Article(id=1320889233825453006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854134279, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854134279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854134279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854134279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=155, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889234240689103, articleId=1320889233825453006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Corn Starch Pregelatinization Temperature on Gel Properties and 3D Printing Performance of Tilapia Myofibrillar Protein Lotion, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used tilapia myofibrillar proteins (MP) as the base material, corn oil as the oil phase, and incorporated corn starch (CS) to construct emulsion gels, aiming to investigate the effects of pregelatinized CS at varying temperatures (25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ℃) on the microstructure, particle size, rheological properties, stability and 3D printing properties of the emulsion gels. The findings demonstrated that increasing the pregelatinization temperature of CS significantly enhanced both the storage modulus (G') and apparent viscosity of the emulsion gel. The most pronounced improvement was observed when the pregelatinization temperature of CS was 60 ℃ (CS60). Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that no covalent interactions were formed between MP and pregelatinized CS. Gel strength analysis further revealed that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the dominant intermolecular forces stabilizing the emulsion gel. This suggested that the starch molecules released from pregelatinized CS could form a denser three-dimensional network with MP through these intermolecular interactions. In addition, the 3D printing results showed that higher CS pregelatinization temperatures improved the texture of the emulsion gel, with CS60 exhibiting the highest printing precision. Overall, this study elucidated the underlying mechanism whereby pregelatinized CS enhanced the properties of MP-based emulsion gels and provided a theoretical basis for optimizing MP gel performance and 3D printability through starch modification.

, authors=Yajie SONG1, Yuxiao LIU1, Zilan FENG2, Lin LIAO1, Zhisheng PEI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Changfeng XUE1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Yajie SONG, Yuxiao LIU, Zilan FENG, Lin LIAO, Zhisheng PEI, Changfeng XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changfeng XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889242125980652, articleId=1320889233825453006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=玉米淀粉预糊化温度对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶特性与3D打印性能的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)为基底,玉米油为油相,添加玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)构建乳液凝胶,旨在探究不同预糊化温度(25、40、60、80、100 ℃)的CS对乳液凝胶微观结构、粒径尺寸、流变特性、稳定性及3D打印特性的影响。结果表明,CS预糊化温度的增加能够显著提高乳液凝胶的储能模量(G')与表观黏度,特别是当添加CS的预糊化温度为60 ℃(CS60)时。拉曼光谱分析结果显示MP与预糊化CS之间不存在共价相互作用。凝胶作用力分析结果表明,乳液凝胶分子间主要维持作用力为氢键和疏水相互作用,这表明添加预糊化CS溶出的CS分子能够与MP在分子间相互作用力的作用下形成更加紧密的三维网络结构。此外,3D打印效果显示,CS预糊化温度的增加提高了乳液凝胶的质构特性,特别是在CS60时表现出了最佳的打印精度。本研究提出了预糊化CS改善MP乳液凝胶特性的可能内在机理,为预糊化CS在改善MP乳液凝胶特性及3D打印性能方面提供了一定的理论参考。

