Article(id=1320889189252584085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854123651, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854123651, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854123651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854123651, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889189466493590, articleId=1320889189252584085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=In Vitro Biotransformation of Zearalenone by Bacillus subtilis Strain 23830, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the potential application of probiotics for the safe removal of zearalenone (ZEN) from feed by screening and validating the ZEN transformation capability of a soil-derived Bacillus subtilis strain 23830. Critical fermentation parameters were systematically optimized to maximize ZEN removal efficiency. The structural characterization and in vitro toxicity profile of biotransformation products were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS) and HepG2 cytotoxicity assays. The strain was further evaluated for practical application through fermentation trials on corn by-products. Key findings revealed that ZEN-transforming proteases were predominantly localized in the intracellular fraction. Under optimal transformation conditions (2% inoculum [1×107 CFU/mL], 37 ℃, pH7.0, 12 h incubation), a ZEN removal rate of 60.47%±2.18% was achieved. Structural analysis identified zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-Sulf) as the primary metabolite, which demonstrated significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared with the parent compound. In practical applications, the strain exhibited differential detoxification efficiencies across substrates: 15.67%±0.64% (corn germ meal), 19.22%±2.35% (corn gluten feed), 30.71%±0.79% (corn protein powder), and 45.44%±2.73% (corn slurry). The Bacillus subtilis strain 23830 characterized in this study represents a promising microbial candidate for feed detoxification, enabling both effective ZEN reduction and low-toxicity biotransformation. These findings advance the development of probiotic-based strategies for mycotoxin mitigation in agricultural systems.

, authors=Mengying WU1, 2, 3, Yongli YE1, 2, 3, Yang YANG1, 2, 3, Jian JI1, 2, 3, *, Wei WANG4, Jijuan CAO5, Xiulan SUN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Mengying WU, Yongli YE, Yang YANG, Jian JI, Wei WANG, Jijuan CAO, Xiulan SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889192444449446, articleId=1320889189252584085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=枯草芽孢杆菌23830对玉米赤霉烯酮的体外生物转化研究, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究益生菌对安全脱除饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)的应用潜力,本研究筛选并验证了一株来源于土壤的枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的转化能力。通过优化发酵条件,确定了最佳的ZEN脱除参数;借助UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS和HepG2细胞实验分析了转化产物的结构及体外毒性;最后将其投入玉米副产物中发酵以评估其在饲料发酵脱毒领域的应用潜力。结果显示,对ZEN具有转化作用的蛋白酶存在于细胞内容物中,在菌株添加量为2%(1×107 CFU/mL),发酵温度37 ℃,发酵时间12 h,pH为7.0的条件下对ZEN脱除率可达60.47%±2.18%。ZEN的主要转化产物为玉米赤霉烯酮-14-硫酸盐(ZEN-14-Sulf),其细胞毒性较ZEN明显减弱。此外,该菌株在玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉和玉米浆中对ZEN的脱除率分别达到15.67%±0.64%、19.22%±2.35%、30.71%±0.79%、45.44%±2.73%,显示出实际应用于饲料脱毒的潜力。本研究筛选得到的枯草芽孢杆菌23830不仅能实现ZEN的低毒性转化,还能有效脱除饲料中的ZEN,为饲料中ZEN的安全脱除提供了新的菌种资源。

, authors=吴梦影1, 2, 3, 叶永丽1, 2, 3, 杨阳1, 2, 3, 纪剑1, 2, 3, *, 王伟4, 曹际娟5, 孙秀兰1, 2, 3, authorsList=吴梦影, 叶永丽, 杨阳, 纪剑, 王伟, 曹际娟, 孙秀兰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=纪剑, authorNote=

吴梦影(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全与质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
纪剑(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品安全检测与主动防控,E-mail:。
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Zearalenone and its metabolites-general overview, occurrence, and toxicity[J]. Toxins, 2021, 13(1): 35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889201952936702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIJALEM Y G, GAB-ALLAH M A, YU H, et al. Occurrence of zearalenone and its major metabolites in cereal flour from Korea[J]. 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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Removal rate of ZEN by each strain, figureFileSmall=llITtdqVyaPbtEoUdt2/vQ==, figureFileBig=MuIEwT6rvUwnbxXf+EHl8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889198542967536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各菌株对ZEN的脱除率

注:不同字母表示相同菌株不同处理时间之间的差异显著(P<0.05),*表示12 h时其他菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌23830之间的差异显著(P<0.05),^表示24 h时其他菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌23830之间的差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=llITtdqVyaPbtEoUdt2/vQ==, figureFileBig=MuIEwT6rvUwnbxXf+EHl8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889198635242225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different treatments of Bacillus subtilis strain 23830 on zearalenone removal, figureFileSmall=Z3Ou3Y4HnPMRkzHOVJjJXg==, figureFileBig=e4D+lU+5TT6NhVzPNQpVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889198710739698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=CN, label=图3, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌23830不同处理方式对ZEN的脱除效果

