Article(id=1320889166397821414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854118202, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854118202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854118202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854118202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=137, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889166657868263, articleId=1320889166397821414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Yeast Protein on Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Emulsified Sausages with Reduced Sodium and Fat, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Emulsified sausages are widely popular due to their rich nutrition and good flavor, but they have quality issues such as high fat and sodium content, and a tendency to lose moisture easily during cooking. In the study, KCl was substituted for NaCl at sodium reduction levels of 0%, 20%, and 30%. Additionally, yeast protein was used to replace fat in emulsified sausage at ratios of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The texture, color, water distribution, sensory attributes, and volatile flavor compounds of sausages were then analyzed. Results indicated that elasticity, cohesiveness, and resilience of yeast protein emulsified sausages were highest at 10% fat substitution and no sodium reduction. Maximum hardness, chewability, and elasticity were achieved at 20% fat substitution and 20% sodium reduction. However, reducing sodium by 30% significantly decreased these texture parameters compared to the control. The water distribution results showed that under no sodium reduction and 20% sodium reduction conditions, the bound water content in yeast protein emulsified sausages was significantly higher than in the control. However, under 30% sodium reduction, free water content in yeast protein emulsified sausages was significantly higher than in the control. Electronic tongue analysis revealed that the addition of yeast protein enhanced umami and richness while reducing saltiness. In conclusion, the appropriate yeast protein substitution ratios were 10% under no sodium reduction and 20% under 20% sodium reduction. The textural and sensory qualities of yeast protein emulsified sausages with 30% sodium reduction were lower than those of the controls, suggesting a sodium substitution ratio below 30% for yeast protein emulsified sausages.

, authors=Qinghuo HUANG1, Yuanyuan WANG1, Yaling CHEN1, Haibin WANG1, 2, *, Lijuan PENG1, 2, Liuqing WANG1, 2, Wenyan LI1, Ku LI3, Xin LIU3, Yuling CAI4, Feng LING4, authorsList=Qinghuo HUANG, Yuanyuan WANG, Yaling CHEN, Haibin WANG, Lijuan PENG, Liuqing WANG, Wenyan LI, Ku LI, Xin LIU, Yuling CAI, Feng LING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haibin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889168264286710, articleId=1320889166397821414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酵母蛋白对减钠减脂乳化香肠品质和风味的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳化香肠因其营养丰富、风味良好而广受欢迎,但乳化香肠中脂肪、钠盐含量较高,且蒸煮过程中水分易流失。因此,本研究用KCl部分替代NaCl(减钠0%、20%、30%),并用酵母蛋白替代脂肪(减脂10%、20%、30%、40%)制作乳化香肠,分析其质构、色泽、水分分布、感官评价和挥发性风味物质等指标。质构分析发现,与对照组乳化香肠相比,在不减钠且减脂替代比例10%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的弹性、内聚性、回复性最大;在减钠20%且减脂替代20%时酵母蛋白乳化香肠的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性达到最大;减钠30%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性均显著低于对照组。水分分布结果发现在不减钠和减钠20%条件下,酵母蛋白乳化香肠中的结合水含量均显著高于对照组;而在减钠30%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的自由水含量均显著高于对照组。电子舌结果显示酵母蛋白的添加提升了乳化香肠的鲜味和丰度,降低了咸味。综上所述,不减钠条件下,酵母蛋白合适的减脂替代比例为10%;减钠20%条件下,酵母蛋白合适的减脂替代比例为20%;减钠30%组酵母蛋白乳化香肠的各项质构指标和感官评分均低于对照组,故建议酵母蛋白乳化香肠的减钠替代比低于30%。

, authors=黄晴豁1, 王媛媛1, 陈雅灵1, 王海滨1, 2, *, 彭利娟1, 2, 王柳清1, 2, 李雯妍1, 李库3, 刘新3, 蔡玉玲4, 凌峰4, authorsList=黄晴豁, 王媛媛, 陈雅灵, 王海滨, 彭利娟, 王柳清, 李雯妍, 李库, 刘新, 蔡玉玲, 凌峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王海滨, authorNote=

黄晴豁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王海滨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:。
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黄晴豁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:

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黄晴豁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:

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Meat Research, 2022, 36(12): 43−48., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889168482390519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168486584824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168482390519, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168494973433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168482390519, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889168557887994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168566276603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168557887994, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan 430023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168574665212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168557887994, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2农产品加工与转化湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889168650162685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168658551294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168650162685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory of Yeast Function in Hubei Province, Yichang 443003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168662745599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168650162685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889168734048768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168742437377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168734048768, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Linyi Jinluo Winray Food Co., Ltd., Linyi 276002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889168746631682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, companyId=1320889168734048768, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889172567642697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Amino acid composition of yeast protein, figureFileSmall=ItsHxRWGEyQQNrpXeHoGrA==, figureFileBig=jxQUChY3h71Fi+59+bqhmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889172659917386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酵母蛋白氨基酸组成

注:不同小写字母表示16种氨基酸含量之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ItsHxRWGEyQQNrpXeHoGrA==, figureFileBig=jxQUChY3h71Fi+59+bqhmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889174564131403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Water distribution of yeast protein emusified sausage, figureFileSmall=cLeYiSuzvG0a+In6Tg0LNw==, figureFileBig=oncr+cOQxVhjUKeby0fAhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889174652211788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠水分分布

注:YP之前的数字为减钠替代比例,YP之后的数字为减脂替代比例。A为不减钠香肠组水分分布情况,B为减钠20%香肠组水分分布情况,C为减钠30%香肠组水分分布情况。

