Article(id=1320889207447474975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854127990, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854127990, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854127990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854127990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=165, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889207812379424, articleId=1320889207447474975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Pretreatment of Walnut Green Husk on the Properties of Its Polysaccharides, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to promote the high-value utilization of walnut green husk and provide a theoretical basis for its application as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and antioxidants, this study employed electron beam irradiation (EBI) at various doses (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kGy) to pretreat walnut green husk. The structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and functional activities of the alkali-extracted polysaccharides were analyzed and compared following treatment. The results demonstrated that, compared to untreated walnut green husk polysaccharides, those subjected to low-dose EBI (5 kGy) exhibited the highest molar ratio of xylose (16.31%), molecular weight (80.43±2.37 kDa), particle size (145.99±4.64 nm), and water/oil retention capacity (40.61 g/g, 83.08 g/g). Polysaccharides from walnut green husk treated with moderate doses (10 and 25 kGy) showed significantly enhanced uronic acid content (35.69%±0.14%, 36.02%±0.37%), exceptional thermal stability (melting points of 84.87 ℃ and 86.63 ℃), emulsion activity (emulsification index: 14.41 m2/g and 13.64 m2/g), and ABTS+/DPPH free radical scavenging capacities (scavenging rates of 77.00% and 85.47% at 10 kGy, respectively). High-dose EBI (50 kGy) treatment of walnut green husk polysaccharides resulted in the highest foaming ability (56.67%), though other functional activities were somewhat reduced. Considering the properties of walnut green husk polysaccharides, this study concludes that 10 kGy is the optimal irradiation dose.

, authors=Guangming ZOU1, Yijia GUO1, Linye CUI1, Junqing BAI2, Heyu SHEN1, Anwei LUO1, *, authorsList=Guangming ZOU, Yijia GUO, Linye CUI, Junqing BAI, Heyu SHEN, Anwei LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Anwei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889211935380281, articleId=1320889207447474975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=电子束辐照预处理核桃青皮对其多糖性质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进核桃青皮的高值化利用,并为核桃青皮在乳化剂、起泡剂和抗氧化剂方向的应用提供理论依据,本研究用不同剂量的电子束辐照(EBI)(0、5、10、25、50 kGy)对核桃青皮进行预处理,并分析其碱提多糖的结构特性、理化性质及功能活性的变化。结果表明,与未处理的核桃青皮多糖相比,低剂量EBI(5 kGy)处理获得的核桃青皮多糖表现出最高的木糖摩尔比(16.31%)、分子量(80.43±2.37 kDa)、粒径(145.99±4.64 nm)、持水和持油能力(40.61 g/g,83.08 g/g)。中等剂量(10和25 kGy)处理的核桃青皮多糖具有较高的糖醛酸含量(35.69%±0.14%,36.02%±0.37%)、优异的热稳定性(熔点分别为84.87 ℃和86.63 ℃)、乳化能力(乳化性能指数:14.41 m2/g和13.64 m2/g)及ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除能力(10 kGy时清除率分别为77.00%和85.47%)。高剂量EBI(50 kGy)处理的核桃青皮多糖具有最高的起泡能力(56.67%),但其他功能活性有所下降。综合考虑核桃青皮多糖的性质,本研究认为10 kG为最佳辐照剂量。

, authors=邹光铭1, 郭亦佳1, 崔林晔1, 白俊青2, 沈荷玉1, 罗安伟1, *, authorsList=邹光铭, 郭亦佳, 崔林晔, 白俊青, 沈荷玉, 罗安伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗安伟, authorNote=

邹光铭(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
罗安伟(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
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邹光铭(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 191: 1038−1045., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889212228981562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889212241564475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, companyId=1320889212228981562, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889212249953084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, companyId=1320889212228981562, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889212333839165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889212342227774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, companyId=1320889212333839165, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889212350616383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, companyId=1320889212333839165, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889216456840042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the monosaccharide composition of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=NZ8vbNN5Ukx7/8foFKYbeA==, figureFileBig=snm53xt7JdHntraRo+Yj5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889216515560299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖单糖组成的影响, figureFileSmall=NZ8vbNN5Ukx7/8foFKYbeA==, figureFileBig=snm53xt7JdHntraRo+Yj5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889216704303980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the thermal properties of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=37WYH7qBiTuFQRIRRq5CJA==, figureFileBig=IiwoPU3GYMbaoUaKZFTEkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889216783995757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖热性能的影响, figureFileSmall=37WYH7qBiTuFQRIRRq5CJA==, figureFileBig=IiwoPU3GYMbaoUaKZFTEkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889216880464750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the WHC and OHC of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=GpKTHwOorLp9frHKaSATXQ==, figureFileBig=L7OcT0QNzQd4QbGUTg1Euw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889216951767919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图3, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖WHC和OHC的影响

注:不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),n=3,图8、图10、图12同。