注:A:枯草芽孢杆菌23830不同组分及处理对ZEN脱除率的影响;B:细胞内容物不同处理对ZEN脱除率的影响;不同字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),图4、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=Z3Ou3Y4HnPMRkzHOVJjJXg==, figureFileBig=e4D+lU+5TT6NhVzPNQpVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889198815597299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different fermentation conditions of Bacillus subtilis strain 23830 on zearalenone removal, figureFileSmall=EXvUxX+i8G6fJNGnspCMKQ==, figureFileBig=dHGY6HSpNtuTFGdhjY2Nrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889198899483380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=CN, label=图4, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌23830不同发酵条件对ZEN的脱除效果, figureFileSmall=EXvUxX+i8G6fJNGnspCMKQ==, figureFileBig=dHGY6HSpNtuTFGdhjY2Nrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889199008535285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Extraction ion chromatograms (EICs) and mass spectra of ZEN and transformation product, figureFileSmall=F3OEHCOse4kpLK3hgas2mg==, figureFileBig=cKrs2Zqh4qjFALt/1+aqAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889199310525174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ZEN与转化产物的提取离子色谱(EICs)和质谱图

注:a:阴性对照组(发酵液);b:阳性对照组(LB+10 μg/mL ZEN);c:试验组(发酵液+10 μg/mL ZEN);d:转化产物;e:ZEN质谱图;f:转化产物质谱图;g:转化产物二级质谱图。

, figureFileSmall=F3OEHCOse4kpLK3hgas2mg==, figureFileBig=cKrs2Zqh4qjFALt/1+aqAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889199423771383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cell survival rate under two treatment methods at different ZEN concentrations, figureFileSmall=G+qoFpDt4NYTsXUA2glJzw==, figureFileBig=c/+5nqQ7OJAinwB1XNxzkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889199738344184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同ZEN浓度下两种处理方式的细胞存活率

注:不同字母表示在同一处理下不同浓度组的差异显著(P<0.05),*表示同一ZEN浓度下与发酵液处理ZEN组相比,未添加发酵液的ZEN组具有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=G+qoFpDt4NYTsXUA2glJzw==, figureFileBig=c/+5nqQ7OJAinwB1XNxzkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889201529311993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889189252584085, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient of elution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)A(%)B(%)
0298
81000
139010
159010
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洗脱梯度

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时间(min)A(%)B(%)
0298
81000
139010
159010
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ZEN removal rate in different corn processing by-products

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样品名称ZEN浓度ZEN脱除率(%)
玉米胚芽粕1.10 mg/kg15.67±0.64
喷浆玉米皮0.82 mg/kg19.22±2.35
玉米蛋白粉0.90 mg/kg30.71±0.79
玉米浆1.99 μg/mL45.44±2.73
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不同玉米加工副产物中的ZEN脱除率

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喷浆玉米皮0.82 mg/kg19.22±2.35
玉米蛋白粉0.90 mg/kg30.71±0.79
玉米浆1.99 μg/mL45.44±2.73
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枯草芽孢杆菌23830对玉米赤霉烯酮的体外生物转化研究
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吴梦影 1, 2, 3 , 叶永丽 1, 2, 3 , 杨阳 1, 2, 3 , 纪剑 1, 2, 3, * , 王伟 4 , 曹际娟 5 , 孙秀兰 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(5): 177-185
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (5) : 177 -185
枯草芽孢杆菌23830对玉米赤霉烯酮的体外生物转化研究
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吴梦影1, 2, 3 , 叶永丽1, 2, 3, 杨阳1, 2, 3, 纪剑1, 2, 3, * , 王伟4, 曹际娟5, 孙秀兰1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
  • 2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品安全风险物质甄别与防控),江苏无锡 214122
  • 3江苏集萃未来食品技术研究所有限公司,江苏宜兴 214200
  • 4国家食品安全风险评估中心,北京 100023
  • 5大连民族大学生命科学学院,辽宁大连 116600
通讯作者:
纪剑(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品安全检测与主动防控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴梦影(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全与质量控制,E-mail:

In Vitro Biotransformation of Zearalenone by Bacillus subtilis Strain 23830
Mengying WU1, 2, 3 , Yongli YE1, 2, 3, Yang YANG1, 2, 3, Jian JI1, 2, 3, * , Wei WANG4, Jijuan CAO5, Xiulan SUN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Screening, Prevention, and Control of Food Safety Risks, State Administration for Market Regulation, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 3Institute of Future Food Technology, Yixing 214200, China
  • 4China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100023, China
  • 5School of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010074
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为了探究益生菌对安全脱除饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)的应用潜力,本研究筛选并验证了一株来源于土壤的枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的转化能力。通过优化发酵条件,确定了最佳的ZEN脱除参数;借助UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS和HepG2细胞实验分析了转化产物的结构及体外毒性;最后将其投入玉米副产物中发酵以评估其在饲料发酵脱毒领域的应用潜力。结果显示,对ZEN具有转化作用的蛋白酶存在于细胞内容物中,在菌株添加量为2%(1×107 CFU/mL),发酵温度37 ℃,发酵时间12 h,pH为7.0的条件下对ZEN脱除率可达60.47%±2.18%。ZEN的主要转化产物为玉米赤霉烯酮-14-硫酸盐(ZEN-14-Sulf),其细胞毒性较ZEN明显减弱。此外,该菌株在玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉和玉米浆中对ZEN的脱除率分别达到15.67%±0.64%、19.22%±2.35%、30.71%±0.79%、45.44%±2.73%,显示出实际应用于饲料脱毒的潜力。本研究筛选得到的枯草芽孢杆菌23830不仅能实现ZEN的低毒性转化,还能有效脱除饲料中的ZEN,为饲料中ZEN的安全脱除提供了新的菌种资源。

玉米赤霉烯酮  /  枯草芽孢杆菌23830  /  生物转化  /  转化产物  /  饲料脱毒

This study aimed to explore the potential application of probiotics for the safe removal of zearalenone (ZEN) from feed by screening and validating the ZEN transformation capability of a soil-derived Bacillus subtilis strain 23830. Critical fermentation parameters were systematically optimized to maximize ZEN removal efficiency. The structural characterization and in vitro toxicity profile of biotransformation products were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS) and HepG2 cytotoxicity assays. The strain was further evaluated for practical application through fermentation trials on corn by-products. Key findings revealed that ZEN-transforming proteases were predominantly localized in the intracellular fraction. Under optimal transformation conditions (2% inoculum [1×107 CFU/mL], 37 ℃, pH7.0, 12 h incubation), a ZEN removal rate of 60.47%±2.18% was achieved. Structural analysis identified zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-Sulf) as the primary metabolite, which demonstrated significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared with the parent compound. In practical applications, the strain exhibited differential detoxification efficiencies across substrates: 15.67%±0.64% (corn germ meal), 19.22%±2.35% (corn gluten feed), 30.71%±0.79% (corn protein powder), and 45.44%±2.73% (corn slurry). The Bacillus subtilis strain 23830 characterized in this study represents a promising microbial candidate for feed detoxification, enabling both effective ZEN reduction and low-toxicity biotransformation. These findings advance the development of probiotic-based strategies for mycotoxin mitigation in agricultural systems.