, authors=宋雅婕1, 刘雨潇1, 冯紫蓝2, 廖琳1, 裴志胜1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 薛长风1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=宋雅婕, 刘雨潇, 冯紫蓝, 廖琳, 裴志胜, 薛长风, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=薛长风, authorNote=

宋雅婕(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
薛长风(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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宋雅婕(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:

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宋雅婕(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:

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注:A:去离子水;B:SDS;C:尿素;不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图12、图13同。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889233825453006, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶3D打印样品的蒸煮损失率, figureFileSmall=/1LngWOng/83RVqPld4evA==, figureFileBig=t+ZIIjbS3LK0iSY2Sz7J/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889255753273416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889233825453006, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Gelatinization morphology of CS particles and the effect of adding CS at different pregelatinized temperatures on lotion gel, figureFileSmall=VKUlbEUuGSZ4tgB6QNxDog==, figureFileBig=/5iBZjhs3CUs4iaQC9rmFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889255824576585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889233825453006, language=CN, label=图14, caption=CS颗粒的糊化形态及添加不同预糊化温度CS对乳液凝胶的影响, figureFileSmall=VKUlbEUuGSZ4tgB6QNxDog==, figureFileBig=/5iBZjhs3CUs4iaQC9rmFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889255891685450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889233825453006, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Texture characteristics of lotion gel 3D printing inverted prism before and after cooking at different pregelatinized temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)粘附性(mJ)内聚性弹性(mm)胶粘性(mJ)咀嚼性(mJ)
CS25(蒸煮前)0.77±0.09ab0.12±0.01ab0.72±0.06a1.86±0.13a0.57±0.05ab1.08±0.16a
CS25(蒸煮后)0.63±0.25a0.16±0.07a0.96±0.42a1.72±0.16a0.53±0.05a0.89±0.06a
CS40(蒸煮前)0.90±0.00a0.10±0.00b0.72±0.01a1.70±0.21a0.63±0.05a1.09±0.15a
CS40(蒸煮后)0.70±0.42a0.12±0.02a0.88±0.14a2.23±0.13a0.60±0.28a1.21±0.86a
CS60(蒸煮前)0.77±0.09ab0.12±0.00ab0.75±0.06a1.73±0.12a0.57±0.05ab1.03±0.11a
CS60(蒸煮后)0.83±0.09a0.13±0.01a0.78±0.05a2.20±0.28a0.63±0.05a1.47±0.33a
CS80(蒸煮前)0.67±0.05b0.14±0.01a0.66±0.10a1.89±0.08a0.43±0.12ab0.88±0.24ab