, figureFileSmall=GpKTHwOorLp9frHKaSATXQ==, figureFileBig=L7OcT0QNzQd4QbGUTg1Euw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217027265392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the particle size of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=uk1QEs/ZiQjnLbjrqtbWmg==, figureFileBig=XFIpjnXOO/XEVED39cBAug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217094374257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖粒径的影响, figureFileSmall=uk1QEs/ZiQjnLbjrqtbWmg==, figureFileBig=XFIpjnXOO/XEVED39cBAug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217203426162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the FT-IR of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=3vNAzZY6O7N0/6AUfB7I5w==, figureFileBig=OjsD/eadyAXXgKxmLiqm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217262146419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖FT-IR的影响, figureFileSmall=3vNAzZY6O7N0/6AUfB7I5w==, figureFileBig=OjsD/eadyAXXgKxmLiqm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217329255284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the crystal structure of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=X/VzxbmR+Qchi/QqSnDH0A==, figureFileBig=VVIFf9CEgVbs5dIlwBv/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889217387975541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖晶体结构的影响, figureFileSmall=X/VzxbmR+Qchi/QqSnDH0A==, figureFileBig=VVIFf9CEgVbs5dIlwBv/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219036337014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the microstructure of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=4fvxzlJl9HTFDoYh0IwLBQ==, figureFileBig=W3Zp0reof3hk6lp9k4Q/TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219137000311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图7, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=4fvxzlJl9HTFDoYh0IwLBQ==, figureFileBig=W3Zp0reof3hk6lp9k4Q/TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219199914872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the FC and FS of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=Yw5TqWDbZhhFOCMcP3FBrA==, figureFileBig=iLqra1PayvW/vs/bHlmr+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219287995257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图8, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖FC和FS的影响, figureFileSmall=Yw5TqWDbZhhFOCMcP3FBrA==, figureFileBig=iLqra1PayvW/vs/bHlmr+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219380269946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the apparent viscosity of GWH polysaccharides, and the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G''), and tanδ curves, figureFileSmall=zIVhpa1Smdo7yh2CiSWfBw==, figureFileBig=TVxLJlLvqyZrH0pdxybNUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219468350331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图9, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖的表观黏度、储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')和tanδ曲线的影响

注:(A)表观黏度,(B)NGP、(C)EGP-5、(D)EGP-10、(E)EGP-25和(F)EGP-50的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')和tanδ曲线。

, figureFileSmall=zIVhpa1Smdo7yh2CiSWfBw==, figureFileBig=TVxLJlLvqyZrH0pdxybNUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219585790844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on emulsifying property of GWH polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=JLpU7FWBLYdwjAPczw+Zlg==, figureFileBig=ICoS5fcvzLJrkJQfrYgV1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219661288317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图10, caption=EBI预处理对GWH多糖乳化性能的影响

注:(A)NGP和EGP乳液的乳化活性(EAI)和乳化稳定性(ESI)指数,(B)乳液的表观黏度,NGP(C)、EGP-5(D)、EGP-10(E)、EGP-25(F)和EGP-50(G)乳液的G'、G''和tanδ曲线。

, figureFileSmall=JLpU7FWBLYdwjAPczw+Zlg==, figureFileBig=ICoS5fcvzLJrkJQfrYgV1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219724202878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on microstructure of NGP and EGP emulsion particles, figureFileSmall=DzJ87oueFYLgcn6n2bpq6g==, figureFileBig=qR67dJJAyFOpIsZo6VvfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219803894655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图11, caption=EBI预处理对NGP和EGP乳液颗粒微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=DzJ87oueFYLgcn6n2bpq6g==, figureFileBig=qR67dJJAyFOpIsZo6VvfSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889219929723776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effect of EBI pretreatment on the antioxidant activities of NGP and EGP, figureFileSmall=ZSPmqRTKIOnDPySfE+/QgQ==, figureFileBig=JX4pIf6U9GbAiGXhni6ZaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889220013609857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=图12, caption=EBI预处理对NGP和EGP抗氧化活性的影响

注:(A)ABTS+自由基清除率,(B)DPPH自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=ZSPmqRTKIOnDPySfE+/QgQ==, figureFileBig=JX4pIf6U9GbAiGXhni6ZaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889220072330114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the chemical composition of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
得率(%)8.14±0.35d9.1±0.26c9.47±0.35c10.03±0.15b10.60±0.10a
总糖(%)65.84±0.32a65.08±0.08b60.75±0.40d60.39±0.19d63.62±0.18c
糖醛酸(%)30.11±1.07c30.89±0.59c35.69±0.14a36.02±0.37a33.35±0.91b
蛋白质(%)6.33±0.72c3.66±0.45e4.62±0.35d7.73±0.12b8.57±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220353348483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖的化学组成的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
得率(%)8.14±0.35d9.1±0.26c9.47±0.35c10.03±0.15b10.60±0.10a
总糖(%)65.84±0.32a65.08±0.08b60.75±0.40d60.39±0.19d63.62±0.18c
糖醛酸(%)30.11±1.07c30.89±0.59c35.69±0.14a36.02±0.37a33.35±0.91b
蛋白质(%)6.33±0.72c3.66±0.45e4.62±0.35d7.73±0.12b8.57±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220428845956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the monosaccharide composition (molar ratio) of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖组成(摩尔比,%)NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
鼠李糖9.41±0.13b8.56±0.03c9.82±0.16b10.96±0.25a11.56±0.31a
半乳糖醛酸25.89±0.19b27.38±0.33b31.15±0.20a31.39±0.43a28.93±0.35b
葡萄糖27.20±0.17a18.48±0.08c20.38±0.21b17.86±0.15c18.96±0.07c
半乳糖12.51±0.03a10.60±0.01b12.42±0.18a12.48±0.41a12.25±0.21a
木糖2.33±0.06d16.31±0.01a2.69±0.02c2.67±0.02c2.83±0.04b
阿拉伯糖17.25±0.24b14.66±0.17c18.78±0.34a19.90±0.11a21.36±0.31a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220500149125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖的单糖组成(摩尔比)的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单糖组成(摩尔比,%)NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
鼠李糖9.41±0.13b8.56±0.03c9.82±0.16b10.96±0.25a11.56±0.31a
半乳糖醛酸25.89±0.19b27.38±0.33b31.15±0.20a31.39±0.43a28.93±0.35b
