Article(id=1320889255983952145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854139561, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854139561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854139561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854139561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=144, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889256189473042, articleId=1320889255983952145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Zein-Dextran Conjugates Prepared by Ultrasound-assisted Maillard Reaction, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Zein, the main storage protein of corn, exhibits limited applications in the food industry due to its poor solubility. To enhance the solubility of zein and improve its functional properties, ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction was performed to prepare zein-dextran (Dex) conjugates with zein and Dex as substrates in this study. The Maillard reaction conditions were optimized using response surface test based on single factor experiments. The effect of ultrasonic time on the structural and functional properties of Maillard reaction products was also investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction were as follows: ultrasonic power 250 W, ultrasonic temperature 65 ℃, ratio of sugar to protein 2:1 (w/w), protein concentration 2% (w/v), ultrasonic time 2 h, and degree of glycosylation 23.33%±0.58%. With an increase of ultrasonic time, the accumulation of intermediate products and the degree of browning significantly increased (P<0.05) and the blue shift of absorption peaks in the amide I, II, and III regions in Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the successful preparation of zein-Dex conjugates. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the microstructure of zein before and after the Maillard reaction transformed from an initially smooth and flat surface to a honeycomb-like porous structure. The Maillard reaction induced the fluorescence quenching in both intrinsic and synchronous fluorescence spectra of zein and the increased intensity of characteristic absorption peaks of its ultraviolet absorption spectra. The results indicated that the Maillard reaction changed the molecular conformation of zein. At 2 hours of ultrasonic heating treatment, the solubility, emulsifying activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate were increased by 4.89-fold, 5.17-fold, and 3.17-fold, respectively (P<0.05). The reducing power was enhanced by 23% (P<0.05) and the foaming capacity was also improved to a certain extent (P<0.05). This study confirms that ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction can effectively improve the solubility and functional properties of zein and provides a theoretical basis for its application in the food industry.

, authors=Yuru ZHANG1, Xiuling ZHU1, 2, *, Qingyuan DAI1, 2, *, Wenxuan HU1, Anqi LIN1, Zimei GU1, authorsList=Yuru ZHANG, Xiuling ZHU, Qingyuan DAI, Wenxuan HU, Anqi LIN, Zimei GU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuling ZHU, Qingyuan DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889264276091183, articleId=1320889255983952145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助美拉德反应制备玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的特性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是玉米的主要储存蛋白,因其溶解性低限制了其在食品工业中的应用。为提高Zein的溶解性,改善其功能特性,本研究以Zein和葡聚糖(dextran,Dex)为反应底物,采用超声辅助美拉德反应制备Zein-Dex接枝物,在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面试验优化制备条件,并探讨了超声时间对美拉德反应产物的结构及功能性质的影响。结果表明:超声辅助美拉德反应最佳条件为超声功率250 W、超声温度65 ℃、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%(w/v),超声时间 2 h,接枝度为23.33%±0.58%。随着超声时间的延长,中间产物累积量和褐变程度显著增加(P<0.05),傅里叶变换红外光谱中酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ与Ⅲ区吸收峰蓝移,证实了Zein-Dex接枝物的成功制备。扫描电子显微镜显示,美拉德反应前后,Zein的微观结构由初始的光滑平整表面转变为蜂窝状多孔结构。美拉德反应引发Zein内源荧光光谱与同步荧光光谱的荧光淬灭,以及紫外吸收光谱特征吸收峰强度的增加,表明美拉德反应改变了Zein分子构象。超声加热处理2 h时,溶解度、乳化活性和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率分别提高了4.89倍、5.17倍和3.17倍(P<0.05),还原力增强了23%(P<0.05),起泡性也得到了一定程度的改善(P<0.05)。本研究证实了超声辅助美拉德反应可有效改善Zein的溶解性和功能特性,为其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=张玉茹1, 朱秀灵1, 2, *, 戴清源1, 2, *, 胡文轩1, 林安琪1, 古姿美1, authorsList=张玉茹, 朱秀灵, 戴清源, 胡文轩, 林安琪, 古姿美, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱秀灵, 戴清源, authorNote=

张玉茹(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品组分与营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱秀灵(1978−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、生物大分子结构与功能,E-mail:。
