。
使用AutoDockTools 1.5.7工具为蛋白质和配体添加极性氢原子和Gastieger电荷。对接过程保持蛋白质刚性,采用半柔性对接,释放配体所有扭转键。基于AutoDock Vina中预定义的评分函数,获得具有最低结合亲和力(kcal/mol)的对接姿势,并使用PyMOL 2.4.0和Ligplot 2.2.5软件分析其非共价相互作用[23]。
采用Origin 2019b软件进行绘图及Pearson相关性分析,采用SPSS 27软件中的单因素ANOVA方差分析Duncan多重比较对检验进行显著性分析,不同字母标定的数据代表存在显著性(P<0.05)。
对挤出蛋白进行感官评价可直观反映消费者对其外观、质地与风味等属性的接受程度。为阐明挤压输入参数对挤出蛋白感官品质的影响,从外观、色泽、风味、纤维状态和口感五个方面进行感官评价,结果如图1所示。
豆粕粉的添加改善了挤出蛋白的纤维状态和风味,40%添加量下的综合感官得分最高(从4.76至6.38),表明适量添加豆粕粉有助于改善其结构与风味。但过量添加则引起较为明显的豆腥味和粗糙口感,限制了评分的进一步提高。
挤压温度150 ℃所生产的挤出蛋白获得最高的综合感官评分(7.04),其纤维状态和风味表现最佳。过低温度(140 ℃)虽表现出较好的纤维状态,但风味明显不足;而过高温度(180 ℃)则因过度变性和美拉德反应增强,导致产品口感偏硬,色泽加深,同时豆腥味感知最为明显(4.08)。
当冷却温度为60 ℃时,挤出蛋白的综合感官评分最高(6.85),口感表现优异。温度过低(40 ℃)易造成纤维结构断裂,过高(70~80 ℃)则可能因冷却梯度过小导致结构不均一,均不利于产品综合品质的提高。
螺杆转速的增加使挤出蛋白的综合感官评分先升高后下降,在360 r/min时,综合感官评分最高(6.67)。转速过低(240~300 r/min)造成原料混合与熔融不充分,产品结构松散,口感较差;过高(480 r/min)则因剪切力过大破坏纤维网络,导致纤维状态变差。
喂料速度升高至10 kg/h时,挤出蛋白的综合感官表现最佳(5.81),既保证物料在机筒内的充分反应,又避免物料过载引起的挤压不均一。而喂料速度过低或过高均会削弱产品的外观、质地和风味表现。
水分含量对挤出蛋白的感官品质影响最为明显,60%时产品在外观、色泽、风味、纤维状态和口感方面均表现最佳(综合感官评分6.63)。较低水分含量(50%)使产品过硬,不利于口感;较高水分含量(70%)使产品质地变软,纤维结构变差,同时部分可溶性异味物质释放增强,最终导致综合感官评分下降。
总体而言,各参数的适宜条件分别为豆粕粉添加量30%~40%、挤压温度150~160 ℃、冷却温度50~60 ℃、螺杆转速360~420 r/min、喂料速度10~12 kg/h及水分含量55%~60%,可明显提升挤出蛋白的综合接受度,初步印证了豆粕粉在改善挤出蛋白品质的应用潜力。
前文感官评价发现当挤压温度升高至180 ℃时,挤出蛋白的豆腥味感知最为明显,导致评价成员产生不愉快的感官体验。因此通过GC-O-MS对此参数下(豆粕粉添加量40%、挤压温度180 ℃、冷却温度60 ℃、螺杆转速360 r/min、喂料速度10 kg/h、水分含量60%)挤出蛋白的气味化合物进行定性分析,结果如表2所示。
从挤出蛋白中共鉴定出38种气味化合物,包括11种醛类,12种醇类,8种酮类,1种酸类,3种杂环类和3种芳香类化合物。可嗅闻到的气味活性化合物有15种,12种化合物具有明显不愉快气味,包括己醛(青草味)、辛醛(脂肪味)、(E)-2-庚烯醛(青草味)、壬醛(蜡质味)、(E)-2-辛烯醛(脂肪味)、(E)-2-壬烯醛(黄瓜味)、1-辛烯-3-醇(蘑菇味)、2-壬酮(清新味)、2-癸酮(脂肪味)、己酸(酸味)、2-戊基呋喃(黄豆味)和萘(辛辣味)。
对挤出蛋白整体豆腥味起作用的化合物通常只有几种或者十几种,一般被称为关键豆腥味化合物[24]。12种不愉快气味活性化合物的rOAV计算结果如表3所示,6种气味活性化合物的rOAV>1,被鉴定为挤出蛋白的关键豆腥味化合物,包括2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-壬烯醛、己醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、壬醛和己酸。其中2-戊基呋喃和己醛浓度较高,是豆类制品中的主要豆腥味成分[25]。2-戊基呋喃具有典型的黄豆味,由大豆核黄素生成的单线态或光作用引发的亚油酸氧化产生[26]。己醛具有青草和绿色味,由亚油酸酶促氧化产生的氢过氧化物衍生物降解产生[27]。此外,本研究发现少量己酸,可能源于己醛或己醇在挤压过程的氧化反应,且由于其阈值极低(6 ng/g),也被鉴定为关键豆腥味化合物。
