Article(id=1320889053763977222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854091348, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854091348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854091348, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854091348, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=292, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889053982081031, articleId=1320889053763977222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis the Aging Mechanism of Qu Chenpi Based on Widely-targeted Metabolomics, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To analyze the differential metabolites of Qu Chenpi, and to provide the scientific basis for the aging mechanism, development, and utilization of Qu Chenpi. Methods: UPLC-MS/MS widely-targeted metabolomics technology was used to detect and analyze the chemical constituents of four kinds of Qu Chenpi aged one year, three years, five years and seven years. PCA and OPLS-DA statistical analysis methods were used to identify differential metabolites. Results: A total of 2019 compounds were identified. Main components were phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. According to the VIP value greater than 1 and the P-value less than 0.05, 280 differential metabolites were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a total of 23 metabolic pathways associated with these significant differential metabolites. Notably, the significant differential metabolites were predominantly enriched in pathways related to Monoterpenoid biosynthesis, Tryptophan metabolism, Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, Anthocyanin biosynthesis, and Tropane piperidine and pyridine alkaloid among others. The results of the analysis on the physiological effects of HMIDB showed the 13 flavor substances of phenethyl alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, M-cresol, naringenin, 3-methylbenzaldehyde, dihydroactinidiolide, vanillin were the main material basis of Qu Chenpi change in the odor and taste. Conclusion: Widely-targeted metabolomics technology can be used to identify and analyze the chemical components of Qu Chenpi with high efficiency. It has established important technical foundation for researching the aging mechanism, development and utilization of Qu Chenpi.

, authors=Jiajun WANG1, Qianhuang XIAO1, Songlin RUAN2, Xiaoyan ZHOU1, Yongming HUANG3, Xiaoqiang XU4, Haimin CHEN5, Qun WU1, *, Weidong ZHU1, *, authorsList=Jiajun WANG, Qianhuang XIAO, Songlin RUAN, Xiaoyan ZHOU, Yongming HUANG, Xiaoqiang XU, Haimin CHEN, Qun WU, Weidong ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qun WU, Weidong ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889057454964760, articleId=1320889053763977222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于广泛靶向代谢组学解析衢陈皮陈化机制, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究不同陈化年限衢陈皮的差异代谢物,为衢陈皮的陈化机制和开发利用提供基础和科学依据。方法:采用超高液相色谱-串联质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)广泛靶向代谢组学技术对4种陈化年限(Y1、Y3、Y5、Y7)衢陈皮的代谢物进行检测和分析;使用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)统计分析方法鉴定差异代谢物。结果:共鉴定出2019个代谢物,主要为酚酸类、黄酮类、萜类和生物碱类化合物。根据变量投影重要度(Variable Importance Projection,VIP)值大于1且P-value小于0.05,筛选出显著差异代谢物280个,利用KEGG数据库对显著差异代谢物进行KEGG通路富集分析,发现显著差异代谢物主要涉及单萜类生物合成、色氨酸代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成、花青素的生物合成及托烷、哌啶和吡啶生物碱的生物合成等23条代谢途径。进一步对显著差异代谢物的嗅、味特性进行分析,发现苯乙醇、5-羟甲基糠醛、间甲苯酚、柚皮素、3-甲基苯甲醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、香兰素等13种呈味代谢物质含量的显著变化可能是衢陈皮陈化过程中颜色、气味、滋味改变的主要物质基础。结论:广泛靶向代谢组学技术可以高效地对衢陈皮化学成分进行组分鉴别和分析,为衢陈皮陈化机制研究和开发利用奠定了重要的技术基础。

, authors=王佳俊1, 肖乾煌1, 阮松林2, 周小燕1, 黄永明3, 徐晓强4, 陈海敏5, 吴群1, *, 朱卫东1, *, authorsList=王佳俊, 肖乾煌, 阮松林, 周小燕, 黄永明, 徐晓强, 陈海敏, 吴群, 朱卫东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴群, 朱卫东, authorNote=

王佳俊(1995−),男,硕士,助理农艺师,研究方向:中药材陈皮全产业链开发,E-mail:

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吴群(1984−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:柑橘栽培与育种,E-mail:。
朱卫东(1970−),男,本科,正高级农艺师,研究方向:中药材陈皮全产业链开发,E-mail:。
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Modern Food Science and Technology, 2023, 39(10): 263−270., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889074169266351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=代琪, 罗文凯, 叶俏波, 等. 微生物作用下陈皮陈化前后化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2024, 20(10): 250−255. [DAI Qi, LUO Wenkai, YE Qiaobo, et al. Research progress on changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects of tangerine peel during microbial fermentation[J]. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine, 2024, 20(10): 250−255.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889074240569520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAI Qi, LUO Wenkai, YE Qiaobo, et al. Research progress on changes in chemical composition and pharmacological effects of tangerine peel during microbial fermentation[J]. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine, 2024, 20(10): 250−255., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889074404147377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘瑞婷. 广陈皮陈化过程真菌变化和黄酮类物质变化及相关性研究[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2023. [LIU Ruiting. Study on fungal changes and flavonoids changes during storage of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis and the correlation[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2023.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889074630639794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Ruiting. Study on fungal changes and flavonoids changes during storage of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis and the correlation[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889057706623001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057719205914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057706623001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Quzhou Agricultural and Forestry Science Research Institute, Quzhou 324003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057731788827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057706623001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1衢州市农业林业科学研究院,浙江衢州 324003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889057807286300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057819869213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057807286300, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057832452126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057807286300, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2杭州市农业科学研究院,浙江杭州 310024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889057891172383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057899560992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057891172383, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Jiujin Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. of Quzhou Qujiang, Quzhou 324022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057907949601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057891172383, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3衢州市衢江区九斤农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889057983447074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889057991835683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057983447074, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Zaochun Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. of Zhejiang, Quzhou 324400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889058000224292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889057983447074, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4浙江早椿农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889058084110373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889058092498982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889058084110373, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5College of Biology and Medicine, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889058105081895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, companyId=1320889058084110373, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院,浙江杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889062702039135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=UPLC-Q-TOF-MS chromatograms of Qu Chenpi, figureFileSmall=vAZVf4wnRwh3YlGDOj+gJA==, figureFileBig=q6uuTidqCEgsVc2Jh8NNxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889062781730912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, language=CN, label=图1, caption=衢陈皮样品UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS色谱图

注:a:正离子模式;b:负离子模式。

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注:a:QC样品的PCA得分图;b:各组样品CV分布图。

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注:a:PCA散点图;b:OPLS-DA得分图;c:OPLS-DA分析验证图。

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注:a:Y1/Y3火山图;b:Y1/Y5火山图;c:Y1/Y7火山图;d:Y3/Y5火山图;e:Y5/Y7火山图;f:各组代谢物数量差异柱状图。

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注:a:Y1/Y3比较组;b:Y3/Y5比较组;c:Y5/Y7比较组。

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Significant differential metabolites with odor or taste effects

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序号HMDB编号CAS号英文名称中文名称嗅、味特性[28]
滋味气味
1HMDB0029637620-23-53-Methylbenzaldehyde3-甲基苯甲醛甜果味、樱桃
2HMDB003261998-85-11-Phenylethanol苯乙醇甜鲜、栀子
3HMDB0002670480-41-1Naringenin柚皮素苦−
4HMDB0011718123-08-04-Hydroxybenzaldehyde4-羟基苯甲醛甜坚果、杏仁、香脂
5HMDB000611517901-93-8Benzaldehyde苯甲醛甜、苦杏仁、焦糖、樱桃
6HMDB0012308121-33-5Vanillin香兰素甜香草、奶油味、巧克力
7HMDB0002048108-39-4m-Cresol间甲苯酚−塑料、药用、酚醛树脂
8HMDB0032539121-44-8Triethylamine三乙胺−氨味、腥
9HMDB0034355112616-73-65-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde5-羟甲基糠醛−霉味、蜡质、焦糖
10HMDB003656579-77-6beta-Iononeβ-紫罗兰酮−海藻、橙子、果酱
11HMDB003524017092-92-1Dihydroactinidiolide二氢猕猴桃内酯−熟杏
12HMDB00317354940-11-8Ethyl maltol乙基麦芽酚甜、苦焦糖、果酱、草莓
13HMDB0059883127-41-3alpha-Iononeα-紫罗兰酮甜木质、果味
), ArticleFig(id=1320889065797435506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889053763977222, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

