Article(id=1320889093555335186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854100836, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854100836, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854100835, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854100835, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=208, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889093760856084, articleId=1320889093555335186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Isolation, Purification, Structure Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Analysis of Polysaccharides from Annona squamosa L., columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the structural characteristics of water soluble polysaccharides in the pulp of Annona squamosa L. (WPAS) and their antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens, WPAS was extracted using ultrasound assisted extraction, then purified. Its structures were characterized using ion chromatography, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, Congo red assay, X-ray diffraction, Zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that WPAS was a neutral polysaccharide composed mainly of arabinose as the primary monosaccharide, with an average molecular weight of 14.99 kDa, an amorphous structure, a porous network morphology on the surface, and good stability in solution. In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that at a mass concentration of 20 mg/mL, the antibacterial zone diameters against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 20.34±0.75 mm and 10.21±1.47 mm, respectively, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 12.50 mg/mL and 17.50 mg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated using cell-membrane permeability assays and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity measurements. The results showed that WPAS disrupted bacterial cell membrane integrity and significantly inhibited ATPase activity, thereby exerting significant antibacterial effects. In summary, WPAS demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the application of Annona squamosa L. polysaccharides in food preservation and functional product development.

, authors=Yu ZHONG1, Qinghui SHAO2, Shanyu LI1, Yufeng ZENG1, Jinxia LU2, Jiawei LIANG2, Qiuxing HE1, *, authorsList=Yu ZHONG, Qinghui SHAO, Shanyu LI, Yufeng ZENG, Jinxia LU, Jiawei LIANG, Qiuxing HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuxing HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889098320064559, articleId=1320889093555335186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=番荔枝多糖分离纯化、结构表征及抑菌活性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究番荔枝果肉多糖的结构特性及其对食源性致病菌的抑菌作用,采用超声辅助提取并分离纯化得到番荔枝果肉多糖(WPAS),通过离子色谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱、红外光谱、刚果红试验、X射线衍射、Zeta电位分析及扫描电镜等技术表征其结构特征。结果表明,WPAS是一种以阿拉伯糖为主要单糖组成的中性多糖,重均分子量14.99 kDa,呈无定形非晶态结构,表面具有多孔网状形貌,且其溶液具有良好的稳定性。体外抑菌实验显示,在质量浓度为20 mg/mL时,对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌抑菌圈直径分别为20.34±0.75 mm和10.21±1.47 mm,MIC值分别为12.50 mg/mL和17.50 mg/mL。通过细胞膜通透性及ATP酶活性检测评估其对枯草芽孢杆菌、绿脓杆菌的抑菌效应。结果显示,WPAS可破坏菌体细胞膜完整性及显著抑制ATP酶活性发挥抑菌效应。综上,WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌具有较好的抑菌能力,研究结果可为番荔枝多糖在食品防腐以及功能性产品的开发方面提供理论参考。

, authors=钟瑜1, 邵庆辉2, 李姗瑜1, 曾宇峰1, 卢金霞2, 梁嘉伟2, 何秋星1, *, authorsList=钟瑜, 邵庆辉, 李姗瑜, 曾宇峰, 卢金霞, 梁嘉伟, 何秋星, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何秋星, authorNote=

钟瑜(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然植物化妆品研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何秋星(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能化妆品的开发与评价,E-mail:。
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Tianjin: Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 2022.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889115931947206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889093555335186, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Chunyu. Degradation characteristics and regulation of cell wall polysaccharides during Annona squamosa softening process[D]. 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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(10): 1−7.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889116066164936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889093555335186, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Yanyun, PING Hua, GAO Yuan, et al. Isolation, purification, structure characterization and antibacterial activity of polysaccharides from proso millet bran[J]. 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Molar ratio of monosaccharide composition in WPAS

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样品WPAS
Ara0.892
Gal0.066
Glc0.020
Rha0.017
Xyl0.005
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WPAS单糖组成的摩尔比

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样品WPAS
Ara0.892
Gal0.066
Glc0.020
Rha0.017
Xyl0.005
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Antibacterial inhibition diameters (mm) of WPAS against four bacteria

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样品绿脓杆菌金黄葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌
30 mg/mL氯霉素18.14±1.1519.67±0.8717.83±0.3628.56±0.28
5 mg/mL////
10 mg/mL////
20 mg/mL10.21±1.47*//20.34±0.75*
40 mg/mL13.52±0.88*//21.47±1.39*
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WPAS对四种菌的抑菌直径(mm)