挤出蛋白的品质特性主要由外观、各向异性、质构性能及组织化度决定,其中组织化度为衡量纤维化程度的关键指标,数值接近1表示纤维结构较差[29]。关键豆腥味化合物浓度则直接影响产品的感官接受度。因此,本研究基于以上指标,系统考察了挤压输入参数对挤出蛋白品质特性及关键豆腥味浓度的影响。
豆粕粉添加量对挤出蛋白的外观、结构和风味均有明显影响。如图2a所示,当添加量为30%~40%时,挤出蛋白表面融合度较高且光滑,颜色鲜亮,而过量添加(50%)则导致表面粗糙。光学显微镜(4倍放大倍率)进一步发现,挤出蛋白在垂直于挤压方向均表现出明显的层流状结构(图2b),沿挤压方向均呈纤维状结构(图2c)。在30%~40%添加量内,层流状结构更为清晰,纤维排列整齐且密集,显示出更好的各向异性。
从质构特性与组织化度测试结果(图2d和2e)可以看出,当添加量从0%升至20%~40%时,挤出蛋白的咀嚼性和弹性显著增加(P<0.05),咀嚼性在40%达到最大值,弹性在该范围内无显著变化(P>0.05)。同时,40%添加量下硬度和组织化度均达到峰值,这可能是豆粕中的不溶性膳食纤维含量较高,可以促进挤出蛋白纤维结构的形成[30]。但由于豆粕粉自身蛋白含量较低,当添加量为50%时,物料总体蛋白含量明显下降,无法有效交联导致内部结构松散,质构特性和组织化度显著降低(P<0.05)。
随着豆粕粉添加量升高,(E)-2-辛烯醛浓度无显著变化(P>0.05),其余化合物浓度先降低后升高(图2f)。当添加量为40%时,2-戊基呋喃从3673.94 ng/g降低至2752.40 ng/g,(E)-2-壬烯醛从13.93 ng/g降低至9.53 ng/g,己醛从545.59 ng/g降低至413.75 ng/g,壬醛由76.21 ng/g降低至55.61 ng/g,己酸从55.71 ng/g降低至29.08 ng/g。而当豆粕粉占比为50%时,5种化合物浓度升高至与未添加豆粕粉组无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,结合感官评价结果(40%添加量时综合得分最高,6.38),40%被确定为豆粕粉的最佳添加量,可改善纤维结构并有效降低豆腥味。
挤压温度在挤压过程中对蛋白质变性和交联起主导作用,可直接影响挤出蛋白的成型质量和风味特性[2]。如图3a所示,当温度为140 ℃时,挤出蛋白表面较为粗糙;在150~160 ℃时,蛋白质得以充分变性和交联,表面融合度明显提高,外观光滑,颜色鲜亮;过高温度(170~180 ℃)则因蛋白质过度变性,表面出现粗糙。光学显微镜显示,150~160 ℃时的层流状结构(图3b)与纤维排列(图3c)最为清晰紧密,各向异性优良,温度进一步升高至170~180 ℃时,层流状结构出现孔洞和结构断裂,各向异性下降。
图3d和3e发现,低温条件下(140 ℃)蛋白质未完全变性,分子间交联程度低,难以达到很好的组织化效果[31],挤出蛋白的组织化度较差(1.03 N/N)。当温度升高到150~160 ℃时,硬度和咀嚼性显著增加(P<0.05),推测是由于蛋白质变性展开,分子运动速率加快,加速巯基-二硫键交换反应,分子间共价键作用增强,从而促进蛋白质交联形成稳定结构[32]。
当挤压温度从140 ℃升高到150 ℃时,2-戊基呋喃、己醛和壬醛浓度无显著变化(P>0.05),而(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛和己酸浓度显著下降(P<0.05),分别从14.11 ng/g下降至9.87 ng/g、从29.14 ng/g下降至22.91 ng/g和从62.39 ng/g下降至24.19 ng/g(图3f),这可能是因为较高温度增加了水分蒸发,从而带走部分豆腥味化合物[24]。当温度升高至160 ℃时,2-戊基呋喃浓度显著升高(P<0.05);170~180 ℃时,水蒸气积聚并在冷却通道内被保留,抑制了豆腥味物质的蒸发和去除,除己醛和己酸外,其余化合物浓度与160 ℃无显著差异(P>0.05)。基于以上结果并结合感官评价(150 ℃时综合得分最高,7.04),挤压温度选取150 ℃较为合适。