, figureFileSmall=cLeYiSuzvG0a+In6Tg0LNw==, figureFileBig=oncr+cOQxVhjUKeby0fAhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889174996144717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microstructure of yeast protein emusified sausage, figureFileSmall=O9ZwQx3WWQKh5rzrPbA4Ig==, figureFileBig=D452TgKIIHgHZIfU0heKYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175084225102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠微观结构, figureFileSmall=O9ZwQx3WWQKh5rzrPbA4Ig==, figureFileBig=D452TgKIIHgHZIfU0heKYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175155528271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Electronic tongue analysis of yeast protein emusified sausage, figureFileSmall=5il8XuCq3BW9YdmIzjzwNw==, figureFileBig=7C1kTTRjzktyaOZMHpEfDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175214248528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图4, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠电子舌分析

注: YP之前的数字为减钠替代比例,YP之后的数字为减脂替代比例。 A为对照组和不减钠组酵母蛋白乳化香肠电子舌雷达图,B为对照组和减钠20%酵母蛋白乳化香肠电子舌雷达图,C为对照组和减钠30%酵母蛋白乳化香肠电子舌雷达图。

, figureFileSmall=5il8XuCq3BW9YdmIzjzwNw==, figureFileBig=7C1kTTRjzktyaOZMHpEfDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175402992209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sensory score of yeast protein emusified sausage, figureFileSmall=657W0HEiqUD3dFpMYLauwQ==, figureFileBig=NKLeXWDofwJUyqWJ3aMJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175478489682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图5, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠感官评分

注:YP后面的字母表示减脂替代比例。不同大写字母表示在同一减脂替代比例下,不同减钠替代比例香肠之间感官评分差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示在同一减钠比例下,不同减脂替代比例香肠之间感官评分差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=657W0HEiqUD3dFpMYLauwQ==, figureFileBig=NKLeXWDofwJUyqWJ3aMJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175616901715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=GC-IMS fingerprint of yeast protein emulsified sausage, figureFileSmall=oSEQTJcHFhIiOrm6Cg2Yow==, figureFileBig=+TmfjswOLwBVvm6e/5nEQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175692399188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图6, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠风味物质指纹图谱

注:YP之前的数字为减钠替代比例,YP之后的数字为减脂替代比例。A为对照组和不减钠组酵母蛋白乳化香肠风味指纹图谱,B为对照组和减钠20%酵母蛋白乳化香肠风味指纹图谱,C为对照组和减钠30%酵母蛋白乳化香肠风味指纹图谱。

, figureFileSmall=oSEQTJcHFhIiOrm6Cg2Yow==, figureFileBig=+TmfjswOLwBVvm6e/5nEQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175809839701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation analysis of physicochemical indicators of yeast protein emulsified sausage, figureFileSmall=mw5NC6NcV8b0ZWRFpw0eFQ==, figureFileBig=RLuYkRU6j0bun/vS6Ilo6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175881142870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=图7, caption=酵母蛋白乳化香肠理化指标相关性分析, figureFileSmall=mw5NC6NcV8b0ZWRFpw0eFQ==, figureFileBig=RLuYkRU6j0bun/vS6Ilo6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889175960834647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Recipe of emulsified sausage (100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
100 g样品A瘦肉(g)脂肪(g)水(g)替代物B(g)添加剂(g)
N-FS(对照组)65.018.015.0−2.0
R-10(替代10%)65.016.215.01.8=0.9+0.92.0
R-20(替代20%)65.014.415.03.6=1.8+1.82.0
R-30(替代30%)65.012.615.05.4=2.7+2.72.0
R-40(替代40%)65.010.815.07.2=3.6+3.62.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176044720728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

乳化香肠配方(100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
100 g样品A瘦肉(g)脂肪(g)水(g)替代物B(g)添加剂(g)
N-FS(对照组)65.018.015.0−2.0
R-10(替代10%)65.016.215.01.8=0.9+0.92.0
R-20(替代20%)65.014.415.03.6=1.8+1.82.0
R-30(替代30%)65.012.615.05.4=2.7+2.72.0
R-40(替代40%)65.010.815.07.2=3.6+3.62.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176233464409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory scoring criteria of yeast protein emulsified sausage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分标准感官评分
色泽色泽均匀红润,表面有光泽15~20
色泽一般,稍有光泽7~14
色泽不均匀,颜色浅,表明发暗0~6
组织状态切片性好,切面平整,有弹性,无密集气孔,组织较致密21~30
切片性较好,切面较平整,稍有弹性,气孔较小,组织较致密11~20
难以切片成型,切面不平整,无弹性,气孔较多,组织松散0~10
滋味肉香味浓郁饱满,咸淡适中,无异味15~20
有肉香味,稍咸或稍淡,有轻微油腻感7~14
肉香味不足,过咸或过淡,有异味0~6
整体可接受性满意21~30
一般11~20
不满意0~10
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176329933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

