Article(id=1320889075167510707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854096451, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854096451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854096451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854096451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=315, endPage=327, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889075544998068, articleId=1320889075167510707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Quality and Processing Suitability of 'Huang Taiping' Crabapples during Different Storage Periods, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study evaluated the processing suitability of crabapple by investigating the correlation of changes in physiological and nutritional quality of 'Huang Taiping' with different storage period upon the quality indicator examined using a combination of analytical methods, including ion chromatography (IC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Notable storage-related changes included significant color darkening and textural deterioration. Organic acid content decreased markedly, especially malic acid, which declined by 44.56%. Sugar levels exhibited divergent trends: sorbitol and sucrose decreased substantially by 28.53% and 67.93%, respectively, whereas fructose and glucose levels remained relatively stable. Total phenolic content followed a biphasic trend, peaking at 25 days with a 17.15% increase compared with fresh fruit, followed by a gradual decline. Antioxidant capacity increased concurrently with elevated polyphenol oxidase activity. Changes in pectin structure were also observed, including reduced yield and linearity of Na2CO3-soluble pectin (NSP), along with increased molecular weights of both NSP and CDTA-soluble pectin (CSP). FTIR analysis revealed significant branching alterations in the structures of water-soluble pectin (WSP) and NSP. Principal component analysis identified distinct quality clusters across storage period, with color parameters closely associated with phenolic compounds, sugars, organic acids, and pectin properties and structures. Firmness variations showed strong correlated with malic acid and CSP levels. Based on these dynamic storage characteristics of crabapple, processing recommendations were staged as follows: juice/jam production was optimal during the initial phase (0~2 days), preserved/fermented products were suitable for the mid-term phase (2~18 days), while fruit puree and functional extracts were recommended after 18 days of storage. These findings offer essential biochemical insights for improving raw material selection in the crabapple processing industry.

, authors=Ying XU1, Wenyue WANG1, Xuan LI1, Yueying SU2, Jinfeng BI1, *, authorsList=Ying XU, Wenyue WANG, Xuan LI, Yueying SU, Jinfeng BI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinfeng BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889083199602887, articleId=1320889075167510707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同贮藏时间‘黄太平’沙果品质评价及加工适宜性研究, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以不同贮藏时间的‘黄太平’沙果为研究对象,利用离子色谱、高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱等技术分析不同贮藏时间沙果感官理化和营养品质的变化,建立各指标改变与品质特性变化的关联,评估沙果的加工适宜性。研究发现沙果在贮藏期间色泽明显变暗,硬度降低。有机酸含量减少,其中苹果酸含量降幅最大,达44.56%。山梨糖醇和蔗糖含量分别下降28.53%和67.93%,果糖和葡萄糖含量无显著变化。总酚含量呈先升后降趋势,25 d时达3.41 mg GAE/g,较鲜果上升了17.15%。此外,抗氧化能力及多酚氧化酶活性持续增强。果胶组分中碱溶性果胶(NSP)得率和线性度下降,NSP与螯合性果胶(CSP)分子量增加,水溶性果胶(WSP)和NSP的支链化程度变化显著。主成分分析结果表明不同贮藏时间沙果感官理化和营养品质具有显著差异,果实色泽与总酚、可溶性糖、有机酸含量及果胶性质和结构密切相关,果实硬度与有机酸及果胶含量密切相关。基于沙果贮藏特性动态变化规律,前期(0~2 d)优先开发果汁/果酱,中期(2~18 d)适宜加工果脯/发酵制品,末期(18 d后)可加工果泥/功能提取物。本研究结果为沙果加工原料的品质选择提供了重要参考。

, authors=徐莹1, 王文月1, 李旋1, 苏月莹2, 毕金峰1, *, authorsList=徐莹, 王文月, 李旋, 苏月莹, 毕金峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=毕金峰, authorNote=

徐莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:沙果加工品质形成和调控机理,E-mail:

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毕金峰(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工制造与营养健康理论技术,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Engineering, 2023, 351: 111516., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889102917026144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAO Yanyan, SHEN Yixiao, JIANG Hongzhou, et al. Structural characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of three pectin polysaccharides from blueberry[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 262: 129707., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889102975746401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=古佩娴, 刘声鹏, 黄超, 等. 猕猴桃软化过程中细胞壁修饰酶活性与果胶理化特性[J]. 食品科学, 2023, 44(21): 230−238. [GU Peixian, LIU Shengpeng, HUANG Chao, et al. Variations in cell wall-modifying enzyme activities and physicochemical properties of pectin in kiwifruit during postharvest softening[J]. Food Science, 2023, 44(21): 230−238.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889103068021090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU Peixian, LIU Shengpeng, HUANG Chao, et al. Variations in cell wall-modifying enzyme activities and physicochemical properties of pectin in kiwifruit during postharvest softening[J]. Food Science, 2023, 44(21): 230−238., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889103151907171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李志文, 集贤, 闫师杰, 等. ‘巨峰’葡萄果实采后质地劣变机理研究[J]. 中外葡萄与葡萄酒, 2024(5): 38−44. [LI Zhiwen, JI Xian, YAN Shijie, et al. Study on mechanism of post-harvest texture deterioration of 'Kyoho' grapes[J]. Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine, 2024(5): 38−44.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889103219016036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Zhiwen, JI Xian, YAN Shijie, et al. Study on mechanism of post-harvest texture deterioration of 'Kyoho' grapes[J]. Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine, 2024(5): 38−44., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889103294513509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yaling, HE Huan, HOU Yuanyuan, et al. Salicylic acid treatment delays apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit softening by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall degradation[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2022, 300: 111061., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889103378399590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Wenjun, CHEN Meiyan, ZHAO Tingting, et al. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of polygalacturonase gene family in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) during fruit softening[J]. Plants, 2020, 9(3): 327., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889083954577609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889084235595978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, companyId=1320889083954577609, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889084243984587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, companyId=1320889083954577609, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889084327870669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889084336259278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, companyId=1320889084327870669, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality and Safety Center of Hinggan League, Ulanhot 137400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889084344647887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, companyId=1320889084327870669, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2兴安盟农畜产品质量安全中心,内蒙古乌兰浩特 137400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889088861913332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Appearance, cross section and longitudinal section (A), color changes of pericarp (B) and pulp (C) of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=6xGaxTpqt7x6S3oAyuSRYw==, figureFileBig=QbG44OdWinRipSBPaisRrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889088941605109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果表观、横切、纵切图(A)以及果皮(B)、果肉(C)色泽变化

注:不同小写字母表示不同贮藏时间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图6、图8同。

, figureFileSmall=6xGaxTpqt7x6S3oAyuSRYw==, figureFileBig=QbG44OdWinRipSBPaisRrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089142931702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of titratable acid and organic acid content of crabapples in different storages, figureFileSmall=KopqraNvlUP85SM3809f9A==, figureFileBig=tYqQdLYVE0ymSQEwDPbtfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089222623479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果可滴定酸及有机酸含量变化

注:A:可滴定酸;B:莽草酸;C:草酸;D:酒石酸;E:柠檬酸;F:苹果酸。

, figureFileSmall=KopqraNvlUP85SM3809f9A==, figureFileBig=tYqQdLYVE0ymSQEwDPbtfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089306509560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of the soluble sugar content of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=StOese8QH9RJzofjefWV/A==, figureFileBig=7va6j4WjW0FMZJjeSEBChg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089377812729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果可溶性糖含量变化