戴清源(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、功能因子稳态化与控释技术,E-mail:。
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张玉茹(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品组分与营养,E-mail:

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张玉茹(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品组分与营养,E-mail:

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Food Science and Biotechnology, 2019, 28(6): 1861−1869., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889264490000688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889264498389297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, companyId=1320889264490000688, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889264502583602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, companyId=1320889264490000688, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889264561303859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889264569692468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, companyId=1320889264561303859, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Wuhu Green Food Industrial Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu 238326, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889264578081077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, companyId=1320889264561303859, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2芜湖市绿色食品产业研究院有限公司,安徽芜湖 238326)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889268705276260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=DG of zein-Dex conjugates under different single-factor conditions of ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction, figureFileSmall=JZD6HCLbTvYq2mO2tbQGSw==, figureFileBig=aB5SK/DWGYzU8qnxdgen5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889268768190821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超声辅助美拉德反应单因素实验条件下Zein-Dex接枝物的接枝度

注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3,图9、图11~图14同。

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figureFileBig=gs8yPgUS8K7TkTuq/i4ddA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269401530732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM images of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=axUhcbMoVJkX9n+CDC94lg==, figureFileBig=1wMiXKcSpaIlCBCfMJqfNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269485416813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=axUhcbMoVJkX9n+CDC94lg==, figureFileBig=1wMiXKcSpaIlCBCfMJqfNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269560914286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Intrinsic fluorescence spectra of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=2OPs4FGjxq0eHxeHNt9CZg==, figureFileBig=6AlY5dNC7UebSamLJk1mlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269640606063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的内源荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=2OPs4FGjxq0eHxeHNt9CZg==, figureFileBig=6AlY5dNC7UebSamLJk1mlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269720297840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Synchronous fluorescence spectra of Tyr (A) and Trp (B) of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=xrk/5vICOvlxKLJGugGg1g==, figureFileBig=C+Po/3O5Sqn8liQW9u958g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269779018097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的Tyr(A)和Trp(B)同步荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=xrk/5vICOvlxKLJGugGg1g==, figureFileBig=C+Po/3O5Sqn8liQW9u958g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269858709874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=UV absorption spectra of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=jupMN4nSaK/bBrtpvLS1TA==, figureFileBig=e25sV4mdeBM9futvjm6fiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889269942595955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的紫外吸收光谱, figureFileSmall=jupMN4nSaK/bBrtpvLS1TA==, figureFileBig=e25sV4mdeBM9futvjm6fiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270005510516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=H0 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caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的溶解性, figureFileSmall=/9r6TtqsQmyfRXMfxyExHA==, figureFileBig=QWodfdN3gRT3So3/DSKvzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270416552312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=EAI and ESI