具有嗅、味特性的显著差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号HMDB编号CAS号英文名称中文名称嗅、味特性[28]
滋味气味
1HMDB0029637620-23-53-Methylbenzaldehyde3-甲基苯甲醛甜果味、樱桃
2HMDB003261998-85-11-Phenylethanol苯乙醇甜鲜、栀子
3HMDB0002670480-41-1Naringenin柚皮素苦−
4HMDB0011718123-08-04-Hydroxybenzaldehyde4-羟基苯甲醛甜坚果、杏仁、香脂
5HMDB000611517901-93-8Benzaldehyde苯甲醛甜、苦杏仁、焦糖、樱桃
6HMDB0012308121-33-5Vanillin香兰素甜香草、奶油味、巧克力
7HMDB0002048108-39-4m-Cresol间甲苯酚−塑料、药用、酚醛树脂
8HMDB0032539121-44-8Triethylamine三乙胺−氨味、腥
9HMDB0034355112616-73-65-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde5-羟甲基糠醛−霉味、蜡质、焦糖
10HMDB003656579-77-6beta-Iononeβ-紫罗兰酮−海藻、橙子、果酱
11HMDB003524017092-92-1Dihydroactinidiolide二氢猕猴桃内酯−熟杏
12HMDB00317354940-11-8Ethyl maltol乙基麦芽酚甜、苦焦糖、果酱、草莓
13HMDB0059883127-41-3alpha-Iononeα-紫罗兰酮甜木质、果味
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基于广泛靶向代谢组学解析衢陈皮陈化机制
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王佳俊 1 , 肖乾煌 1 , 阮松林 2 , 周小燕 1 , 黄永明 3 , 徐晓强 4 , 陈海敏 5 , 吴群 1, * , 朱卫东 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(5): 292-300
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (5) : 292 -300
基于广泛靶向代谢组学解析衢陈皮陈化机制
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王佳俊1 , 肖乾煌1, 阮松林2, 周小燕1, 黄永明3, 徐晓强4, 陈海敏5, 吴群1, * , 朱卫东1, *
作者信息
  • 1衢州市农业林业科学研究院,浙江衢州 324003
  • 2杭州市农业科学研究院,浙江杭州 310024
  • 3衢州市衢江区九斤农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324022
  • 4浙江早椿农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324400
  • 5浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院,浙江杭州 310018
通讯作者:
吴群(1984−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:柑橘栽培与育种,E-mail:。
朱卫东(1970−),男,本科,正高级农艺师,研究方向:中药材陈皮全产业链开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王佳俊(1995−),男,硕士,助理农艺师,研究方向:中药材陈皮全产业链开发,E-mail:

Analysis the Aging Mechanism of Qu Chenpi Based on Widely-targeted Metabolomics
Jiajun WANG1 , Qianhuang XIAO1, Songlin RUAN2, Xiaoyan ZHOU1, Yongming HUANG3, Xiaoqiang XU4, Haimin CHEN5, Qun WU1, * , Weidong ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Quzhou Agricultural and Forestry Science Research Institute, Quzhou 324003, China
  • 2Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
  • 3Jiujin Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. of Quzhou Qujiang, Quzhou 324022, China
  • 4Zaochun Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. of Zhejiang, Quzhou 324400, China
  • 5College of Biology and Medicine, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010271
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目的:探究不同陈化年限衢陈皮的差异代谢物,为衢陈皮的陈化机制和开发利用提供基础和科学依据。方法:采用超高液相色谱-串联质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)广泛靶向代谢组学技术对4种陈化年限(Y1、Y3、Y5、Y7)衢陈皮的代谢物进行检测和分析;使用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)统计分析方法鉴定差异代谢物。结果:共鉴定出2019个代谢物,主要为酚酸类、黄酮类、萜类和生物碱类化合物。根据变量投影重要度(Variable Importance Projection,VIP)值大于1且P-value小于0.05,筛选出显著差异代谢物280个,利用KEGG数据库对显著差异代谢物进行KEGG通路富集分析,发现显著差异代谢物主要涉及单萜类生物合成、色氨酸代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成、花青素的生物合成及托烷、哌啶和吡啶生物碱的生物合成等23条代谢途径。进一步对显著差异代谢物的嗅、味特性进行分析,发现苯乙醇、5-羟甲基糠醛、间甲苯酚、柚皮素、3-甲基苯甲醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、香兰素等13种呈味代谢物质含量的显著变化可能是衢陈皮陈化过程中颜色、气味、滋味改变的主要物质基础。结论:广泛靶向代谢组学技术可以高效地对衢陈皮化学成分进行组分鉴别和分析,为衢陈皮陈化机制研究和开发利用奠定了重要的技术基础。