葡萄糖27.20±0.17a18.48±0.08c20.38±0.21b17.86±0.15c18.96±0.07c
半乳糖12.51±0.03a10.60±0.01b12.42±0.18a12.48±0.41a12.25±0.21a
木糖2.33±0.06d16.31±0.01a2.69±0.02c2.67±0.02c2.83±0.04b
阿拉伯糖17.25±0.24b14.66±0.17c18.78±0.34a19.90±0.11a21.36±0.31a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220693087110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the molecular weight of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分子量(kDa)
NGP38.94±1.67d
EGP-580.43±2.37a
EGP-1067.44±1.58b
EGP-2565.25±1.39b
EGP-5048.50±1.96c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220760195975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖的分子量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分子量(kDa)
NGP38.94±1.67d
EGP-580.43±2.37a
EGP-1067.44±1.58b
EGP-2565.25±1.39b
EGP-5048.50±1.96c
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220839887752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the thermal properties of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
Tm (℃)80.78±1.13b74.40±0.92c84.87±0.23a86.63±1.46a81.22±0.98b
ΔHm(J/g)277.92±3.41d303.01±2.19c353.34±1.76b380.97±3.46a355.53±3.23b
Td(℃)260.82±1.41a257.73±0.78b258.06±0.58b259.13±2.13ab258.72±1.13ab
ΔHd (J/g)14.13±1.43c15.46±0.78c36.66±0.66a35.65±1.81a18.56±0.15b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889220919579529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖热性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
Tm (℃)80.78±1.13b74.40±0.92c84.87±0.23a86.63±1.46a81.22±0.98b
ΔHm(J/g)277.92±3.41d303.01±2.19c353.34±1.76b380.97±3.46a355.53±3.23b
Td(℃)260.82±1.41a257.73±0.78b258.06±0.58b259.13±2.13ab258.72±1.13ab
ΔHd (J/g)14.13±1.43c15.46±0.78c36.66±0.66a35.65±1.81a18.56±0.15b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889221007659914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the particle size of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品粒径(nm)
NGP135.69±3.95b
EGP-5145.99±4.64a
EGP-10143.20±2.26ab
EGP-25123.65±5.36c
EGP-50111.00±3.35d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889221074768779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖粒径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品粒径(nm)
NGP135.69±3.95b
EGP-5145.99±4.64a
EGP-10143.20±2.26ab
EGP-25123.65±5.36c
EGP-50111.00±3.35d
), ArticleFig(id=1320889221137683340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of different EBI doses on the rheological parameters of GWH polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
Kp(Pa·sn)0.65±0.39e22.46±4.25a6.57±0.94b3.02±0.53c2.13±0.76d
Np0.70±0.14b0.90±0.04a0.75±0.03b0.69±0.04b0.64±0.09b
Rp20.950.990.990.980.96
Ke(Pa·sn)3.13±0.05a2.89±0.03b1.67±0.03c0.26±0.01e0.57±0.01d
ne0.82±0.00c0.87±0.00a0.84±0.00b0.74±0.01e0.78±0.01d
Re20.990.990.990.990.99
), ArticleFig(id=1320889221213180813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889207447474975, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同EBI剂量对GWH多糖流变学参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数NGPEGP-5EGP-10EGP-25EGP-50
Kp(Pa·sn)0.65±0.39e22.46±4.25a6.57±0.94b3.02±0.53c2.13±0.76d
Np0.70±0.14b0.90±0.04a0.75±0.03b0.69±0.04b0.64±0.09b
Rp20.950.990.990.980.96
Ke(Pa·sn)3.13±0.05a2.89±0.03b1.67±0.03c0.26±0.01e0.57±0.01d
ne0.82±0.00c0.87±0.00a0.84±0.00b0.74±0.01e0.78±0.01d
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电子束辐照预处理核桃青皮对其多糖性质的影响
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邹光铭 1 , 郭亦佳 1 , 崔林晔 1 , 白俊青 2 , 沈荷玉 1 , 罗安伟 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 165-176
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 165 -176
电子束辐照预处理核桃青皮对其多糖性质的影响
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邹光铭1 , 郭亦佳1, 崔林晔1, 白俊青2, 沈荷玉1, 罗安伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
罗安伟(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邹光铭(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Pretreatment of Walnut Green Husk on the Properties of Its Polysaccharides
Guangming ZOU1 , Yijia GUO1, Linye CUI1, Junqing BAI2, Heyu SHEN1, Anwei LUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040055
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为促进核桃青皮的高值化利用,并为核桃青皮在乳化剂、起泡剂和抗氧化剂方向的应用提供理论依据,本研究用不同剂量的电子束辐照(EBI)(0、5、10、25、50 kGy)对核桃青皮进行预处理,并分析其碱提多糖的结构特性、理化性质及功能活性的变化。结果表明,与未处理的核桃青皮多糖相比,低剂量EBI(5 kGy)处理获得的核桃青皮多糖表现出最高的木糖摩尔比(16.31%)、分子量(80.43±2.37 kDa)、粒径(145.99±4.64 nm)、持水和持油能力(40.61 g/g,83.08 g/g)。中等剂量(10和25 kGy)处理的核桃青皮多糖具有较高的糖醛酸含量(35.69%±0.14%,36.02%±0.37%)、优异的热稳定性(熔点分别为84.87 ℃和86.63 ℃)、乳化能力(乳化性能指数:14.41 m2/g和13.64 m2/g)及ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除能力(10 kGy时清除率分别为77.00%和85.47%)。高剂量EBI(50 kGy)处理的核桃青皮多糖具有最高的起泡能力(56.67%),但其他功能活性有所下降。综合考虑核桃青皮多糖的性质,本研究认为10 kG为最佳辐照剂量。

核桃青皮  /  电子束辐照  /  多糖  /  结构特性  /  理化性质  /  功能活性

In order to promote the high-value utilization of walnut green husk and provide a theoretical basis for its application as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and antioxidants, this study employed electron beam irradiation (EBI) at various doses (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kGy) to pretreat walnut green husk. The structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and functional activities of the alkali-extracted polysaccharides were analyzed and compared following treatment. The results demonstrated that, compared to untreated walnut green husk polysaccharides, those subjected to low-dose EBI (5 kGy) exhibited the highest molar ratio of xylose (16.31%), molecular weight (80.43±2.37 kDa), particle size (145.99±4.64 nm), and water/oil retention capacity (40.61 g/g, 83.08 g/g). Polysaccharides from walnut green husk treated with moderate doses (10 and 25 kGy) showed significantly enhanced uronic acid content (35.69%±0.14%, 36.02%±0.37%), exceptional thermal stability (melting points of 84.87 ℃ and 86.63 ℃), emulsion activity (emulsification index: 14.41 m2/g and 13.64 m2/g), and ABTS+/DPPH free radical scavenging capacities (scavenging rates of 77.00% and 85.47% at 10 kGy, respectively). High-dose EBI (50 kGy) treatment of walnut green husk polysaccharides resulted in the highest foaming ability (56.67%), though other functional activities were somewhat reduced. Considering the properties of walnut green husk polysaccharides, this study concludes that 10 kGy is the optimal irradiation dose.