酵母蛋白乳化香肠感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评分标准感官评分
色泽色泽均匀红润,表面有光泽15~20
色泽一般,稍有光泽7~14
色泽不均匀,颜色浅,表明发暗0~6
组织状态切片性好,切面平整,有弹性,无密集气孔,组织较致密21~30
切片性较好,切面较平整,稍有弹性,气孔较小,组织较致密11~20
难以切片成型,切面不平整,无弹性,气孔较多,组织松散0~10
滋味肉香味浓郁饱满,咸淡适中,无异味15~20
有肉香味,稍咸或稍淡,有轻微油腻感7~14
肉香味不足,过咸或过淡,有异味0~6
整体可接受性满意21~30
一般11~20
不满意0~10
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176422208091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Texture property of yeast protein emusified sausage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标香肠组别脂肪替代比例(%)
10203040
硬度(N)不减钠37.37±1.01Bc44.99±1.55Ab45.28±1.07Ab49.76±1.26Aa
减钠20%45.55±0.44Aa46.29±1.51Aa40.72±1.04Bb40.59±1.56Bb
减钠30%32.21±0.72Cab31.43±1.51Bab33.9±1.03Ca26.08±0.27Cc
弹性不减钠0.85±0.03Aa0.81±0.02Bbc0.78±0.00Bc0.83±0.01Bab
减钠20%0.86±0.02Ab0.93±0.05Aa0.90±0.02Aab0.89±0.03Aab
减钠30%0.78±0.02Ba0.81±0.02Ba0.78±0.02Ba0.79±0.02Ca
咀嚼性(N)不减钠24.60±0.01Ab24.59±0.71Bb26.01±0.74Aa26.18±0.72Aa
减钠20%24.35±0.89Aa25.97±1.16Aa21.56±1.74Bb20.92±1.00Bb
减钠30%15.76±0.54Ba15.42±0.29Ca15.93±0.83Ca11.02±0.17Cb
内聚性不减钠0.74±0.02Aa0.68±0.03Ab0.60±0.03Ac0.63±0.01Abc
减钠20%0.63±0.03Ba0.59±0.01Bb0.49±0.00Bc0.51±0.01Cc
减钠30%0.63±0.01Ba0.60±0.00Ba0.60±0.02Aa0.54±0.02Bb
回复性不减钠0.19±0.01Aa0.16±0.01Ab0.13±0.01Ac0.14±0.01Abc
减钠20%0.16±0.01Ba0.14±0.00Bb0.14±0.01Ab0.14±0.00Ab
减钠30%0.14±0.00Ca0.13±0.01Bab0.12±0.00Bb0.12±0.02Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176493511260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酵母蛋白乳化香肠质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标香肠组别脂肪替代比例(%)
10203040
硬度(N)不减钠37.37±1.01Bc44.99±1.55Ab45.28±1.07Ab49.76±1.26Aa
减钠20%45.55±0.44Aa46.29±1.51Aa40.72±1.04Bb40.59±1.56Bb
减钠30%32.21±0.72Cab31.43±1.51Bab33.9±1.03Ca26.08±0.27Cc
弹性不减钠0.85±0.03Aa0.81±0.02Bbc0.78±0.00Bc0.83±0.01Bab
减钠20%0.86±0.02Ab0.93±0.05Aa0.90±0.02Aab0.89±0.03Aab
减钠30%0.78±0.02Ba0.81±0.02Ba0.78±0.02Ba0.79±0.02Ca
咀嚼性(N)不减钠24.60±0.01Ab24.59±0.71Bb26.01±0.74Aa26.18±0.72Aa
减钠20%24.35±0.89Aa25.97±1.16Aa21.56±1.74Bb20.92±1.00Bb
减钠30%15.76±0.54Ba15.42±0.29Ca15.93±0.83Ca11.02±0.17Cb
内聚性不减钠0.74±0.02Aa0.68±0.03Ab0.60±0.03Ac0.63±0.01Abc
减钠20%0.63±0.03Ba0.59±0.01Bb0.49±0.00Bc0.51±0.01Cc
减钠30%0.63±0.01Ba0.60±0.00Ba0.60±0.02Aa0.54±0.02Bb
回复性不减钠0.19±0.01Aa0.16±0.01Ab0.13±0.01Ac0.14±0.01Abc
减钠20%0.16±0.01Ba0.14±0.00Bb0.14±0.01Ab0.14±0.00Ab
减钠30%0.14±0.00Ca0.13±0.01Bab0.12±0.00Bb0.12±0.02Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176724197981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Corlor of yeast protein emusified sausage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标香肠组别脂肪替代比例(%)
10203040
L*不减钠90.5±0.2Aa89.4±0.4Ab89.3±0.3Ab89.5±0.1Ab
减钠20%72.3±0.3Bc74.2±0.1Bb75.3±0.5Ba75.1±0.2Ba
减钠30%69.7±0.6Cb70.0±0.3Cb71.8±0.1Ca72.0±0.3Ca
a*不减钠17.7±0.2Aa17.5±0.3Aa17.4±0.1Aa16.2±0.2Ab
减钠20%13.4±0.2Ba13.0±0.1Ba12.1±0.4Bb11.1±0.3Bc
减钠30%12.8±0.1Ca11.6±0.1Cb10.7±0.3Cc10.3±0.2Cd
b*不减钠12.9±0.1Bc15.3±0.3Ab16.4±0.1Aa16.6±0.3Aa
减钠20%12.9±0.1Bb12.8±0.2Bb14.6±0.4Ca14.9±0.2Ca
减钠30%14.3±0.5Ab15.9±0.1Aa15.6±0.2Ba16.0±0.2Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1320889176808084062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889166397821414, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酵母蛋白乳化香肠色泽