of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=WhRSj38MEh/J97NVxm833g==, figureFileBig=gAXK2pjd3mIKZRRBDFtyuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270496244089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图11, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间Zein-Dex接枝物的EAI及ESI, figureFileSmall=WhRSj38MEh/J97NVxm833g==, figureFileBig=gAXK2pjd3mIKZRRBDFtyuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270584324474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Foaming property and foaming stability of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=kwxodf7XJx0Ejgl1BeLUeQ==, figureFileBig=Td7gdYbpF8z7GMzSBh7b9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270655627643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=图12, caption=Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和不同超声时间的Zein-Dex接枝物起泡性及泡沫稳定性, figureFileSmall=kwxodf7XJx0Ejgl1BeLUeQ==, figureFileBig=Td7gdYbpF8z7GMzSBh7b9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270743708028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=DPPH radical scavenging rate of zein, zein-Dex mixture, and zein-Dex conjugates at different ultrasonic times, figureFileSmall=1OoLTKfe1aPPEktGzHHsXQ==, figureFileBig=Pdwvia6en1UAkqHmK4MKBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889270810816893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, 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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factor and level designs of Box-Behnken test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 超声功率(W)100200300
B 超声温度(℃)606570
C 糖蛋比(w/w)1:12:13:1
D 蛋白质浓度(%)1.52.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889272748585345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken试验因素及水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A 超声功率(W)100200300
B 超声温度(℃)606570
C 糖蛋比(w/w)1:12:13:1
D 蛋白质浓度(%)1.52.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320889272857637250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A超声功率B超声温度C糖蛋比D蛋白质浓度接枝度
(%)
1−1−10022.00±1.73
21−10021.00±3.00
3−110018.15±0.89
4110020.02±1.73
500−1−120.00±0.00
6001−121.33±2.30
700−118.04±2.00
8001110.67±1.15
9−100−117.67±0.58
10100−122.00±1.00
11−10019.67±0.58
12100111.00±1.00
130−1−1019.33±0.58
1401−1018.00±1.73
150−11019.67±1.15
16011022.00±1.00
17−10−1018.00±1.00
1810−1020.67±1.52
19−101019.67±0.58
20101021.67±0.58
210−10−118.67±0.58
22010−120.00±1.00
230−10110.33±0.57
2401017.33±1.53
25000026.33±0.58
26000024.00±1.00
27000023.33±1.53
28000025.00±1.00
29000024.67±1.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320889273147044228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A超声功率B超声温度C糖蛋比D蛋白质浓度接枝度
(%)
1−1−10022.00±1.73
21−10021.00±3.00
3−110018.15±0.89
4110020.02±1.73
500−1−120.00±0.00
6001−121.33±2.30
700−118.04±2.00
8001110.67±1.15
9−100−117.67±0.58
10100−122.00±1.00
11−10019.67±0.58
12100111.00±1.00
130−1−1019.33±0.58
1401−1018.00±1.73
150−11019.67±1.15
16011022.00±1.00
17−10−1018.00±1.00
1810−1020.67±1.52
19−101019.67±0.58
20101021.67±0.58
210−10−118.67±0.58
22010−120.00±1.00
230−10110.33±0.57
2401017.33±1.53
25000026.33±0.58
26000024.00±1.00
27000023.33±1.53
28000025.00±1.00
29000024.67±1.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320889273239318917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance and significance test of regression equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型774.101455.2953.57<0.0001**
A10.08110.089.770.0074**
B4.0814.083.960.0666
C8.3318.338.070.0131*
D341.331341.33330.70<0.0001**
AB2.2512.252.180.1620
AC0.2510.250.240.6302
AD2.2512.252.180.1620
BC4.0014.003.880.0691
BD4.0014.003.880.0691
CD0.2510.250.240.6302
A222.00122.0021.320.0004**
B243.57143.5742.21<0.0001**
C231.87131.8730.88<0.0001**
D2386.251386.25374.22<0.0001**
残差14.45141.03
失拟项9.25100.92500.71150.6991
净误差5.2041.30
总和788.5528
), ArticleFig(id=1320889273985905030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889255983952145, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归方程方差分析及显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型774.101455.2953.57<0.0001**
A10.08110.089.770.0074**
B4.0814.083.960.0666
C8.3318.338.070.0131*
D341.331341.33330.70<0.0001**
AB2.2512.252.180.1620
AC0.2510.250.240.6302
AD2.2512.252.180.1620
BC4.0014.003.880.0691
BD4.0014.003.880.0691
CD0.2510.250.240.6302
A222.00122.0021.320.0004**
B243.57143.5742.21<0.0001**
C231.87131.8730.88<0.0001**
D2386.251386.25374.22<0.0001**
残差14.45141.03
失拟项9.25100.92500.71150.6991
净误差5.2041.30
总和788.5528
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超声辅助美拉德反应制备玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的特性