适宜的冷却温度可降低挤压机模头处的能量黏性耗散及产品膨化程度,从而提升挤出蛋白品质[33]。当冷却温度为50~60 ℃时,挤出蛋白表面融合度较高,颜色均一(图4a),表现出致密的层流状结构(图4b)和规则的纤维排列(图4c)。而其余温度所制备的挤出蛋白边缘粗糙且颜色较暗,层流状结构出现断裂且较为模糊,纤维排列不规则。
当冷却温度为50~60 ℃时,挤出蛋白的硬度、咀嚼性显著提高(P<0.05),弹性和组织化度在60 ℃达到峰值,分别为2.48 mm和1.27 N/N(图4d和4e)。进一步升温会导致质构特性与组织化度显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是因为适宜的温度梯度使冷却金属表面附近的熔融体优先凝固,更容易形成粘度梯度和跨流动方向的层状结构[34]。
随着冷却温度的升高,壬醛浓度未发生显著变化(P>0.05),但2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-壬烯醛、己醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛浓度整体上升;己酸浓度在60~70 ℃时降至最低(图4f)。当冷却温度在70~80 ℃时,除己酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05)外,其余化合物变化不显著(P>0.05),这可能是由于高温冷却模具使挤出蛋白在成型过程中的失水速度减慢[35],导致豆腥味化合物不易挥发而得以保留。因此综合感官评价(60 ℃时综合得分最高,6.85)、品质特性、关键豆腥味化合物浓度及生产成本,最佳冷却温度应为60 ℃,可获得低豆腥味且品质优良的挤出蛋白。
螺杆转速通过影响挤压机筒内分散相(主要为碳水化合物)在连续相(蛋白质)中的分散,从而调控挤出蛋白的结构与品质[36]。当螺杆转速过快(420~480 r/min)时,物料反应时间不足,导致形成不均匀的挤出蛋白[37];而转速过慢(240 r/min)则容易造成物料堆积与蛋白质过度变性,表面融合度较差(图5a)。在适宜范围(300~360 r/min)内,可形成清晰的层流状结构(图5b),和均匀的纤维排列(图5c)。
随螺杆转速的增加,挤出蛋白的弹性未发生显著变化(P>0.05),但硬度、咀嚼性和组织化度均先增大后减小(图5d和5e)。这是因为螺杆转速决定物料在挤压机内的停留时间,过慢导致物料过度熟化,挤出蛋白焦糊偏硬;过快则蛋白质组织化效果不佳,纤维化程度降低[38]。在300~420 r/min内,咀嚼性和组织化度最高但无显著区别(P>0.05)。
螺杆转速对(E)-2-辛烯醛和(E)-2-壬烯醛浓度无显著影响(P>0.05),而2-戊基呋喃、己醛、壬醛和己酸在360 r/min时降至最低,分别从3342.52 ng/g降至2894.83 ng/g、从694.25 ng/g降至348.80 ng/g、从80.42 ng/g降至51.57 ng/g、从42.17 ng/g降至25.63 ng/g,分别降低13.3%、49.8%、35.9%和39.2%(图5f)。这可能是较高转速缩短了停留时间,使蛋白质与豆腥味化合物发生相互作用的时间减少,从而增大其挥发程度[39]。但过高转速(420~480 r/min)可能会增加蛋白质与豆腥味化合物的碰撞概率,最终增强蛋白质对部分豆腥味化合物的吸附能力[25],导致这4种化合物浓度出现不同程度的回升。结合感官综合得分最高(6.67)及耗能因素,360 r/min为最适宜转速。
喂料速度直接决定挤压机筒内的物料填充度,进而影响蛋白质间相互作用和挤出蛋白的成型效果[31]。速度过慢(6~8 kg/h)会造成挤出机吃料不足,使挤出蛋白结构不均匀[37];速度过快(14 kg/h)则物料受热不均匀,外观明显恶化并出现“分离”现象(图6a)。当喂料速度处于6~8 kg/h时,挤出蛋白呈现较为连续的层流状结构(图6b)和整齐的纤维网络(图6c)。
从图6d和6e发现,当喂料速度升高至10 kg/h时,挤出蛋白的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性最高,且组织化度达到最大值(1.37 N/N)。这表明较高的喂料速度增大了机筒内的填充度,增强了物料间的相互作用和内部压力,使螺杆承受的扭矩增大,从而促进纤维结构形成;但继续升高至12 kg/h会导致热量传递不足,物料黏度降低,最终造成挤出蛋白的组织化不均匀和不充分[40]。