zearalenone  /  Bacillus subtilis strain 23830  /  biotransformation  /  transformation product  /  feed detoxification
吴梦影, 叶永丽, 杨阳, 纪剑, 王伟, 曹际娟, 孙秀兰. 枯草芽孢杆菌23830对玉米赤霉烯酮的体外生物转化研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 177 -185 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010074
Mengying WU, Yongli YE, Yang YANG, Jian JI, Wei WANG, Jijuan CAO, Xiulan SUN. In Vitro Biotransformation of Zearalenone by Bacillus subtilis Strain 23830[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 177 -185 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010074
玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)是已知的400多种真菌毒素中危害性较大的种类(图1),主要由镰刀菌属产生,被广泛检出于全球谷物及其副产物中,对农业生产构成严重威胁[1−3]。2022年全国各类原料及饲料中真菌毒素污染情况较为严重[4],各类原料及饲料中ZEN的检出率均较高,其中玉米副产物中ZEN超标率最高,达到了22.50%,检出值最高达15976.50 μg/kg。ZEN能够激活雌激素相关基因活性,从而造成对生殖系统的毒性作用[5−6]。其次肝脏是ZEN代谢的主要器官[7],ZEN会诱导肝脏组织病理学变化[8],因此ZEN还具有明显的肝毒性。若ZEN在粮食加工过程中持续存在不加以去除,人们可能会直接通过食用受污染的食品接触到这种真菌毒素,或者间接地通过接触那些曾暴露于ZEN的动物源性产品而受到影响。
物理、化学和生物法是去除食品及饲料中ZEN的主要方式[9]。但物化法在实际应用上存在许多局限性,如高成本和破坏产品的营养价值等[10]。生物法已被证明可有效将ZEN转化为毒性较小的产物,且更具效率、特异性及环保性[11−12]。多种微生物已被研究证实可以有效解除ZEN的毒性,包括真菌、酵母和细菌[13−15]。然而,由于涉及解毒产品自身的毒性和副作用,绝大多数微生物是不被允许添加进饲料或食品发酵体系中的[16]。基于微生物使用安全性的问题,大大制约了微生物法脱毒技术在实践中的应用推广。
益生菌因其安全性而受到关注。一些芽孢杆菌属以及乳酸菌属于益生菌的范畴,它们中的一些已被证实能有效去除ZEN,去除方式主要分为菌体吸附作用和生物分泌酶降解或转化作用[10,17]。Vega等[18]评估了5株乳酸菌吸附ZEN的能力,发现吸附能力都高于40%,其中一株植物乳杆菌L4对ZEN的吸附率最高可达68.2%。Guo等[19]分离出一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌ANSB01E,孵育48 h,对LB培养基中ZEN的降解率可达95%,可将发霉玉米中ZEN含量由0.69 μg/mL降至0.17 μg/mL。Yang等[20]发现一株枯草芽孢杆菌Y816可在7 h内转化40 mg/L的ZEN。Chen等[16]筛选到一株枯草芽孢杆菌B2,能对高ZEN污染玉米样品(5 mg/kg)实现56%的脱毒率,并且处理后的样品表现出了更好的发酵特性。总体来说,乳酸菌对ZEN的脱除大多基于细胞壁中肽聚糖等成分的吸附作用,并且不同菌株的吸附类型和能力各不相同。对于芽孢杆菌而言,大多数对ZEN的去除作用是由其分泌酶引起的,通过裂解或偶联的方式降低ZEN自身的毒性作用,以吸附作用进行解毒的占比较小[21]。由于ZEN的裂解或转化能从根源上解除ZEN的毒性,而吸附只是将ZEN分离出体系,所以芽孢杆菌在饲料发酵体系中有着更好的脱毒优势。益生菌相比于其他安全性未知的菌株而言,其在饲料中的发酵安全性能够得到保障,因此以益生菌为目标开展脱除ZEN的研究,对解决食品和饲料中ZEN污染问题具有实际意义。
综上所述,本研究旨在探究益生菌对脱除饲料中ZEN的应用潜力。为此,本研究选取了9株在饲料发酵领域应用广泛的益生菌进行筛选,发现其中一株枯草芽孢杆菌23830表现良好。然后进一步研究了该菌株转化ZEN的活性部位,并分析了主要转化产物的分子质量、可能的结构和细胞毒性。为了验证其应用价值,本研究还将该菌株应用于玉米加工副产物的脱毒发酵,以探索其在阳性样品中去除ZEN的潜力。