注:A:果糖;B:葡萄糖;C:蔗糖;D:山梨糖醇。

, figureFileSmall=StOese8QH9RJzofjefWV/A==, figureFileBig=7va6j4WjW0FMZJjeSEBChg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089449115898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=VsD+iCLFnE0yZKMCgdd24Q==, figureFileBig=sBjPUJHyeVimMpXcBM6fgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089528807675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果总酚含量及抗氧化能力变化

注:A:总酚含量;B:DPPH自由基清除能力;C:铁离子还原能力。

, figureFileSmall=VsD+iCLFnE0yZKMCgdd24Q==, figureFileBig=sBjPUJHyeVimMpXcBM6fgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089616888060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in PPO enzyme activity of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=ZdLyRururxkXbNCy5nrEdw==, figureFileBig=D9ygub8WfjhIe9OBS1oRPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089688191229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果PPO酶活变化, figureFileSmall=ZdLyRururxkXbNCy5nrEdw==, figureFileBig=D9ygub8WfjhIe9OBS1oRPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089767883006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of pectin yield of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=X0I+Yz0egGuO0vvq5ApOeQ==, figureFileBig=jWNUJcgRKB3AkIqOwKt1QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089843380479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果果胶得率变化, figureFileSmall=X0I+Yz0egGuO0vvq5ApOeQ==, figureFileBig=jWNUJcgRKB3AkIqOwKt1QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889089910489344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of the pectin structure of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=bh8yh55CMusPM3Rzs+d91w==, figureFileBig=yK1NqRATgNZgYqsqEGjqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889090116010241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果果胶结构变化

注:(A)WSP;(B)NSP;(C)CSP。

, figureFileSmall=bh8yh55CMusPM3Rzs+d91w==, figureFileBig=yK1NqRATgNZgYqsqEGjqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889090199896322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes of PG enzyme activity of crabapples in different storage times, figureFileSmall=toPjZwDwNpDJG9jPd/cLuA==, figureFileBig=a/H7Q087f4fxPQxWAUK8RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889090279588099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同贮藏时间沙果多聚半乳糖醛酸酶酶活变化, figureFileSmall=toPjZwDwNpDJG9jPd/cLuA==, figureFileBig=a/H7Q087f4fxPQxWAUK8RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889091932143878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Principal component analysis of crabapples, figureFileSmall=JKM6Gkkwm3oP3zhfRSyXyA==, figureFileBig=Ouh3QMW+CrXWUhzZyS1hkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889092032807175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=图9, caption=沙果主成分分析

注:(A)理化营养特性得分图;(B)理化营养特性载荷图;(C)果胶性质得分图;(D)果胶性质载荷图。

, figureFileSmall=JKM6Gkkwm3oP3zhfRSyXyA==, figureFileBig=Ouh3QMW+CrXWUhzZyS1hkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889092221550858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standard curve for chromatographic analysis of organic acid content in crabapple

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸标准曲线拟合度R2
草酸y=9298.8x−3557.90.9997
酒石酸y=1015.2x−994.310.9999
莽草酸y=3996.8x−353210.9991
柠檬酸y=1E+06x−7550.70.9997
苹果酸y=575937x+109010.9996
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092318019851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙果果实有机酸含量色谱分析标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸标准曲线拟合度R2
草酸y=9298.8x−3557.90.9997
酒石酸y=1015.2x−994.310.9999
莽草酸y=3996.8x−353210.9991
柠檬酸y=1E+06x−7550.70.9997
苹果酸y=575937x+109010.9996
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092410294540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curve for chromatographic analysis of soluble content in crabapple

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可溶性糖标准曲线拟合度R2
葡萄糖y=1.3160x0.9978
蔗糖y=0.6473x0.9999
果糖y=0.7002x0.9999
山梨糖醇y=1.1741x0.9996
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092485792014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙果果实可溶性糖含量色谱分析标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可溶性糖标准曲线拟合度R2
葡萄糖y=1.3160x0.9978
蔗糖y=0.6473x0.9999
果糖y=0.7002x0.9999
山梨糖醇y=1.1741x0.9996
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092640981263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Standard curve for chromatographic analysis of neutral sugar content in pectin of crabapple