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样品绿脓杆菌金黄葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌
30 mg/mL氯霉素18.14±1.1519.67±0.8717.83±0.3628.56±0.28
5 mg/mL////
10 mg/mL////
20 mg/mL10.21±1.47*//20.34±0.75*
40 mg/mL13.52±0.88*//21.47±1.39*
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Minimum inhibitory concentration of WPAS against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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供试菌WPAS的质量浓度(mg/mL)
2.55.07.510.012.515.017.520.0
枯草芽孢杆菌+++++++−−−−
绿脓杆菌++++++++++−−
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WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌的最小抑菌浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供试菌WPAS的质量浓度(mg/mL)
2.55.07.510.012.515.017.520.0
枯草芽孢杆菌+++++++−−−−
绿脓杆菌++++++++++−−
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番荔枝多糖分离纯化、结构表征及抑菌活性分析
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钟瑜 1 , 邵庆辉 2 , 李姗瑜 1 , 曾宇峰 1 , 卢金霞 2 , 梁嘉伟 2 , 何秋星 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(5): 208-216
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (5) : 208 -216
番荔枝多糖分离纯化、结构表征及抑菌活性分析
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钟瑜1 , 邵庆辉2, 李姗瑜1, 曾宇峰1, 卢金霞2, 梁嘉伟2, 何秋星1, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学医药化工学院,广东中山 528405
  • 2中山市天图精细化工有限公司,广东中山 528445
通讯作者:
何秋星(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能化妆品的开发与评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

钟瑜(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然植物化妆品研究与开发,E-mail:

Isolation, Purification, Structure Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Analysis of Polysaccharides from Annona squamosa L.
Yu ZHONG1 , Qinghui SHAO2, Shanyu LI1, Yufeng ZENG1, Jinxia LU2, Jiawei LIANG2, Qiuxing HE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528405, China
  • 2Zhongshan Tiantu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528445, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030187
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为探究番荔枝果肉多糖的结构特性及其对食源性致病菌的抑菌作用,采用超声辅助提取并分离纯化得到番荔枝果肉多糖(WPAS),通过离子色谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱、红外光谱、刚果红试验、X射线衍射、Zeta电位分析及扫描电镜等技术表征其结构特征。结果表明,WPAS是一种以阿拉伯糖为主要单糖组成的中性多糖,重均分子量14.99 kDa,呈无定形非晶态结构,表面具有多孔网状形貌,且其溶液具有良好的稳定性。体外抑菌实验显示,在质量浓度为20 mg/mL时,对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌抑菌圈直径分别为20.34±0.75 mm和10.21±1.47 mm,MIC值分别为12.50 mg/mL和17.50 mg/mL。通过细胞膜通透性及ATP酶活性检测评估其对枯草芽孢杆菌、绿脓杆菌的抑菌效应。结果显示,WPAS可破坏菌体细胞膜完整性及显著抑制ATP酶活性发挥抑菌效应。综上,WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌具有较好的抑菌能力,研究结果可为番荔枝多糖在食品防腐以及功能性产品的开发方面提供理论参考。

番荔枝  /  多糖  /  分离纯化  /  结构表征  /  抑菌活性

To investigate the structural characteristics of water soluble polysaccharides in the pulp of Annona squamosa L. (WPAS) and their antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens, WPAS was extracted using ultrasound assisted extraction, then purified. Its structures were characterized using ion chromatography, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, Congo red assay, X-ray diffraction, Zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that WPAS was a neutral polysaccharide composed mainly of arabinose as the primary monosaccharide, with an average molecular weight of 14.99 kDa, an amorphous structure, a porous network morphology on the surface, and good stability in solution. In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that at a mass concentration of 20 mg/mL, the antibacterial zone diameters against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 20.34±0.75 mm and 10.21±1.47 mm, respectively, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 12.50 mg/mL and 17.50 mg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated using cell-membrane permeability assays and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity measurements. The results showed that WPAS disrupted bacterial cell membrane integrity and significantly inhibited ATPase activity, thereby exerting significant antibacterial effects. In summary, WPAS demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the application of Annona squamosa L. polysaccharides in food preservation and functional product development.