植物乳植杆菌(保藏号:CGMCC 1.16089)、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(保藏号:CGMCC 1.3970)、嗜热链球菌(保藏号:CGMCC 1.1864)、干酪乳酪杆菌(保藏号:CGMCC 1.575) 中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心;枯草芽孢杆菌 中国典型培养物保藏中心(保藏号:CCTCC WB 20081006);枯草芽孢杆菌(保藏号:CICC 23592)、贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(保藏号:CICC 24434)、枯草芽孢杆菌(保藏号:CICC 23830)、凝结魏茨曼氏菌(保藏号:CICC 24625) 中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心;玉米加工副产物污染样本(玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉、玉米浆) 某玉米加工企业;玉米赤霉烯酮标准品(纯度≥98.50%) 北京普华仁生物技术开发有限公司;甲醇(质谱纯)、乙腈(质谱纯)、三氯甲烷(分析纯) 上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司;LB培养基、MRS培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)、蛋白酶K(酶活力>30 U/mg)、氢氧化钠 上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;胎牛血清(Fetal bovine serum,FBS)、DMEM培养基 赛默飞世尔科技公司;CCK-8试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。
Agilent 1260 HPLC系统 配有紫外检测器,美国安捷伦公司;UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS超高效液相串联四极杆飞行时间质谱仪 配有电喷雾离子源(ESI)及MassLynx V4.2数据处理系统,美国沃特世公司;CT90A型全自动立式蒸汽灭菌锅 上海伯能仪器有限公司;SPX-250B-Z型生化培养箱 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;JY92-IIN型超声波细胞粉碎机、SCIENTZ-10N/A型冷冻干燥机、SCIENTZ-10LS型离心浓缩仪 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;INFINITE 200 PRO型多功能酶标仪 帝肯奥地利有限责任公司;MGF型鼓风干燥箱 上海牧朗仪器制造有限公司。
从–80 ℃冰箱中取出冻存的9株供试菌,解冻后以1%的添加量将枯草芽孢杆菌WB、枯草芽孢杆菌23592、贝莱斯芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌23830、凝结魏茨曼氏菌分别于LB培养基,将植物乳植杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、嗜热链球菌、干酪乳酪杆菌分别于MRS培养基中,在37 ℃的恒温培养箱中活化培养24 h。划线得到单菌落后,挑取接种于培养基得到各菌株种子液。将各菌株种子液以1%添加量加入液体培养基中,37 ℃环境中培养24 h后得到各菌株发酵液(菌株浓度为1×108 CFU/mL),备用。
取菌株的发酵液4950 μL,加入50 μL的100 μg/mL ZEN标准工作液,使其终浓度为1.0 μg/mL,以无菌培养基加ZEN毒素作为空白对照,各设置三组平行,置于37 ℃、180 r/min摇床中培养12 h和24 h后分别取样1 mL,检测ZEN残留量,计算ZEN脱除率(D),公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{D}}({\text{%}})=\frac{{{\mathrm{D}}}_{1}-{{\mathrm{D}}}_{2}}{{{\mathrm{D}}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:D表示ZEN脱除率,%;D1表示对照样品中ZEN含量,µg/mL;D2表示实验样品中ZEN含量,µg/mL。
取反应完成的样品1 mL加入三倍体积的三氯甲烷,充分振荡,重复提取三次。待三氯甲烷于冷冻干燥机中离心挥干后,加入1 mL的50%甲醇溶解,经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后转入色谱小瓶,使用HPLC测定ZEN含量。配制质量浓度梯度为10、20、50、100、200、500、1000、2000、5000 μg/L的ZEN标准溶液。
液相色谱条件如下:C18反相柱(柱长150 mm,直径4.6 mm,内径4 μm)和紫外检测器(VWD,254 nm),进样量20 μL,流动相为乙腈/水溶液(60:40,V/V),流速0.6 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,等度洗脱15 min。
通过不同方式获取枯草芽孢杆菌23830发酵液各组分。上清液:将发酵液离心(4 ℃,8000 r/min,10 min),收集上清液并通过0.22 μm过滤器过滤。菌体细胞:将发酵液离心,收集菌体细胞,使用无菌PBS洗涤三次后等体积复溶。细胞内容物:将菌体细胞在400 W、工作5 s、间歇5 s的条件下破碎30 min,离心得上清液并过0.22 μm滤膜。高温灭活上清液:将发酵液在0.1 MPa、121 ℃下高压灭菌20 min进行灭活处理,离心取上清液并使用0.22 μm滤膜过滤。高温灭活菌体细胞:将发酵液在0.1 MPa、121 ℃下高压灭菌20 min进行灭活处理,离心收集菌体细胞,使用无菌PBS洗涤三次后等体积复溶。分别取相同体积的上述各组分加入ZEN,使体系ZEN的终浓度为1.0 μg/mL。在37 ℃、180 r/min的条件下培养24 h取样1 mL,使用HPLC检测并计算ZEN脱除率。同时用含有相同浓度ZEN的LB培养基/无菌PBS作为对照组,每个样品设置3个重复。