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标香肠组别脂肪替代比例(%)
10203040
L*不减钠90.5±0.2Aa89.4±0.4Ab89.3±0.3Ab89.5±0.1Ab
减钠20%72.3±0.3Bc74.2±0.1Bb75.3±0.5Ba75.1±0.2Ba
减钠30%69.7±0.6Cb70.0±0.3Cb71.8±0.1Ca72.0±0.3Ca
a*不减钠17.7±0.2Aa17.5±0.3Aa17.4±0.1Aa16.2±0.2Ab
减钠20%13.4±0.2Ba13.0±0.1Ba12.1±0.4Bb11.1±0.3Bc
减钠30%12.8±0.1Ca11.6±0.1Cb10.7±0.3Cc10.3±0.2Cd
b*不减钠12.9±0.1Bc15.3±0.3Ab16.4±0.1Aa16.6±0.3Aa
减钠20%12.9±0.1Bb12.8±0.2Bb14.6±0.4Ca14.9±0.2Ca
减钠30%14.3±0.5Ab15.9±0.1Aa15.6±0.2Ba16.0±0.2Ba
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酵母蛋白对减钠减脂乳化香肠品质和风味的影响
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黄晴豁 1 , 王媛媛 1 , 陈雅灵 1 , 王海滨 1, 2, * , 彭利娟 1, 2 , 王柳清 1, 2 , 李雯妍 1 , 李库 3 , 刘新 3 , 蔡玉玲 4 , 凌峰 4
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(5): 137-146
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (5) : 137 -146
酵母蛋白对减钠减脂乳化香肠品质和风味的影响
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黄晴豁1 , 王媛媛1, 陈雅灵1, 王海滨1, 2, * , 彭利娟1, 2, 王柳清1, 2, 李雯妍1, 李库3, 刘新3, 蔡玉玲4, 凌峰4
作者信息
  • 1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
  • 2农产品加工与转化湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430023
  • 3酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443003
  • 4临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276002
通讯作者:
王海滨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄晴豁(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:

Effects of Yeast Protein on Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Emulsified Sausages with Reduced Sodium and Fat
Qinghuo HUANG1 , Yuanyuan WANG1, Yaling CHEN1, Haibin WANG1, 2, * , Lijuan PENG1, 2, Liuqing WANG1, 2, Wenyan LI1, Ku LI3, Xin LIU3, Yuling CAI4, Feng LING4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Yeast Function in Hubei Province, Yichang 443003, China
  • 4Linyi Jinluo Winray Food Co., Ltd., Linyi 276002, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030024
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乳化香肠因其营养丰富、风味良好而广受欢迎,但乳化香肠中脂肪、钠盐含量较高,且蒸煮过程中水分易流失。因此,本研究用KCl部分替代NaCl(减钠0%、20%、30%),并用酵母蛋白替代脂肪(减脂10%、20%、30%、40%)制作乳化香肠,分析其质构、色泽、水分分布、感官评价和挥发性风味物质等指标。质构分析发现,与对照组乳化香肠相比,在不减钠且减脂替代比例10%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的弹性、内聚性、回复性最大;在减钠20%且减脂替代20%时酵母蛋白乳化香肠的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性达到最大;减钠30%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性均显著低于对照组。水分分布结果发现在不减钠和减钠20%条件下,酵母蛋白乳化香肠中的结合水含量均显著高于对照组;而在减钠30%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的自由水含量均显著高于对照组。电子舌结果显示酵母蛋白的添加提升了乳化香肠的鲜味和丰度,降低了咸味。综上所述,不减钠条件下,酵母蛋白合适的减脂替代比例为10%;减钠20%条件下,酵母蛋白合适的减脂替代比例为20%;减钠30%组酵母蛋白乳化香肠的各项质构指标和感官评分均低于对照组,故建议酵母蛋白乳化香肠的减钠替代比低于30%。

酵母蛋白  /  乳化香肠  /  减脂  /  减钠  /  品质  /  风味

Emulsified sausages are widely popular due to their rich nutrition and good flavor, but they have quality issues such as high fat and sodium content, and a tendency to lose moisture easily during cooking. In the study, KCl was substituted for NaCl at sodium reduction levels of 0%, 20%, and 30%. Additionally, yeast protein was used to replace fat in emulsified sausage at ratios of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The texture, color, water distribution, sensory attributes, and volatile flavor compounds of sausages were then analyzed. Results indicated that elasticity, cohesiveness, and resilience of yeast protein emulsified sausages were highest at 10% fat substitution and no sodium reduction. Maximum hardness, chewability, and elasticity were achieved at 20% fat substitution and 20% sodium reduction. However, reducing sodium by 30% significantly decreased these texture parameters compared to the control. The water distribution results showed that under no sodium reduction and 20% sodium reduction conditions, the bound water content in yeast protein emulsified sausages was significantly higher than in the control. However, under 30% sodium reduction, free water content in yeast protein emulsified sausages was significantly higher than in the control. Electronic tongue analysis revealed that the addition of yeast protein enhanced umami and richness while reducing saltiness. In conclusion, the appropriate yeast protein substitution ratios were 10% under no sodium reduction and 20% under 20% sodium reduction. The textural and sensory qualities of yeast protein emulsified sausages with 30% sodium reduction were lower than those of the controls, suggesting a sodium substitution ratio below 30% for yeast protein emulsified sausages.