Annona squamosa L.  /  polysaccharide  /  separation and purification  /  structural characterization  /  bacteriostatic activity
钟瑜, 邵庆辉, 李姗瑜, 曾宇峰, 卢金霞, 梁嘉伟, 何秋星. 番荔枝多糖分离纯化、结构表征及抑菌活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 208 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030187
Yu ZHONG, Qinghui SHAO, Shanyu LI, Yufeng ZENG, Jinxia LU, Jiawei LIANG, Qiuxing HE. Isolation, Purification, Structure Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Analysis of Polysaccharides from Annona squamosa L.[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 208 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030187
番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.)作为典型的热带药食同源植物,其果实不仅因独特风味广受消费者青睐,更因其富含番荔枝内酯、黄酮类、生物碱类及多糖等生物活性成分而备受关注[1−2]。营养学分析表明,其果肉中糖含量可达19.16%~25.29%,显著高于草莓和梨,且含有16种氨基酸及镁、铁、锌等必需微量元素[3−4]。然而,该果实采后呼吸强度剧增导致货架期仅2~3 d,加之果皮机械损伤敏感性,制约其商业化深加工进程[5]。多糖是由十个以上单糖通过糖苷键聚合形成的高分子化合物,是番荔枝中重要的生物活性成分之一。研究表明,其具有免疫调节[6]、降血糖[7]、抗氧化[8]、抗肿瘤[9]等多种药理作用。然而,现有研究多聚焦于番荔枝内酯类、生物碱类及多糖的抗氧化、免疫调节和抗肿瘤等传统活性方向,其多糖的抑菌活性还尚未被研究[10−12]。
近年来,随着消费者对化学合成防腐剂安全性的担忧加剧,具有广谱抑菌活性的天然多糖逐渐成为研究热点。目前已有23种植物多糖被证实对食源性致病菌具有抑制作用,如枸杞多糖通过破坏金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜实现抑菌[13]。相较于药用植物(如黄芪、人参)和大型真菌来源多糖,果蔬多糖因兼具高生物安全性和成本效益更适于食品防腐应用。然而,现有研究多集中于柑橘[14]、苹果[15]等大宗水果,对热带特色水果多糖的抑菌机制研究不足,特别是多糖分子量分布、单糖组成等结构特征与抑菌活性的构效关系亟待阐明[16−17]。
本研究以番荔枝果肉多糖为研究对象,采用超声辅助热水浸提法提取多糖,并进行分离纯化,分析多糖单糖组成、分子量及结构特征,体外抑菌活性菌株主要针对食源性疾病防控需求,选取金黄色葡萄球菌(革兰氏阳性菌)、大肠杆菌(革兰氏阴性菌)、枯草芽孢杆菌(芽孢形成菌)及绿脓杆菌(生物膜强菌)构建差异化菌株模型,其致病机制覆盖毒素分泌、生物膜形成等主要食源感染途径[18−19];探究其活性与结构的构效关系,为番荔枝加工产品及植物源防腐剂的开发与利用提供参考。
番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.) 购于海南鲜汇果业,产自海南海口,选择成熟且外表无损伤的番荔枝,保存于15 ℃冰箱中;枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis、绿脓杆菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa、金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 医药化工实验室−80 ℃密封保存;ATP酶试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;岩藻糖(L-Fucose,L-Fuc)、鼠李糖(L-Rhamnose,L-Rha)、阿拉伯糖(L-Arabinose,L-Ara)、半乳糖(D-Galactose,D-Gal)、葡萄糖(D-Glucose,D-Glc)、木糖(D-Xylose,D-Xyl)、甘露糖(D-Mannose,D-Man)、果糖(D-Fructose,D-Fru)、核糖(D-Ribose,D-Rib)、半乳糖醛酸(D-Galacturonic acid,D-GalA)、葡萄糖醛酸(D-Glucuronic acid,D-GlcA) 分析纯,博睿糖生物技术有限公司。