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张玉茹 1 , 朱秀灵 1, 2, * , 戴清源 1, 2, * , 胡文轩 1 , 林安琪 1 , 古姿美 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(2): 144-156
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (2) : 144 -156
超声辅助美拉德反应制备玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的特性
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张玉茹1 , 朱秀灵1, 2, * , 戴清源1, 2, * , 胡文轩1, 林安琪1, 古姿美1
作者信息
  • 1安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000
  • 2芜湖市绿色食品产业研究院有限公司,安徽芜湖 238326
通讯作者:
朱秀灵(1978−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、生物大分子结构与功能,E-mail:。
戴清源(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、功能因子稳态化与控释技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张玉茹(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品组分与营养,E-mail:

Characteristics of Zein-Dextran Conjugates Prepared by Ultrasound-assisted Maillard Reaction
Yuru ZHANG1 , Xiuling ZHU1, 2, * , Qingyuan DAI1, 2, * , Wenxuan HU1, Anqi LIN1, Zimei GU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
  • 2Wuhu Green Food Industrial Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu 238326, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030095
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玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是玉米的主要储存蛋白,因其溶解性低限制了其在食品工业中的应用。为提高Zein的溶解性,改善其功能特性,本研究以Zein和葡聚糖(dextran,Dex)为反应底物,采用超声辅助美拉德反应制备Zein-Dex接枝物,在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面试验优化制备条件,并探讨了超声时间对美拉德反应产物的结构及功能性质的影响。结果表明:超声辅助美拉德反应最佳条件为超声功率250 W、超声温度65 ℃、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%(w/v),超声时间 2 h,接枝度为23.33%±0.58%。随着超声时间的延长,中间产物累积量和褐变程度显著增加(P<0.05),傅里叶变换红外光谱中酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ与Ⅲ区吸收峰蓝移,证实了Zein-Dex接枝物的成功制备。扫描电子显微镜显示,美拉德反应前后,Zein的微观结构由初始的光滑平整表面转变为蜂窝状多孔结构。美拉德反应引发Zein内源荧光光谱与同步荧光光谱的荧光淬灭,以及紫外吸收光谱特征吸收峰强度的增加,表明美拉德反应改变了Zein分子构象。超声加热处理2 h时,溶解度、乳化活性和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率分别提高了4.89倍、5.17倍和3.17倍(P<0.05),还原力增强了23%(P<0.05),起泡性也得到了一定程度的改善(P<0.05)。本研究证实了超声辅助美拉德反应可有效改善Zein的溶解性和功能特性,为其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。

玉米醇溶蛋白  /  葡聚糖  /  超声处理  /  美拉德反应  /  接枝物  /  结构  /  功能性质

Zein, the main storage protein of corn, exhibits limited applications in the food industry due to its poor solubility. To enhance the solubility of zein and improve its functional properties, ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction was performed to prepare zein-dextran (Dex) conjugates with zein and Dex as substrates in this study. The Maillard reaction conditions were optimized using response surface test based on single factor experiments. The effect of ultrasonic time on the structural and functional properties of Maillard reaction products was also investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction were as follows: ultrasonic power 250 W, ultrasonic temperature 65 ℃, ratio of sugar to protein 2:1 (w/w), protein concentration 2% (w/v), ultrasonic time 2 h, and degree of glycosylation 23.33%±0.58%. With an increase of ultrasonic time, the accumulation of intermediate products and the degree of browning significantly increased (P<0.05) and the blue shift of absorption peaks in the amide I, II, and III regions in Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the successful preparation of zein-Dex conjugates. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the microstructure of zein before and after the Maillard reaction transformed from an initially smooth and flat surface to a honeycomb-like porous structure. The Maillard reaction induced the fluorescence quenching in both intrinsic and synchronous fluorescence spectra of zein and the increased intensity of characteristic absorption peaks of its ultraviolet absorption spectra. The results indicated that the Maillard reaction changed the molecular conformation of zein. At 2 hours of ultrasonic heating treatment, the solubility, emulsifying activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate were increased by 4.89-fold, 5.17-fold, and 3.17-fold, respectively (P<0.05). The reducing power was enhanced by 23% (P<0.05) and the foaming capacity was also improved to a certain extent (P<0.05). This study confirms that ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction can effectively improve the solubility and functional properties of zein and provides a theoretical basis for its application in the food industry.

zein  /  dextran  /  ultrasonication processing  /  Maillard reaction  /  conjugate  /  structure  /  functional property