walnut green husk  /  electron beam irradiation  /  polysaccharides  /  structural characteristics  /  physicochemical properties  /  functional activities
邹光铭, 郭亦佳, 崔林晔, 白俊青, 沈荷玉, 罗安伟. 电子束辐照预处理核桃青皮对其多糖性质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 165 -176 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040055
Guangming ZOU, Yijia GUO, Linye CUI, Junqing BAI, Heyu SHEN, Anwei LUO. Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Pretreatment of Walnut Green Husk on the Properties of Its Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 165 -176 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040055
核桃(Juglans regia L.)因其较高的营养价值和健康益处成为世界上最受欢迎和广泛种植的四大坚果之一[1]。而核桃果实收获后,其最外层的绿色果皮,亦称为核桃青皮(GWH),占新鲜核桃质量的50%~60%,通常作为农业废弃物被丢弃[2]。目前,我国核桃产量居世界首位,因此为推动核桃产业的可持续发展,GWH的高值化利用问题亟待解决[3]。近年来,许多研究人员致力于研究GWH中的生物活性化合物,包括多糖[4]、多酚[5]、黄酮[6]、三萜类化合物[7]和醌类化合物[8],旨在为GWH的开发和利用提供新的策略。多糖是GWH中主要的生物活性化合物[9],表现出多种优异的生物活性,如抗氧化[10]、抗炎[11]、免疫调节[12]以及肠道菌群调节[13],而有关于其持水、持油、起泡和乳化性质等加工特性的研究较少。此外,提取方法会显著影响植物多糖的生物活性和加工特性。因此,探索核桃青皮多糖的高效提取方法对其在功能性食品、健康产品和制药行业中的应用具有重要意义。
传统的植物多糖提取方法包括使用热水、酸、碱、盐等溶剂进行提取,这些方法存在高温、耗时、溶剂浪费和能耗高等缺点[14]。随着微波[15]、超声波[16]、高静压[17]和蒸汽爆破[18]等新型提取技术的深入研究,发现不同的提取技术对多糖的结构特征,包括化学组成、分子量和糖链构象等方面有显著影响,从而显著提高多糖的得率和功能活性[19]。因此,绿色辅助技术在植物活性多糖提取中的应用受到了越来越多的关注。电子束辐照(EBI)作为一种非热处理技术,因其高效、低能耗、低成本且无化学残留的特点,已广泛应用于植物活性成分的提取和改性[20]。近年来,EBI在多糖提取领域的研究不断深入,有研究表明EBI能够作用于荷叶、黄精、白芷和金丝绞瓜皮等植物组织[21−24],破坏植物细胞壁的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素结构,削弱细胞壁对多糖的束缚,从而促进多糖的释放。尽管EBI在多糖提取研究中已取得一定成果,但仍存在诸多不足。现有的研究多聚焦于EBI对单一植物多糖得率的影响,缺乏对多糖理化性质、结构特性及功能活性的系统性研究。不同植物来源的多糖结构复杂多样,EBI处理后GWH多糖结构变化如何影响其理化性质和功能活性还未被深入研究。此外,EBI预处理过程中可能存在的多糖降解和改性等问题尚未得到充分探讨。
因此,本研究旨在阐明不同剂量(0、5、10、25和50 kGy)EBI预处理对核桃青皮多糖的结构特性(功能基团、晶体结构和表面微观结构)、理化性质(化学组成、单糖组成、分子量、热性能、持水能力、持油能力)及功能特性(起泡性、流变特性、乳化能力和抗氧化活性)的影响。研究结果可以为核桃青皮多糖的高值化利用及EBI预处理在植物多糖中的潜在应用提供指导。
新鲜核桃青皮 中国陕西省西安雨润水果批发市场,经自然晾晒干燥至含水率约为10%后研磨过60目筛;甘露糖(Man)、核糖(Rib)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、葡萄糖(Glu)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、岩藻糖(Fuc) HPLC色谱级98%,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。
D2-10 MeV/20 kV型高能直线电子加速器 杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司;折光指数检测器、Q2000型差示扫描量热仪、DHR-1型旋转流变仪 美国Waters;ZEN3600型纳米激光粒度仪 英国Malvern公司;Vertex 70型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、D8 Advance型X射线衍射仪 德国Bruker公司;Nano SEM-450型扫描电子显微镜 美国FEI公司;IX73型智能电动倒置荧光显微镜 日本OLYMPUS公司。
新鲜GWH经自然晾晒干燥至含水率约为10%后研磨过60目筛备用。干燥后的GWH粉末在室温下用无水乙醇浸泡24 h,重复三次,以去除色素和脂质。处理后的残渣在55 ℃下干燥,置于干燥器中备用。随后,将所有密封在聚乙烯塑料袋中的GWH粉末在高能直线电子加速器中进行辐照,设定辐照剂量分别为0、5、10、25、50 kGy,采用重铬酸银剂量计跟踪实际辐照吸收剂量,各样品的实际吸收剂量依次为0、5.1、10.1、25、50.2 kGy,均处于辐照设备标示的±10%剂量误差范围内。
根据Chen等[25]的方法进行辐照GWH多糖的碱提取。25 g经EBI预处理的GWH粉末,加入500 mL的2% NaOH溶液(w/v),在50 ℃水浴下提取2 h,重复两次,并合并提取液。提取完成后,调整溶液的pH至中性,然后6000 r/min转速离心10 min。上清液通过Sevag试剂去除蛋白质。所得溶液与无水乙醇以1:3(v/v)的比例混匀,在4 ℃下过夜沉淀,然后继续在蒸馏水中透析48 h(使用分子量截断为3.5 kDa的透析袋)后冷冻干燥,得到多糖。通过EBI预处理GWH所得的多糖样品,根据辐照剂量大小分别命名为NGP、EGP-5、EGP-10、EGP-25和EGP-50。多糖的得率通过公式(1)计算得到:
$\rm 得率(\text{%})=\frac{W_1}{W}\times 100 $
式中,W1为粗提取GWH多糖的干重,W为核桃青皮粉末的干重。