为了确定细胞内容物中是否存在某种活性酶对ZEN具有脱除作用,使用蛋白酶K、SDS以及高温灭活处理细胞内容物。将一组细胞内容物与1 mg/mL蛋白酶K在55 ℃水浴中反应2 h;一组细胞内容物与1 mg/mL蛋白酶K和0.5 mg/mL的SDS在55 ℃水浴中反应2 h;一组细胞内容物在100 ℃沸水下加热20 min。各组分别取相同体积并加入ZEN至1 µg/mL,置于37 ℃、180 r/min的条件下反应24 h,对照组为添加相同浓度ZEN的无菌PBS,每个样品设置3个重复。
发酵时间:向pH为6.0的LB液体培养基中接种入1%的菌株发酵液,同时加入ZEN,使体系ZEN的终浓度为1 µg/mL。置于37 ℃、180 r/min的条件下培养,于2、4、8、12、24、36 h分别取样。发酵温度:其他条件不变,将菌株置于20、25、30、37、45、50 ℃下培养24 h后取样。pH:其他条件不变,将pH分别调至4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0培养24 h后取样。菌液添加量:其他条件不变,分别接种0.25%、0.5%、1%、2%、5%、10%的菌株发酵液(菌株浓度分别为1.25×106、2.5×106、5×106、1×107、2.5×107、5×107 CFU/mL)培养24 h后取样。使用HPLC检测并计算ZEN脱除率。同时用含有相同浓度ZEN的LB培养基作为对照组,每个样品设置3个重复。
在最优发酵条件下,将菌株置于ZEN浓度为10 μg/mL的体系中反应完成后离心后取上清200 μL,加入800 μL的甲醇乙腈混合液(1:1,V/V),混匀并在4 ℃放置2 h后离心,取上清挥干,再加入200 μL的50%乙腈水复溶后离心,取上清装入进样小瓶作为试验组样品。阴性对照组为菌株发酵液,阳性对照组为含有10 μg/mL ZEN的LB培养基,处理方式与上述相同。利用高分辨质谱UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS检测,MassLynx V4.2软件分析处理数据。
配备Acquity BEH C18色谱柱(75 mm×2.1 mm,1.6 μm);柱温35 ℃,进样量2 μL,样品室温度4 ℃。流动相为乙腈(流动相A)和125 mmol/L甲酸水溶液(流动相B),流速0.3 mL/min,洗脱梯度如表1所示。
负电喷雾电离(ESI−);毛细管电压3.0 kV;锥孔电压35 V;离子源温度110 ℃;脱溶剂温度350 ℃;锥气(N2)流速50 L/h;脱溶气(N2)流量800 L/h;碰撞池内雾化器压力为6.5 bar。质谱在m/z=50~1000的扫描范围内进行。
将菌株发酵液与不同浓度ZEN(0、0.5、1、2、5、10 μg/mL)于37 ℃、180 r/min的条件下反应24 h。取反应完成的样品1 mL与甲醇乙腈混合液(1:1,V/V)混匀并在4 ℃放置2 h后离心(4 ℃,8000 r/min,10 min),取上清并置于冷冻离心干燥机中挥干后,使用1 mL含10% FBS的DMEM培养基溶解以获得转化产物组的样品。将LB培养基与不同浓度ZEN在上述相同条件下反应后,取样1 mL经三氯甲烷提取后挥干,用1 mL含10% FBS的DMEM培养基溶解以获得标品组的样品。以不给药的HepG2细胞作为对照组,以不含HepG2细胞的完全培养液为空白组。将HepG2细胞接至96-孔板中培养24 h。待细胞贴壁后,弃去培养基,加入100 μL含10% FBS的DMEM培养基(添加了ZEN、转化产物组的药物,不含药物,每个处理做6个平行)。培养24 h后,加入100 μL显色溶液(含有10% CCK-8的完全培养液)孵育3 h。然后将96-孔板置于酶标仪中使用450 nm波长检测各孔吸光值,计算样品的细胞存活率(CV),计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{CV}}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\mathrm{AS}}-{\mathrm{AB}}}{{\mathrm{AC}}-{\mathrm{AB}}}\times 100 $
式中,CV表示细胞存活率,%;AS表示实验组吸光值,Abs;AC表示对照组吸光值,Abs;AB表示空白组吸光值,Abs。
取25 mL菌株发酵液,加入5 g灭菌后的玉米加工副产物阳性样本(玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮、玉米蛋白粉),于37 ℃、220 r/min的条件下发酵,对照组加入同体积的无菌水替代菌株发酵液,3 d后取出发酵完成样品于70 ℃的烘箱中烘干。称取1 g样品,按照料液比1 g:3 mL依次加入超纯水、三氯甲烷,充分涡旋混匀后超声10 min,然后在25 ℃、8000 r/min的条件下离心10 min,收集下层三氯甲烷层,重复提取3次。待三氯甲烷于冷冻离心干燥机中挥干后,加入1 mL的50%甲醇复溶,过0.22 μm有机滤膜后装入进样瓶,检测ZEN含量并计算脱除率。使用1 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液将玉米浆pH调至6.0并灭菌,在20 mL玉米浆阳性样本中加入5%的菌株发酵液混匀,于37 ℃、180 r/min的条件下发酵,对照组加入5%的无菌水替代菌株发酵液,在24 h后取样1 mL检测ZEN含量并计算脱除率。