CS80(蒸煮后)0.70±0.00a0.14±0.03a0.74±0.09a2.13±0.29a0.53±0.05a1.20±0.29a
CS100(蒸煮前)0.60±0.14b0.12±0.02ab0.58±0.13a1.24±0.23b0.37±0.17b0.49±0.25b
CS100(蒸煮后)0.53±0.17a0.16±0.00a0.87±0.06a1.39±1.01a0.50±0.14a0.81±0.58a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889255958794315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889233825453006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶3D打印倒棱台蒸煮前后的质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)粘附性(mJ)内聚性弹性(mm)胶粘性(mJ)咀嚼性(mJ)
CS25(蒸煮前)0.77±0.09ab0.12±0.01ab0.72±0.06a1.86±0.13a0.57±0.05ab1.08±0.16a
CS25(蒸煮后)0.63±0.25a0.16±0.07a0.96±0.42a1.72±0.16a0.53±0.05a0.89±0.06a
CS40(蒸煮前)0.90±0.00a0.10±0.00b0.72±0.01a1.70±0.21a0.63±0.05a1.09±0.15a
CS40(蒸煮后)0.70±0.42a0.12±0.02a0.88±0.14a2.23±0.13a0.60±0.28a1.21±0.86a
CS60(蒸煮前)0.77±0.09ab0.12±0.00ab0.75±0.06a1.73±0.12a0.57±0.05ab1.03±0.11a
CS60(蒸煮后)0.83±0.09a0.13±0.01a0.78±0.05a2.20±0.28a0.63±0.05a1.47±0.33a
CS80(蒸煮前)0.67±0.05b0.14±0.01a0.66±0.10a1.89±0.08a0.43±0.12ab0.88±0.24ab
CS80(蒸煮后)0.70±0.00a0.14±0.03a0.74±0.09a2.13±0.29a0.53±0.05a1.20±0.29a
CS100(蒸煮前)0.60±0.14b0.12±0.02ab0.58±0.13a1.24±0.23b0.37±0.17b0.49±0.25b
CS100(蒸煮后)0.53±0.17a0.16±0.00a0.87±0.06a1.39±1.01a0.50±0.14a0.81±0.58a
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玉米淀粉预糊化温度对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶特性与3D打印性能的影响
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宋雅婕 1 , 刘雨潇 1 , 冯紫蓝 2 , 廖琳 1 , 裴志胜 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 薛长风 1, 3, 4, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 155-164
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 155 -164
玉米淀粉预糊化温度对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶特性与3D打印性能的影响
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宋雅婕(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:

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宋雅婕1 , 刘雨潇1, 冯紫蓝2, 廖琳1, 裴志胜1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 薛长风1, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
  • 2海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
  • 3海南省院士团队创新中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022
  • 4海南省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022
  • 5海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022
通讯作者:
薛长风(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

宋雅婕(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:

Effect of Corn Starch Pregelatinization Temperature on Gel Properties and 3D Printing Performance of Tilapia Myofibrillar Protein Lotion
Yajie SONG1 , Yuxiao LIU1, Zilan FENG2, Lin LIAO1, Zhisheng PEI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Changfeng XUE1, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 3Hainan Provincial Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan Tropical Ocean Institute, Sanya 572022, China
  • 4Hainan Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Hainan Tropical Ocean Institute, Sanya 572022, China