yeast protein  /  emulsified sausage  /  reduced fat  /  reduced sodium  /  quality  /  flavor
黄晴豁, 王媛媛, 陈雅灵, 王海滨, 彭利娟, 王柳清, 李雯妍, 李库, 刘新, 蔡玉玲, 凌峰. 酵母蛋白对减钠减脂乳化香肠品质和风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030024
Qinghuo HUANG, Yuanyuan WANG, Yaling CHEN, Haibin WANG, Lijuan PENG, Liuqing WANG, Wenyan LI, Ku LI, Xin LIU, Yuling CAI, Feng LING. Effects of Yeast Protein on Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Emulsified Sausages with Reduced Sodium and Fat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030024
乳化香肠是一种以畜禽肉为主要原料,经绞碎、调味、斩拌、灌肠及蒸煮等工艺制成的肉制品,因其口感细腻、色泽光亮、便携和即食的特点,深受消费者喜爱[1]。但乳化香肠在蒸煮过程中易发生一系列物理化学变化,导致乳化香肠的水分流失,严重影响其口感和风味等品质指标[2]。此外,传统乳化香肠中钠盐和脂肪含量均较高,其中钠盐含量高达3%,脂肪含量高达35%[3−4]。《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》指出成年人每日食盐摄入量不应超过5 g,摄入过量的食盐极易引起人体内的钠离子浓度超标,进而导致高血压、冠心病等疾病的发生[5]。针对这一问题,用钾盐部分替代钠盐可有效降低猪肉香肠中的钠盐含量,并且能达到“减钠不减味”的效果[6]。大量研究表明,高脂饮食导致的肥胖可引起许多生理变化,如肠道菌群紊乱等,同时引起多种代谢疾病,包括高血压、糖尿病、肠道炎症、心血管疾病、癌症等[7]。因此,寻找既能改善香肠质构和风味又能部分替代脂肪的成分显得尤为重要。在此背景下,替代蛋白(如植物蛋白、昆虫蛋白和微生物蛋白)逐渐成为研究热点。这些蛋白不仅能够缓解粮食安全压力、满足日益增长的蛋白质需求,还能促进膳食结构多样化,为开发更健康、更可持续的优质蛋白产品提供了新思路。
酵母蛋白作为一种富含多种营养物质的功能性成分,不仅富含人体必需氨基酸、谷氨酸(赋予鲜味),而且无过敏原,适合广泛人群食用;其体外消化率高达81%,易于人体吸收,在肉制品中的应用引起了研究者的兴趣[8]。有研究表明,用酵母蛋白替代10%~50%的脂肪可以显著提升乳化香肠的质构和品质[9]。酵母蛋白具有良好的热稳定性和保水特性,为其在乳化香肠中的应用提供了理论依据[10]。然而,关于酵母蛋白对乳化香肠感官品质和风味物质的具体影响,目前的研究仍不充分,对于在“减脂减钠”营养健康型乳化香肠中的应用研究鲜见报道。
因此,本研究用KCl部分替代NaCl(替代比例为0%,20%,30%),同时选择酵母蛋白(Yeast Protein,YP)与水的等比混合物(酵母蛋白:水=1:1)作为脂肪替代物(替代比例为10%,20%,30%,40%),添加到乳化香肠中,系统探讨减钠和减脂替代对酵母蛋白乳化香肠品质的影响。具体而言,通过测定不同减钠和减脂比例酵母蛋白乳化香肠的各项品质指标,优化香肠脂肪替代比例和钠盐替代比例,并评估酵母蛋白对乳化香肠质构、风味及感官特性的影响。此外,本研究还分析了减钠替代和减脂替代对香肠乳化体系稳定性的影响,为酵母蛋白替代脂肪和KCl替代NaCl在乳化香肠中的实际应用提供科学依据。
酵母蛋白(F80) 湖北省酵母功能重点实验室;猪后腿肉、食盐、姜粉、白胡椒粉 中百仓储超市;食品用氯化钾、三聚磷酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、亚硝酸钠 武汉市汇泽佰奥生物科技发展有限公司;戊二醛、无水乙醇、乙酸异戊酯 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
TA-XT plus质构分析仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;JZ-300色差计 深圳市金准仪器设备有限公司;NMI20-040V-I核磁共振成像分析仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;TS-5000Z味觉分析系统(电子舌) 日本Insent公司;SEM 5000X生物扫描电镜 国仪量子股份有限公司;Flavour Spec®气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用仪(GC-IMS) 德国G.A.S.公司。
水分含量参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》测定[11]。灰分含量参照GB 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》测定[12]。脂肪含量参照GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》测定[13]。蛋白质含量参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》测定[14]。氨基酸含量参照GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》测定[15]。
酵母蛋白乳化香肠的制作参考Guo等[9]方法,选取冷鲜猪后腿肉,分离瘦肉和肥膘,去除结缔组织并清洗干净,擦干表面的水分后,将猪肉切成合适大小,放入斩拌机中斩拌30 s。按表1所示的原料配比,将调味料和酵母蛋白溶液(酵母蛋白:水=1:1)分三次加入斩拌机中,每次加入配料后斩拌25 s,然后停止运行,散热休息25 s。将斩拌好的肉馅匀速灌入塑料肠衣中,打卡机封口后放入水浴锅中,80 ℃加热煮制30 min,冷却至室温后,对各组香肠取样检测,以不减脂不减钠的香肠作为对照组。组别含义如下:YP代表酵母蛋白,YP之前的数字代表减钠替代比例(无数字代表不减钠),YP之后的数字代表减脂替代比例,如20YP10代表减钠20%且减脂10%的酵母蛋白乳化香肠,以此类推。