RE 52-99旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;D-37520离心机、Varioskan LUX酶标仪、ICS5000离子色谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;JGL-10G冷冻干燥机 北京四环科技开发有限公司;UV2600紫外可见分光光度计、IRAFLINITY-1S傅里叶红外光谱仪、LC-10A高效液相色谱仪 岛津(上海)实验器材有限公司;G300扫描电子显微镜 卡尔蔡司(上海)管理有限公司;D8 advance X射线衍射仪 德国Burker科技有限公司;Nano-ZS90纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司。
参考刘芬等[20]的方法稍作修改,选取成熟完好的番荔枝果实,去除表皮及种子,组织破碎后通过20目筛网制备均质浆体。采用分步提取法,按料液比1:15(g/mL)加入纯化水,经超声辅助搅拌20 min后于100 ℃进行3 h回流提取,在4000 r/min离心20 min分离得初提液。滤渣经15倍纯化水分别再次提取两次,合并上清液浓缩至上清液体积的五分之一,加入5倍体积分数为95%乙醇溶液于4 ℃静置12 h后,4000 r/min离心20 min收集沉淀物,得到番荔枝粗多糖。
根据文献方法[21],将粗多糖与纯化水按重量比1:2混合后,加入Sevag试剂(氯仿:正丁醇=5:1)进行脱蛋白,不断摇晃15 min。在8000 r/min,离心20 min,重复至无蛋白絮状物。水相旋蒸除有机溶剂,加入质量分数15%过氧化氢溶液(添加量为溶液体积20%)于40 ℃恒温振荡脱色4 h,所得溶液经浓缩处理后置入截留分子量3500 Da的透析袋,双蒸水透析32 h后进行冷冻干燥。并进一步采用DEAE-52纤维素(Diethylaminoethyl-52 Cellulose,DEAE-52)柱进行分级纯化:将预处理层析柱平衡后,将30 mg多糖溶于1 mL双蒸水中(0.45 μm滤膜过滤),洗脱剂为蒸馏水、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mol/L的氯化钠溶液,流速为1 mL/min下,10 mL/管收集洗脱液,使用苯酚-硫酸法测总糖的流出[22],根据峰形特征合并主峰对应洗脱组分,经透析脱盐、浓缩及冻干后,得到的番荔枝果肉水溶性多糖(Water soluble polysaccharides in the pulp of Annona squamosa L.,WPAS)。
紫外光谱分析参照张帅[23]的方法进行;单糖组成测定根据欧云付等[24]的方法,将冻干样品溶于2 mL 3 mol/L三氟乙酸,80 ℃下水解2 h后用氮气吹干,加入5 mL水混匀,取50 µL样品,加入950 µL蒸馏水,11000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液进行离子色谱分析。离子色谱条件为:Dionex CarbopacTM PA20色谱柱和电化学检测器,流动相:A:H2O;B:15 mmol/L NaOH;C:NaOH-NaAc混合液(15 mmol/L NaOH 和100 mmol/L NaOAc);洗脱梯度:0~30 min由100%C线性变至50%A和50%C;30.1 min切换到30%B并维持至46 min;流速0.3 mL/min,进样量25 µL,柱温30 ℃。
参照CHANG等[25]方法稍作修改。色谱系统配备BRT105-103-101(8×300 mm)凝胶柱及示差折光检测器,流动相为0.5 mol/L NaCl,流速0.7 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,进样量100 μL。将葡聚糖标准品(5、10、20、50、100、200、400、800 Da)和样品分别溶解于1 mL流动相中,配制成5 mg/mL溶液,超声处理15 min后11000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样。根据标准品保留时间绘制校准曲线:lgMp=−0.1188x+9.1895,R2=0.9953;lgMw=−0.1179x+9.1556,R2=0.9947;lgMn=−0.1185x+9.1642,R2=0.9960;根据标准品曲线,计算出样品的分子量大小。
红外测定根据朱和权[26]的方法,取1 mg多糖与100 mg KBr研磨压片,在4000~400 cm−1进行红外光谱扫描。
采用X射线衍射仪在室温条件下测定5°~90°(2θ)范围内样品的晶体结构,Cu-Kα辐射,电压为40 kV,电流40 mA,速率10°/min,步长0.02°。