张玉茹, 朱秀灵, 戴清源, 胡文轩, 林安琪, 古姿美. 超声辅助美拉德反应制备玉米醇溶蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 144 -156 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030095
Yuru ZHANG, Xiuling ZHU, Qingyuan DAI, Wenxuan HU, Anqi LIN, Zimei GU. Characteristics of Zein-Dextran Conjugates Prepared by Ultrasound-assisted Maillard Reaction[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 144 -156 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030095
玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是玉米的主要储存蛋白,占总蛋白质含量的30%~60%,具有无毒、环保、可食用、可生物降解等优点,应用前景广阔[1]。Zein的分子表面50%以上的氨基酸残基是疏水的,导致其难溶于水[2],这限制了其在食品工业中的广泛应用。已有研究表明,对蛋白质进行改性可以显著提高其溶解性[3]。目前,蛋白质的改性方法主要为化学法、物理法和酶法。化学改性反应简便,适用范围广泛,但反应过程中有毒化学试剂的残留,使其反应产物可能存在一定程度的食用安全隐患问题[4];物理改性所需时间短,不需要添加其他化学成分,但通常受限于仪器设备,并且对反应条件要求苛刻[5];酶法改性条件温和,副作用也较少,但该方法依赖于特定的酶-配体相互作用,这在一定程度上限制了底物的适用范围[6]。而美拉德反应(又称糖基化反应)改性,不需要加入任何化学试剂,仅在一定水分含量和加热的条件下,蛋白质分子上的游离氨基与还原糖中的羰基即可发生反应,生成蛋白质-糖共价接枝物。研究表明,通过美拉德反应改性还可以显著提高蛋白质的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性等性能[7]。
传统的美拉德反应主要采用干热法和湿热法,但这两种方法存在反应周期长、能耗高等问题。近年来,超声辅助技术在美拉德反应中得到了广泛应用。超声过程中产生的空化气泡,会对蛋白质结构造成机械或化学破坏,使其结构松散,暴露出更多的反应活性基团;同时,超声的空化效应和机械作用能够增强反应体系的传质效率,提高蛋白质与糖分子之间的碰撞几率[8],进而促进美拉德反应的发生。
葡聚糖(Dextran,Dex)是一种中性亲水多糖,其葡萄糖残基通过α-1,6键以线性链形式相连,具有良好的水溶解性,且在水溶液中的构象呈现出高度柔性。由于Dex带有中性电荷,能够有效避免蛋白质和多糖之间的静电络合作用,这使得Dex作为美拉德反应的优选糖模型[9]。
本文以Zein为疏水性蛋白质模型,Dex为糖基供体,利用超声辅助加热方式,制备Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物,通过接枝度、中间产物及褐变程度评价Zein和Dex之间的美拉德反应程度;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光发射光谱和扫描电子显微镜观察结构变化,并对接枝物的溶解度、表面疏水性、乳化性和起泡性等进行分析,探讨美拉德反应对Zein功能特性的影响,为改善Zein功能性质提供一定的理论和技术参考。
Zein(蛋白质含量99%) 米先尔生物有限科技有限公司;Dex(20 kDa) 上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司;8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(ANS)、β-巯基乙醇 分析纯,麦克林生化科技有限公司;邻苯二甲醛(O-Phthalaldehyde,OPA) 分析纯,上海瑞永生物科技有限公司;牛血清白蛋白 上海展云化工有限公司;氢氧化钠、盐酸、考马斯亮蓝G-250、甲醇、乙醇、十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulphate,SDS)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、冰醋酸等均为分析纯(AR) 上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司;金龙鱼大豆油 购于当地超市。
KS-500DE超声波清洗器 昆山洁力美超声仪器有限公司;LC-UMS-4磁力搅拌器 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;GT3180高速台式离心机 湖南可成仪器设备有限公司;UV-5800PC型分光光度计 上海仪电分析仪器有限公司;JM-B1003型电子天平 诸暨市超泽衡器设备有限公司;PB-10酸度计 德国赛多利斯集团;TG16-WS型离心机 湖南湘仪实验仪器开发有限公司;IKA®T18高速分散机 艾卡(广州)仪器设备有限公司;IR Prestige-21傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 日本岛津株式会社;F7100荧光分光光度计、S-4800扫描电子显微镜 日本日立有限公司。
Zein-Dex接枝物的制备参照文献[10]的方法并稍作修改。将0.4 g Zein溶于20 mL经2 mol/L NaOH溶液调整至pH12的去离子水中,室温磁力搅拌至溶解,得到蛋白质浓度为2 mg/mL的Zein溶液。然后将Dex与Zein按照一定质量比加入到Zein溶液中,并用2 mol/L NaOH溶液调节混合溶液pH至12,继续搅拌20 min后,于超声波清洗器中在设定条件下进行超声处理。反应结束时,立即将样品置于冰水浴中终止反应。将得到的反应液分为两部分:一部分于−18 ℃冷冻保存备用,一部分经真空冷冻干燥并研磨成粉末,置于干燥器内保存备用。
设定超声温度65 ℃、超声时间2 h、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%,探讨超声功率(100、150、300、400、500 W)对Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物接枝度的影响。
设定超声功率200 W、超声时间2 h、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%,探讨温度(50、55、60、65、70、75 ℃)对Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物接枝度的影响。
设定超声功率200 W、超声温度65 ℃、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%,探讨超声时间(1、2、3、4、5 h)对Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物接枝度的影响。
设定超声功率200 W、超声温度65 ℃、超声时间2 h、蛋白质浓度2%,探讨糖蛋比(1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1,w/w)对Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物接枝度的影响。
设定超声功率200 W、超声温度65 ℃、超声时间2 h、糖蛋比2:1(w/w),探讨蛋白质浓度(1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%,w/v)对Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物接枝度的影响。
基于单因素实验结果,将超声时间设定为2 h,选取超声功率、超声温度、糖蛋比、蛋白质浓度作为响应面试验考察因素。遵循Box-Behnken试验设计原则,针对每个考察因素,分别设置高、中、低三个水平,并依次编码为1、0、−1,构建四因素三水平实验模型。以接枝度作为评价指标,通过响应面试验优化制备条件。试验设计如表1所示。
接枝度(Degree of glycosylation,DG)的测定采用OPA法[11]。准确称取40 mg OPA置于烧杯中,加入1 mL甲醇使其溶解,再依次加入2.5 mL 20%(w/v)SDS溶液、25 mL 0.1 mol/L硼砂溶液和100 µL β-巯基乙醇,混合均匀,用去离子水定容至50 mL,制得OPA试剂。吸取200 µL 2 mg/mL样品溶液(以蛋白质质量浓度计)与4 mL OPA试剂充分混合均匀,35 ℃水浴2 min,于340 nm测定其吸光度,以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照。以赖氨酸为标准品绘制标准曲线(C=1.095A+0.0294,R2=0.9996,线性浓度范围为0.2~0.6 mg/mL),由吸光度A代入标准曲线计算得到游离氨基浓度C。按式(1)计算接枝度:
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:DG表示样品接枝度,%;C0表示反应前样品中游离氨基的浓度,mg/mL;Ct表示反应样品中游离氨基的浓度,mg/mL。
参照Corzo-Martínez等[12]的方法略作修改。将样品溶液分别稀释为蛋白质浓度0.5和1.0 mg/mL溶液,前者测定波长294 nm(表示中间产物),后者测定波长420 nm(表示褐变程度),均以去离子水作为空白对照。
称取1 mg样品粉末与100 mg溴化钾研磨成均匀粉末,压片后置于红外光谱仪中进行测定,扫描范围4000~400 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,波数精度0.01 cm−1,扫描次数为32次[13]。
使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察样品的微观形貌,将冻干后的样品粉末均匀撒在贴有导电胶的样品台上,用洗耳球吹掉多余的样品并进行喷金处理,在5 kV加速电压下观察样品的微观形貌,放大倍数分别为10000×、5000×、2500×。