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中性糖标准曲线拟合度R2
岩藻糖y=1.7325x0.9999
鼠李糖y=1.4793x0.9999
阿拉伯糖y=1.7991x0.9999
半乳糖y=1.6986x0.9999
葡萄糖y=1.9405x0.9998
木糖y=2.2038x0.9999
半乳糖醛酸y=0.5104x0.9999
葡萄糖醛酸y=0.9042x0.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092712284432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沙果果实果胶中性糖含量色谱分析标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中性糖标准曲线拟合度R2
岩藻糖y=1.7325x0.9999
鼠李糖y=1.4793x0.9999
阿拉伯糖y=1.7991x0.9999
半乳糖y=1.6986x0.9999
葡萄糖y=1.9405x0.9998
木糖y=2.2038x0.9999
半乳糖醛酸y=0.5104x0.9999
葡萄糖醛酸y=0.9042x0.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092791976210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes of the texture of crabapples in different storage times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)硬度(g)黏附性(g)回复性(%)内聚性弹性(%)胶着性咀嚼性
01725.57±56.99a−1.87±0.40a23.01±2.73a0.45±0.03a64.56±2.09a784.69±74.40a509.74±65.61a
21669.64±113.24a−1.46±0.13a21.95±1.46a0.45±0.06a62.07±0.69a784.16±88.77a490.58±74.61a
41523.91±176.83ab−2.13±0.35a22.75±2.20a0.48±0.03a62.42±3.91a745.40±126.14a472.35±96.86a
111208.97±53.52b−1.54±0.07a21.40±3.41a0.49±0.08a62.84±3.88a679.29±43.15a467.32±32.51a
181229.77±95.35b−1.23±0.08a27.09±1.49a0.54±0.01a68.83±1.18a669.79±54.24a462.28±44.54a
251249.58±152.88b−1.25±0.45a26.49±0.93a0.54±0.02a68.46±0.51a674.66±69.47a461.85±47.43a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092863279379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同贮藏时间沙果质构变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)硬度(g)黏附性(g)回复性(%)内聚性弹性(%)胶着性咀嚼性
01725.57±56.99a−1.87±0.40a23.01±2.73a0.45±0.03a64.56±2.09a784.69±74.40a509.74±65.61a
21669.64±113.24a−1.46±0.13a21.95±1.46a0.45±0.06a62.07±0.69a784.16±88.77a490.58±74.61a
41523.91±176.83ab−2.13±0.35a22.75±2.20a0.48±0.03a62.42±3.91a745.40±126.14a472.35±96.86a
111208.97±53.52b−1.54±0.07a21.40±3.41a0.49±0.08a62.84±3.88a679.29±43.15a467.32±32.51a
181229.77±95.35b−1.23±0.08a27.09±1.49a0.54±0.01a68.83±1.18a669.79±54.24a462.28±44.54a
251249.58±152.88b−1.25±0.45a26.49±0.93a0.54±0.02a68.46±0.51a674.66±69.47a461.85±47.43a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889092934582548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Changes of pectin properties of crabapples in different storage times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标WSPCSPNSP
0 d11 d25 d0 d11 d25 d0 d11 d25 d
Mw(×104 g/mol)15.05±0.35b19.45±0.05a15.85±0.75b19.05±0.45c23.40±0.60b26.90±0.30a13.50±1.50b18.55±2.25b27.30±1.2a
Mn(×104 g/mol)8.01±0.22b10.45±0.25a8.3±0.43b13.75±0.85b18.35±0.35a20.05±0.15a6.55±0.56b6.86±0.74b10.20±0.51a
PDI=Mw/Mn1.89±0.01a1.87±0.04a1.91±0.01a1.39±0.05a1.27±0.01a1.35±0.02a2.09±0.41a2.70±0.04a2.69±0.01a
岩藻糖(mg/g)0.86±0.18a0.23±0.09b0.61±0.27a0.17±0.02a0.11±0.01b0.12±0.00ab0.75±0.04a0.80±0.06a0.98±0.05a
鼠李糖(mg/g)9.63±0.05a3.39±0.06c7.48±0.11b2.03±0.22a1.33±0.12b1.47±0.11b10.93±0.45b12.59±0.4ab14.68±1.02a
阿拉伯糖(mg/g)77.85±0.13a41.10±0.78b78.07±1.22a13.06±1.96a8.50±0.01b8.93±0.71b38.54±3.16b54.74±7.36a54.58±1.87a
半乳糖(mg/g)29.11±0.01b26.46±0.35b34.01±0.33a4.72±0.70a4.38±0.00a3.86±0.31a21.24±1.51b51.61±6.88a40.91±1.60a
葡萄糖(mg/g)12.90±0.00b13.59±0.10a11.75±0.04b0.94±0.07b1.28±0.19a0.79±0.02b2.09±0.31a2.66±0.61a2.08±0.26a
木糖(mg/g)8.09±0.01a3.83±0.05b6.36±0.08a0.64±0.29a0.28±0.04a0.34±0.04a4.51±0.42a5.37±0.93a6.04±0.20a
半乳糖醛酸(mg/g)165.59±0.28c178.52±1.47b205.47±1.13a38.98±0.35a28.25±4.13b27.94±0.88b59.36±4.81a54.99±11.05a59.74±14.13a
葡萄糖醛酸(mg/g)1.42±0.02a1.15±0.01b1.19±0.01b0.14±0.00a0.08±0.01b0.08±0.01b0.37±0.04a0.41±0.05a0.62±0.08a
Ratio11.32±0.00a2.53±0.44a1.80±0.67a1.93±0.28a1.93±0.27a1.90±0.08a0.78±0.01a0.43±0.03b0.51±0.10b
Ratio20.06±0.00a0.02±0.00b0.04±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.05±0.00a0.05±0.00a0.18±0.01b0.24±0.04ab0.26±0.04a
Ratio311.18±0.79c20.26±0.83a15.03±0.17b8.74±0.34a9.79±0.89a8.70±0.04a5.46±0.20b8.41±0.81a6.52±0.22ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320889093022662933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889075167510707, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同贮藏时间沙果果胶性质变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标WSPCSPNSP
0 d11 d25 d0 d11 d25 d0 d11 d25 d
Mw(×104 g/mol)15.05±0.35b19.45±0.05a15.85±0.75b19.05±0.45c23.40±0.60b26.90±0.30a13.50±1.50b18.55±2.25b27.30±1.2a
Mn(×104 g/mol)8.01±0.22b10.45±0.25a8.3±0.43b13.75±0.85b18.35±0.35a20.05±0.15a6.55±0.56b6.86±0.74b10.20±0.51a
PDI=Mw/Mn1.89±0.01a1.87±0.04a1.91±0.01a1.39±0.05a1.27±0.01a1.35±0.02a2.09±0.41a2.70±0.04a2.69±0.01a
岩藻糖(mg/g)0.86±0.18a0.23±0.09b0.61±0.27a0.17±0.02a0.11±0.01b0.12±0.00ab0.75±0.04a0.80±0.06a0.98±0.05a
鼠李糖(mg/g)9.63±0.05a3.39±0.06c7.48±0.11b2.03±0.22a1.33±0.12b1.47±0.11b10.93±0.45b12.59±0.4ab14.68±1.02a
阿拉伯糖(mg/g)77.85±0.13a41.10±0.78b78.07±1.22a13.06±1.96a8.50±0.01b8.93±0.71b38.54±3.16b54.74±7.36a54.58±1.87a
半乳糖(mg/g)29.11±0.01b26.46±0.35b34.01±0.33a4.72±0.70a4.38±0.00a3.86±0.31a21.24±1.51b51.61±6.88a40.91±1.60a
葡萄糖(mg/g)12.90±0.00b13.59±0.10a11.75±0.04b0.94±0.07b1.28±0.19a0.79±0.02b2.09±0.31a2.66±0.61a2.08±0.26a
木糖(mg/g)8.09±0.01a3.83±0.05b6.36±0.08a0.64±0.29a0.28±0.04a0.34±0.04a4.51±0.42a5.37±0.93a6.04±0.20a
半乳糖醛酸(mg/g)165.59±0.28c178.52±1.47b205.47±1.13a38.98±0.35a28.25±4.13b27.94±0.88b59.36±4.81a54.99±11.05a59.74±14.13a
葡萄糖醛酸(mg/g)1.42±0.02a1.15±0.01b1.19±0.01b0.14±0.00a0.08±0.01b0.08±0.01b0.37±0.04a0.41±0.05a0.62±0.08a
Ratio11.32±0.00a2.53±0.44a1.80±0.67a1.93±0.28a1.93±0.27a1.90±0.08a0.78±0.01a0.43±0.03b0.51±0.10b
Ratio20.06±0.00a0.02±0.00b0.04±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.05±0.00a0.05±0.00a0.18±0.01b0.24±0.04ab0.26±0.04a
Ratio311.18±0.79c20.26±0.83a15.03±0.17b8.74±0.34a9.79±0.89a8.70±0.04a5.46±0.20b8.41±0.81a6.52±0.22ab
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不同贮藏时间‘黄太平’沙果品质评价及加工适宜性研究
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徐莹 1 , 王文月 1 , 李旋 1 , 苏月莹 2 , 毕金峰 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(5): 315-327
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (5) : 315 -327
不同贮藏时间‘黄太平’沙果品质评价及加工适宜性研究
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徐莹1 , 王文月1, 李旋1, 苏月莹2, 毕金峰1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 2兴安盟农畜产品质量安全中心,内蒙古乌兰浩特 137400
通讯作者:
毕金峰(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工制造与营养健康理论技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:沙果加工品质形成和调控机理,E-mail:

Evaluation of Quality and Processing Suitability of 'Huang Taiping' Crabapples during Different Storage Periods
Ying XU1 , Wenyue WANG1, Xuan LI1, Yueying SU2, Jinfeng BI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality and Safety Center of Hinggan League, Ulanhot 137400, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030133
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本研究以不同贮藏时间的‘黄太平’沙果为研究对象,利用离子色谱、高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱等技术分析不同贮藏时间沙果感官理化和营养品质的变化,建立各指标改变与品质特性变化的关联,评估沙果的加工适宜性。研究发现沙果在贮藏期间色泽明显变暗,硬度降低。有机酸含量减少,其中苹果酸含量降幅最大,达44.56%。山梨糖醇和蔗糖含量分别下降28.53%和67.93%,果糖和葡萄糖含量无显著变化。总酚含量呈先升后降趋势,25 d时达3.41 mg GAE/g,较鲜果上升了17.15%。此外,抗氧化能力及多酚氧化酶活性持续增强。果胶组分中碱溶性果胶(NSP)得率和线性度下降,NSP与螯合性果胶(CSP)分子量增加,水溶性果胶(WSP)和NSP的支链化程度变化显著。主成分分析结果表明不同贮藏时间沙果感官理化和营养品质具有显著差异,果实色泽与总酚、可溶性糖、有机酸含量及果胶性质和结构密切相关,果实硬度与有机酸及果胶含量密切相关。基于沙果贮藏特性动态变化规律,前期(0~2 d)优先开发果汁/果酱,中期(2~18 d)适宜加工果脯/发酵制品,末期(18 d后)可加工果泥/功能提取物。本研究结果为沙果加工原料的品质选择提供了重要参考。

沙果  /  品质  /  果胶  /  贮藏  /  加工适宜性

This study evaluated the processing suitability of crabapple by investigating the correlation of changes in physiological and nutritional quality of 'Huang Taiping' with different storage period upon the quality indicator examined using a combination of analytical methods, including ion chromatography (IC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Notable storage-related changes included significant color darkening and textural deterioration. Organic acid content decreased markedly, especially malic acid, which declined by 44.56%. Sugar levels exhibited divergent trends: sorbitol and sucrose decreased substantially by 28.53% and 67.93%, respectively, whereas fructose and glucose levels remained relatively stable. Total phenolic content followed a biphasic trend, peaking at 25 days with a 17.15% increase compared with fresh fruit, followed by a gradual decline. Antioxidant capacity increased concurrently with elevated polyphenol oxidase activity. Changes in pectin structure were also observed, including reduced yield and linearity of Na2CO3-soluble pectin (NSP), along with increased molecular weights of both NSP and CDTA-soluble pectin (CSP). FTIR analysis revealed significant branching alterations in the structures of water-soluble pectin (WSP) and NSP. Principal component analysis identified distinct quality clusters across storage period, with color parameters closely associated with phenolic compounds, sugars, organic acids, and pectin properties and structures. Firmness variations showed strong correlated with malic acid and CSP levels. Based on these dynamic storage characteristics of crabapple, processing recommendations were staged as follows: juice/jam production was optimal during the initial phase (0~2 days), preserved/fermented products were suitable for the mid-term phase (2~18 days), while fruit puree and functional extracts were recommended after 18 days of storage. These findings offer essential biochemical insights for improving raw material selection in the crabapple processing industry.