  • 5Collaborative Innovation Center for Key Technologies in Deep Processing of Marine Food, Jointly Established by the Provincial and Ministerial Governments, Hainan Tropical Ocean Institute, Sanya 572022, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030146
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本研究以罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)为基底,玉米油为油相,添加玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)构建乳液凝胶,旨在探究不同预糊化温度(25、40、60、80、100 ℃)的CS对乳液凝胶微观结构、粒径尺寸、流变特性、稳定性及3D打印特性的影响。结果表明,CS预糊化温度的增加能够显著提高乳液凝胶的储能模量(G')与表观黏度,特别是当添加CS的预糊化温度为60 ℃(CS60)时。拉曼光谱分析结果显示MP与预糊化CS之间不存在共价相互作用。凝胶作用力分析结果表明,乳液凝胶分子间主要维持作用力为氢键和疏水相互作用,这表明添加预糊化CS溶出的CS分子能够与MP在分子间相互作用力的作用下形成更加紧密的三维网络结构。此外,3D打印效果显示,CS预糊化温度的增加提高了乳液凝胶的质构特性,特别是在CS60时表现出了最佳的打印精度。本研究提出了预糊化CS改善MP乳液凝胶特性的可能内在机理,为预糊化CS在改善MP乳液凝胶特性及3D打印性能方面提供了一定的理论参考。

玉米淀粉  /  预糊化温度  /  乳液凝胶  /  凝胶特性  /  3D打印

This study used tilapia myofibrillar proteins (MP) as the base material, corn oil as the oil phase, and incorporated corn starch (CS) to construct emulsion gels, aiming to investigate the effects of pregelatinized CS at varying temperatures (25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ℃) on the microstructure, particle size, rheological properties, stability and 3D printing properties of the emulsion gels. The findings demonstrated that increasing the pregelatinization temperature of CS significantly enhanced both the storage modulus (G') and apparent viscosity of the emulsion gel. The most pronounced improvement was observed when the pregelatinization temperature of CS was 60 ℃ (CS60). Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that no covalent interactions were formed between MP and pregelatinized CS. Gel strength analysis further revealed that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the dominant intermolecular forces stabilizing the emulsion gel. This suggested that the starch molecules released from pregelatinized CS could form a denser three-dimensional network with MP through these intermolecular interactions. In addition, the 3D printing results showed that higher CS pregelatinization temperatures improved the texture of the emulsion gel, with CS60 exhibiting the highest printing precision. Overall, this study elucidated the underlying mechanism whereby pregelatinized CS enhanced the properties of MP-based emulsion gels and provided a theoretical basis for optimizing MP gel performance and 3D printability through starch modification.

corn starch  /  pregelatinized temperature  /  lotion gel  /  gel characteristics  /  3D printing
宋雅婕, 刘雨潇, 冯紫蓝, 廖琳, 裴志胜, 薛长风. 玉米淀粉预糊化温度对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶特性与3D打印性能的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 155 -164 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030146