喂料速度的升高使豆腥味化合物浓度先降低后升高,在10 kg/h时达到最低,其中(E)-2-壬烯醛和己酸浓度降幅最为明显,分别从23.59 ng/g降低至9.88 ng/g以及从48.13 ng/g降低至19.78 ng/g,分别降低58.1%和58.9%(图6f)。这一现象可能源于喂料速度的提升使挤压机筒填充程度增加,导致挤压机模头处压力升高[41],物料从模头进入冷却通道时压力骤降,促使豆腥味化合物大量挥发。又因其最高的感官评价综合得分(5.81),喂料速度应控制为10 kg/h为宜。
原料的水分含量决定了是否能够进行挤压生产及挤出蛋白最终的品质特性[4]。如图7a~7c所示,挤出蛋白的颜色随水分含量的增加逐渐变白,最终失去其原有的色泽和外观;当水分含量达到65%~70%时,已无法形成有效的层流状结构和纤维状结构。
水分含量的增加使挤出蛋白的质构特性逐渐下降(图7d和7e),这与Xia等[42]的研究结果一致。当水分含量为60%时,组织化度达到最大值(1.37 N/N),继续增加水分会使蛋白质浓度降低,蛋白质间相互作用减弱,导致纤维数量和密度下降,质构特性和组织化度变差[43]。若增加到70%以上,冷却模口出现“喷射”现象,挤出蛋白无法成型。
图7f发现2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-壬烯醛和己醛浓度随水分含量升高逐渐下降,推测是因为水分含量的升高使挤出过程中的水分蒸发量增多,而蒸发作用带走了部分豆腥味化合物,使其残留浓度下降[39],同时物料含水量的提高也会稀释豆腥味化合物浓度。而(E)-2-辛烯醛、壬醛和己酸浓度先升高后降低,可能是由于水分升高导致物料体系黏度上升,蛋白对豆腥味化合物的吸附作用增强,从而使浓度出现不同程度的升高;当水分进一步升高时,蒸发稀释效应成为主导因素,最终使浓度下降。综合以上结果并结合其最高的感官综合得分(6.63),60%为最佳的水分含量。
为明确挤压输入参数对挤出蛋白组织化度与关键豆腥味化合物浓度的影响,对其进行Pearson相关性分析,结果如图8所示。
豆粕粉添加量和喂料速度与组织化度存在正相关(r=0.38和r=0.01),挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速和水分含量与组织化度存在负相关(r=−0.29、r=−0.90*、r=−0.18和r=−0.35)。其中冷却温度与组织化度存在显著负相关(P<0.05),表明其是影响蛋白纤维化形成的关键工艺参数。这可能是冷却温度会影响挤出蛋白的压力、剪切应力、拉伸应力及熔体流体流速分布,由此改变熔融体的表观黏度,进而直接影响纤维结构形成[33]。
除水分含量影响的组织化度与(E)-2-壬烯醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛存在正相关(r=0.01和r=0.09)外,挤压输入参数影响的组织化度与关键豆腥味化合物存在不同程度的负相关(r=−0.03~−0.97**),表明挤出蛋白的纤维化程度越高,关键豆腥味化合物的浓度越低。这可能是由于蛋白质结构影响其与风味化合物之间的结合,蛋白质结构越紧密,暴露的疏水氨基酸数量越少,与风味化合物的结合越弱[44]。据此推测,关键豆腥味化合物与大豆蛋白可能存在一定的非共价相互作用[45]。组织化程度较高的挤出蛋白拥有较致密的纤维结构,导致蛋白质表面疏水基团数量降低,从而减少风味结合位点,最终减弱与关键豆腥味化合物的结合。
β-伴大豆球蛋白(β-Conglycinin,7S)和大豆球蛋白(Glycinin,11S)是大豆蛋白中的主要储藏蛋白,分别占总含量的40%和30%,对维持大豆蛋白的功能性至关重要[46]。为验证关键豆腥味化合物与大豆蛋白之间可能存在的非共价相互作用,将6种关键豆腥味化合物与7S/11S蛋白分别进行了分子对接(图9)。
结果显示,6种豆腥味化合物均能进入7/11S蛋白的活性口袋,经氨基酸残基包覆形成稳定的复合物,从而在挤压过程中得以保留,并在挤出蛋白产品中逐渐释放。在7S蛋白中,2-戊基呋喃、(E)-2-壬烯醛、己醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛的结合口袋位置相近,壬醛和己酸的结合口袋位置较为接近;而所有豆腥味化合物在11S蛋白中的结合口袋位置均相近。