衢陈皮  /  广泛靶向代谢组学  /  差异代谢物  /  代谢途径  /  陈化机制

Objective: To analyze the differential metabolites of Qu Chenpi, and to provide the scientific basis for the aging mechanism, development, and utilization of Qu Chenpi. Methods: UPLC-MS/MS widely-targeted metabolomics technology was used to detect and analyze the chemical constituents of four kinds of Qu Chenpi aged one year, three years, five years and seven years. PCA and OPLS-DA statistical analysis methods were used to identify differential metabolites. Results: A total of 2019 compounds were identified. Main components were phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. According to the VIP value greater than 1 and the P-value less than 0.05, 280 differential metabolites were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a total of 23 metabolic pathways associated with these significant differential metabolites. Notably, the significant differential metabolites were predominantly enriched in pathways related to Monoterpenoid biosynthesis, Tryptophan metabolism, Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, Anthocyanin biosynthesis, and Tropane piperidine and pyridine alkaloid among others. The results of the analysis on the physiological effects of HMIDB showed the 13 flavor substances of phenethyl alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, M-cresol, naringenin, 3-methylbenzaldehyde, dihydroactinidiolide, vanillin were the main material basis of Qu Chenpi change in the odor and taste. Conclusion: Widely-targeted metabolomics technology can be used to identify and analyze the chemical components of Qu Chenpi with high efficiency. It has established important technical foundation for researching the aging mechanism, development and utilization of Qu Chenpi.