crabapple  /  quality  /  pectin  /  storage  /  processing suitability
徐莹, 王文月, 李旋, 苏月莹, 毕金峰. 不同贮藏时间‘黄太平’沙果品质评价及加工适宜性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 315 -327 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030133
Ying XU, Wenyue WANG, Xuan LI, Yueying SU, Jinfeng BI. Evaluation of Quality and Processing Suitability of 'Huang Taiping' Crabapples during Different Storage Periods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 315 -327 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030133
沙果(Malus asiatica)又名花红果、林檎,是一种多年生的蔷薇科苹果属植物,根系强健,生长旺盛,适生范围广[1]。在我国沙果栽培历史悠久,主要分布于西北、华北以及东北地区[2]。沙果营养价值丰富,其果实含有较高含量的维生素C、酚类化合物、膳食纤维,以及镁、钙、铁等多种矿物质[3−4],其中沙果多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等多种生物活性[5−8],沙果膳食纤维能够促进肠道蠕动,对胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子具有较强的吸附能力[9−10]。沙果属于典型的呼吸跃变型果实[11],新鲜沙果采摘后一般置于4(±2)℃冷库待加工,沙果果实贮藏过程中常出现肉质沙化,硬度下降,丧失酸甜口感,果皮、果肉褐变等现象,严重影响了沙果加工工艺和产品品质。由于沙果酸涩口感,不宜鲜食,目前多用于果干、果汁等辅餐调味食品加工,而沙果产品的品质受多种因素的影响,其中,沙果加工适宜性是由其原料品质特性及其加工产品品质需求所决定的。因此,加工适宜性评价是贯穿原料特性、加工工艺和产品品质的关键,系统的加工适宜性评价有助于实现原料分级高效利用、工艺精准调控及产品质量提升,从而减少原料损耗并提高产品附加值。
研究表明,沙果贮藏期间的品质变化与乙烯的合成、水杨酸代谢密切相关,而褪黑素浸泡处理可以有效延缓沙果品质的改变[1]。此外,果实的生物活性物质和抗氧化性的改变也是贮藏过程中的重要的营养品质变化,低温低氧贮藏可以缓解沙果果实的活性物质消耗[12]。然而在低温条件下,大多数水果的呼吸作用并未完全停止,其品质与生理特性的演变依然错综复杂。Wang等[13]研究表明随贮藏时间的延长,‘富士’苹果失重率增加,可滴定酸含量降低,总酚及还原糖含量增加,抗自由基能力及抗氧化酶活性增加。王震等[14]研究表明贮藏后‘鲁丽’‘嘎啦’苹果的硬度、可溶性固形物、DPPH自由基清除率均下降,而多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性上升。然而,沙果与苹果在贮藏期间的感官特性、理化指标及营养组分动态变化具有显著差异,主要归因于二者果实质地(细胞壁结构/木质化程度)及代谢特征(糖酸比/酚类物质积累模式)的不同。针对沙果等小宗特色水果,现有研究多聚焦于采后保鲜及加工工艺,而鲜有涉及沙果贮藏期间感官理化和营养品质变化及其与加工适宜性评价关联的相关研究。
本研究系统地从感官理化和营养品质方面阐述贮藏过程中的‘黄太平’沙果果实综合品质变化规律并评估其加工适宜性,建立了贮藏时间与加工适宜性的关联。采用离子色谱、液相色谱以及傅里叶红外光谱等技术,通过果皮和果肉色泽、质构特性表征其感官理化品质;并通过糖、酸、多酚、果胶组分等特征含量变化揭示其营养品质变化。采用主成分分析法进行不同感官理化指标与果实品质特性的关联分析,以期为沙果原料在感官理化及营养品质变化及加工用原料选择方面提供一定的理论基础。
‘黄太平’沙果于2023年9月盛果期,自内蒙古兴安盟科右前旗采摘,选择新鲜,颜色体积均匀,无明显机械损伤,无虫害、成熟度一致的果实。冷链运输,4(±2)℃,70%RH条件贮藏;甲醇 色谱级,美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;莽草酸、草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸 色谱级,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;福林酚试剂 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;反式-1.2-环己二胺四乙酸(一水合物) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;多酚氧化酶(PPO)试剂盒、果胶甲酯化酶(PG)试剂盒 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司。
CM-5分光测色计 日本Konica Minolta公司;BCA224l-10CN分析天平 德国赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;DK-S26电热恒温水浴锅 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;Q-500Z超声波发生器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;UV-1800紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;ICS-3000离子色谱仪 美国DIONEX 公司;1525高效液相色谱仪器 美国Waters公司;916 Ti-touch自动电位滴定仪 瑞士万通中国有限公司;BLK-FD-1真空冷冻干燥机 江苏博莱客冷冻科技发展有限公司;DAWN EOS多角度激光散射仪 美国WyAtt公司;傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;EMUC7酶标仪 日本徕卡公司;TA.XT 2i/50物性分析仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司。
沙果原料去除破碎、变色、有明显机械损伤的果实,普通塑料袋包装,立即置于4(±2)℃、湿度70%的冷库贮藏,于0、2、4、11、18、25 d随机取沙果样品30个左右,切分为两瓣后,液氮速冻,−80 ℃冻藏待用。
参考方贵平等[15]的方法采用CM-5分光测色计对沙果的果皮和果实内部的L*、a*和b*值进行测定,以白板和黑板进行仪器校准,在白板基础上进行沙果样品色泽测定。每个样品做3次平行试验。
参照Hu等[16]的方法采用物性分析仪对沙果进行测定,参数指标为硬度、黏附性、弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性、回复性。在TPA模式下采用P/6探头进行压缩实验,测试前速率1 mm/s,测中速率1 mm/s,测后速率1 mm/s;触发力5 N,形变量为10%;每次测试后擦拭清理探头,每组每个样品平行测定3次,结果取均值作为最终测定结果,并记录数据。
参考李怡诺等[17]的方法对可滴定酸和有机酸含量进行测定。
准确称取样品2 g,加入10 mL蒸馏水,匀浆后再次加入30 mL蒸馏水,置于沸水浴中提取30 min,定容至50 mL,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,取上清作为提取液。取15 mL提取液,加入15 mL蒸馏水,用0.05 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液进行电位滴定,以pH8.1为滴定终点,记录氢氧化钠标准溶液消耗体积V。
有机酸组分定性定量通过高效液相色谱法进行,−80 ℃沙果样品取出后,粉碎,称取8 g沙果粉末,加入15 mL蒸馏水,充分混合后,600 W超声提取1 h,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,取上清液,重复三次,定容至50 mL作为提取液,提取液过膜(0.45 μm水系滤膜)备用。色谱条件:流动相:0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(pH2.5),流速:0.8 mL/min,柱温:40 ℃,进样量:10 μL。有机酸含量色谱分析标准曲线如表1所示。