根据唐婷[27]的方法,将1 mL多糖溶液(1 mg/mL)与刚果红溶液(80 μmol/L)等体积混合,刚果红可与具有三螺旋结构的多糖通过疏水作用形成特异性复合物,导致其最大吸收波长发生红移。每管加入1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,使氢氧化钠终质量浓度分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mol/L,混合振荡均匀后室温静置25 min。随着碱浓度升高,三螺旋结构逐渐解旋使刚果红脱离结合位点,导致吸收波长发生规律性蓝移。于400~600 nm波长内进行波谱扫描,确定体系最大吸收波长(Maximum absorption wavelength,λmax)为纵坐标,再分别以各混合体系的NaOH终质量浓度为横坐标绘制曲线。
根据文献方法[28],研究WPAS溶液的电位变化。配制1 mg/mL的WPAS水溶液,并通过HCl和NaOH溶液调节其pH至2、4、6、8和10,在室温下利用Zate电位分析仪测定pH对WPAS溶液电位的影响。此外,制备1 mg/mL的WPAS溶液,分别添加NaCl、CaCl2、MgCl2、KCl和FeCl3,使最终混合溶液中Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和Fe3+的离子浓度达到1 mmol/L,并使用Zate电位分析仪在室温下分析不同离子对WPAS溶液电位的影响。
将取适量的多糖样品分散到导电胶上,在20 kV的加速电压下,并在不同的放大倍数(2000倍和20000倍)下,观察其形态特征,拍摄特征形态图片。
参照JAHANGIRIAN等[29]的方法稍作修改,将冷冻菌株(枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌)分别接种于灭菌营养琼脂斜面培养基中,于36 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h完成初步活化。在无菌条件下,挑取2~3环活化菌苔转接至灭菌营养琼脂斜面培养基中,于36 ℃恒温培养箱中二次活化15 h。随后使用无菌生理盐水冲洗斜面菌苔,收集菌体并调节菌悬液浓度至1×108 CFU/mL。将菌悬液与冷却至45~50 ℃的营养琼脂培养基按1:10体积比混合后倾注平皿中,凝固后以无菌打孔器制备直径6 mm孔穴,每孔加入80 μL不同质量浓度(5、10、20、40 mg/mL)的多糖溶液,并分别加入阳性对照(30 mg/mL氯霉素溶液)及阴性对照(无菌水)。37 ℃恒温培养24 h后,采用游标卡尺测定抑菌圈直径(mm)。
根据文献方法[30]测定WPAS对受试菌的最小抑菌浓度。在96孔板中分别加入质量浓度为20.0、17.5、15.0、12.5、10.0、7.5、5.0、2.5 mg/mL的WPAS(100 μL),再等体积加入菌悬液(菌量约1×108 CFU/mL)与培养基混合,总体积为300 μL。将96孔板置于36 ℃培养箱中培养24 h后,通过酶标仪检测OD600值和肉眼观测受试微生物的生长情况,以无菌落形成的最低样品质量浓度判定MIC值。
采用电导率法评估多糖对细菌细胞膜通透性的影响。将处于对数生长期的枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌经离心收集后,用0.01 mo1/L磷酸缓冲盐溶液洗涤三次并重悬。取10 mL菌悬液分别加入1 mL浓度梯度为2MIC、MIC、0.5MIC的多糖溶液及等体积无菌水(空白对照),混合后立即采集0 min初始样本,随后按30 min间隔持续取样至180 min。各时间点收集5 mL混合液,2000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液稀释10倍,采用电导率仪检测溶液电导值,相对电导率反映细胞膜渗透性变化[31]。计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{n}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{E}}_{1}-{\mathrm{E}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{E}}_{2}-{\mathrm{E}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:n表示相对电导率,%;E0表示未被样品处理时的电导率,μS/cm;E1表示样品处理0~180 min时的电导率,μS/cm;E2表示样品处理180 min后经煮沸冷却后的电导率,μS/cm。
采用ATP酶活性检测试剂盒评估多糖对细菌能量代谢的影响,参照1.2.4.3节方法制备枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌菌悬液。分别向菌悬液中添加质量浓度为MIC的多糖溶液处理5 h,2000 r/min离心10 min后收集菌体经0.01 mol/L 磷酸缓冲盐溶液洗涤三次并重悬,8000 r/min离心10 min获取上清液,经10倍稀释后参照试剂盒测定ATP酶活性[32],以无菌水处理组作为空白对照。