NGP和EGP的总糖含量通过苯酚硫酸法测定[4]。取适量GWH多糖样品溶解于适量的蒸馏水中(0.04 mg/mL),取2 mL多糖溶液,然后按照1:5的比例加入6%的苯酚溶液和浓硫酸6 mL,于30 ℃水浴中反应0.5 h,结束后冷却至室温,在490 nm的波长下进行吸光度测定,根据葡萄糖含量的标准曲线(y=0.0046x+0.0891,R2=0.9918)计算含量。
多糖的糖醛酸含量通过m-羟基二苯基法测定[26]。取适量GWH多糖样品溶解于适量的蒸馏水中(0.04 mg/mL),取0.5 mL多糖溶液,加入蒸馏水补至1 mL,置于冰水浴中预冷3 min,然后加入5 mL四硼酸钠-硫酸溶液,漩涡振荡器振荡2 min后,于沸水浴中加热5 min,立即冷却至室温,加入100 μL间羟基联苯溶液,振荡摇匀5 min,静置30 min,于520 nm波长处测定吸光值。根据葡萄糖醛酸含量的标准曲线(y=0.0104x+0.1567,R2=0.9995)计算含量。
蛋白质含量通过考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定[27]。取适量GWH多糖样品溶解于适量的蒸馏水中(0.04 mg/mL),取1 mL多糖溶液,加入5 mL考马斯亮蓝溶液,摇匀并静置2 min左右后,用比色皿测定595 nm处的吸光度,根据蛋白质含量的标准曲线(y=0.0033x+0.6839,R2=0.9907)计算含量。
NGP和EGP的单糖组成通过Han等[24]的方法进行测定。取每个GWH多糖样品5 mg,分别与5 mL浓度为3 mol/L的三氟乙酸(TFA)在密封安瓿瓶中混合,置于95 ℃的恒温水浴中水解12 h。水解完成后,使用氮气吹干,然后加入300 μL蒸馏水。将100 μL的标准糖样品(SD)与100 μL的多糖水解液分别加入瓶中,加入100 μL 0.5 mol/L PMP(甲醇配制)和100 μL 0.3 mol/L NaOH,在70 ℃的水浴中避光反应1 h。反应后,加入100 μL 0.3 mol/L HCl终止反应。接着,加入700 μL氯仿进行萃取,重复三次,去除残留的PMP。然后以14000 r/min的速度离心10 min,最后通过高效液相色谱(色谱柱C18柱,250 mm×4.6 mm,粒度5 μm;流动相A:100 mmol磷酸钠缓冲液pH6.7;流动相B:乙腈;检测波长:250 nm;柱温30 ℃;流速1 mL/min;进样量5 μL)进行分析。之后使用氯仿萃取,去除多余的PMP,8000 r/min离心后收集水层。提取过程重复三次。最后,使用0.25 μm纤维素膜过滤器过滤水相,进行HPLC分析。使用Shimadzu LC-2010A HPLC系统,配备紫外检测器和自动进样器,分析样品的单糖组成。
NGP和EGP的分子量参考Zhang等[28]的凝胶渗透色谱法进行分析,配备TSK gel 5000 PWXL柱(7.8×300 mm)。使用氯化钠/磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.2 mol/L)作为洗脱溶液,在折光指数检测器上进行检测,温度设定为30 ℃,流速为0.5 mL/min。取GWH多糖样品6 mg分散在3 mL洗脱溶液中,混合物通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤。用不同分子量(10000、40000、70000、100000和200000 Da)的葡聚糖标准品绘制校准曲线(lg Mw=−0.2864t+10.063,t代表保留时间,R2=0.996)。
NGP和EGP样品在氮气保护下以10 ℃/min的速率,从20 ℃加热至400 ℃。NGP和EGP样品的热特性通过差示扫描量热仪进行测定。通过Universal Analysis 2000软件计算NGP和EGP的熔化温度(Tm)、降解温度(Td)、熔化焓(ΔHm)和降解焓(ΔHd)。
WHC和OHC的测定方法参考Chen等[29]的方法进行。将100 mg的NGP和EGP样品(W0)与10 mL蒸馏水或菜籽油混合。离心(4 ℃,5000 r/min,20 min)后,称量残渣(W1)质量。NGP和EGP的WHC/OHC计算公式如下:
$ \rm{W}HC/OHC(g/g)=\frac{W_1-W_0}{\mathrm{W}_0} $
式中,W0为NGP和EGP的初始质量;W1为NGP和EGP在离心后残渣质量。
NGP和EGP溶液(1 mg/mL)的平均粒径通过纳米激光粒度仪进行测定。取2 mL多糖溶液加入粒径专用比色皿中,置于纳米激光粒度仪中检测。强度检测角度为90°,水折射率为1.33。
将NGP和EGP样品(2 mg)分别与干燥的KBr粉末(150 mg)混合研磨,压制成片。取150 mg KBr粉末压制成片,作为空白对照。将样品置于傅里叶红外光谱仪中,在4000~500 cm−1的范围内对样品进行扫描。
NGP和EGP的非晶或晶体结构通过X射线衍射仪进行分析。分别称取20 mg不同辐照剂量GWH多糖样品放入样品池,将表面压平,然后放入X射线衍射仪中检测。XRD光谱在5°~50°范围内记录。根据XRD图分析GWH多糖的晶体结构。
GWH、NGP和EGP粉末的表面形态通过扫描电子显微镜进行观察。将干燥的GWH、NGP和EGP粉末样品放置在用导电碳带固定的铝板上,然后进行金粉喷溅处理,之后使用扫描电子显微镜观察。
NGP和EGP的泡沫特性通过参考文献中的方法[30]进行评估,并略微修改。将10 mL的NGP和EGP溶液(1%,w/v)在10000 r/min下均质化2 min以诱发泡沫。记录初始泡沫体积(t=0)和10 min后的最终泡沫体积(t=10 min)。起泡能力(FC)和泡沫稳定性(FS)根据以下公式(3)和(4)计算:
$ \mathrm{FC}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{V}_1-\mathrm{V}_0}{\mathrm{V}_0}\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{FS}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{V}_2-\mathrm{V}_0}{\mathrm{V}_1-\mathrm{V}_0}\times 100 $
式中,V0为NGP和EGP溶液的初始体积;V1和V2分别为NGP和EGP溶液在均质化后0 min和10 min的体积。
将NGP和EGP溶液(2%,w/v)置于平行钢板(直径40 mm,间隙1.0 mm)上,通过Dou等[14]的方法,使用旋转流变仪测定溶液的表观黏度。剪切速率范围为0.01~100 s−1,在25 ℃下进行。通过在0.01%恒定应变下,进行从1到100 rad/s的振荡频率扫描,测定NGP和EGP溶液的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')。流变学参数通过幂律模型方程(5)计算:
$ \eta =\mathrm{k}{(\gamma )}^{\mathrm{n}} $
式中,η为表观黏度;k为一致性指数(Pa·sⁿ);γ为剪切速率(s−1);n为流动行为指数。