参照石彩玲等[18]的方法采用高效离子色谱对可溶性糖组分进行分析。−80 ℃沙果样品取出后,粉碎,称取3 g沙果粉末,加入20 mL蒸馏水,充分混合后,600 W超声提取30 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,取上清液,定容至25 mL作为提取液,将提取液稀释200倍,过膜(0.45 μm水系滤膜)备用。色谱条件:色谱柱:分析柱:Carbo PacTMPA10 4×250 mm analytical;淋洗液:200 mmol/L NaOH;流速:1 mL/min;进样体积:10 μL;柱温:35 ℃;检测器:脉冲安培检测器,金电极。梯度洗脱条件:A相为水,B相为200 mmol/L NaOH溶液,0~25 min,91% A,9% B;25~25.1 min,20% A,80% B;25.1~35 min,20% A,80% B;35~35.1 min,91% A,9% B;35.1~45 min,91% A,9% B。可溶性糖含量色谱分析标准曲线如表2所示。
参照李文静等[19]的方法进行总酚及抗氧化能力测定。
样液制备:−80 ℃沙果样品取出后,粉碎,称取1 g沙果粉末,70%乙醇600 W超声提取30 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,取上清液,重复提取三次,合并上清,用蒸馏水定容至100 mL作为提取液,−20 ℃保存。
总酚含量利用福林酚法测定。取200 μL提取液加入800 μL蒸馏水和1 mL 10%福林酚试剂,摇匀后加入1 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液和5 mL蒸馏水,混合均匀,避光静置30 min。以没食子酸为标样制作标准曲线,测定765 nm下的吸光值。总酚含量以没食子酸当量表示(mg GAE/g)。
DPPH自由基清除能力:取2 mL提取液,加入4 mL DPPH溶液完全混合,室温避光静置30 min,于517 nm处测定吸光值。
FRAP铁离子还原能力:取0.1 mL提取液,加入6 mL FRAP工作液,充分混匀,37 ℃保温30 min,于593 nm处测定吸光值。
PPO酶活测定:参照多酚氧化酶(PPO)试剂盒说明书,测定样品的PPO酶活。称取约1 g沙果组织样本,加入经预冷的5 mL纯乙醇,冰浴匀浆,4 ℃放置10 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,弃上清,重复两次,向沉淀中加入1 mL提取液,涡旋混匀,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心5 min,取上清。在96孔板中依次加入:试剂一170 µL;试剂二50 µL;样本50 µL,混匀后于420 nm处读取A1值,5min后读取A2值,ΔA=A2−A1,将每分钟每克组织在反应体系中使420 nm处吸光值变化0.005定义为一个酶活单位(U)。
PG酶活测定:参考果胶甲酯化酶(PG)试剂盒说明书,测定样品的PG酶活。称取约1 g沙果组织样本,加入经预冷的1 mL 95%乙醇,冰浴匀浆,4 ℃放置10 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心5 min,弃上清,沉淀中加入经预冷的1 mL 80%乙醇,4 ℃放置10 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心5 min,弃上清,向沉淀中加入1 mL提取液,涡旋混匀,4 ℃放置10 min,10000 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min,取上清。测试管中依次加入样本20 µL;试剂一130 µL,对照管中加入样本20 µL;试剂二130 µL,二者置于40 ℃水浴30 min后,加入试剂三150 μL,沸水浴5 min,冰浴冷却,取200 µL于96孔板中,540 nm处测吸光值A,将40 ℃时每克样本每小时分解果胶酸产生1 mg半乳糖醛酸定义为一个酶活单位(U)。
参照Yu等[20]的方法进行果胶组分的提取和分离。
细胞壁物质制备:−80 ℃沙果样品取出后,粉碎,称取100 g沙果粉末,加入900 mL 70%乙醇,磁力搅拌1 h,抽滤,滤渣加入900 mL 70%乙醇,磁力搅拌2.5 h,抽滤,滤渣加入900 mL丙酮,磁力搅拌1 h,抽滤,滤渣40 ℃烘干过夜,得到细胞壁物质(alcohol insoluble residue,AIR)。
水溶性果胶:取1 g AIR于蒸馏水中搅拌煮沸20 min,冷却抽滤,滤液和冲洗液混合定容至250 mL即为水溶性果胶(water soluble pectin,WSP)提取液,提取液装入3.5 kD透析袋,于蒸馏水中透析72 h,一天换水3次,将透析液倒入铝盒,−80 ℃冰箱冷冻6 h,冻干得到WSP,称重,置于干燥器中存放。
螯合性果胶:WSP萃取残渣中加入0.05 mol/L环己烷-反式-1,2-二胺四乙酸溶液(含0.1 mol/L乙酸钾,pH6.5),磁力搅拌15 min,28 ℃水浴摇床振荡6 h,抽滤,滤液和冲洗液混合定容至250 mL即为螯合性果胶(CDTA soluble pectin,CSP)提取液,提取液装入3.5 kD透析袋,透析72 h(前36 h用0.1 mol/L的氯化钠溶液,后36 h用蒸馏水),将透析液倒入铝盒,−80 ℃冰箱冷冻6 h,冻干得到CSP,称重,置于干燥器中存放。
碱溶性果胶:CSP萃取残渣中加入180 mL 0.05 mol/L碳酸钠(含0.02 mol/L硼氢化钠),4 ℃恒温搅拌16 h,28 ℃水浴摇床6 h,抽滤,滤液和冲洗液混合定容至250 mL即为碱溶性果胶(Na2CO3 soluble pectin,NSP)提取液,提取液装入3.5 kD透析袋,于蒸馏水中透析72 h,一天换水3次,将透析液倒入铝盒,−80 ℃冰箱冷冻6 h,冻干得到NSP,称重,置于干燥器中存放。
基于实验过程中原料感官观察及相关指标变化,选择0、11、25 d果胶进行性质及结构测定。参照Hu等[21]的方法对果胶中性糖及结构进行测定。
采用高效离子色谱对果胶的中性糖进行分析,称取10 mg果胶加入三氟乙酸并充氮1 min后,于120 ℃水解1.5 h。氮吹至样品干燥,再加入10 mL超纯水复溶,过膜待测。色谱条件:色谱柱:分析柱:CarboPacTMPA20 3×150mm analytical;淋洗液:250 mmol/L NaOH和1 mol/L NaAC;流速:0.5 mL/min;进样体积:10 μL;柱温:35 ℃;检测器:脉冲安培检测器,金电极;梯度洗脱条件:A相为水,B相为250 mmol/L的NaOH,C为1 mol/L的NaAC,0~20 min,94% A,6% B,0% C;20~20.1 min,89% A,6% B,5% C;20.1~35 min,74% A,6% B,20% C;35~35.1 min,20% A,80% B,0% C;35.1~45 min,20% A,80% B,0% C;45~45.1 min,94% A,6% B,0% C;45.1~55 min,94% A,6% B,0% C。果胶中的中性糖,包括岩藻糖(Fuc)、鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、半乳糖(Gal)、葡萄糖(Glu)、木糖(Xyl)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)和葡萄糖醛酸(GluA)采用外标法进行定量分析。果胶中性糖含量色谱分析标准曲线如表3所示。
参照Njoroge等[22]方法采用十八角度激光散射仪对果胶的重均分子量(Mw)和数均分子量(Mn)进行测定分析。三种组分的果胶精确称取10 mg,用5 mL 0.1 mol/L氯化钠溶液溶解过夜,过膜备用。取制备的果胶样品200 μL注入TSK凝胶柱(G4000PWxl),色谱条件:流动相:0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液,流速:0.5 mL/min,进样量:100 μL。采用ASTRA 5.3.4软件对Mw、Mn和Mw/Mn值进行分析。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定果胶结构。取约1 mg果胶与100 mg KBr研磨,混匀,压片扫描测定。扫描分辨率设置为4 cm−1,累计扫描64次,扫描波数范围4000~400 cm−1。
使用SPSS 27.0软件对数据进行统计分析和因子分析,使用单因素(ANOVA)检验进行显著性和差异性检验,使用Origin 64和Excel作图。为确保结果的可靠性,所有实验均进行三次重复。
沙果果实的色泽是影响其品质的重要感官指标,同时果实大面积的褐变将影响加工产品的性状及品质。如图1(A)所示果实外观随着贮藏时间延长略微变黄,果肉没有肉眼可辨的色泽改变。如图1(B)(C)所示,沙果贮藏过程中果皮亮度(L*)有所下降,从第11 d开始与鲜果有显著差异(P<0.05)。b*值在贮藏初期有所上升,即果皮颜色变黄,这可能是由于果实贮藏过程中花青素降解和类胡萝卜素的积累导致的[23]。果肉a*、b*值无明显变化,L*值有所下降。研究表明沙果在贮藏过程中果皮、果肉均存在轻微的变暗现象可能是由于沙果果肉水分流失及发生组织褐变等因素导致的,而果肉组织褐变的主要原因是酶促褐变[24]。综上,沙果在25 d的贮藏中即发生了肉眼可辨的果皮色泽的改变,不适于鲜果销售;同时果肉发生的轻微变暗现象会直接影响果汁/果浆制品的色泽品质。