每个实验均设置三组平行,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,以P<0.05表示统计学显著性差异。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0和SPSS 26软件对数据进行报告及显著性分析。
本研究供试菌株均为益生菌,是中国农业部允许投入饲料发酵体系中使用的菌株。9株菌经由培养基体系筛选,结果显示这些菌株对ZEN的脱除率主要分布在30%至40%之间。其中枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的脱除率在12 h就能达到53.66%±2.12%,在发酵24 h后ZEN脱除率仍然保持稳定(图2)。综合评价菌株对ZEN的脱除效率及稳定性,选取枯草芽孢杆菌23830作为后续研究菌株。
如图3A所示,枯草芽孢杆菌23830的发酵上清液对ZEN的脱除率为6.94%,菌体细胞对ZEN的脱除率能达到56.71%。与活细胞相比,高温灭活处理后显著降低(P<0.05)了菌体细胞对ZEN的脱除效果(脱除率31.31%)。由于加热过程可能会增加细胞的活性吸附位点并增强吸附毒素的能力,但也会导致酶失活并降低它们降解或转化毒素的能力[22]。本研究结果表明,经高温处理后的菌体细胞对ZEN的脱除能力未呈现增强趋势,各组分反而均表现出ZEN脱除率降低的现象。说明该菌株对ZEN的脱除作用可能并非主要依赖于菌体吸附,还可能与菌体分泌的酶介导的降解或转化过程相关。另一方面,高温处理前后的发酵上清液均未表现出显著的ZEN脱除效果(脱除率低于10%),说明脱除ZEN的活性物质不是主要分布在发酵上清液中。而菌株细胞内容物对ZEN的脱除率可达52.48%,基本与菌体细胞对ZEN的脱除效果持平,说明菌株细胞内容物是发挥脱除ZEN作用的主要组分。张晨曦等[23]对菌株NS2降解活性成分分析结果显示,活菌体细胞ZEN降解率为57%,细胞内容物ZEN降解率可达到40.3%,推测该降解活性物质存在于胞内,与本研究得出的结果相似。
如图3B所示。经过高温处理后,细胞内容物对ZEN的脱除率显著(P<0.05)下降(28.09%),说明细胞内容物中的活性物质具有热不稳定性。分别使用蛋白酶K和蛋白酶K+SDS处理后,ZEN脱除率分别降低至4.27%和1.93%。蛋白酶K能够降解所有的蛋白质,使其失去功能和活性,SDS会使蛋白质的三级结构变性。本研究结果显示细胞内容物在经蛋白酶K和蛋白酶K+SDS处理后对ZEN脱除率显著下降(P<0.05)。说明枯草芽孢杆菌23830的细胞内容物中存在能降解或转化ZEN的活性物质,推测为某种热不稳定的蛋白酶。这项结果与前人研究相似,Xiang等[24]利用水浴法和蛋白酶K法验证枯草芽孢杆菌ZENL09分泌的胞外酶对ZEN的降解作用,发现处理组的ZEN降解率显著低于未处理组,进而说明ZEN的降解是由于酶的作用。
图4显示了不同培养条件对枯草芽孢杆菌23830脱除ZEN的影响。如图4A所示,枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的脱除率随着发酵时间的延长而提高。在12 h基本就可以实现50.97%的ZEN脱除率,而后随着发酵时间的延长,ZEN脱除率保持稳定。培养温度通过影响菌株的生存状态,从而影响其对ZEN的脱除效果。在20 ℃时,ZEN脱除率较低(21.51%)。随着温度的升高,在37 ℃时ZEN脱除率达到最大为51.76%,之后随着温度的进一步升高,ZEN脱除率呈现下降的趋势(图4B)。如图4C所示,枯草芽孢杆菌23830在pH为4.0的环境中完全丧失活性。随着pH从5.0到7.0的升高,枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的脱除率逐步提升,并在pH为7.0时达到最大为53.03%。此后在偏碱性的培养环境中,枯草芽孢杆菌23830对ZEN的脱除能力出现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05)。菌株接种量也是影响ZEN脱除率的重要因素。如图4D所示,枯草芽孢杆菌23830的接种浓度在1%~10%范围时,对ZEN脱除率的影响不显著,说明该体系下菌株浓度已趋于饱和。在菌株接种量为2%时,ZEN脱除率达到最大为55.07%。考虑到实际应用的可行性和经济性,选择2%作为最优接种量。
总体来看,枯草芽孢杆菌23830脱除ZEN的最佳条件为:菌液添加量2%(1×107 CFU/mL),发酵温度37 ℃,发酵时间12 h,pH为7.0。在此条件下进行三次平行实验,结果显示ZEN的脱除率可达60.47%±2.18%,具有进一步研究的价值。