a.乳化活性和稳定性:将150 mg的NGP和EGP样品分别溶解在15 mL蒸馏水中,并加入5 mL菜籽油。将上述混合物在10000 r/min下均质5 min,以制备NGP和EGP乳液。每个NGP和EGP样品的乳化活性(EAI)和乳化稳定性(ESI)根据Sun等[31]的方法计算。乳化活性指数(EAI)计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{EAI}=\left(2\times 2.303\times \mathrm{A}_{0\;\min} \times \mathrm{DF}\right)/\left[\mathrm{L}\times \left(1-{\varphi }\right)\times \rho \right] $
式中,A0 min表示新鲜乳剂稀释的吸光度,DF表示稀释系数(100),L表示比色皿的路径长度(1 cm),φ表示分散相的分数(0.25),ρ表示多糖溶液的质量浓度(10000 g/m3)。
乳化稳定性指数(ESI)计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{ESI}=(\mathrm{A}_{0\;\min} \times 10)/(\mathrm{A}_{0\;\min} -\mathrm{A}_{10\;\min} ) $
式中,A0 min和A10 min分别表示乳剂稀释0 min和10 min时的吸光度。
b.乳液颗粒的微观结构:NGP和EGP乳液的界面形态通过智能电动倒置荧光显微镜进行观察。将制备好的NGP和EGP乳液滴加在载玻片上,盖上盖玻片,擦去溢出部分,置于智能电动倒置荧光显微镜下观察乳液颗粒的微观结构。
c.乳液的流变学测定:NGP和EGP乳液的流变学特性根据1.2.5.2方法进行测定。
NGP和EGP的ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除活性根据之前研究中的方法[7]进行测定。
ABTS+自由基清除率:取不同辐照剂量的GWH多糖,加入蒸馏水制备成0.1 mg/mL的溶液。将1 mL样品溶液加入1 mL ABTS工作液中,室温(25 ℃)孵育30 min。取上述反应溶液在734 nm处测定吸光值。阳性对照组用抗坏血酸替代样品溶液。清除率按以下公式计算:
$ \text{ABTS}^+\text{自由基}\mathrm{清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,As:样品吸光度;Ac:空白对照吸光度。
DPPH自由基清除率:取不同辐照剂量的GWH多糖,加入蒸馏水制备成0.1 mg/mL的溶液。将1 mL样品溶液与2 mL新鲜DPPH溶液在试管中混合,避光静置30 min后室温(25 ℃)离心(8000 r/min,5 min),取上述反应溶液,在517 nm处测定吸光值。阳性对照组用抗坏血酸替代样品溶液。
$\rm \text{DPPH}\mathrm{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{s}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{c}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,As:样品吸光度;Ac:空白对照吸光度。
上述所有实验均重复3次,数据值均用平均值±标准误差表示。使用SPSS软件20.0和单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行显著性差异检验(P<0.05)。使用Origin 2018进行数据拟合和绘制图表。
NGP和EGP的得率和化学成分分析如表1所示。使用碱提取法提取NGP的得率为8.14%。而在5、10、25和50 kGy辐照剂量下,相较于NGP,EGP的提取得率分别提升了11.70%、16.33%、23.22%和30.22%。经EBI预处理后,EGP多糖的总糖含量下降,但糖醛酸含量随辐照剂量的升高出现先上升后下降的趋势,并在25 kGy下达到最高值。此外,蛋白质含量在不同EBI剂量处理下呈现差异,EGP-5(3.66%)和EGP-10(4.62%)显著低于NGP(6.33%)(P<0.05),而EGP-25(7.73%)和EGP-50(8.57%)则显著高于NGP(P<0.05)。这些数据清晰表明,EBI预处理对GWH多糖的纯度具有多维度的影响。如温晓梅等[32]研究者所述,电子束辐照(EBI)的高能量作用可导致植物细胞壁结构的显著破坏,这种破坏使得碱性提取溶剂能够更加顺畅地渗透进入植物细胞内部,从而显著增强了多糖、蛋白质与提取溶剂之间的相互作用。然而,电子束辐照剂量的差异对化学成分与提取溶剂之间相互作用的强度产生了显著影响。具体而言,不同剂量的电子束辐照会导致多糖和蛋白质结构发生不同程度的聚集、降解以及再聚集现象,从而影响多糖的化学成分组成。糖醛酸是多糖结构中的关键部分,其含量变化显著影响多糖的理化性质和功能活性。低中剂量(5、10和25 kGy)EBI可以有效提升多糖中糖醛酸的含量,而高剂量(50 kGy)EBI能够产生高能电子进一步打破原料分子结构,可能会引发分子间交联反应,致使大分子结构不稳定,从而破坏糖醛酸结构并降低其含量。对于蛋白质而言,低剂量(5和10 kGy)EBI可能导致蛋白质降解[33],而较高剂量(25和50 kGy)EBI能够促使碱性环境中氢桥和酰胺键断裂,从而释放蛋白质[14,34]。Shen等[35]的研究同样表明EBI预处理分心木虽然能够提高其粗多糖的得率和糖醛酸含量,但会导致多糖纯度降低。然而,Han等[24]的研究结果表明,对金丝绞瓜皮进行25、50和75 kGy的EBI预处理时,不仅可以提升粗多糖的得率,还能提高其纯度。这些研究结果表明,EBI预处理不同植物原料对多糖性质的影响具有特异性。
NGP和EGP的单糖组成如图1和表2所示。结果表明,降解后的NGP和EGP都包含六种主要的单糖成分(鼠李糖(Rha)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、葡萄糖(Glu)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)和阿拉伯糖(Ara))。与NGP相比,EGP中Rha、GalA、Ara和Xyl的摩尔比显著增加(P<0.05),而Glu的摩尔比显著下降(P<0.05)。在50 kGy的辐照剂量下,Rha达到最高摩尔比(11.56%);在25 kGy的辐照剂量下,GalA的最高摩尔比(31.39%)出现;在50 kGy的辐照剂量下,Ara的最高摩尔比(21.36%)出现;而在25 kGy的辐照剂量下,Glu的最低摩尔比(17.86%)出现,这表明EBI剂量显著影响单糖的种类和比例。5 kGy辐照剂量下EGP中Xyl摩尔比(16.31%)远高于NGP中的2.33%,增加了六倍。先前的研究表明,木质素与半纤维素中醛基残基之间的酯连接在植物材料的纤维壁构建中起着重要作用[18],而Xyl可以来源于半纤维素组分[30]。因此,EBI预处理可能破坏酯链并分解木聚糖,从而释放出Xyl和GalA,导致EGP中Xyl和GalA的摩尔比增加。这些结果也表明,EBI预处理能够破坏细胞壁,提取出通过单纯碱提取无法获得的多糖。