沙果的质地特性包括硬度、松散度和弹性等,与其口感紧密相关。硬度作为评价沙果质地和贮藏稳定性的关键指标,直接反映了沙果的物理结构特性,而口感则是对沙果质地特性的主观感知,间接体现质构品质特性[25−26]。随着贮藏时间的延长,沙果硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性均呈现下降趋势,回复性、内聚性、弹性呈现上升趋势(表4)。沙果果实硬度下降显著,从贮藏开始时的1725.57 g下降到25 d时的1249.58 g,下降了27.58%(P<0.05),这可能是由于沙果贮藏时内部水分流失、有机物质消耗、细胞壁降解导致支撑力降低、果实组织软化[27]所引起的。同时,胶着性、回复性、内聚性以及咀嚼性等质地指标随贮藏时间延长也呈现规律性变化,这与纤维素、果胶等大分子作用密切相关。其中,纤维素在纤维素酶(Cx)作用下发生链断裂,导致细胞壁机械支撑力下降,直接影响果实的回复性,而果胶物质则发生多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)介导的脱酯化与解聚反应,直接削弱了细胞间的粘结力,这是硬度、咀嚼性显著下降的主要原因;同时,这一过程也引发了细胞壁网络的松弛与重组,可能导致了内聚性与弹性数值的上升趋势[28−29]。基于硬度等质构品质特性的变化,贮藏中后期(贮藏2 d后)的沙果果实出现软化,原有脆硬口感丧失,多数已不适宜鲜食,同时由于硬度降低、回复性升高导致出汁效果降低不适宜制汁/浆,此外组织软化支撑力降低也不利于进一步切片及制干加工。果酱、果泥等无颗粒、形状要求的制品可作为质地改变后沙果加工的方向。
有机酸作为果实中主要的风味和营养物质,其含量适当时可保证果实有较好的口感,并提供丰富的营养价值[30]。由图2(A)可知,沙果鲜果可滴定酸含量为25.39 mmol/L,沙果贮藏过程中,可滴定酸含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,这可能与贮藏期间沙果呼吸速率的增加有关,较高的呼吸速率可能促进了果实内部有机酸等酸性物质的降解,进而导致了可滴定酸水平的下降[31]。对于有机酸组成,沙果果实中苹果酸含量最高,其次是柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸、莽草酸,苹果酸的含量变化是影响沙果果实中有机酸变化的重要因素。贮藏过程中,沙果五种有机酸含量均呈现整体下降趋势,其中酒石酸、莽草酸呈现持续下降趋势,草酸、柠檬酸以及苹果酸贮藏2 d时含量有所上升,贮藏4 d出现急剧下降,可能由于苹果酸、柠檬酸等参与细胞呼吸作用,果实出现呼吸高峰,二者降解加快,含量大幅降低[32]。沙果鲜果莽草酸、草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸含量分别为0.12、0.29、1.66、3.20、12.43 mg/g。贮藏4 d后,五种有机酸含量分别下降10.01%、14.74%、25.81%、17.39%以及24.31%,贮藏末期(25 d)五种有机酸的含量分别降低了23.23%、43.24%、37.46%、35.70%、44.56%,其中苹果酸含量下降最快。有研究表明苹果酸在植物碳水化合物代谢的调节、果实成熟和采后软化中起着关键作用[33]。因此,沙果采后贮藏2 d具有更高的有机酸含量和丰富的有机酸组成,实现酸味物质最大化保留与典型风味的精准表达,更适宜鲜食和制汁/浆加工。
沙果果实中主要的可溶性糖有葡萄糖、蔗糖以及果糖,主要的糖醇是山梨糖醇。这些糖可以相互转化并作为呼吸代谢的基质,从而影响水果的风味、品质和保质期[34−35]。沙果果实中果糖含量最高,其次是葡萄糖。由图3可知,沙果贮藏过程中蔗糖含量逐渐降低,而葡萄糖含量基本不变,果糖呈现波动趋势,山梨糖醇含量随着贮藏期的延长逐渐下降。其中从0 d到25 d蔗糖含量由18.71 mg/g降低至6.00 mg/g,降低了67.93%,山梨糖醇含量由6.17 mg/g降低至4.41 mg/g,降低了28.53%。有研究表明山梨糖醇在果实中被山梨糖醇脱氢酶催化生成果糖,而蔗糖在合成酶或转化酶的作用下迅速分解成果糖和葡萄糖。果糖、葡萄糖等单糖部分在液泡中贮藏,多数会进入代谢过程,在己糖激酶(HxK)和果糖激酶(FRK)的催化下磷酸化生成为6-磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)和6-磷酸果糖(F6P),后续参与淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素和各种细胞成分的合成以及呼吸消耗,为生理活动提供能量[36−38]。因此,沙果贮藏期间可溶性糖与糖醇的动态变化显著影响其加工品质。采后2 d内加工可保持蔗糖与山梨糖醇的功能性,11 d内利用果糖峰值优化甜味,超越该贮藏期将因糖代谢失衡导致产品品质与经济价值显著降低。
酚类物质是植物重要的次生代谢产物,与水果的成熟衰老、色泽变化以及抗氧化活性密切相关。如图4所示,随着贮藏时间的延长,沙果中总酚含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,下降速度明显低于上升速度,其中贮藏18 d时总酚含量达到峰值3.61 mg GAE/g,25 d时总酚含量为鲜果的117.15%,与富士苹果、蓝莓等变化趋势一致[39−40]。前期酚类物质的增加可能是由于乙烯的作用刺激苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性,而PAL是酚类物质生成的关键酶,促进酚类物质的产生[41]。沙果在贮藏中抗氧化能力的变化通过DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力表征。DPPH自由基清除能力整体上呈现上升趋势,贮藏11 d沙果果实的DPPH自由基清除能力由1.71 μmol/g上升至2.34 μmol/g。铁离子还原能力与DPPH自由基清除能力变化基本一致,贮藏4 d时,铁离子还原能力由12.92 μmol/g上升至21.54 μmol/g,随后没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究表明酚类物质与抗氧化潜力之间存在正相关关系,酚类物质是抗氧化能力的主要贡献者,此外果实的抗氧化水平还与类黄酮和L-抗坏血酸的合成有关[42]。沙果贮藏过程中酚类物质与抗氧化能力的动态协同变化对其加工功能特性具有关键调控作用。贮藏中期沙果总酚的阶段性富集与抗氧化协同效应,适用于功能性果汁或干燥制品的开发。
多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性关系着水果贮藏中果实的成熟衰老和组织褐变过程。如图5所示,沙果鲜果PPO活性为70.20 U/g,贮藏期间PPO活性存在波动,但整体上呈现上升趋势,在贮藏25 d时达到130.95 U/g,PPO可能会加剧酚类物质的氧化络合,导致果实发生严重褐变[43]。然而总酚含量变化情况与PPO活性变化情况存在一定差异,表明沙果果实中多酚酶促氧化是多种酶参与的氧化反应[44]。进一步说明,贮藏时间延长至2 d以上,多酚氧化酶活性升高,极易发生酶促褐变,在生产加工时应注意PPO活性的变化,采取有效措施来抑制酶促褐变的发生。
沙果果实的综合品质很大程度取决于其质地的稳定性,而果实质地与果肉细胞细胞壁物质组成含量密切相关,细胞壁物质主要成分是多糖,包括纤维素、半纤维素和果胶组分[45]。果胶天然存在于细胞壁和胞间层中,有助于增强细胞之间的粘附和细胞的机械强度。而果实软化主要与细胞初生壁和胞间层的降解和修饰有关,因此沙果贮藏过程中果胶结构变化是引起也是反映果实质地及理化营养品质变化的关键因素之一[46−47]。水溶性果胶(WSP)、螯合性果胶(CSP)、碱溶性果胶(NSP)是沙果果胶的主要组分,由图6可知,三种组分的沙果果胶得率下降,沙果鲜果三种果胶组分得率为0.79 g/1 g AIR,其中WSP得率最低,为0.11 g/1 g AIR;CSP得率最高,为0.42 g/1 g AIR;NSP为0.26 g/1 g AIR,与苹果果胶组成一致[48]。贮藏过程中NSP得率显著降低(P<0.05),在贮藏25 d时降至0.17 g/1 g AIR,WSP和CSP得率没有明显变化。