Yajie SONG, Yuxiao LIU, Zilan FENG, Lin LIAO, Zhisheng PEI, Changfeng XUE. Effect of Corn Starch Pregelatinization Temperature on Gel Properties and 3D Printing Performance of Tilapia Myofibrillar Protein Lotion[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 155 -164 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030146
3D打印技术是一种基于墨水的数字制造技术,在实现复杂结构物体快速制造方面具有独特优势[1]。借助3D打印技术能够利用多种材料根据需求设计并制造出结构支架。近年来,3D打印技术已经在食品加工、再生医学、添加剂制造以及先进材料等多个领域取得了显著进展[1−3]。在食品加工领域,3D打印技术具有设计灵活性高、可实现大规模个性化定制生产、浪费率低、能制造复杂结构等优势,例如,3D打印能够为特殊饮食需求群体定制营养结构精确的食品,实现个性化定制[4];能够按需生产,精确用量,减少食品原料的浪费,提高资源利用率[5];还能实现自动化生产,制作具有复杂结构、独特外观的新型产品[6−7]。然而,3D打印性能受打印油墨的材料及流变特性的影响非常严重,打印油墨要求较高,因此当前迫切需要开发一种以天然材料为基础的3D打印油墨,这种油墨应当具备良好的可再生性和流变特性,以适用于稳定性强、适用范围广的3D产品的打印。
乳液凝胶作为两种不相溶的液体构成的非均相体系,其良好的流变特性与剪切稀化行为使其成为3D打印的理想油墨[8]。本文基于课题组前期的研究[9],制备出的乳液凝胶能够实现其3D打印,但未对其在3D打印过程中的稳定性进行评估考量,同时由于打印成本较高,将其应用于产业化生产仍面临一些挑战。
预糊化玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)为天然淀粉在特定条件下发生糊化作用后的产物,具有独特的吸水膨胀性、糊化稳定性和黏附性等特性[10]。同时,鉴于预糊化CS具有一定的剪切稀化与非牛顿流体特性,因此将预糊化CS加入乳液凝胶的配方进行凝胶特性改善的研究值得探讨。但是不同预糊化温度CS的添加可能会对乳液凝胶及其3D打印的性能产生影响,因此将不同预糊化温度CS添加到乳液凝胶配方进行凝胶特性改善的研究,以期得到性能更加优良的乳液凝胶。
基于此,本研究以不同预糊化温度的CS制备罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)乳液凝胶,探究不同预糊化温度CS的添加对MP乳液凝胶微观结构、流变特性与稳定性的影响,同时选取粒径尺寸作为指标,利用拉曼光谱检测其二级结构以揭示乳液凝胶的内在形成机理。将不同预糊化温度下的乳液凝胶作为食品油墨应用于3D打印,通过质构分析与纹理分析探究其打印精度与适印性。本研究阐述预糊化CS对乳液凝胶特性的影响,为拓展预糊化CS在改善MP乳液凝胶3D打印性能的应用方面提供一定的理论基础。
玉米淀粉 科赫生物科技有限公司;罗非鱼片(冷冻) 海南翔泰渔业股份有限公司;压榨玉米油 上海嘉里食品工业有限公司;L-精氨酸 河北华阳生物科技有限公司;二水合磷酸氢钠、十二水合磷酸氢钠、氯化钠、氢氧化钠、尿素、十二烷基硫酸钠、低磷酸盐缓冲溶液、高磷酸盐缓冲溶液 均为分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司。
KQ-300DA超声仪 昆明市超声仪器有限公司;33C260高速均质剪切机 宁波新芝生物科技有限公司;SZ780光学显微镜 Cnoptec;MCR 92流变仪 Anton Paar;LS 13 320激光粒度仪 贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司;DXR2激光显微拉曼光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;Foodbot-D1食品3D打印机 杭州时印科技有限公司;TMS-PRO质构分析仪 英盛恒泰科技有限公司。
参照Pei等[11]的方法,将解冻后的罗非鱼鱼肉收集白色肌肉在冰浴条件下搅碎,然后加入低磷酸盐缓冲溶液,混合充分后离心,温度4 ℃、转速4000 r/min、时间10 min,重复离心步骤3次。离心结束后,弃去上清液保留下层肌肉,随后将其加入到高磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,并在相同条件下离心3次。将离心后的样品取出置于4 ℃冰箱内,静置24 h后进行离心,温度4 ℃、转速10000 r/min、时间10 min,重复离心步骤3次。离心结束后,保留上清液,在4 ℃的环境中沉淀3 h,弃去上层水分,在相同的条件下离心15 min后收集沉淀。最终获得的MP存放于4 ℃冰箱内,须在24 h内使用完毕。参照Feng等[9]的方法利用双缩脲法检测蛋白质含量,使蛋白质质量分数保持在10%。
取15支离心管,分为5组。将0.015 g玉米淀粉和5 mL超纯水加至各离心管中,振荡均匀。取一组于常温(25 ℃)下放置,其他四组分别在40、60、80、100 ℃下水浴加热30 min,完成后置于4 ℃冰箱内冷却。参照Feng等[9]的方法,将1.5wt%的MP加至冷却后的各离心管中,涡旋2 min,随后将0.5wt%的L-精氨酸加至各离心管中,利用超声仪在4 ℃、300 W的条件下超声15 min。超声结束后,向各离心管中缓慢加入体积分数为φ=0.8、pH为7.0的玉米油,随后将其置于高速均质剪切机进行均质操作,控温10 ℃以下、转速7000 r/min、时间2 min,所得即为CS25、CS40、CS60、CS80、CS100乳液凝胶样品。
参照薛山等[12]的方法并稍作修改。采用光学显微镜观察预糊化CS样品的显微结构。将样品分别置于4倍、10倍、40倍镜头下观察,所得图像采用自带软件进行拍摄,每个倍数下拍摄3次。
分别以水、1%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、6 mol/L尿素作为分散剂,采用激光粒度仪对乳液凝胶进行粒径测定。参数如下:样品折射率为1.52,介质为水,水的折射率为1.333[13]。重复测定3次。
参照Xu等[14]的方法,并在此基础上进行适当优化调整。利用流变仪对乳液凝胶样品的流变性特性进行测定,选取直径为49.95 mm平行板,其中间隙为1 mm,环境温度为25 ℃。重复测定3次。在0.1~100 s−1的剪切速率范围内,测定样品的表观黏度。触变恢复试验第1阶段剪切速率恒定0.1 s−1,测试时间600 s;第2阶段剪切速率恒定10 s−1,时间600 s;第3阶段剪切速率恒定0.1 s−1,测试时间600 s,共1800 s。固定应变振幅为0.1%,在1~10 Hz范围内进行频率扫描测试。应变振幅在0.1%~1000%的条件下测定样品的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')。