Qu Chenpi  /  widely-targeted metabolomics  /  differential metabolites  /  metabolic pathway  /  aging mechanism
王佳俊, 肖乾煌, 阮松林, 周小燕, 黄永明, 徐晓强, 陈海敏, 吴群, 朱卫东. 基于广泛靶向代谢组学解析衢陈皮陈化机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010271
Jiajun WANG, Qianhuang XIAO, Songlin RUAN, Xiaoyan ZHOU, Yongming HUANG, Xiaoqiang XU, Haimin CHEN, Qun WU, Weidong ZHU. Analysis the Aging Mechanism of Qu Chenpi Based on Widely-targeted Metabolomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010271
陈皮为芸香科植物橘及其栽培变种的成熟果皮经加工陈化而成的中药材,具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰的功效[1−3]。作为大宗食药同源中药材,陈皮广泛用于食品、药品、调味品等领域,如陈皮茶、陈皮糖、蜜炼川贝枇杷膏、陈皮饮料等[4−6]。《中国药典》2020年版将陈皮药材分为陈皮与广陈皮,广陈皮主产地为广东新会,其基原为茶枝柑的果皮,是新会区的道地药材。除广陈皮外,国内尚有浦北陈皮、赣陈皮、衢陈皮等地方特色陈皮产业。其中衢陈皮主要是指由衢州椪柑加工而成的果皮,作为陈皮家族的一种,衢陈皮是国家地理标志产品——衢州椪柑的副产物之一,其在衢州地区药用历史可追溯至1400多年前[7−8]。相比于新会陈皮全产业链200多亿而言,衢陈皮在市场上份额较少,全产业链仅5000余万,主要原因在于衢陈皮陈化后口感变苦,开发高附加值茶饮后适口性差,难以向市场推广,价格低廉,阻碍了当地橘农的增收致富[9−10]。
然而目前学者关于陈皮的研究对象主要集中在广陈皮与新会陈皮上,如陈云丽等[11]、颜仁梁等[12]通过广靶代谢组学技术分析陈化1~11年广陈皮差异代谢产物,探讨广陈皮陈化机制。Yang等[13]、张鑫等[14]通过广靶代谢组学解析炮制和陈化对新会陈皮有效成分的影响,从代谢物质变化角度诠释了“陈久者良”的传统说法。学者对其他地域的陈皮关注极少,并且研究内容大多集中于药用成分的分离、药理药效的机制探究及加工炮制等方面,鲜有对于地方陈皮组分以及代谢产物方面的报道[15−19]。
与以往的研究不同,本实验使用UPLC-MS/MS结合广泛靶向代谢组学技术,以浙江衢州地区常温干仓陈化衢陈皮为研究对象,对陈化不同年限(1年、3年、5年、7年)衢陈皮代谢产物进行鉴定分析,全面揭示不同陈化年份衢陈皮代谢物差异,为衢陈皮的陈化工艺及食品开发提供理论依据。本实验采用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析方法对样本进行宏观分析,随后针对差异代谢物进行层次聚类、种类分析等,把握差异代谢物的整体特性,最后对差异代谢物的代谢通路进行富集分析并分析关键代谢物的呈味效应,其意义在于揭示衢陈皮陈化过程中的主要呈味物质基础,为后期通过优化陈化工艺有针对性地降低衢陈皮茶饮的苦味、增加回甘味、扩大市场对衢陈皮作为食品的认可度提供实验依据。
陈化1年、3年、5年、7年衢陈皮 衢州瑞草堂中药材有限公司;甲醇、甲酸 纯度≥99.9%,美国Thermo Fisher公司;超纯水 自制;乙腈 纯度≥99.9%,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。
Q Exactive Plu质谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher公司;Nexera X2 2 LC-30AD超高压液相色谱仪 日本Shimadzu公司;5424R离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;MU-G02-0448恒温金属混匀仪 杭州米欧仪器有限公司;MS105DM十万分之一电子天平 梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司;CentriVap离心浓缩仪 美国labconco公司;VORTEX-5涡旋混合器 南通Kyllin-Bell公司;KQ5200E超声清洗仪 昆山市超声仪器有限公司。