实验均重复3次,数据用Excel 2021进行整理,采用DPS软件进行差异显著性分析,图片绘制使用GraphPad Prism 8、Origin 9.0等软件。
粗多糖通过DEAE-52柱层析分离后,在0.2 mol/L NaCl梯度洗脱条件下,获得一主要组分(WPAS)如图1所示。收集该组分经透析及冷冻干燥处理后,以苯酚-硫酸法测定其总糖含量,采用葡萄糖为标准绘制吸光度-浓度曲线(y=0.0078x+0.1405,R2=0.9911),结果表明WPAS总糖含量为85.26%±0.69%。与文献[33]报道的番荔枝果实多糖总糖含量(51.54%±1.30%)相比,此次分离纯化后的总糖含量更高。
WPAS 紫外光谱(图2)在260 nm和280 nm 处未见明显吸收峰,表明不含核酸和蛋白质。离子色谱分析结果显示(图3为混合单糖标准,图4为WPAS样品),WPAS由Ara、Gal、Glc、Rha和Xyl五种单糖组成,摩尔比为0.892:0.066:0.020:0.017:0.005(表1),以Ara和Gal为主,属于中性多糖。与屠文松[34]报道的番荔枝多糖(Rha:Ara:Gal:Glc:Man=3.79:58.08:4.75:1.34:1.00)相比,本次研究发现了Xyl的存在,这一差异可能与实验材料或分析方法的不同有关。
分子量是多糖的关键特征之一,较高的分子量通常导致溶解性下降和溶液黏度增加,从而限制其生物利用度和活性发挥[35];如图5所示,WPAS在35 min左右开始出峰,表明其分子量相对较小。根据葡聚糖标准曲线计算,WPAS的重均分子量(Weight average molecular weight,Mw)为14.99 kDa,峰值分子量(Peak molecular weight,Mp)为14.85 kDa,数均分子量(Number average molecular weight,Mn)为14.42 kDa。CHEN等[36]研究发现,分子质量较小的方竹笋渣多糖展现出最佳的抗氧化活性。说明较低的分子量使多糖分子内部的氢键作用较弱,提供了更多的游离氨基和羟基,这有助于其生物活性的发挥[37]。
WPAS红外光谱图如图6所示,在3440和2941 cm−1处出现的吸收峰分别归因于O-H伸缩振动和C-H伸缩振动[38];1624、1411和1346 cm−1处的吸收峰分别与C=O、C-H及C-O的特征振动相关;1097和1028 cm−1处的吸收峰指示糖环中的C-O-H和C-O-C键振动,作为吡喃环的特征性吸收峰,表明该多糖分子至少含有一个吡喃糖环[39];位于840 cm−1处的吸收峰为α型吡喃醛糖环的特征,而910 cm−1附近的吸收峰则对应β型吡喃醛糖的特征[34]。由上可知,WPAS是一种含α和β型糖苷键结构的吡喃糖。
通过X-射线衍射技术对WPAS的晶体学特性进行表征,其衍射图谱如图7所示。实验结果显示,WPAS在2θ角21°附近呈现宽化弥散衍射峰,未检测到尖锐的晶体特征峰,这表明该多糖体系中不存在长程有序的晶体结构,其主要以无定形态形式存在。此非晶特征可能由多糖链间较弱的氢键和范德华相互作用所致,无法形成稳定的晶体排列[40]。
刚果红与多糖的结合导致了λmax的红移,因此可以确定多糖样品是否具有三螺旋结构[41]。实验结果如图8所示,随着氢氧化钠溶液浓度的梯度增加,WPAS-刚果红复合体系的λmax呈现持续下降趋势,且其变化轨迹与阴性对照组(水相体系)相似,表明WPAS无三螺旋构象特征。这一结果与谷爽爽[42]关于番荔枝果渣多糖的研究存在差异,可能源于原料基质差异、提取工艺的影响。
Zeta电位反映分散体系的表面电荷及静电排斥力,其绝对值越大,体系越稳定[43]。如图9所示,WPAS溶液的Zeta电位随pH改变呈现显著规律性变化:在酸性环境(pH2)下,Zeta电位为−5.81 mV,较低绝对值表明此时表面电荷密度不足,粒子间静电斥力不足以克服范德华引力,体系处于动力学不稳定状态;当pH升至4时,Zeta电位为−33.86 mV,这归因于多糖分子羧基等官能团的去质子化作用显著提升了表面电荷密度,促使静电排斥力成为主导相互作用,从而形成稳定的分散体系;在pH6~10范围内,Zeta电位绝对值始终高于10 mV,表明体系仍保持较好的稳定性,但随着碱度增加,羟基解离程度增强可能引起分子链构象改变,导致静电屏蔽效应与空间位阻效应的协同作用发生变化[44]。进一步探究金属离子对WPAS溶液稳定性的影响见图10,结果显示:与空白对照组(Zeta电位绝对值为36.03 mV)相比,二价(Ca2+、Mg2+)及高价态(Fe3+)金属离子明显降低Zeta电位绝对值,其中Fe3+作用最强。此现象符合Schulze-Hardy规则,即高价态阳离子通过压缩双电层产生电荷屏蔽效应,削弱静电排斥力并促进分子间疏水缔合,导致体系稳定性下降。Na+的引入使Zeta电位绝对值增大(37.13 mV),可能因特异性吸附增强表面电荷。上述研究结果提示,WPAS在生理pH及低离子强度条件下具有优异的分散稳定性。