参照何冬雪等[15]的方法并稍作修改。采用激光显微拉曼光谱仪测定乳液凝胶的二级结构,参数如下:激光器532 nm,物镜40倍,激发功率设置为10 mW,狭缝孔径50 μm,曝光时间10 s,扫描波数范围为100~3500 cm−1,重复3次。采用Peakfit4.12软件计算酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)的二级结构。
参照刘玫君等[16]的方法并稍作修改。采用离心机在10000 r/min,15 min,4 ℃条件下对乳液凝胶进行离心。观察其分层现象,并拍照记录。
参照宋苗苗等[17]的方法并稍作修改。将不同预糊化温度下的乳液凝胶在−20 ℃下低温冷冻20 h,随后取出在室温下自然解冻4 h,直至冰晶全部融化。利用光学显微镜在10倍镜头下观察样品,所得图像采用自带软件进行拍摄,每个倍数下拍摄3次。
参照刘丽莉等[18]的方法并稍作修改。分别将不同预糊化温度下的乳液凝胶放入食品3D打印机料仓中,室温(25 ℃)下打印。参数如下:造型为“倒棱台”模型,底部尺寸20 mm、顶部25 mm、高度10 mm,填充率为100%。每个样品重复打印3次,拍照并记录数据,按照下式计算样品打印精度。
$\begin{split} & 打印精度(\text{%})=\\&\rm \frac{\left(1-\dfrac{|L_{b}-L_{s1}|}{L_{s1}}\right) + \left(1-\dfrac{|L_{t}-L_{s2}|}{L_{s2}}\right) + \left(1-\dfrac{|H_{e}-H_{s}|}{H_{s}}\right)}{3} \times 100 \end{split}$
式中:Lb表示底长,mm;Lt表示顶长,mm;Ls1表示设定底长,mm;Ls2表示设定顶长,mm;He表示高度,mm;Hs表示设定高度,mm。
参照吴嘉婕等[19]的方法并稍作修改。采用质构分析仪对蒸煮后的3D打印样品进行质构分析。将乳液凝胶切成高2 cm、直径5 cm的圆柱体,使用75 mm圆盘探头。测试前取出样品平衡至室温,测试速率为2 mm/s,压力为20 g,间隔时间为5 s。每个样品重复测定3次,采用Texture Expert software version 1.22程序采集并计算乳液凝胶的质构特性。
参照李嘉琦等[20]的方法测定蒸煮损失率,并稍作修改。打印样品在室温下放置1 h后进行80 ℃水浴蒸煮,时间15 min。结束后放置5 min。按照下式计算打印样品的蒸煮损失率。
$\rm W(\text{%})=\frac{{W}_{1}-{W}_{2}}{{W}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:W表示蒸煮损失率,%;W1为蒸煮前乳液凝胶的质量,g;W2为蒸煮后乳液凝胶的质量,g。
所有的实验均重复测定3次,实验数据以“平均值±标准偏差”表示,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27进行单因素ANOVA检验组间数据的显著性差异(P<0.05),并采用Origin 2024软件绘图。
为进一步了解不同预糊化温度CS的添加对乳液凝胶性能的影响,采用显微镜观察了乳液凝胶的微观结构。如图1所示,对照组CS25样品中的液滴不规则且分布不均匀。随着CS预糊化温度的增加,当添加CS的预糊化温度达到60 ℃时,液滴发生形变,呈现为多边形而不是球形,这可能是具有一定膨胀程度的预糊化CS的添加导致了液滴之间的相互挤压[21]。同时,液滴的尺寸明显更加均一,其在体系中的分布更加均匀,这可能是加入的预糊化CS与MP之间形成的分子间作用力能够使乳液凝胶内部形成较为致密的网络结构,从而限制了液滴的聚集与絮凝[22]。当添加CS的预糊化温度进一步增加时,液滴的均一性再次降低,这可能是完全糊化的CS颗粒膨胀尺寸过大导致的,同时CS分子的过多溶出也会使结构变得疏松,体系中水相黏度的降低使液滴之间发生了聚集[23]。这说明通过添加不同预糊化温度的CS可以调节乳液凝胶体系中液滴的尺寸与分布,从而改善乳液凝胶的稳定性。
采用去离子水、SDS、尿素对乳液凝胶进行处理,观察其对粒径尺寸的影响,以探究其液滴分子间的相互作用力。在同一溶剂处理条件下,乳液凝胶的液滴粒径越细小均匀,表明液滴的分散稳定性越好[24]。由图2A所示,在去离子水中,乳液凝胶的粒径尺寸均处于15~30 μm,与其他相似研究对比发现[25−26],本样品组的粒径尺寸均在较小的范围之内,这说明本样品组乳液凝胶体系中液滴具有较好的分散稳定性。同时,随着加入CS的预糊化温度的增加,乳液凝胶的粒径尺寸逐渐增大,其原因可能为在乳液凝胶体系中,MP基质形成主干,CS颗粒填充其中。CS预糊化温度越高,膨胀程度越大,其膨胀尺寸与黏度也随之增大,其在体系中的分布也逐渐分散,从而在一定程度上增大了乳液凝胶的粒径尺寸[27]。不同分散剂对乳液凝胶中的各种作用力破坏能力不同,SDS作为一种常用的阴离子表面活性剂,主要破坏体系中分子间与分子内部的疏水相互作用;尿素作为常见的蛋白质变性剂,可通过破坏蛋白质内部的氢键来揭示MP乳液凝胶的内部结构。由图2B可知,与去离子水组相比,经SDS处理后样品的粒径尺寸显著减小(P<0.05),这可能是SDS破坏了乳液凝胶体系中分子间的疏水作用力导致其解聚成了更小的单元,表明在预糊化CS乳液凝胶体系中,维系体系结构的主要作用力存在疏水相互作用。由图2C可知,与去离子水组相比,经尿素处理后样品的粒径尺寸显著增大(P<0.05),这可能是尿素破坏了乳液凝胶体系中的氢键导致其伸展,表明维持预糊化CS乳液凝胶体系结构的主要作用力存在氢键相互作用力[28−29]。由此可以得出,疏水相互作用和氢键这两种作用力均参与了预糊化CS乳液凝胶内部结构的形成,是乳液凝胶体系中分子间相互作用的主要作用力[30]。
表观黏度与乳液凝胶3D打印过程中的挤出难易程度密切相关。由图3可知,在相同的剪切速率下,随着CS预糊化温度的增加,样品的表观黏度呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,这可能跟CS分子与MP形成了更加紧密的三维网络结构有关[31]。当添加CS的预糊化温度为40 ℃时,样品的表观黏度降低,这可能是该温度下CS颗粒发生膨胀,较大的膨胀程度使颗粒间的相对距离与分散程度变大,导致了乳液凝胶中CS颗粒与MP以及自身之间连接点的降低[10]。当添加CS的预糊化温度为60 ℃时,样品的表观黏度增大并达到最高,这是因为60 ℃时CS开始糊化,此时CS颗粒中的直链淀粉与支链淀粉分子部分溶出,分子链之间的缠结作用使乳液凝胶的黏度增大。当添加CS的预糊化温度大于60 ℃时,样品的表观黏度随CS预糊化温度的增加而减小,这是因为此时的温度超过了CS的完全糊化温度,直链淀粉溶出增加,结构变得疏松,导致其流动黏性阻力降低[23]。