将陈化不同年限(1年、3年、5年、7年)衢陈皮样品分别以代号Y1、Y3、Y5、Y7表示,每类样品分成3小份。参考文献报道方法并作适当调整[20−21]。将各样品分别置于冻干机中真空冻干63 h,利用研磨仪研磨(30 Hz,1.5 min)至粉末状,过100目筛。称取样品粉末50 mg,加入2 颗研磨珠,并加入1.2 mL提前置于−20 ℃预冷的甲醇水溶液(V/V=7:3),使用组织破碎仪将样品和溶液混匀,每30 min涡旋一次,每次持续30 s,共涡旋6次后离心(转速12000 r/min,3 min),吸取上清,用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤样品,并保存于进样瓶中,用于UPLC-MS/MS分析。
质控样本(QC)由12份陈皮样本提取物混合制备而成,样品制备项下提取得到的陈皮上清液用提取液稀释10倍,涡旋30 s后,每个样本稀释液各取20 μL混合成QC样本,在仪器分析过程中,每10个检测分析样本中插入一个质控样本,以监测分析过程的重复性。
参考胡媛等[22]和黄晓媛等[23]的方法。将样品置于4 ℃的自动进样器中,采用超高效液相的色谱系统(Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography,UPLC),样品进样量为2 μL,柱温为40 ℃,流速为 0.35 mL/min;色谱流动相A相为超纯水(加入0.1%甲酸),B相为乙腈(加入0.1%甲酸)。色谱梯度洗脱程序具体为:0.00 min B相比例为5%,9.00 min内B相比例线性增加到95%,并维持在95% 1 min,10.00~11.10 min,B相比例降为5%,并以5%平衡至14 min。
每份样品经过UPLC分离后,用Q Exactive Plu质谱仪进行质谱分析,具体参数为:电喷雾离子源(Electrosprayionization,ESI)温度500 ℃;离子喷雾电压(IS)5500 V(正离子模式)/−4500 V(负离子模式);离子源气体Ⅰ(GSⅠ)、气体Ⅱ(GSⅡ)和气帘气(CUR)分别设置为50、60和25 psi,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高。QQQ扫描使用MRM模式,并将碰撞气体(氮气)设置为中等。通过进一步的去簇电压(Declustering Potential,DP)和碰撞能(Collision Energy,CE)优化,完成各个MRM离子对的DP和CE。根据每个时期内洗脱的代谢物,在每个时期监测一组特定的MRM离子对。
利用软件Analyst 1.6.3处理质谱数据,代谢物结构鉴定采用精确质量数匹配方式(质量偏差<10 ppm)和二级谱图匹配方式(质量偏差<0.01 Da);基于本地代谢数据库,对样本的代谢物进行质谱定性分析。定量是利用三重四极杆质谱的多反应监测模式(Multiple Reaction Monitoring,MRM)分析完成。MRM模式中,四级杆首先筛选目标物质的前体离子(母离子),排除掉其他分子量物质对应的离子以初步排除干扰;用MultiQuant软件打开样本下机质谱文件,进行色谱峰的积分和校正工作,最后导出所有色谱峰面积积分数据保存。利用PCA主成分分析从宏观上区分不同组样本之间总体差异;根据OPLS-DA模型计算变量投影重要值(VIP)和单因素分析P值以筛选潜在的标志代谢物;采用火山图、聚类热图等对代谢组数据进行差异分析;使用KEGG数据库(http://www.kegg.jp)分析差异代谢物潜在相关代谢通路[24]。
通过对QC样本正、负离子检测模式下的质谱检测TIC重叠图进行展示分析,判断代谢物提取和检测的重复性[13]。如图1a、b所示,结果显示代谢物检测总离子流的曲线重叠性高,即保留时间和峰强度均一致,表明质谱对同一样品不同时间检测时,信号稳定性较好,所以本实验数据质量可靠。对提取得到的峰经过UV预处理后,进行PCA主成分分析,样本的PCA得分图如图2a所示,其QC样本较为紧密地聚集在一起,表明本实验的重复性良好。QC样本的变异系数值(Coefficient of Variation,CV)可以反映数据的离散程度。对QC样本CV值进行占比分析,当CV值较低的物质占比越高,代表实验数据越稳定[17]。由图2b可知,QC样品CV值小于0.3的占比超过85%,表示总体数据离散程度小,所以本实验整个方法稳定性好,数据质量较高。
采用PCA分析判断不同陈化年份衢陈皮的代谢物之间总体上是否具有差异[25]。由图3a可知,衢陈皮在陈化过程中随着陈化年份的增加,代谢物差异逐渐变大,呈现明显的分开趋势,陈化7年与陈化1年陈皮明显分离。
OPLS-DA是一种多因变量到多自变量的回归建模方法,通过对代谢物中与分类变量不相关的正交变量进行剔除,分别分析正交变量和非正交变量,从而使得组间样本分离效果更佳,使组内差异弱化,组间差异最大化凸显[26]。通过变量投影重要度(Variable Importance for the Projection,VIP)来评价各代谢物的表达模式对各组样本分类的贡献程度和解释能力,进而辅助标志性代谢物的筛选,通常以VIP值>1作为筛选标准。结果如图3b可知,不同陈化年限衢陈皮样本能够很好地分开,并且随着陈化年限的增加,其分开程度逐渐变大,也预示了衢陈皮陈化过程中物质的渐进变化;同时由OPLS-DA分析验证图3c可知,Q2≥0.5,表示该模型比较可靠,R2Y=0.989,P<0.005(0/200),说明该原始模型预测能力较好。