对不同贮藏期的沙果果胶的重均分子量(Mw)、数均分子量(Mn)、多分散性(PDI)及中性糖(表5)组成进行分析,在贮藏过程中CSP的Mw、Mn分别由19.05×104、13.75×104 g/mol增加至26.90×104、20.05×104 g/mol;NSP的Mw、Mn由13.50×104、6.55×104 g/mol增加至27.30×104、10.20×104 g/mol;WSP的Mw、Mn先增加后减少。PDI表示果胶分子的多分散性。三种果胶组分贮藏过程中的PDI无显著差异(P>0.05),表明三种果胶组分的分子分散性分布随着贮藏时间延长没有显著变化[46]。果胶中性糖组成和含量与果胶主链、侧链结构特性相关,沙果中三种果胶组分的中性糖组成随着贮藏时间延长发生不同程度变化。贮藏25 d时三种果胶组分总中性糖含量(岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸)最高,为568.13 mg/g。其中,WSP中性糖含量最高,其次是NSP,CSP含量最低。Ratio 1表示果胶的线性度,与同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖域(homogalacturonans,HG)有关。三种果胶组分中,WSP和CSP的线性度高于NSP,贮藏期间,NSP的线性度降低,表明其主链发生降解。Ratio 2反映了果胶中RG-I结构域的占比。NSP中Ratio 2的值高达0.18~0.26,表明NSP结构中RG-I具有较高的占比。Ratio 3代表RG-I域的分支程度,三种果胶中,WSP的支链化程度最高,WSP和NSP在贮藏过程中支链化程度发生较大的变化,这与贮藏过程中果胶组分之间的相互转化,以及其它大分子多糖与果胶组分的转化相关[49]。
不同贮藏时间沙果三种果胶组分WSP、CSP和NSP的红外光谱分别如图7所示,3400 cm−1附近的峰值被认为是半乳糖醛酸分子内或分子间-OH的伸缩振动引起的,2930 cm−1附近的峰值是由甲基C-H键不对称伸缩振动引起的,1740 cm−1和1620 cm−1处主要是游离羧基以及酯基(COO-)结构的C=O振动。1400 cm−1处主要是C-C对称伸缩振动吸收峰,与1620 cm−1处吸收峰共同构成了羧基的特征峰[50]。在0~25 d的贮藏过程中,WSP的-OH键伸缩振动峰发生蓝移,NSP的-OH键伸缩振动峰发生红移,表明贮藏过程中WSP分子间的相互作用增强,NSP分子间的相互作用减弱。在贮藏0 d的沙果WSP样品中,于2856 cm−1处观察到一个特征吸收峰,该波数处的吸收通常与长链亚甲基结构中的C-H键振动有关。此峰在后续贮藏中消失,表明相应物质结构在贮藏初期的生理代谢过程中被降解或转化[20]。
在果实贮藏过程中,多种细胞壁相关酶参与细胞壁组分及结构的改变,从而影响果实果胶组成和含量的变化进程[51]。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)主要作用于α-1,4糖苷键,产生半乳糖醛酸。针对大多数呼吸跃变型果实,PG是果实质地品质变化的关键酶[26]。如图8所示,沙果鲜果PG活性为4.08 U/g,贮藏期间PG酶活性呈现先上升后下降趋势。贮藏第11 d PG酶活性达到最大值8.87 U/g。杏[52]和猕猴桃[53]在贮藏过程中表现出相同趋势,PG催化果胶分解为小分子物质,这导致细胞壁松动和果实软化。综上,随着沙果原料贮藏时间延长果胶组分发生显著改变,果胶得率显著下降,NSP得率降低,且随着PG酶活性升高,果胶将加速降解,有助于形成适度柔韧的质地,适配果脯或果酱加工中对“软而不烂”质构的需求。此外,PG酶活性峰值的合理利用可优化细胞壁多糖的降解效率。定向选择最佳果胶状态将有助于提升沙果加工产品的流变适配性与质构稳定性。
以贮藏时间为因变量(贮藏0、2、4、11、18、25 d分别表示为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6),以沙果不同贮藏时间感官理化和营养指标为自变量,进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)。获得两个主成分PC1和PC2,并分别解释58.7%和13.4%的变异。由图9(A)得分图可知,相同贮藏时间的沙果样品呈现聚集,而不同贮藏时间沙果样品显示出明显的分离,且按照贮藏时间依次排开保持一定的距离,其中T1、T2与T5、T6均得到较好区分,表明不同贮藏时间沙果的感官理化和营养品质指标呈现显著变化。图9(B)载荷图,同一方向的指标表明指标之间存在正相关性;而朝相反方向的指标则表明它们之间存在负相关性。果皮b*值与总酚、FRAP铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、PPO活性存在正相关关系,而与有机酸以及可溶性糖含量之间存在负相关关系。果皮、果肉的L*值与有机酸以及可溶性糖含量之间存在正相关关系,与总酚、FRAP铁离子还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、PPO活性存在负相关关系。此外,果实硬度与其有机酸含量呈现正相关关系,表明果实贮藏过程中有机酸含量的降低伴随着果肉组织的绵软化。
以贮藏时间为因变量(贮藏0、11、25 d分别表示为T1、T4、T6),以不同贮藏时间沙果样品三种果胶组分特征性指标为自变量,进行主成分分析,获得两个主成分PC1和PC2,分别解释56.7%和30.4%的变异。由图9(C)(D)可知,不同贮藏时间沙果的果胶性质有显著差异,T1、T4、T6分布在三个象限,果皮和果肉L*值与NSP得率、CSP中性糖含量、NSP的Ratio1存在正相关关系,与WSP的Ratio3、CSP和NSP的分子量、NSP的中性糖含量呈负相关关系,表明沙果色泽变暗与三种果胶组分的降解与转化有关。此外,沙果硬度与WSP和NSP的得率呈正相关,与CSP的得率呈负相关,表明贮藏过程中沙果果实的软化与三种果胶组分的相对含量密切相关。
基于沙果贮藏过程中感官品质、理化特性及营养组分的动态变化规律,可将其贮藏周期划分为三个阶段并针对性适配加工工艺:贮藏前期(0~2 d)果实呈现高酸性特征(可滴定酸含量增加,有机酸组分以苹果酸为主导),总酚积累(达3.11 mg GAE/g),而抗氧化活性(2 d时DPPH自由基清除率1.69 μmol/g及FRAP值13.61 μmol/g)较低,伴随PPO活性(峰值达117.32 U/g)及PG活性(峰值达6.60 U/g)上升,果胶组分中WSP分子量分布稳定。该阶段适宜果汁等高附加值产品开发,PG活性较高有助于提高出汁率。此外结合相应的果胶特性,利用其凝胶性能,考虑酸性果酱产品的开发。但需抑制PPO介导的酶促褐变并调控蔗糖-果糖转化;贮藏中期(2~18 d)有机酸显著衰减(2~18 d苹果酸降解率达30.93%),总酚持续保持高水平(18 d,3.61 mg GAE/g)而抗氧化能力持续提升,硬度下降(2~18 d降低26.35%),同时PG酶活维持在较高水平(11 d达峰值8.87 U/g),该阶段较低的酸度和硬度利于渗糖与干燥,因此适于果脯和果干产品的生产,此外有机酸和糖分变化可能促进特定微生物发酵(如果醋),适于发酵制品开发。但需通过复合护色剂缓解色泽劣变;贮藏末期(18 d后)果实呈现显著质地软化(25 d硬度1249.58 g),果胶分子重构,NSP分子量增加(25 d NSP分子量Mw 27.30×104 g/mol,Mn 10.20×104 g/mol),抗氧化能力仍保持较高水平(25 d时DPPH自由基清除率2.19 μmol/g及FRAP值18.29 μmol/g),可加工为低质地要求的果泥等产品,或作为功能性提取物使用。但需外源补充酸味剂以改善产品风味并持续监控PPO活性以维持产品稳定性。
本研究以‘黄太平’沙果为研究对象,探究了贮藏期间(0~25 d)沙果感官和理化营养品质的变化规律,评估了各指标变化的关联。结果表明,在感官品质方面,随着贮藏时间的延长,沙果果皮颜色变黄、果肉轻微变暗;果实的硬度明显下降。理化营养品质方面,可滴定酸含量呈先升后降趋势,苹果酸等5种主要有机酸含量下降;蔗糖和山梨糖醇含量持续降低,果糖和葡萄糖含量保持稳定;总酚含量先增后减,DPPH自由基清除能力和FRAP铁离子还原能力整体上呈现上升趋势。沙果果胶得率下降,其中NSP的得率显著降低,且其线性度降低;NSP与CSP分子量增加,WSP和NSP的支链化程度变化显著。主成分分析显示贮藏时间显著影响沙果感官和理化营养品质,其中果实色泽与总酚、有机酸、可溶性糖含量及果胶的降解和转化有关,果实硬度与果胶得率及有机酸含量密切相关。基于沙果贮藏特性动态变化规律,提出三阶段加工策略:前期(0~2 d)优先开发果汁/果酱并抑制酶促褐变,中期(2~18 d)适宜加工果脯/发酵制品但需强化护色,末期(18 d后)可加工果泥/功能提取物并需补酸及监控稳定性。本研究为沙果的贮藏品质控制、加工原料的筛选及原料加工适宜性评估提供了重要的理论依据和实践指导。后续研究应深入解析贮藏期品质变化分子机制,并开展多品种沙果加工适宜性综合评价。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030133
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193
    2兴安盟农畜产品质量安全中心,内蒙古乌兰浩特 137400

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毕金峰(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工制造与营养健康理论技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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