3ITT常用来模拟3D打印过程,以反映样品的粘弹特性和触变恢复性能。由图4可知,0~600 s乳液凝胶样品经历低速剪切过程,为第1阶段;600~1200 s样品经历高速剪切过程,为第2阶段;1200~1800 s样品再次回到低速剪切过程,为第3阶段[32]。相较于第1阶段,各组样品在第3阶段的黏度明显更低,这说明在剪切过程中其剪切力作用破坏了乳液凝胶结构[33]。其中,触变恢复率作为重要指标,一般用第3阶段黏度与第1阶段黏度的比值来表示。当触变恢复率位于70%至80%的区间时,表明该乳液凝胶拥有良好的触变恢复性能[34]。在乳液凝胶样品中,CS25的触变恢复率为93.10%,CS40的触变恢复率为99.97%,CS60的触变恢复率为90.56%,CS80的触变恢复率为91.66%,CS100的触变恢复率为98.83%。由此可见各组样品的触变恢复率均高于90%,这说明所有预糊化温度的乳液凝胶样品均具有良好的触变恢复性。因此当这些样品从3D打印喷嘴挤出并沉积到产品上时,可以在较短时间内恢复其机械强度同时保持其形状,从而具有良好的打印精度。
由图5可知,在整个振荡频率过程中,乳液凝胶样品均显示为G'>G'',表明它是以弹性为主导的黏弹性固体材料[35]。当添加CS的预糊化温度从25 ℃增加至60 ℃时,乳液凝胶样品的G'值随CS预糊化温度的增加而增大,在CS60时达到最大值。这可能是随着CS糊化温度的继续升高,CS颗粒逐渐膨胀,直链淀粉分子与支链淀粉部分分子溶出,此时淀粉分子链与体系产生氢键等相互作用力,同时CS颗粒在网络结构空隙中的膨胀填充增加了乳液凝胶强度[26]。当添加CS的预糊化温度大于60 ℃时,乳液凝胶样品的G'值随CS预糊化温度的增加而减小,其内部结构松散易形变,该变化与表观黏度的表征变化相一致。Zhao等[23]在研究凝胶温度对高弹性淀粉基乳液填充凝胶流变行为的影响时发现,当凝胶温度从55 ℃增加到60 ℃时,模量显著增加,而在较高温度下模量降低,呈现出较软的网络结构,与本文得到的结果一致。较高的弹性模量赋予其一定的自支撑性能和良好的打印精度,G'值越大,表明乳液凝胶内部分子间形成了更加紧密稳固的分子间网络结构,打印精度越高[36]。由此可见CS60具有最高的G'值,能够使乳液凝胶自支撑力最强,打印精度最佳。
如图6所示,乳液凝胶样品的线性黏弹区均为0.1%~30%,临界应变值为30%。由图可知,随着剪切应变的增加,当剪切应变超过临界应变值时,所有乳液凝胶样品均出现G'值下降,G''值先升高后下降的现象,这可能是因为CS颗粒最初溶出的分子链随着应变的增加而缠结,从而引发剪切增稠现象,即G''值的升高[37]。同时随着应变的增大,G''>G',这说明乳液凝胶的结构被破坏,从而导致了更类似于流体的行为[38],Zhao等[23]在研究凝胶温度对高弹性淀粉基乳液填充凝胶流变行为的影响时,也得到了类似的结果。由图6可知,在乳液凝胶的线性黏弹区内,各组样品的G'值无明显差距且保持稳定,这表明各组样品均有较好的黏弹性,且能够在一定的剪切应变下稳定维持。
拉曼光谱能够敏感地检测到双键以及芳香族碳氢键的振动,能够检测到蛋白质二级结构的变化[39],也是一种探索乳液凝胶机制以及其中是否有新物质形成的良好工具[40]。由图7可知,添加不同预糊化CS乳液凝胶的体系中,强烈的酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰位于乳液凝胶的1600~1700 cm−1区域,这主要是由酰胺基团中C=O键的伸展振动,同时伴随着N-H键的弯曲振动与C-N键的伸展振动引起的,表明在乳液凝胶的油-水界面上有蛋白质吸附结合。值得注意的是,随着添加CS预糊化温度的增加,不同预糊化温度CS的添加没有改变MP乳液凝胶样品的出峰位置与峰形,这说明预糊化CS与MP之间不存在共价相互作用。在相关的研究中也得出了类似的结论[25]。
通过拉曼光谱分析,计算了乳液凝胶中α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规卷曲的相对含量。由图8可知,当添加CS的预糊化温度在100 ℃以下时,随着CS预糊化温度的增加,乳液凝胶的二级结构大致呈现α-螺旋结构相对含量减少,β-转角结构相对含量增多的趋势,其中α-螺旋结构与蛋白质的展开程度密切相关,这说明了体系中MP部分解旋,暴露出了更多的残基。这可能是添加的预糊化CS与MP之间形成了分子间相互作用力导致的结果[41]。此外,CS60具有相对更高含量的无规卷曲结构,占总体结构的17%。而无规则卷曲含量与G'呈正相关[42],这能够与频率扫描结果相印证。
由图9可见,在10000 r/min下离心15 min后得到的5组不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶均能保持较好的凝胶状态,凝胶部分保持完好。其原因为在乳液凝胶体系中,预糊化CS溶出的分子链与MP、水分子产生了分子间非共价相互作用,同时CS颗粒自身填充于网络结构之中,形成的具有一定强度的凝胶网络阻止了油滴的自由移动与聚结[23]。体系中水相黏度增大,CS颗粒与油滴之间的相互作用使凝胶体系更加稳定[26]。
冻融稳定性是指凝胶经冷冻、解冻后保持原有结构的能力,在此过程中,乳液凝胶会经历热胀冷缩、冰晶的形成及熔化,这可能会对其结构稳定性产生负面影响[43]。如图10所示,经历冻融后的样品其表观状态出现明显分层,油相与水相分离,微观结构显示出大量的油滴聚集体,这说明冷冻破坏了乳液凝胶的网络结构,使得油相合并析出并与基质分离[16]。其原因可能为冻融过程中大冰晶的撞击导致了油-水界面导致其变形,同时冰晶的生长打破了乳液凝胶原有的网络结构,导致油滴与水分子向外迁移[44],乳液凝胶难以继续束缚住油滴与水分子。由此可见,5组不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶均不具备较好的冻融稳定性。
如图11所示,各组乳液凝胶均可成功打印成型,但各样品的打印质量仍具有较为明显的差异。CS25油墨能够通过打印喷嘴顺利挤出并按照模型打印,但打印样品表面线条模糊,并与下层出现溶合,侧面线条层次不清晰。随着CS预糊化温度的增加,当添加CS的预糊化温度达到60 ℃时,打印样品在形状完整性上逐渐提升,表面线条清晰度增加,层次变得明显,纹理更加清晰。这说明CS在此预糊化温度范围内,其添加会增加G'与凝胶强度,从而使其具有更好的打印性能,与流变学测试结果相互印证。CS80打印样品形状仍能保持完好,但其表面开始出现部分塌陷下沉。CS100油墨从打印喷嘴的挤出能力明显变得困难,并且打印样品形状保持能力欠佳,塌陷现象明显。相较之下,CS60油墨挤出顺利,打印样品表面线条清晰、层次分明,无塌陷及下沉现象,能够维持最好的打印形状,具有最佳的3D打印性能[45]。