参考冯美琴等[16]的方法进行测定,将在4 ℃冷藏的香肠恢复至室温,剥去肠衣,将香肠切成高1.0 cm的圆柱体,应用剖面分析法(TPA)进行测定。每批样品选取3个平行样品测定其硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性与回复性。测定参数:测前速度2.0 mm/s,测试速度1.0 mm/s,测后速度1.0 mm/s,压缩比40%,二次受压时间间隔5.0 s,探头类型P-36R,负载质量5 g,数据收集率200 pps/s,测试温度25 ℃,样品距探头距离10 mm。
使用手动色差仪测定香肠的颜色,结果以L*、a*和b*表示。使用厚度均匀、表面光滑的1 cm切片,将色差仪的镜头完全覆盖在样品上,中间没有光隙,共测定三次香肠的L*、a*和b*值(L*代表亮度,a*代表红度,b*代表黄度)。
香肠内部水分状态分布参考宋小叶等[17]的方法进行测定。将香肠样品切成厚度为1 cm的圆柱状,用滤纸擦干表面水分后置于干燥的核磁共振专用试管内,将试管放置于磁场内射频线圈的中心位置,用CPMG脉冲序列扫描对香肠的自旋横向弛豫时间进行测定,核磁共振参数设为:τ值为800 μs,质子共振频率为20 MHz,测定温度为32 ℃,采样频率为200 kHz,累积自动扫描次数为8。
取外观完整的香肠样品,取厚约3 mm的小块,使用戊二醛固定24 h后用磷酸盐缓冲液(0.01 mol/L,pH7.0)漂洗,随后依次用体积分数30%、50%、70%、90%的乙醇溶液和无水乙醇梯度脱水,随后分别用无水乙醇:乙酸异戊酯(体积比=1:1)溶液和乙酸异戊酯溶液置换样品中残留的乙醇。样品液氮速冻并干燥后使用生物扫描电子显微镜观察香肠肉糜凝胶的微观结构,放大倍数为100倍。
电子舌味觉特征分析参考王子凌等[18]的方法略有调整。将乳化香肠用绞肉机搅碎成肉糜,称取两份10.0 g肉糜,放入两个100 mL离心管中,分别加入50 mL去离子水,用均质机8000 r/min均质1 min,充分搅拌均匀后,在50 ℃水浴锅中水浴加热20 min,然后在5000 r/min离心10 min,每种样品取约80 mL上清液进行电子舌分析。使用TS-5000Z味觉分析系统,每个样品数据采集进行4次,第1组数据舍去。样品的检测参数为:传感器每秒采集一个数据,采集时间为120 s。
参考Guo等[9]的方法,评委小组由经过挑选、培训和监督的研究生(10名)组成,对每位评估小组成员进行专业的味觉经验训练,气味经验训练和标量使用训练。将乳化香肠冷却到室温,并随机发送给每个评估者。依据表2中的评分要求,所有的评委从色泽、组织状态、滋味和整体可接受性对每种乳化香肠进行评估并打分。每次评估前后均要求用清水漱口。
参考Yao等[19]的方法,用FlavourSpec气相离子迁移谱联用仪(GC-IMS)对样品香肠的挥发性风味成分进行测定。准确称取4.0 g样品放入20 mL顶空瓶中,将自动进样器的参数设置为:顶空瓶孵化温度65 ℃,孵化时间15 min,孵化速度500 r/min,进样针温度85 ℃,进样体积500 μL,每个样品设置3个平行重复实验。气相色谱相关参数为:色谱柱FS-SE-54-CB-1(15 m×0.53 mm),色谱柱温度:40 ℃,载气:N2,IMS温度45 ℃(漂移管温度45 ℃,流速150 mL/min)。运行时间:30 min,载气起始流速2 mL/min,保持2 min,2~10 min增至10 mL/min,10~20 min增至100 mL/min,20~30 min增至150 mL/min。
使用SPSS(IBM® SPSS® Statistics)对实验结果进行显著性分析,采用Duncan法进行多重比较,其中P<0.05为差异显著。使用Origin 2021(OriginLab Corporation, MA, USA)软件作图并处理。
经过分析,酵母蛋白粉末样品中蛋白质含量为79.60 g/100 g,脂肪含量为4.37 g/100 g,水分和灰分含量各为3.69 g/100 g和4.10 g/100 g。这说明酵母蛋白粉的纯度较高,是合适的蛋白补充剂。如图1所示,酵母蛋白富含多种人体必需氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高,显著高于其它种类氨基酸的含量(P<0.05),蛋氨酸含量为最低。谷氨酸作为鲜味前体物质,在食品中起着赋予鲜味和提升整体风味层次的重要作用[20],因此,高含量的谷氨酸可增强酵母蛋白在复合调味料、发酵食品和功能性食品中的应用前景。相比之下,蛋氨酸的低含量可能限制蛋白的营养完整性,但可以通过合理配比其他蛋白源(如动物蛋白)来弥补其必需氨基酸的不足,从而实现营养和风味的双重优化[21]。
由表3可知,在不减钠的情况下,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例的增加,乳化香肠的硬度、咀嚼性逐步升高,减脂替代比例为10%时,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的弹性、内聚性、回复性最大。这可能是由于酵母蛋白与水的等比混合物作为脂肪替代物时,其均匀的网络结构在斩拌过程中增强了香肠基质的物理强度,从而提高了产品的硬度和咀嚼性[22]。在减钠20%时,香肠硬度、咀嚼性和弹性随着减脂替代比例的增加先增大再减小,减脂替代20%的时候达到最大。这可能是因为在减脂替代10%~20%时,酵母蛋白替代脂肪含量较少,斩拌时蛋白分子交联形成致密网状结构,包裹肉糜颗粒和油脂组分,提升了香肠整体硬度。但在减脂替代比进一步增大时,减钠和减脂的双重作用影响了脂肪与肌原纤维蛋白质之间的相互作用,导致香肠的内部网络结构孔隙增多,从而降低了香肠硬度。在减钠30%的条件下,香肠的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性和回复性均低于对照组。这可能是因为钠盐在肌原纤维蛋白网络的形成过程中起到关键作用[23],在钾盐替代30%钠盐、酵母蛋白替代脂肪的情况下,香肠组织体系中蛋白质网络结构改变较大,进而影响了香肠整体的质构特性。综上所述,在不减钠时,酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例增加使乳化香肠硬度和咀嚼性升高,替代10%脂肪时弹性、内聚性和回复性最大。减钠20%时,硬度、咀嚼性和弹性先增后减,替代20%脂肪时最大;减钠30%时,各项质构指标低于对照组。