分子量是影响多糖生物活性的重要决定性因素之一[36]。如表3所示,NGP和EGP的分子量依次为:EGP-5(80.43 kDa)>EGP-10(67.44 kDa)>EGP-25(65.25 kDa)>EGP-50(48.50 kDa)>NGP(38.94 kDa)。所以低剂量的电子束辐照预处理可能会破坏核桃青皮(GWH)细胞壁结构,从而促进高分子量多糖的溶出。而高分子量的多糖由于能够形成空间结构,因此通常具有更好的生物活性[2]。高剂量的电子束辐照预处理则有助于进一步促进碱提取,有效地断裂糖苷键并导致聚合物链的随机断裂,从而获得低分子量的多糖[14,37]。低分子量的多糖由于其高溶解性和低黏度,更容易跨越细胞膜屏障并进入体内[38−39]。单一的碱提取过程可能只能获得低分子量的多糖,但如果分子量过低,多糖的生物活性基团数量也会减少,无法形成有效的空间结构。因此,电子束辐照预处理可能成为制备适当分子量核桃青皮多糖的大规模生产方法。
通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了EBI预处理的GWH多糖的热性质,如图2和表4所示。所有多糖样品在20~400 ℃的温度范围内均呈现出较宽的吸热峰和放热峰。第一个宽吸热峰可能是由于水分的蒸发,而第二个放热峰则与多糖的热分解有关[24,40]。对于第一个宽吸热峰,NGP和EGP的熔点(Tm)按顺序为:EGP-25(86.63 ℃)>EGP-10(84.87 ℃)>EGP-50(81.22 ℃)>NGP(80.78 ℃)>EGP-5(74.40 ℃),而它们的熔融焓(ΔHm)按顺序为:EGP-25(380.97 J/g)>EGP-50(355.53 J/g)>EGP-10(353.34 J/g)>EGP-5(303.01 J/g)>NGP(277.92 J/g)。因此,25 kGy处理的多糖样品不易发生水分蒸发。对于第二个放热峰,所有多糖样品的分解温度(Td)差异不显著,而其分解焓(ΔHd)按顺序为:EGP-10(36.66 J/g)>EGP-25(35.65 J/g)>EGP-50(18.56 J/g)>EGP-5(15.46 J/g)>NGP(14.13 J/g)。与天然多糖相比,EBI预处理的多糖热稳定性有所提高,特别是在10和25 kGy剂量下。
具有优异持水能力(WHC)和持油能力(OHC)的多糖可以防止水分/油脂的流失,从而提高食品的稳定性[41]。NGP和EGP的WHC和OHC如图3所示。随着EBI剂量的增加,所有GWH多糖的WHC和OHC先增加然后下降。与NGP的WHC(34.10 g/g)和OHC(60.73 g/g)相比,5 kGy处理的EGP的WHC和OHC分别达到最大值,分别为40.61 g/g(增加了18.9%)和83.08 g/g(增加了36.80%)。这些结果可能与低剂量的EBI预处理导致GWH多糖形成多孔的层状结构及其较高的分子量有关,这为水分和油脂分子提供了更多的吸附位点[42−43]。
NGP和EGP的粒径分布及平均粒径如图4和表5所示。5和10 kGy的电子束辐照预处理增加了GWH多糖的平均粒径,但也导致了更不均匀的粒径分布,这可能与其较高的分子量有关。然而,与NGP样品相比,具有较高分子量的EGP-25和EGP-50样品的粒径较小。造成这一现象的原因可能是25 kGy和50 kGy辐照预处理核桃青皮会导致多糖分子的亲水性改变,使得其在溶剂中的溶解度和水合作用发生变化,促使多糖大分子结构交联得更为紧密和稳定,在溶液中以更小的颗粒形式分散,从而呈现出粒径变小的结果。
不同EBI剂量下GWH多糖的FT-IR光谱如图5所示。在3431 cm−1处出现强烈而宽广的吸收峰,可能代表多糖的O-H伸缩振动,而在2835 cm−1处的弱吸收峰可能是由于C-H伸缩和弯曲振动所致[44]。在1616 cm−1处的强吸收峰可能对应于COO−去质子化的羧基[14]。所有GWH多糖在1735 cm−1处没有吸收峰,表明多糖不含有羰基。约在1419 cm−1处的吸收峰与糖环中的C-H弯曲振动有关[45]。1103 cm−1和1016 cm−1处的强峰可能分别是由于吡喃环中C-O和C-O-C的伸缩振动[46]。约在954 cm−1和835 cm−1处的吸收峰可能分别代表GWH多糖中的β型和α型糖苷键[47]。结果表明,NGP和EGP具有相似的FTIR光谱特征,表明EBI预处理对NGP功能基团状态没有显著影响。
XRD可以分析GWH多糖的非晶或结晶结构。如图6所示,所有NGP和EGP样品在2θ≈22°处均呈现出一个钝化的单一面包状峰,表明所有GWH多糖为半结晶性物质[47]。所有EGP样品的衍射峰相比NGP样品变得更窄,这可能是由于多糖结晶度的增加。结果表明,EBI预处理可能通过断裂支链和增强分子间力来提高多糖的结晶度。
通过SEM观察了不同EBI剂量下GWH粉末和多糖的表面结构特征。如图7所示,天然GWH粉末的表面结构呈现出相对整齐和规则的形态,而辐照GWH粉末的表面结构则变得破碎且粗糙,伴随着不规则的形状、孔洞和裂纹。此外,随着EBI剂量的增加,结构损伤的程度变得更加明显。这一现象表明,EBI可能破坏GWH粉末的细胞壁结构,从而增加原料的孔隙率,提高碱性提取溶剂的渗透性,进而提高多糖的提取率[7,24]。此外,对于多糖而言,NGP的表面结构相对紧凑和平整,表面有少量孔洞,而EGP的表面结构则呈现出卷曲和收缩的形态,伴有大量的孔洞和碎片。这些现象表明,高能和高穿透性的EBI预处理能够破坏多糖的形态,使其发生分解变形,导致大分子多糖降解为小分子多糖。
起泡能力(FC)是指多糖通过在气-水界面上吸附,降低表面张力,形成吸附层,从而促进气体扩散到食品基质中的能力[48]。泡沫稳定性(FS)是指多糖能够形成具有良好界面流变特性的厚吸附层,延缓薄膜破裂,从而提供稳定性的能力[49]。图8显示了NGP和EGP的FC和FS。随着电子束辐照剂量的增加,所有GWH多糖的FC先下降后上升,而所有GWH多糖的FS则呈现出非剂量依赖性的增加。与NGP的FC(50.12%)和FS(66.67%)相比,EGP在50 kGy时的FC和在25 kGy时的FS分别达到了最大值,分别为56.67%(增加了13.34%)和96.67%(增加了45.00%)。结果表明,高剂量的电子束辐照预处理能够提高多糖的气-液界面吸附能力,从而实现相对稳定的气泡。
NGP和EGP在剪切速率范围0.01~100 s−1内的稳态流动曲线如图9A所示。所有GWH多糖样品的表观黏度随着剪切速率的增加迅速下降,表明所有GWH多糖溶液表现为非牛顿型假塑性流体[50]。NGP和EGP的稳态流动曲线进一步通过幂律模型进行了良好拟合,流变学参数已总结在表6中。所有模型的R2值大于0.95,表示数据的拟合效果良好。一致性指数(KP)值与表观黏度呈正相关[24]。一致性指数(KP)值按顺序依次为:EGP-5>EGP-10>EGP-25>EGP-50>NGP。该结果可能是由于低剂量(5 kGy)EBI预处理获得的GWH多糖具有较高的分子量、较长的柔性链、分子间缠结以及聚合物链间的相互作用,从而导致更高的黏度[51]。Sun等[31]报告称,具有高黏度的多糖具有更好的结合脂质、胆固醇和胆汁酸的能力。流动行为指数(NP)值可用于判断多糖体系是否为假塑性流体。可以看出,所有GWH多糖溶液的NP值均小于1.0,表现出典型的假塑性行为。此外,NP值按顺序为:EGP-5>EGP-10>NGP>EGP-25>EGP-50,表明在高EBI剂量下,GWH多糖的假塑性较高,而低剂量则相反。多糖的优良假塑性有利于食品生产中的泵送、液体填充、咀嚼和吞咽,这表明EGP在饮料等流体食品的加工和消费中具有潜在的应用价值[51]。