图12为不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶的打印精度。随着CS预糊化温度的增加,打印精度大致呈现先升高后降低的趋势。其中当添加CS的预糊化温度从25 ℃增加至60 ℃时,乳液凝胶的打印精度随CS预糊化温度的增加显著提高(P<0.05),其中CS60样品的打印精度最高,达到96.1%±2.2%,与流变分析结果一致。Li等[46]在研究储存时间对卵清蛋白-结冷胶乳化凝胶的3D打印精度时,打印精度最高达到91%,相较之下本样品的打印精度更高,这可能是CS颗粒的添加带来了较高的机械强度与触变恢复率导致的,与流变结果相互印证。
质构特性是衡量乳液凝胶3D打印性能的重要指标。如表1所示,乳液凝胶样品的质构特性在预糊化CS加入后均受到了一定程度的影响,整体变化规律呈现为随着CS预糊化温度的增加,特性指标数值呈先上升后下降的趋势,这与流变学测试结果相一致。其中,CS40与CS60样品均具有较好的质构特性。在蒸煮前,CS40样品具有最强的硬度、胶粘性与咀嚼性,CS60样品具有最强的内聚力;在蒸煮后,CS40样品具有最强的粘附性与弹性,CS60样品具有最强的硬度、胶粘性与咀嚼性。这可能是经过适当加热处理的CS颗粒拥有适当的膨胀程度填充于乳液凝胶中,同时适当糊化程度的CS颗粒溶出适量的直链与支链淀粉分子,从而形成更加致密的结构[25]。Wang等[39]研究发现,这也可能是加热后混合体系中淀粉颗粒的冷却再生增加了凝胶的硬度。凝胶基质中的水分子与油滴的流动性和聚集效应明显减少,从而使其具备较好的质构特性。
蒸煮损失是评价乳液凝胶保水性能的重要指标。由图13可知,在3D打印样品中,不同预糊化温度乳液凝胶的蒸煮损失率均小于10%,其中CS60样品的蒸煮损失率相较之下稍显偏高,但与CS80样品的蒸煮损失率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。其原因可能为,当样品中添加CS的预糊化温度在60 ℃以下时,乳液凝胶体系中的CS颗粒均处于未完全糊化阶段,在蒸煮过程中,CS颗粒吸水膨胀,乳液凝胶网络体系中的含水量增加,导致蒸煮损失率降低;随着添加CS的预糊化温度的增加,颗粒膨胀性降低[47],从而使蒸煮损失率升高;而当乳液凝胶中存在大量的直链与支链淀粉分子时,蛋白质与淀粉分子发生了蛋白质-淀粉相互作用[48],蛋白质-淀粉分子重新形成的凝胶网络结构束缚了一定的水分子,使得蒸煮损失率降低。加热蒸煮能影响乳液凝胶的凝胶网络结构,并影响其凝胶特性[49],这在后续实验中有待进一步展开研究与讨论。
综合来看,CS60样品的打印精度最高、质构特性良好,打印样品能够维持最好的打印形状,具有最佳的3D打印性能。加热蒸煮改变了预糊化CS的膨胀程度以及MP乳液凝胶原有的网络结构,CS60样品的蒸煮损失有待改善,这在后续实验中将展开进一步的探究。
本研究基于对预糊化CS性质与乳液凝胶结构的理解,提出了在不同预糊化温度下CS颗粒与MP乳液凝胶的可能形成机理(图14)。在乳液凝胶体系中,预糊化CS颗粒在高速剪切下自发移动至油-水界面层并通过分子间相互作用力形成紧密排布[50]。25 ℃的CS颗粒未经过加热预糊化处理,其颗粒内部的CS分子在氢键等相互作用下紧密排列,CS颗粒均匀地分散在乳液凝胶体系之中。CS颗粒在40 ℃时受热膨胀,水分子进入颗粒内部破坏并与CS分子形成新的氢键。当糊化温度为60 ℃时,CS进入开始糊化阶段,颗粒继续膨胀,部分直链与支链淀粉分子溶出,与MP产生氢键、疏水相互作用等弱相互作用力[48],分子链之间相互纠缠,MP三维网络结构更加紧密,同时膨胀的CS颗粒填充在网络间隙之中,阻止了油滴间相互靠近而聚集,增加了体系的凝胶强度[22,26]。随着添加预糊化CS温度的进一步增加,CS分子在体系中的分布逐渐分散,当糊化温度为80 ℃时,CS颗粒接近完全糊化程度,颗粒继续膨胀变大且部分膨胀破裂,大部分的直链与支链淀粉分子溶出,结构变得疏松[10]。当糊化温度达到100 ℃时,CS颗粒几乎完全膨胀破裂,颗粒内容物代替CS颗粒留在体系之中。
本研究以预糊化CS制备了MP乳液凝胶,通过改变CS预糊化温度对乳液凝胶的凝胶特性进行改善,考察其微观结构、流变特性及稳定性,评价其3D打印的精确性及适印性,同时对其内在作用机理进行了分析与揭示。结果表明,CS预糊化温度的增加能够提高乳液凝胶的凝胶强度、黏弹特性及稳定性,但较高的预糊化温度引起的颗粒膨胀破裂会导致CS分子的溶出与液滴的聚集,使其稳定性降低。其中CS60样品具有最佳的改善效果,这是由于该预糊化温度下溶出的CS分子与MP和水分子形成了氢键、疏水作用力等分子间相互作用力,使乳液凝胶的三维网络结构更加紧密。此外,预糊化CS的添加能够使乳液凝胶具有良好的打印精度与适印性,CS60样品表现出最佳的3D打印效果。本研究在拓展MP乳液凝胶3D打印的应用方面具有一定的理论参考意义。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030146
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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    1海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
    2海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
    3海南省院士团队创新中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022
    4海南省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022
    5海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,海南热带海洋学院,海南三亚 572022

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薛长风(1975−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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