参照Yao等[14]的方法略作修改。用0.01 mol/L pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液将样品溶液稀释至0.2 mg/mL(以蛋白质质量浓度计),以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照,用荧光分光光度计测定样品的内源荧光光谱。设定激发波长280 nm,发射波长扫描范围为290~450 nm,狭缝宽度均为5 nm,扫描速度为1200 nm/min。
参照姜晴等[15]的方法并稍作修改,用0.01 mol/L pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液将样品溶液稀释至0.2 mg/mL(以蛋白质质量浓度计),以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照,设置波长差Δλ=15 nm和Δλ=60 nm,狭缝宽度均为5.0 nm,扫描速度1200 nm/min,在240~400 nm发射波长范围内扫描样品。
参照Zhao等[16]方法并稍作修改。用0.01 mol/L pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液将样品稀释至蛋白质浓度为1 mg/mL,以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照,在200~500 nm紫外光谱范围进行扫描。
采用ANS荧光探针法测定样品表面疏水性[17]。用0.01 mol/L pH7.0磷酸缓冲溶液将样品溶液稀释至蛋白质浓度为0.1~0.5 mg/mL,并采用相同的缓冲溶液配制8 mmol/L ANS溶液。将稀释后的样品溶液与ANS溶液按体积比100:1充分振荡混匀,室温避光反应15 min,于激发波长360 nm,发射波长470 nm,狭缝宽度均为5 nm,测定荧光强度。以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照,以荧光强度对样品浓度(以蛋白质质量浓度计)作图,函数的斜率即为蛋白质的表面疏水性(H0)。
采用考马斯亮蓝G250法测定样品溶解性[18],以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为标准品。将样品溶液稀释至蛋白质浓度为0.1 mg/mL并等量分为6份,分别调节pH为2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0,8425 r/min离心15 min后,各移取1 mL上清液分别与5 mL考马斯亮蓝溶液混合均匀,静置2 min,分别测定595 nm处吸光度,以不含Zein的相应溶液作为空白对照。根据BSA标准曲线(C=2.192A+0.546,R2=0.9911,线性浓度范围为0~0.25 mg/mL),计算上清液中蛋白质的浓度。蛋白质溶解度为上清液中蛋白质含量占总蛋白质含量的百分比。
参照He等[19]方法,用0.01 mol/L pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液稀释样品溶液至蛋白质浓度为2 mg/mL。将稀释后的样品溶液与大豆油以3:1(v/v)比例混合,再经高速剪切机均质处理1 min(12000 r/min),在0和30 min时从乳液底部分别取样50 μL,并分别与5 mL 0.1% SDS溶液混合均匀,于500 nm测定吸光度,以0.1% SDS溶液作为空白对照。分别按式(2)和(3)计算EAI及ESI:
$ \text{E}\text{A}\text{I}({\text{m}}^{\text{2}}\text{/g)=}\frac{\text{2}\times \text{2.303}\times {\text{A}}_{\text{0}}\times \text{DF}}{\text{C}\times \phi \times \text{(1}-\varphi )\times \text{10000}} $
$ \text{E}\text{S}\text{I}(\text{min})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{30}}} $
式中:A0、A30分别表示乳液在0和30 min的吸光度;DF表示稀释系数(100);C表示样品浓度(以蛋白质质量浓度计,g/mL);φ为油相占比(0.25);ϕ为比色皿光径(1 cm)。
参考He等[20]方法略作修改。蛋白质浓度为5 mg/mL的样品溶液用高速剪切机以12000 r/min的转速均质1 min后,立即将溶液倒入量筒中测量体积V0,然后静置20 min记录体积V20。起泡性和起泡稳定性分别按式(4)和(5)计算。
$\text{起泡性}\text{(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}-\text{V}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
$ \text{泡沫稳定性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{20}}-\text{V}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}-\text{V}}\times 100 $
式中:V表示样品初始体积,mL;V0表示样品均质后静置0 min时体积,mL;V20表示样品均质后静置20 min时体积,mL。
参考Nooshkam等[21]方法略作修改。配制0.1 mmol/L DPPH(用无水乙醇溶解),将1 mL蛋白质浓度为1 mg/mL的样品溶液与4 mL DPPH溶液混匀,避光反应30 min,于517 nm测定吸光度为As。按式(6)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ \text{DPPH}\text{自由基清除}\text{率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{c}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}\right)\times \text{100} $
式中:As表示样品溶液的吸光度;Ac表示对照品(1 mL样品溶液+4 mL无水乙醇溶液)的吸光度;Ab表示空白溶液(以无水乙醇代替样品)的吸光度。
将1 mL蛋白质浓度为1 mg/mL样品溶液与2.5 mL 0.2 mol/L pH6.6磷酸钠缓冲溶液、2.5 mL 1%(w/v)铁氰化钾溶液混合,50 ℃恒温水浴20 min,冷却至室温,加入2.5 mL 10%(w/v)三氯乙酸溶液,4000 r/min离心10 min。取2.5 mL上清液与2.5 mL去离子水、0.5 mL 0.1%氯化铁(w/v)溶液混合均匀,于700 nm测定吸光度[22]。
所有实验均平行三次,数据以平均值±标准差的形式表示,利用SPSS 26软件进行差异显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著,采用Origin 2021软件作图。
接枝度被广泛作为评价美拉德反应程度的指标。超声辅助美拉德反应单因素实验条件下接枝度的变化如图1所示。由图1A可知,Zein-Dex接枝物的接枝度随超声功率的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),在200 W时,接枝度达到最大值,为23.67%±0.57%,与赵城彬等[23]采用85 ℃水浴加热Zein-Dex混合溶液2 h所得接枝度11.25%±0.14%相比,超声辅助显著促进了美拉德反应的进行。但超声功率过高时,空化效应诱导蛋白质分子聚集,使已暴露的游离氨基酸残基重新被包埋于蛋白质内部,空间位阻增加,从而导致接枝度降低。故后续实验固定超声功率为200 W。
如图1B所示,接枝度随超声温度的上升呈先增加后下降的趋势(P<0.05),65 ℃时接枝度达到最高。适度升温能加快分子运动速率,促进蛋白质与糖分子之间的结合。而温度过高时,会导致蛋白质发生变性或者聚集,使得能参与接枝反应的游离氨基减少,从而抑制反应的进行。郝春燕等[24]在对卵黄高磷蛋白磷酸肽和Dex之间的美拉德反应体系研究中也发现随着反应温度的升高,接枝度呈现先增加后降低的趋势。因此,后续实验选择65 ℃作为超声温度。
从图1C可以看出,接枝度随着超声时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.05),在2 h时达到峰值24.88%±1.01%。这是因为在超声作用下,蛋白质分子内部的游离氨基逐渐暴露,使得可参与反应的接枝位点显著增多[25],接枝度升高。但超声时间过长,已舒展的蛋白质肽链会重新发生聚集,导致接枝位点被遮蔽,底物接触受阻,从而使得接枝度降低,这与董艳娇等[26]关于美拉德反应产物接枝度随超声时间先增后减变化趋势的研究结论一致。因此,后续实验选择2 h为最佳超声时间。
如图1D所示,随着Dex与Zein质量比的增加,接枝度呈先升后降的趋势(P<0.05),在Dex与Zein质量比2:1时达到最大值。在Zein浓度恒定的条件下,随着Dex比例的增加,体系中参与反应的多糖分子数量增多,从而促进了接枝度的提升;但当糖浓度达到一定阈值时,空间位阻增强,蛋白质-糖分子间的有效碰撞几率降低,导致接枝度下降。故后续实验固定Dex与Zein质量比即糖蛋比为2:1(w/w)。
由图1E可知,当蛋白质浓度为2%时,接枝度达到最大值,显著高于其他组的接枝度(P<0.05)。当糖与蛋白质的质量比一定时,适当提高蛋白质浓度,可增加与糖分子的碰撞频率,促进美拉德反应;但当浓度过高时,会导致蛋白质之间发生交联反应,降低有效反应活性位点,从而抑制接枝反应。
超声辅助美拉德反应优化试验设计与结果如表2所示。利用Design Expert 13软件进行多元回归拟合,得到回归方程:Y(%)=−24.60+0.9167A−0.5833B+0.8333C−5.33D+0.75AB−0.25AC−0.75AD+BC–BD+0.25CD−1.84A2−2.59B2−2.22C2−7.72D2。