通过建立OPLS-DA模型,同时结合t-test分析来分析不同陈化年份衢陈皮之间潜在的代谢物变化,选取变量投影重要度VIP>1的代谢物,初步筛选出各组间的差异代谢物,以FC≥2和FC≤0.5,且P-value<0.05为标准筛选显著性差异代谢物,从4个陈化年份衢陈皮中共检测出2019个代谢物,4个陈化年份共有显著差异代谢物为280个。通过火山图显示不同陈化年限衢陈皮代谢物差异水平,如图4a、b、c所示,红色表示上调,绿色表示下调,灰色表示差异不显著,Y1/Y3比较组中显著差异代谢物426个,上调112个,下调314个;Y1/Y5比较组中显著差异代谢物408个,上调218个,下调190个;Y1/Y7比较组中显著差异代谢物606个,上调239个,下调367个。由此可知随着陈化年限的增加,衢陈皮差异代谢物数量整体上增多,表示陈化年限是引起差异代谢积累的重要原因。如图4d、e所示,Y3/Y5比较组中显著差异代谢物434个,上调317个,下调117个;Y5/Y7比较组中显著差异代谢物343个,上调119个,下调224个。由图4f可知,从陈化时长看,陈化了7年的衢陈皮差异代谢物明显较陈化3年、5年的差异代谢物多,反映了随着陈化时间的延长,不同年份陈皮差异逐渐增大;从陈化的时段看,陈化第1~3年、第3~5年两个时段的差异代谢物相较于陈化第5~7年更多,表明随着陈化时间延长,陈皮陈化剧烈程度有下降的趋势。
根据差异代谢物基本母核进行分类,如图5所示,Y1/Y3比较组的426个差异代谢物中,占比前三的分别是黄酮类(30.75%),生物碱类(16.43%)和萜类(14.32%);Y3/Y5比较组中共有434个差异代谢物,其中黄酮类(24.65%),生物碱类(19.59%)和萜类(14.52%)分别占据前三;Y5/Y7比较组差异代谢物占据前三的分别是生物碱类(23.32%),黄酮类(22.16%)和酚酸类(16.62%),初步说明衢陈皮陈化过程中黄酮类、生物碱类是起主要变化的代谢物质种类,且随着陈化时间的延长,黄酮类物质种类变化逐渐减少,而生物碱类物质变化逐渐增多。
采用Pearson相关计算方法和Complete聚类方法分析代谢物间的相关性[27]。选取280个共有差异代谢物中VIP最大的10个,分析显著差异代谢物之间的相关系数,差异代谢物相关系数在0到+1之间表示正相关,用红色表示,反之则用蓝色表示。相关性P>0.05的用“NS”表示。结果如图6所示,在显著代谢物的45对相关性关系中,有34对呈现显著相关,其中显著正相关为16对,显著负相关为18对,相关性不显著的有11对;以 5-羟甲基糠醛为例,其与 2-哌啶酮、1-O-鼠李糖-3-O-葡萄糖苷-咖啡酰奎宁酸、α-香附酮呈强正相关,相关性系数在0.92~1.00之间,其与维采宁-3、3-甲基苯甲醛、4-硝基苯酚、6'-羟基-2,2',3',4',5-五甲氧基查耳酮呈现强负相关,相关系数在−0.71~−0.85之间,提示5-羟甲基糠醛与上述4种代谢物可能存在竞争抑制关系。
HMDB数据库是一个包含了人类生物体内代谢产物的综合性数据库,被广泛应用于代谢组学研究、药物研发和疾病研究[28]。将 Y1/Y3/Y5/Y7的280个显著差异代谢物利用HDMB数据库进行比对,获得61个带有HMDB编号的显著差异代谢物,利用KEGG数据库对其代谢途径进行富集分析和拓扑分析,共有34个代谢物能被注释到23条KEGG数据库现有的代谢通路中,根据代谢物富集个数,将排行前15的富集通路绘制气泡图。如图7所示,富集代谢物个数最多的是Monoterpenoid biosynthesis(单萜类生物合成),说明单萜与倍半萜类化合物是Y1/Y3/Y5/Y7衢陈皮主要差异代谢物;此外,Tryptophan metabolism(色氨酸代谢)、Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis(黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成)、Anthocyanin biosynthesis(花青素的生物合成)、Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid(托烷、哌啶和吡啶生物碱的生物合成)对衢陈皮陈化过程中物质代谢影响较大。
依据代谢物是否具有呈嗅或呈味特性,将61个带有HMDB编号的显著差异代谢物进行筛选,共获得13个有具体气味或滋味的化合物,如表1所示,这13种代谢物多具有果味、焦糖、香味或其他特殊气味;随陈化时间各代谢物的含量差异如图8所示,苯乙醇、5-羟甲基糠醛、间甲苯酚和柚皮素4种代谢物含量随陈化时间延长而增加;3-甲基苯甲醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、香兰素3种代谢物含量随陈化时间延长而减少;α-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮、乙基麦芽酚3种代谢物呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在陈化第5年时含量最高;三乙胺、苯甲醛呈现高年份衢陈皮较低年份含量高的趋势,4-羟基苯甲醛趋势相反。