菌株转化ZEN前后的EIC和质谱图如图5所示。图5b显示ZEN在6.20 min出峰,负离子模式下形成了响应值较高的去质子化离子m/z=317.1384[M-H]–(图5e)。同时从EIC图可以观察到,ZEN在阴性对照组中没有检测到,虽然在试验组检测到,但相比于阳性对照组,经过菌株发酵后的试验组ZEN分子峰面积显著降低,说明菌株对ZEN的转化较为完全。图5c为试验组总离子色谱图317.1384 m/z处的离子色谱峰,出峰时间为6.20 min;图5d为试验组总离子色谱图397.1074 m/z处的离子色谱峰,出峰时间为5.53 min,但是阴性对照和阳性对照在397.1074 m/z处均没有出现离子色谱峰。因此试验组5.53 min处为阴性对照和阳性对照的差异峰(图5d),其m/z=397.1074[M-H]–(图5f),与ZEN的m/z之差为80。从二级质谱图显示的碎片离子来看(图5g),m/z=273.1436[M-H]–、m/z=175.0378[M-H]–和m/z=131.0513[M-H]–分别与Yang等[25]报道的ZEN碎片离子C17H21O3–、C10H7O3–和C9H7O–一致,说明该产物的结构与ZEN相关。酚羟基是硫酸盐偶联的良好底物[26],ZEN有两个酚羟基分别位于C-14和C-16,但由于内酯基团的影响,C-14处的酚羟基比C-16处的酚羟基更容易与硫酸盐结合,因此推测转化产物主要为已报道的玉米赤霉烯酮-14-硫酸盐(ZEN-14-Sulf,C18H22O8S)[27]。尽管ZEN-14-Sulf显示出一定的雌激素活性,但与ZEN相比,ZEN-14-Sulf的C-14处酚羟基结合位点被阻断,导致雌激素活性显著降低[28]。另一方面,由于形成的产物亲水性增加,硫酸盐偶联产生的转化产物相较于原物质而言毒性较小[29]。综上所述,该产物是一种由菌株作用所转化产生的低毒性物质,初步判定该菌株对ZEN的转化途径较为安全,有投入后续研究及应用的价值。
HepG2细胞是一种人肝癌细胞,是常用来解释ZEN具有细胞毒性的细胞系之一[30]。如图6所示,总体趋势显示菌株发酵液处理后的转化产物组细胞存活率显著高于ZEN处理组(P<0.05)。并且可以看出随着ZEN浓度的增加,其细胞存活率下降,ZEN处理组在10 μg/mL时观察到仅有24.77%的细胞存活率。而菌株发酵液处理后的ZEN转化产物组最低细胞存活率都能达到72.27%。说明与ZEN相比,转化产物具有较低的体外毒性,进一步验证了ZEN-14-Sulf的毒性弱于ZEN。多项研究表明菌株发酵处理可以有效降低ZEN的毒性。Zhou等[31]从土壤中分离出的一株枯草芽孢杆菌YQ-1显著降低了ZEN对MCF-7细胞的毒性作用,有效消除了ZEN的雌激素毒性。Yang等[20]报道的一株枯草芽孢杆菌Y816可在短时间内有效转化ZEN为一种新的偶联物ZEN-P,并利用全酵母细胞生物传感器证明ZEN-P的雌激素毒性被显著降低。Xiang等[24]使用HepG2细胞评估ZEN降解产物的细胞毒性,结果显示在不同ZEN初始浓度下,降解产物组最高仅有20%的细胞毒性。说明ZEN经由菌液处理后转化为毒性较小的物质,这与本研究得出的结论一致。因此,本研究的枯草芽孢杆菌23830具备实际应用的潜力。
玉米副产物中ZEN含量如表2所示。经过菌株发酵,枯草芽孢杆菌23830对玉米浆中ZEN的脱除效果最好,脱除率可达45.44%。这可能是由于玉米浆作为液态发酵基质,更适宜于枯草芽孢杆菌23830的有氧生长,从而将菌株对ZEN的脱除效果最大化发挥。其次对玉米蛋白粉中ZEN的脱除率次高,可达30.71%。高于Wu等[32]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌ZJ-2019-1菌株对玉米蛋白粉中ZEN的脱除水平(22.01%)。在喷浆玉米皮中可达到19.22%的脱除率,在玉米胚芽粕中的脱除率最低,仅有15.67%。这些试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌23830具备在饲料中发酵脱毒的应用潜力。
本研究成功筛选出一株可转化ZEN的枯草芽孢杆菌23830,其细胞内容物为转化ZEN的主要活性来源。在最优发酵条件(菌株添加量2%,发酵温度37 ℃,发酵时间12 h,pH7.0)下,该菌株对1 μg/mL ZEN的脱除率可达60.47%±2.18%。质谱分析揭示转化产物为ZEN-14-Sulf,其雌激素活性显著降低,表明转化途径安全。HepG2细胞实验进一步证实,转化产物细胞毒性显著低于ZEN,说明发酵过程实现了ZEN的减毒。此外,该菌株在玉米加工副产物中亦表现出良好的ZEN脱除效果,尤其在玉米浆中脱除率可达45.44%±2.73%,显示出实际应用脱毒的潜力。未来的研究将聚焦于转化酶及其与转化产物的关系,探讨经过菌株发酵处理的饲料中ZEN转化产物在动物体内的稳定性,并分析其对动物健康产生的影响,以期为开发高效且安全的ZEN生物解毒制剂提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010074
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
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    1江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
    2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品安全风险物质甄别与防控),江苏无锡 214122
    3江苏集萃未来食品技术研究所有限公司,江苏宜兴 214200
    4国家食品安全风险评估中心,北京 100023
    5大连民族大学生命科学学院,辽宁大连 116600

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纪剑(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品安全检测与主动防控,E-mail:。
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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