方差分析结果如表3所示。该模型的显著性水平P<0.0001,表明该回归模型拟合极显著;决定系数R2=0.9817,调整决定系数R2Adj=0.9634,失拟项P=0.6991>0.05不显著,表明该方程的拟合性较好,可以运用该模型进行预测和分析超声辅助美拉德反应工艺优化结果。在研究各试验因素对接枝度的影响程度时,F值是一项关键的判断指标。F值越大,表明该因素对接枝度的影响越显著。依据表3的数据分析,各实验因素对接枝度影响顺序为:D(蛋白质浓度)>A(超声功率)>C(糖蛋比)>B(超声温度)。统计分析表明,因素A、D及其二次项A2、B2、C2、D2对接枝度的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),因素C对接枝度的影响为显著水平(P<0.05)。此外,本实验的变异系数为5.45%,该数值较小,表明实验数据的离散程度较低。综合各项指标分析,该模型具有较高可信度,可借助该模型对美拉德反应产物的接枝度进行预测分析。
基于Design Expert 13软件的响应面试验分析,获得Zein-Dex美拉德反应产物最优工艺参数:超声功率231.93 W、超声温度65.17 ℃、糖蛋比2.16:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度1.82%(w/v)。根据该模型预测,在此条件下接枝度为25.76%±1.07%。综合考虑实际操作的可行性和设备参数限制,将最佳工艺条件确定为:超声功率250 W、超声温度65 ℃、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%(w/v)。在此条件下,经三次重复验证试验,所得Zein-Dex接枝物的接枝度为23.33%±0.58%,与理论预测值接近,这充分验证了该模型具有较高的准确性与可靠性。
尽管通过超声功率、超声温度、超声时间、糖蛋比和蛋白质浓度等五个单因素实验均可获得不同接枝度的Zein-Dex接枝物,但以最佳工艺参数为反应条件,通过调控超声时间(30~120 min)可以获得接枝度间隔相对均匀、变化范围较广的Zein-Dex接枝物。如图2可知,随着超声时间的延长,Zein-Dex接枝物的接枝度呈上升趋势。不同接枝阶段的Zein-Dex接枝物,接枝度之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。后续实验选择超声时间作为变量,进一步研究不同接枝度Zein-Dex接枝物的结构特征和功能特性。
在美拉德反应中,通过利用294 nm处的紫外吸光度对中间产物进行表征,420 nm处的吸光度被用于反映体系的褐变程度[27],褐变标志着美拉德反应进入高级阶段。超声时间对Zein-Dex美拉德反应中间产物与褐变程度的影响,如图3所示,随着超声时间的延长,中间产物与褐变程度的吸光度均迅速增加(P<0.05)。吴雨虹等[28]研究表明,蓝圆鲹分离蛋白限制性酶解产物与Dex美拉德反应前期生成的中间产物,在近紫外线下具有较强的吸收特性,从而导致A294吸光度增加。Gu等[29]研究发现,在酪蛋白-葡萄糖美拉德反应后期,中间产物会逐渐转化为棕色物质,同时,体系中游离氨基残基不断被消耗,伴随产生的酸类物质使反应体系呈酸性,这种酸性环境在一定程度上也会促使褐变程度有较小幅度的增加。此外,随着反应的进行,体系中生成更多的棕色类黑素,并可能伴随着焦糖化反应的发生,这些变化协同作用,导致溶液颜色逐渐加深,相应的吸光度也随之升高。
FTIR被广泛应用于反映糖基化蛋白质的结构变化。当官能团被糖基化成功修饰后,其FTIR光谱会出现特征性变化,主要表现为吸收峰位置的迁移或吸收强度的改变[30]。图4为Zein、Dex、Zein-Dex混合物和Zein-Dex接枝物的FTIR光谱图。在3100~3600 cm−1波长范围内出现的吸收峰,通常归因于羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动。与Zein相比,Zein-Dex混合物及Zein-Dex接枝物在该区域的吸收强度增强,这是由于Dex的引入为体系增添了更多的羟基基团,从而使得该区域的红外吸收强度得以提升。蛋白质的主要吸收峰包括酰胺I带(1700~1600 cm−1,C=O伸缩振动)、酰胺II带(1575~1480 cm−1,N-H弯曲和C-N伸缩振动)和酰胺III带(1300~1200 cm−1,C-N伸缩和N-H变形振动)[27]。Zein-Dex接枝物在酰胺I、II、III带的吸收峰发生蓝移且吸收强度减弱,这可能与美拉德反应过程中消耗Zein分子中游离氨基残基的N-H基团和C-N基团,进而生成Amadori重排化合物(C=O)、Schiff碱(C=N)及吡嗪(C-N)等新物质有关。Zhang等[31]研究也报道了在蛋白质-糖美拉德反应过程中蛋白质会消耗游离氨基(-NH2),生成C=O、C=N、C-N等新的官能团。相比于天然Zein,Zein-Dex接枝物在1022 cm−1处吸收强度增加,这主要是由于美拉德反应新形成的C-N共价键的伸缩振动引起的,与Wang等[32]报道美拉德反应制备的乳清分离蛋白-菊粉接枝物,在1036 cm−1处吸收峰强度增加的研究结果一致。以上实验结果表明Zein与Dex之间发生了美拉德反应。
SEM通常用于表征物质微观形貌的变化。在本研究中,选取了10000×、5000×、2500×等不同放大倍率,对Zein和Zein-Dex接枝物的表面形貌进行了观察。如图5所示,Zein在美拉德反应前后,其空间形貌结构发生了显著变化。天然Zein的表面结构相对光滑且平整,经美拉德反应后,接枝物表面出现孔洞,呈现出蜂窝状的多孔结构,这一结构变化可能与超声波处理过程中产生的空化效应密切相关。已有研究表明,空化效应引发的机械性断键作用和剪切力可对样品形貌结构产生显著影响,从而导致其表面形貌的改变[33]。此外,随着超声时间的延长,样品表面的孔洞数量显著增加且分布越来越密集。这些微观结构的变化表明表面积显著增加,提高了Zein与Dex的接触概率,很好地解释了美拉德反应产物的接枝度会随超声时间的延长而增加这一现象。
在蛋白质与糖分子之间的美拉德反应过程中,接枝物的荧光特性会发生显著变化。在激发波长280 nm条件下,蛋白质的荧光主要由色氨酸(Trp)和酪氨酸(Tyr)共同产生[34]。如图6所示,与Zein和Zein-Dex混合物相比,Zein-Dex接枝物的荧光光谱峰位没有发生红移或蓝移,但其最大荧光强度显著降低,一方面,可能是由于超声辅助美拉德反应导致暴露在蛋白质外部的Trp和Tyr等发色基团“埋藏”到内部,从而引发荧光淬灭现象[35]。Liu等[36]报道卵清蛋白经葡萄糖美拉德反应修饰后,内源荧光强度下降,且荧光光谱峰位未发生明显位移。另一方面,可能是因为共价接枝的柔性无规则卷曲构象Dex位于共价接枝物表面,产生空间位阻效应,从而阻断了Zein氨基酸残基的荧光信号,导致荧光强度降低。此外,随着美拉德反应的进行,最大荧光强度逐渐减弱,这主要是由于Zein接枝了更多的Dex分子,进一步加剧了荧光淬灭效应,2.2节接枝度的实验结果有力地支持该结论。这与Dai等[37]研究的乳清分离蛋白与Dex美拉德反应产物有相似的荧光特征。
内源荧光光谱不能获得单独Tyr或Trp的荧光光谱,而同步荧光光谱在固定激发波长与发射波长的波长差为△λ=15 nm和60 nm时,可以分别得到Tyr和Trp的同步荧光光谱,从而揭示不同处理条件对单种荧光发色基团周围微环境的影响[38]。图7结果显示,Zein-Dex接枝物的Tyr和Trp荧光强度均显著低于Zein对应的荧光强度,且随着超声时间延长荧光强度逐渐降低,表明接枝物分子上的Dex链对Zein氨基酸残基的荧光信号产生了淬灭效应。美拉德反应后,Tyr残基的最大发射波长没有明显变化,但Trp残基荧光光谱发生了红移,例如Zein和120 min的Zein-Dex接枝物的最大发射波长分别为270.4 nm和272.6 nm。这表明Zein-Dex接枝物的Trp残基处于更极性和亲水的微环境。与内源荧光光谱相比,同步荧光光谱对Tyr和Trp残基的荧光变化检测更灵敏,尤其是对Trp残基的荧光变化检测。此外,Dex分子在水溶液中以线圈形态存在,其紧密地围绕在Zein表面,形成空间位阻效应,进而导致荧光淬灭[39]。随着接枝反应的进行,Dex分子逐渐增多并牢固地附着在蛋白质表面,使荧光氨基酸残基处于更加“埋藏”的状态,降低蛋白质残基的荧光特性,这一结果与2.6节内源荧光光谱的结论一致。
在蛋白质的紫外吸收光谱中,多肽骨架结构和芳香族氨基酸(Tyr、Trp、苯丙氨酸)残基的共轭双键的特征吸收峰分别在200~240 nm和260~280 nm范围内[40]。如图8所示,在200~240 nm和260~280 nm范围,随着超声时间的延长,接枝物的紫外吸收强度均逐渐增加。这可能由于美拉德反应促使蛋白质结构展开引起Zein由聚集态转变为解离态,导致更多的多肽骨架结构和芳香族氨基酸暴露在溶液中。在200~240 nm范围,随着超声时间的延长,接枝物的紫外吸收峰逐渐红移,这是由于美拉德反应导致更多的多肽骨架暴露到极性和亲水环境中;而在260~280 nm范围,紫外吸收峰逐渐蓝移,这主要是由于随着美拉德超声时间延长产生了更多的Schiff碱和吡嗪等新物质,2.4节FTIR实验结果支持该现象。此外,Li等[41]研究结果指出,在超声作用下,糖分子会增强对蛋白质的修饰作用,改变蛋白质的空间结构,引起电子跃迁和能级差异发生变化,最终影响其摩尔消光系数,从而增强紫外吸收强度。
表面疏水性(H0)反映蛋白质分子表面疏水基团的含量情况。如图9所示,Zein-Dex混合物与Zein-Dex接枝物的H0显著高于天然Zein的H0(P<0.05)。这可能是由于天然Zein中大部分疏水基团埋藏在致密的球状蛋白质内部,导致荧光探针无法与疏水残基结合。当Dex与Zein进行物理混合后,在低浓度溶液体系中,两种大分子间的氢键作用与分子缠绕效应促使Zein分子构象发生改变。这种相互作用使Zein从致密结构转变为相对疏松的结构,此时,细微的结构变化可有效促进荧光探针与疏水基团结合。因此,Zein-Dex混合物的H0明显高于天然Zein的H0。