本研究在衢陈皮样品中共鉴定出2019个代谢物,主要包括黄酮类(619个)、酚酸类(309个)、生物碱(321个)和木脂素和香豆素类(192个)4大类。高于陈云丽等[11]、颜仁梁等[12]、曹烙文等[29]检测到的500~800种广陈皮化合物,这可能与各自的检测方法、数据库容量大小以及陈皮基原有关。
1~7年衢陈皮陈化期间,陈化时间不同的衢陈皮代谢物有较大差异,随着陈化时间的增加,衢陈皮差异代谢物的数量总体趋于增多。另外,本文研究结果表明,与陈化1年组比较,陈化5年和陈化7年组差异成分较多,说明衢陈皮在陈化5~7年间化学成分有一个相对较多的顶峰阶段,这与颜仁梁等[12]认为的广陈皮陈化顶峰在3~5年间的结果有所不同。推测可能与两地的陈化环境以及陈皮基原不同有关,广东地区温、湿度较高,陈化速率相对较快,而衢州地区温、湿度较低,陈化速率相对较慢[30–31]。
在差异代谢物涉及的通路方面,发现主要涉及单萜类生物合成、色氨酸代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成等23条代谢通路。对61个HMDB数据库收录的共有差异代谢物进行分析,发现3-甲基苯甲醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、柚皮素等13个差异代谢物具有明显的嗅、味特性,其中有7个代谢物含量与陈化时间呈逐年递增或者递减关系,其余6个在陈化中段呈上下波动,这可能与取样时的样本量大小不均有关。衢陈皮陈化后其果皮颜色、气味及滋味发生明显改变。果皮颜色逐渐由橙黄转为黑褐色,主要与美拉德褐变反应有关,5-羟甲基糠醛含量显著增加可作为此反应发生的指标性成分[32−34]。结合本研究中5-羟甲基糠醛随陈化时间增加而逐渐升高,推测5-羟甲基糠醛是衢陈皮陈化后果皮颜色转黑的主要物质基础。滋味方面,结合测定结果提示柚皮素等苦味物质含量增加与3-甲基苯甲醛、香兰素及4-羟基苯甲醛等甜味物质含量降低,可能是衢陈皮陈化后滋味变苦的主要物质基础[35−37]。气味方面,5-羟甲基糠醛、乙基麦芽酚、苯甲醛等呈现焦糖味、霉味,二氢猕猴桃内酯、β-紫罗兰酮、α-紫罗兰酮、苯甲醛呈现果味,1~3年份衢陈皮中,除二氢猕猴桃内酯外,其余3种代谢物呈现较低的水平,而在5~7年份中含量显著升高。高年份衢陈皮的果味逐渐退却,可能与上述4种代谢物质的含量变化有关。综合以上结果,推测以上13种代谢物的含量变化是导致衢陈皮陈化前后色、香、味变化的主要物质基础。
本研究也存在一定的局限性,由于衢州地区陈皮产业刚刚起步,最高陈化年限的衢陈皮样品仅为7年,随着陈化年限再延长,差异代谢物是否会有新的变化,需要更深入的研究,且本文样品来源于同一家主体,该主体是否能代表整个衢州陈皮有待商榷。
综上所述,本研究通过广泛靶向代谢组学分析,深入探究了陈化1、3、5、7年衢陈皮代谢物之间的差异,这些差异化的代谢物通过各自嗅、味特性,使得不同年份的衢陈皮在滋味和气味上存在多样性,初步揭示出衢陈皮陈化后色、香、味变化的主要物质基础,这为今后深入研究如何通过改进陈化工艺来降低衢陈皮苦味,增加回甘味提供了重要线索和基础。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010271
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
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    1衢州市农业林业科学研究院,浙江衢州 324003
    2杭州市农业科学研究院,浙江杭州 310024
    3衢州市衢江区九斤农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324022
    4浙江早椿农业开发有限公司,浙江衢州 324400
    5浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院,浙江杭州 310018

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吴群(1984−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:柑橘栽培与育种,E-mail:。
朱卫东(1970−),男,本科,正高级农艺师,研究方向:中药材陈皮全产业链开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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