使用振荡测量法评估了NGP和EGP的粘弹性特性。如图9B~F所示,NGP和EGP体系的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')值随着角频率的增加而增加。对于EGP-5、EGP-10和EGP-25,G'值始终高于G''值。对于NGP和EGP-50,随着角频率的增加,G'值逐渐超过G''值。相位角(tanδ)是评估粘弹性行为的关键指标,表示为G''值与G'值的比值[52]。当多糖体系的tanδ值小于1时,体系主要表现出弹性特性,否则表现出粘性特性。系统的tanδ值约为1时,表示为弱凝胶;当tanδ值约为0.01时,表示为真实凝胶。NGP样品tanδ值超过1,主要表现为粘性特性,无法形成凝胶。而EGP样品tanδ值均变小,尤其是EGP-5和EGP-10的tanδ值约为0.2~0.3,表明主要表现为弹性特性,具有弱凝胶能力。结果可能是由于低剂量(5 kGy和10 kGy)EBI预处理增强了GWH多糖糖链之间的氢键和网络结构,而高剂量EBI预处理则减弱了这些效应[53]。
多糖因其丰富的来源、高生物相容性和稳定的化学结构,广泛应用于天然乳化剂[54]。图10展示了EBI预处理对NGP和EGP乳化特性的影响。乳化活性指数(EAI)和稳定性指数(ESI)的结果表明,除EGP-5外,所有EGP样品的EAI和ESI均高于NGP样品(11.88 m2/g和1165 min)(图10A)。其中10 kGy和25 kGy的EAI值(14.41 m2/g和13.64 m2/g)相较于NGP而言显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,EGP的ESI在25 kGy(增加了5.91%)时达到最大值。结果表明,EBI预处理可能暴露多糖结构的内部位点,增加表面疏水性,从而在油水界面上强烈吸附大分子和/或形成外层,有助于形成稳定的乳液[55]。EGP在5 kGy时乳化活性指数和稳定性指数最低的可能原因是蛋白质含量较低且分子量较高[19]。
研究了EBI预处理对乳液滴径的影响,乳液的光学显微照片如图11所示。NGP和EGP-5乳液呈现出较大且分布不均的液滴,表明乳液不稳定。相反,EGP乳液在10~50 kGy处理后滴径变小,分布更加均匀,尤其是在10 kGy时。结果表明,EBI预处理能够显著(P<0.05)提高多糖乳液的乳化活性,并增强多糖作为天然乳化剂的应用价值。
为了进一步探讨GWH多糖的乳化性能,测定了其乳液的流变性能(图10B~G)。所有GWH乳液都表现出明显的“剪切稀化”特征曲线。通常,更好的乳液稳定性伴随着较高的黏度[56]。但黏度高对乳液来说不利于应用,而EBI预处理不仅能够提高GWH多糖乳液的稳定性,还能降低乳液的黏度,从而改善乳液的流动性。此外,从相位角(tanδ)来看,可以发现低EBI剂量(5和10 kGy)处理的NGP和EGP乳液表现出弹性特性,而高EBI剂量(25和50 kGy)处理的EGP乳液则表现出粘性特性。
植物多糖由于其特定的化学组成和结构,具有优异的抗氧化活性,可以成为潜在的天然抗氧化剂来源[57]。通过ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除能力实验来评估植物多糖的抗氧化活性[50]。如图12A和图12B所示,EBI预处理对GWH多糖的ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除活性有积极影响。在0.1 mg/mL浓度下所有EGP样品的ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除活性均高于NGP样品。特别是,EGP的ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除活性在10 kGy时达到最大值(分别为77.00%和85.47%),比NGP分别增加了77.33%和16.11%。一方面,抗氧化活性的增强可能归因于EBI预处理破坏了GWH多糖的分子间和分子内的作用力,导致表面结构松散,暴露出更多的还原性羟基末端[58]。另一方面,EBI预处理还可能通过调节分子量、糖醛酸含量和阿拉伯糖含量来增强GWH多糖的抗氧化活性[18,42]。
本研究利用电子束辐照(EBI)技术对核桃青皮进行预处理,系统分析了不同剂量EBI处理对核桃青皮多糖的结构特性、理化性质和功能特性的影响。研究结果表明,EBI预处理可以有效提高核桃青皮多糖的得率、糖醛酸含量、鼠李糖/半乳糖醛酸/阿拉伯糖/木糖的摩尔比、热稳定性、水/油保持能力、起泡能力/稳定性、黏度、乳化活性/稳定性及ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除活性。这些理化性质和功能活性的变化主要归因于低剂量EBI(5 kGy)引起的核桃青皮细胞壁结构破坏,促进了碱性提取溶剂的渗透并加速了高分子量多糖的溶解。随着辐照剂量的增加,中剂量EBI(10和25 kGy)进一步破坏了糖苷键及分子内/分子间氢键,导致大分子多糖降解为具有较好功能活性的中分子量多糖。然而,高剂量EBI(≥25 kGy)则可能严重破坏核桃青皮多糖的结构,削弱了其部分功能活性。因此,选择适当的EBI剂量对于获得高得率且具有优异功能活性的核桃青皮多糖至关重要。综合考虑核桃青皮多糖的乳化活性和抗氧化活性,本研究认为10 kGy为最佳辐照剂量。本研究深入探讨了EBI预处理对核桃青皮多糖的多维度影响,为核桃青皮的高值化利用及EBI技术在植物多糖领域的应用提供了新的理论依据和思路。未来研究可进一步优化EBI预处理工艺参数,探讨多糖结构与生物活性之间的内在关系,并拓展其在食品加工中的应用。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040055
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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    1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100

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罗安伟(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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