由表4可知,在不减钠的情况下,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例的增加,香肠的L*值、a*值呈逐渐下降趋势,b*值呈逐渐上升趋势。这可能是因为酵母蛋白粉本身呈现浅棕色,在香肠制作的过程中,蛋白粉与肉糜均匀混合,酵母蛋白的添加逐渐影响了香肠的整体颜色。具体来说,酵母蛋白中的天然色素和微量成分可能会导致香肠表面颜色的变化[24],进而导致香肠亮度(L*)和红度(a*)减小,黄度(b*)增大。在减钠20%和30%时,酵母蛋白减脂香肠的L*值和a*值均小于同等减脂替代比例下的不减钠组。这可能是因为钾盐替代钠盐对香肠颜色的影响,研究表明钾盐替代钠盐影响了蛋白-水分相互作用,从而间接对香肠色泽产生影响[25]。氯化钠在水中的溶解度较高,能够较好地溶解和分布,促进了蛋白-水分相互作用,使香肠的组织结构较为致密,从而维持了较高的亮度。而氯化钾替代氯化钠导致香肠在微观结构上发生变化,从而影响色泽的反射与散射特性,减少了香肠的亮度值和红度值。在减钠20%和30%时,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例的增加,黄度(b*)值呈逐渐上升趋势,该结果与不减钠组类似,这说明酵母蛋白替代脂肪对香肠黄度(b*)值的影响有一定规律性。综上,在不减钠时,酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例增加使香肠亮度(L*)和红度(a*)降低、黄度(b*)升高;减钠20%和30%时,香肠亮度(L*)和红度(a*)小于不减钠组,而黄度(b*)仍随酵母蛋白替代比例增加而上升。
由图2A和图2B可知,在不减钠和减钠20%条件下,随着酵母蛋白的替代脂肪比例增加,香肠中的结合水含量逐渐升高。减钠20%时,随着脂肪替代比升高,酵母蛋白乳化香肠中自由水含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,这可能是因为在脂肪替代比为10%时,酵母蛋白添加量较少,与酵母蛋白粉混合添加的水分导致体系中自由水含量升高;替代比进一步提高时,酵母蛋白添加量增大,可结合的水分更多,从而导致自由水含量的降低。由图2C可知,在减钠30%的情况下,随减脂替代比的增大,香肠的自由水含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),研究表明NaCl通过促进肌原纤维蛋白的水合作用,从而提高肉制品的保水性[26],减钠替代30%香肠组中NaCl含量下降,香肠孔隙增多(图3),蒸煮过程水分进入孔隙,导致自由水含量升高。减钠30%组香肠中结合水含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在减脂替代30%时结合水含量最高。这可能是由于在减脂替代比较低时,酵母蛋白能够结合部分水分,但当减脂替代比过大时,脂肪含量的减少导致体系中油相的缺失过大,以至于添加酵母蛋白无法弥补这一空缺,同时减钠替代也导致体系结合水能力变弱,从而导致结合水含量降低[27]。综上,在不减钠和减钠20%的条件下,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例的增加,香肠中的结合水含量上升;在减钠30%时,结合水含量随脂肪替代比例增加先升高后降低,自由水含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
由图3可知,不减钠的情况下,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例的增加,肉糜凝胶微观结构逐渐紧密,孔隙减少。这表明酵母蛋白能够有效增强肉糜凝胶的网络结构,改善香肠的质地和稳定性。该结果与Guo等[9]研究类似,酵母蛋白替代25%~50%的脂肪可以有效改善香肠的凝胶结构。减钠20%的情况下,减脂替代10%~30%时凝胶结构较紧密,但减脂40%时,香肠凝胶孔隙增大。减钠30%的情况下,减脂替代10%~40%的香肠表面孔隙相较于不减钠均有增大,这可能与离子环境的变化较大有关。研究表明用钾盐替代钠盐可能改变环境中的离子强度,影响肌原纤维蛋白质表面的电荷分布,进而影响蛋白凝胶的形态结构和稳定性[28]。
由图4A可知,相较于对照组而言,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的鲜味值和丰度值升高,咸味值和涩味值降低,酸味值升高,苦味略有下降、苦味回味变化不大,这可能是由于酵母蛋白中含有丰富的谷氨酸(图1),谷氨酸是重要的鲜味前体物质,可以提升食品的鲜味和丰度。由图4B可知,减钠20%组的酵母蛋白乳化香肠相较于对照组而言鲜味和丰度升高,苦味和涩味也有提升,苦味和涩味的提高可能是由于KCl含量的升高,甘潇等[29]的研究发现KCl影响肉制品味道变化的根本原因是其本身的苦涩味和金属味。由图4C可知,减钠30%组的酵母蛋白乳化香肠相较于对照组而言鲜味和丰度升高,苦味提升,涩味低于对照组,这可能是由于KCl替代比例升高,导致苦味进一步增强。由图4A可知,不减钠组的咸味值较对照组有大幅减少,YP40的咸味值达到最低,这可能是因为酵母蛋白与水等比混合替代脂肪后,水添加比例的增大导致香肠咸味降低;由图4B和图4C可知,减钠20%组和减钠30%组的咸味降低幅度不大,说明适量KCl替代可以弥补减钠带来的咸味损失,达到“减钠不减味”的效果[30]。综上,相较于对照组,不减钠组的鲜味和丰度增加、咸味和涩味减少,酸味增加,苦味略有下降;相较于对照组,减钠组的鲜味、丰度、苦味都有所上升。
根据图5的结果可知,在不减钠和减钠20%的情况下,酵母蛋白乳化香肠的感官评分随减脂比例增加呈现先升高再降低的趋势,其中不减钠时,减脂10%的香肠感官评分最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);减钠20%时,减脂20%的香肠感官评分最高。这说明减脂比例在10%~20%时对香肠感官评分有提升作用,进一步升高减脂比例会导致香肠感官评分降低。这可能是因为酵母蛋白替代10%~20%的脂肪时,香肠的油腻感会减轻,且酵母蛋白能改善香肠的质构,使香肠的硬度和咀嚼性提高(表3),同时酵母蛋白中谷氨酸能够提升香肠的鲜味(图4B),从而使整体感官评分升高。但当替代比超过30%时,蛋白的添加无法弥补脂肪的减少带来的负面影响,导致香肠硬度和弹性降低(表3),从而导致感官评分的降低。在减钠30%时,除YP20组外,所有减脂比例的酵母蛋白乳化香肠感官评分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),说明减钠30%对香肠感官评价有不利影响。这可能是因为随着减钠比例增大,酵母蛋白对肉糜组织结构形成的促进作用无法抵消减脂和减钠带来的负面影响,导致香肠的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性等相较于对照组有显著下降(P<0.05),且钾盐替代钠盐会导致香肠苦味升高(图4C),从而导致感官评分降低。