根据图9对相互作用残基汇总得到表4,发现关键豆腥味化合物与7S蛋白的4条链共43个氨基酸残基,与11S蛋白的1条链共12个氨基酸残基发生非共价相互作用。7S蛋白的Leu79(C)、Ser80(C)、Cys81(C)、Gly88(C)、His90(C)、Met353(D)、Gln354(D)、Pro355(D)和Arg356(D),以及11S蛋白的Arg161(B)、Val162(B)、Tyr164(B)、Pro169(B)、Asp170(B)、Ile171(B)、Glu172(B)、His173(B)和Thr176(B)出现最为频繁,表明这9/8个氨基酸残基是7S/11S蛋白识别并结合豆腥味化合物的关键位点。
氢键和疏水相互作用在挥发性化合物与大豆蛋白的非共价结合中起主要作用[47]。如图9所示,6种豆腥味化合物可与7S/11S蛋白的氨基酸残基(如Arg、Cys、Gly、Pro和Thr)产生疏水相互作用,从而稳定结合[48]。同时结合图9和表4发现,非共价相互作用残基大多为Arg、His、Ser和Gln等极性氨基酸,而这些极性氨基酸残基能与豆腥味化合物形成氢键,使其在7S/11S蛋白活性位点稳定结合[49]。除壬醛并未与11S蛋白产生氢键外,关键豆腥味化合物均与7S/11S蛋白产生至少1条短距离氢键,表明豆腥味化合物与7S/11S蛋白具有较强结合力。
本研究系统分析了挤压输入参数(豆粕粉添加量、挤压温度、冷却温度、螺杆转速、喂料速度、水分含量)对挤出蛋白品质特性(各向异性、质构特性、纤维化程度)及豆腥味的影响。结果表明,适宜的参数可显著改善挤出蛋白的感官接受度。在最优参数下,挤出蛋白表面融合度高、颜色鲜亮,呈现连续的层流状结构和整齐的纤维排列,质构特性与组织化度优良,感官综合得分最高,鉴定得到的关键豆腥味化合物浓度明显降低。具体而言,40%豆粕粉可提高挤出蛋白的质构特性与组织化度,并降低关键豆腥味化合物浓度,更高添加量则产生负面效应;挤压温度升高至150 ℃有利于纤维结构形成和质构优化,同时豆腥味化合物浓度先降低后升高;冷却温度对纤维化形成最为关键,60 ℃可获得最佳层流状结构和纤维排列以及豆腥味化合物残留;螺杆转速在360 r/min时可提高硬度、咀嚼性及组织化度,但对弹性无显著影响(P>0.05),转速过低或过高均导致结构不均或纤维化不足;喂料速度10 kg/h时,机筒填充度适中,促进蛋白质相互作用和内部压力增加,从而提高纤维化程度,过高或过低的喂料速度会导致组织化不均和豆腥味化合物浓度升高;水分含量升高使质构特性降低,在60%时组织化度最高(1.37 N/N),水分过高会稀释蛋白质并降低其相互作用,纤维数量和密度下降并影响豆腥味化合物挥发。相关性分析表明冷却温度是纤维结构形成的关键参数(P<0.05);纤维化程度与关键豆腥味化合物浓度呈负相关(r=-0.03~-0.97)。分子对接证实,关键豆腥味化合物可通过疏水相互作用和氢键与7S/11S蛋白非共价结合,从而使高组织化度挤出蛋白因风味结合位点减少而降低豆腥味保留。研究证实了豆粕粉在高水分挤压技术中的应用潜力,并表明可通过参数优化降低成本、提升纤维化程度并减弱豆腥味。后续可探索复合植物蛋白(如豌豆、花生蛋白)的协同调控,并提升挤出蛋白的风味逼真度以推动植物基肉制品的多元化开发。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040218
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    1北京工商大学食品与健康学院,中国轻工业植物基食品绿色低碳加工技术重点实验室,北京 100048
    2北京工商大学食品与健康学院,北京市食品添加剂工程技术研究中心,北京 100048
    3山东真诺智能设备有限公司,山东济南 251400

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李健(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物基食品开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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