扫描电子显微镜结果如图11,WPAS在2000×放大倍数下呈现无定形特征,其表面形貌主要表现为粗糙的碎片状结构,并伴有层片状形态不规则分布。当放大倍数提升至20000×时,可观察到表面形成独特的网状多孔结构。其特征性孔隙的形成机制可能与提取工艺和冷冻干燥工艺相关。刘春宇[45]的研究显示,番荔枝细胞壁多糖的表面形貌表现为丝状物且附着有紧蹙的球状物。多糖的表面形貌受原料来源、提取工艺、分离纯化方法及干燥方式等因素共同影响,如超声辅助提取过程中产生的强剪切力会导致多糖表面呈现粗糙多孔状结构[46]。
抑菌圈直径是评估抑菌效果的一种直观指标。根据图12和表2的结果,WPAS在质量浓度为20 mg/mL和40 mg/mL时,对绿脓杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均表现出明显的抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径均超过10 mm,分别为10.21、13.52 mm和20.34、21.47 mm,其中,WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果最为明显。在抗菌活性的评估中,最小抑菌浓度是一个关键指标,本研究通过测定最小抑菌浓度来评价WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌的抑菌能力。由表3可知,WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为12.50 mg/mL,而对绿脓杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为17.50 mg/mL。
细胞膜完整性受损可引发胞内K+、Na+、Cl-等电解质外渗,致使菌悬液电导率显著升高,因此电导率的变化可作为膜通透性及完整性损伤程度的重要指标[47]。如图13所示,WPAS处理显著提升了枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌悬液相对电导率,且呈现剂量-时间依赖性效应。对于枯草芽孢杆菌,处理30 min后,0.5MIC、MIC和2MIC组的相对电导率分别为1.32%、4.86%和6.42%,空白对照组为0.58%。而绿脓杆菌在相同时间下,0.5MIC、MIC和2MIC组的相对电导率分别为3.46%、4.48%和5.21%,空白对照组为2.81%。随着时间延长,实验组与对照组的相对电导率差异趋于稳定。结果表明,WPAS可破坏枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌细胞膜完整性,提升膜通透性,从而增强其抑菌作用。
为进一步探讨WPAS对细菌能量代谢的影响,检测了细胞内ATP酶活性。WPAS处理后,枯草芽孢杆菌(6.42 U/mg)和绿脓杆菌(5.65 U/mg)的ATP酶活性较对照组(10.38、9.80 U/mg)显著降低(P<0.05)。结合文献[48]推测,WPAS可能通过影响细菌膜功能并干扰能量代谢相关过程,如呼吸链或ATP合成相关酶活性,从而导致能量代谢障碍。
本研究通过超声辅助热水浸提和分离纯化获得的番荔枝果肉多糖组分WPAS,其单糖组成中阿拉伯糖占比高达89.2%,并呈现多孔片层结构和无定形结晶特征。抑菌实验结果表明,WPAS对枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌具有选择性抑菌活性(MIC分别为12.50和17.50 mg/mL)。机制分析显示,WPAS可破坏细胞膜完整性(电导率升高1.6%~4.2%)并抑制ATP酶活性(下降38%~42%),从而影响细菌生长。此外,WPAS对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的低效性,暗示其靶向性与菌种特异性膜受体、代谢途径相关,这为开发窄谱低毒抗菌剂提供了新思路。然而,本研究尚未明确WPAS中阿拉伯糖链分支度、孔径分布与抗菌活性的构效关系,且未验证其在复杂食品基质或生物膜环境中的实用性。未来需结合分子对接技术解析多糖-膜蛋白互作机制,并通过化学修饰优化其水溶性和靶向性,以拓展其在功能性包装材料和抗生物膜感染治疗中的应用潜力。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030187
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    1广东药科大学医药化工学院,广东中山 528405
    2中山市天图精细化工有限公司,广东中山 528445

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何秋星(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能化妆品的开发与评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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