由图6A可知,对于不减钠组酵母蛋白乳化香肠,气相离子迁移谱共鉴定出32种挥发性风味物质,其中酯类物质9种,醛类物质7种,烃类物质6种,酮类物质5种,醇类物质3种,醚类2种。观察指纹图谱可发现,相较于对照组,酵母蛋白乳化香肠中的芳樟醇、2-丁酮、乙二醇单丁醚和二甘醇二甲醚明显增多;YP10和YP20中的异丁酸甲酯、邻二甲苯、戊醛、3-戊烯-2-酮相较于对照组而言明显增多;YP30和YP40中的庚醛、月桂烯明显增多。2-丁酮对肉类的风味有很大的影响,它能使肉制品具有黄油味[31]。庚醛具有脂香味、腌肉味和烤香味,对风味的形成具有一定作用[32]。该结果与Song等[33]研究结果相似,酵母蛋白添加量的增加对肉类类似物整体风味的提升有帮助。
由图6B可知,对于减钠20%组酵母蛋白乳化香肠,气相离子迁移谱共鉴定出34种挥发性风味物质,其中酯类物质11种,醛类物质8种,烃类物质6种,醇类物质4种,酮类物质5种。相较于不减钠组,减钠20%组中酯类、醛类和醇类物质均增多,说明减钠20%有利于挥发性风味物质的增加,而且从指纹图谱上可以看出,随着减脂替代比例的增大,乙酸丁酯、丙酸丙酯、己醛、3-己酮、乙酸庚酯、异戊酸乙酯、α-松油烯、α-萜品醇、2-己醇、萜品烯、2-丁酮、L-香芹烯、癸醛等带有香味的挥发性风味物质呈现富集的趋势,这说明减钠20%时,酵母蛋白添加量增加有利于香气类挥发性风味物质的增加。这可能是由于蛋白质是重要的风味前体物质,随着香肠中酵母蛋白含量升高,香肠的香气类风味物质增多[34]。
由图6C可知,对于减钠30%组酵母蛋白乳化香肠,气相离子迁移谱共鉴定出36种挥发性风味物质,其中酯类物质6种,醛类物质4种,烃类物质4种,醇类物质7种,酮类物质6种,其它物质9种。相较于不减钠组和减钠20%组,减钠30%组酵母蛋白乳化香肠中酯类物质种类减少,醇类物质增多。这可能是由于减盐30%组香肠的自由水含量升高(图2C),导致脂质水解反应增强,产生更多的游离脂肪酸和醇类[35]。
综合电子舌、感官评价与挥发性风味物质分析发现:不减钠时,酵母蛋白使香肠鲜味和丰度增加,咸味和涩味降低,酸味略有上升,挥发性风味物质如芳樟醇、2-丁酮等增多,减脂10%~20%时感官评分较高。减钠20%时,鲜味、丰度上升,但KCl的添加导致苦味增加。挥发性风味物质中香气类物质富集,减脂10%~20%感官评分依然较高。减钠30%时,风味和感官品质下降,香肠苦味增强,挥发性风味物质中酯类减少、醇类增多,感官评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,合理控制减钠减脂比例,可优化乳化香肠的风味和感官品质。
图7展示了酵母蛋白乳化香肠不同理化指标之间的相关性。图中颜色的深浅(红色为正相关,蓝色为负相关)以及星号的数量(*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01)表明了变量间的相关强度和显著性。分析显示,硬度与弹性、咀嚼性之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),亮度与红度之间呈现极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。感官评分与结合水含量及红度a*值之间呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),且与多个质构特性(咀嚼性、内聚性和回复性)呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明这些理化指标对酵母蛋白乳化香肠的感官评价有重要影响。综合各项指标来看,不减钠时酵母蛋白最适减脂替代比例为10%,减钠20%时最适减脂替代比例为20%。
本研究用KCl部分替代NaCl(减钠0%、20%、30%),并用酵母蛋白与水的等比混合物部分替代脂肪(减脂10%、20%、30%、40%)来制作减钠减脂乳化香肠。结果发现,不减钠且减脂替代10%时,香肠的弹性、内聚性和回复性最大;减钠20%且减脂替代20%时,硬度、咀嚼性和弹性达到最大;而减钠30%时,硬度、咀嚼性和弹性均低于对照组。水分分布结果显示,在不减钠和减钠20%条件下,随着酵母蛋白替代脂肪比例增加,结合水含量逐渐升高;减钠30%时,自由水含量显著高于对照组。综合电子舌和感官评价等指标,不减钠时酵母蛋白最适减脂替代比例为10%,减钠20%时最适减脂替代比例为20%。减钠30%时香肠的各项质构指标和感官评分均低于对照组,因此建议酵母蛋白乳化香肠的减钠替代比低于30%。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030024
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
    2农产品加工与转化湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430023
    3酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443003
    4临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276002

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王海滨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:畜禽肉制品加工与质量控制技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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