经过超声辅助美拉德反应后,由于超声的空化效应和加热效应,引起Zein-Dex接枝物的结构和构象发生改变,使原来更多埋藏在蛋白质内部的疏水残基暴露在溶液中,从而导致H0的升高。此外,随着超声时间的延长,Zein-Dex接枝物的H0逐渐下降,这可能主要是由于接枝物上越来越多的亲水性Dex分子侧链包覆在接枝物表面降低了其H0。Wang等[42]报道了类似的结果,他们发现无论是超声湿热法还是单纯湿热法制得的绿豆分离蛋白(MBPI)-葡萄糖美拉德反应产物,均表现出比天然MBPI更高的表面疏水性。Jin等[43]也发现黑豆分离蛋白与葡萄糖美拉德反应产物的H0高于黑豆分离蛋白的H0,且随着超声时间延长H0逐渐降低,他们推测这可能是由于在糖基化反应过程中,更多亲水性葡萄糖分子接枝到蛋白质上,覆盖了蛋白质的疏水区域,从而降低了表面疏水性。此外,共价接枝的Dex分子导致Zein-Dex接枝物内源荧光和同步荧光的强度猝灭结果与表面疏水性降低结果也相互佐证。
蛋白质溶解度是决定其功能特性的关键因素之一。不同超声时间美拉德反应产物在pH分别为2、4、6、8、10、12条件下的溶解度变化如图10所示,Zein-Dex接枝物的溶解度随着超声时间的延长不断升高,特别是在反应2 h时,溶解度提升了4.89倍。Zein溶解度增加将使Zein分子中暴露在外紫外吸收基团浓度增加,这一结果很好解释了2.8部分随着超声时间的延长,接枝物的紫外吸收强度逐渐增加的原因。溶解度显著提升(P<0.05),主要原因可能包括以下两方面:一方面,Dex分子通过美拉德反应共价接枝到Zein分子上,使Zein分子上引入了更多亲水性基团(如羟基),从而增强了其亲水性;另一方面,包覆在Zein表面的共价接枝亲水性Dex链,形成的空间位阻有效抑制了Zein分子的聚集,进一步提高了Zein的溶解性,这与张斌成等[44]指出糖基化改性可以提高蛋白质溶解性的结论一致。此外,Zein、Zein-Dex混合物和Zein-Dex接枝物的溶解度均在pH6时最低,在pH 12时最高,该结果与Peng等[10]报道的Zein与Dex接枝物在强碱性条件和等电点约pH 6.0的溶解度变化趋势一致。这一现象主要是由于Zein在碱性条件下更易溶解,而在等电点附近,蛋白质分子间的静电排斥力最小,疏水相互作用相对强,易于发生聚集沉淀,这与Gao等[45]发现豌豆分离蛋白在等电点附近溶解性最低的研究结果一致。
EAI是指蛋白质作为表面活性剂快速吸附到水-油界面的能力,ESI是指蛋白质在油-水界面的吸附和稳定,以及防止乳液液滴聚集的能力[46]。如图11所示,Zein-Dex混合物与天然Zein的EAI无显著差异(P>0.05),但Zein-Dex接枝物的EAI随着超声时间的延长而增加,2 h时达到37.49±1.94 m2/g,较对照组相比提升了5.17倍。这主要归因于美拉德反应促使Zein分子的空间结构展开,共价接枝的亲水性Dex链以及疏水基团的暴露,改善了蛋白质的亲水/疏水平衡,并提高了蛋白质的界面迁移速率,从而促进乳化活性升高。Dai等[37]指出随着Dex接枝量的增加,无序结构增多,使蛋白质结构进一步拉伸和展开,更易于扩散到油/水界面,从而提高乳清分离蛋白的EAI。Zein-Dex混合物的ESI高于zein的ESI,这是由于Zein-Dex混合物比Zein具有更高的表面疏水性,使Zein-Dex混合物与油分子之间产生更强的疏水相互作用来维持乳液的稳定性。Zein-Dex接枝物的ESI最低,且随着超声时间的延长呈下降趋势,这一方面可能是由于随着共价接枝的Dex分子逐渐增多,空间位阻效应增强,但这不足以弥补因其电中性而引起的Zein分子表面静电排斥作用降低,最终致使Zein-Dex接枝物的乳液液滴抗聚集能力下降。另一方面可能是由于Zein-Dex接枝物表面疏水性的降低削弱了其与油相分子之间的疏水相互作用强度,从而导致ESI降低。
不同超声时间接枝物的起泡性及泡沫稳定性如图12所示。当超声时间达到或超过70 min,Zein-Dex接枝物的起泡性比Zein的起泡性显著增强(P<0.05)。Zein-Dex混合物的泡沫稳定性高于Zein的泡沫稳定性,这是由于Dex和Zein分子之间的氢键和分子缠绕等相互作用增加了Zein的泡沫稳定性。随着超声时间延长,Zein-Dex接枝物的泡沫稳定性呈现先增大后减小的趋势,这是因为共价接枝的Dex分子侧链增加了Zein的溶解度,而溶解度的增加有助于Zein分子在水相中更好地分散,这对形成和稳定泡沫至关重要。另外,美拉德反应生成的多羟基Zein-Dex接枝物能够增强Zein分子之间的范德华力和氢键相互作用,这有助于在界面处形成更稳定的泡沫膜。然而,随着超声时间的延长,Zein-Dex接枝物的亲水性和空间位阻效应逐渐增加以及表面疏水性逐渐降低,多重因素的协同作用可能致使界面膜机械强度降低,进而削弱泡沫稳定性。Yan等[47]研究表明,超声和加热处理可诱导蛋白质结构从球状转变为熔球态,提升分子柔性,进而增强其在空气-水界面的吸附能力;该研究还发现,豌豆分离蛋白与海藻酸钠通过共价接枝能提升蛋白质的起泡性,但会降低其泡沫稳定性。Zhang等[48]研究结果显示随着接枝度的增加,乳清分离蛋白-半乳糖接枝物的起泡性和泡沫稳定性均增加。这些不同的研究结果可能与美拉德反应体系中使用不同的蛋白质和不同类型的糖相关。
DPPH是一种以氮为中心的稳定自由基,常用于评估活性化合物的抗氧化能力。由图13可知,DPPH自由基清除率强弱顺序依次为:Zein-Dex接枝物>Zein-Dex混合物>Zein,且Zein-Dex接枝物的DPPH自由基清除率随着超声时间的延长而增强(P<0.05),美拉德反应2 h时,DPPH自由基清除率由Zein最初的18.00%±2.58%达到57.00%±1.53%,增长了3.17倍。该结果与郭扬凯等[49]的研究结论一致,他们发现随着微波加热时间的延长,具有抗氧化活性的中间体和高级产物逐渐积累,使得乳清分离蛋白-乳糖接枝物的抗氧化活性逐渐增强。大量研究结果表明,美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的增强主要有三个方面的原因:一是在美拉德反应进程中,Amadori重排形成的还原酮及其他中间产物,可以有效地破坏自由基链,从而增强抗氧化活性;二是Strecker降解产生的氨基酮、醛类及其他末期糖基化终产物中的羟基、还原性呋喃和吡咯等基团,能够提供氢原子,进一步提升抗氧化能力;三是美拉德反应过程中糖的焦糖化反应也有一定的抗氧化作用[43,50−51]。
还原力是指在样品溶液中,将三氯化铁(Fe3+)-铁氰化物络合物还原为Fe2+的能力,可通过测量在700 nm处的吸光度来反映,吸光度越高,表明还原能力越强[52]。由图14所示,Zein和Zein-Dex混合物的还原力无显著差异(P>0.05),但两者与Zein-Dex接枝物的还原力存在显著差异(P<0.05),并且随着超声时间的延长,Zein-Dex接枝物的还原力逐渐增大,当美拉德反应2 h时,还原力达到最大值0.16±0.01,与Zein相比提升了23%。这可能是因为美拉德反应改变了Zein结构,使原本被包埋的活性氨基酸残基得以暴露,从而增加了与氧化剂反应的位点。阮愉悦[53]研究发现藜麦蛋白与透明质酸经美拉德反应后生成的接枝物,其还原力显著增强。她认为,这一方面可能是由于中间产物-还原酮能够提供氢原子以破坏自由基链起到抗氧化的作用,另一方面是因为美拉德反应生成的羟基和吡咯基团具有更高的电子转移活性,从而使接枝物表现出更高的抗氧化能力。此外,反应过程中生成的中间产物和“类黑精”也有一定的还原能力。随着超声时间的延长,中间产物和终产物“类黑精”不断积累,导致还原力逐渐增强,2.3节中间产物与褐变程度的实验结果支持该现象。Nooshkam等[54]也发现壳聚糖-菊粉接枝物的还原力与褐变程度呈正相关,褐变程度越高,还原力越强。
本试验通过超声辅助湿热法促进Zein与Dex之间的美拉德反应,并对其美拉德反应产物的物化性质及功能进行了研究。结果表明:超声功率250 W、反应温度65 ℃、糖蛋比2:1(w/w)、蛋白质浓度2%(w/v)、超声时间2 h时,接枝度为23.33%±0.58%。随着超声时间的延长,美拉德反应过程中生成的中间产物和褐变程度逐渐增加。FTIR分析表明Zein与糖分子之间的美拉德反应主要表现为自由氨基(-NH2)的消耗,并生成Amadori重排化合物(C=O)、Schiff碱(C=N)及吡嗪(C-N)等物质。260~280 nm紫外吸收峰值的蓝移进一步验证了新官能团的生成。在200~240 nm范围,随着超声时间的延长,美拉德反应产物的紫外吸收峰逐渐红移和强度逐渐增大,这表明美拉德反应导致更多的多肽骨架暴露到极性和亲水环境中。SEM显示共价接枝的Dex侧链使Zein由初始的光滑平整表面转变为蜂窝状多孔结构,使Zein表面积增加有利于提高美拉德反应速率和改善Zein的功能特性。内源荧光和同步荧光强度的淬灭、Trp残基同步荧光峰值的红移,均证实美拉德反应使Zein的分子构象发生改变。共价接枝亲水性Dex侧链显著改善了Zein的物化性质。超声及加热处理促使蛋白质疏水基团暴露,表面疏水性增加,从而增强了Zein对油脂的吸附能力,改善了Zein-Dex接枝物的乳化活性。超声加热2 h时,Zein的溶解度、乳化活性、DPPH自由基清除率分别提高了4.89倍、5.17倍和3.17倍(P<0.05),还原力增强了23%(P<0.05),起泡性及泡沫稳定性也得到一定程度的提升(P<0.05)。
综上所述,超声辅助湿热法能够加快美拉德反应速率,并改善Zein的功能性质,这为拓宽Zein在食品工业中的广泛应用提供了一定的参考依据。但目前对美拉德反应的具体机理尚未完全清楚,未来可通过原位表征技术、分子动力学模拟和量子化学计算等手段,进一步探讨美拉德反应的详细机制。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030095
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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    1安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000
    2芜湖市绿色食品产业研究院有限公司,安徽芜湖 238326

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朱秀灵(1978−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、生物大分子结构与功能,E-mail:。
戴清源(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分与营养、功能因子稳态化与控释技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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