Article(id=1320889016103317913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010289, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854082370, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854082370, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854082370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854082370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=454, endPage=462, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889016724074906, articleId=1320889016103317913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Dry-aging: A New Strategy for Enhancing Livestock Meat Quality, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dry-aging is a postmortem processing technology that converts muscle into meat by precisely controlling parameters such as temperature, humidity, airflow, and aging time. This process can improve meat tenderness and juiciness, while simultaneously, developing unique flavor and aroma characteristics. The dynamic changes in microbial communities during dry-aging also play a significant role in flavor formation. Although traditional dry-aging enhances flavor and tenderness, it has several drawbacks, including long aging periods (14~35 days), high costs, and substantial weight loss. To address these issues, new technologies such as bagged dry-aging and stepwise aging have been developed. Bagged dry-aging, in particular, can reduce weight loss while preserving flavor and tenderness. Additionally, studies have shown that the "hard shell" formed during dry-aging exhibits antioxidant activity and can serve as a food additive; effective utilization of this by-product can increase the economic value of meat processing. In summary, this review compares dry-aging with wet-aging techniques for livestock meat, examines the influence of dry-aging conditions on meat quality, and highlights recent technological advancements. It demonstrates that dry-aging is an effective method for improving livestock meat quality and is expected to play an increasingly prominent role in modern meat processing, driven by continuous innovation and industrial application.

, authors=Zihao CUI1, 2, Lin SU1, 2, Bailong SHI1, 2, Min ZHANG1, 2, Guanhua HU1, 2, Duhu MAN3, Jing DI4, Ye JIN1, 2, *, authorsList=Zihao CUI, Lin SU, Bailong SHI, Min ZHANG, Guanhua HU, Duhu MAN, Jing DI, Ye JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ye JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889017424523677, articleId=1320889016103317913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=畜肉品质提升新策略——干法成熟研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干法成熟是一种通过控制温度、湿度、风速和时间等工艺参数,使肌肉转化为肉的宰后处理技术。此过程能够改善肉的嫩度和多汁性,同时形成独特的香气和风味特征。在干法成熟过程中,微生物群落的动态变化亦对风味形成具有重要作用。尽管传统干法成熟能提升肉品风味和嫩度,但存在周期长(14~35 d)、成本高、质量损耗大等问题。为此,新技术如袋装干法成熟、逐步成熟等相继发展,其中袋装干法成熟可将损耗率显著降低,同时仍保持风味与嫩度特性。此外,干法成熟形成的“硬壳”经研究证实具有抗氧化活性,可作为食品添加剂,经有效利用可提升肉类加工副产物的经济价值。综上,本文比较了宰后畜肉干法、湿法成熟技术,对干法成熟条件、干法成熟对畜肉品质的影响及新型干法成熟技术进行综述,阐明干法成熟技术是畜肉品品质提升的有效途径,并且随着技术创新和应用,其在肉类加工中的重要性日益凸显。

, authors=崔子豪1, 2, 苏琳1, 2, 石白龙1, 2, 张敏1, 2, 胡冠华1, 2, 满都呼3, 邸静4, 靳烨1, 2, *, authorsList=崔子豪, 苏琳, 石白龙, 张敏, 胡冠华, 满都呼, 邸静, 靳烨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=靳烨, authorNote=

崔子豪(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
靳烨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=D0kykrj/8tGVU8TAtVbVoQ==, magXml=ve1QkV5aLLYKQwVQcWrQiA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6L/L+WOv0c8FuSq4fzjhng==, pdfFileSize=1406974, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wN97BzapE6ZwYMKSpzTY1Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=K8rursgfyCv7Y6y6uMX1pw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889017953005995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889016103317913, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=proudcui666@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889018078835118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889016103317913, authorId=1320889017953005995, language=EN, stringName=Zihao CUI, firstName=Zihao, middleName=null, lastName=CUI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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崔子豪(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:

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崔子豪(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:

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Related research on different dry-aging methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象成熟方法工艺参数实验结果参考文献
温度湿度空气流速时间
猪里脊肉传统干法成熟2 ℃70%0.8 m/s21 d干法成熟促进氨基酸与核苷酸积累,从而提升风味特性[70]
牛里脊肉传统干法成熟4 ℃80%±5%5±3 m/s28 d干法成熟样品蛋白质与灰分含量高于湿法,且色泽更明亮[79]
牛臀肉干法成熟2~4 ℃75%±5% 20 d+85%±5% 20 d1.2 m/s/能够显著改善肉的嫩度和风味物质含量[20]
牛腰肉袋装干法成熟2±0.5 ℃75%±5%0.5 m/s21 d袋装干法成熟有效保持羊肉品质,并提升
氧化稳定性
[80]
牛里脊肉袋装干法成熟2 ℃80%0.5 m/s28 d袋装干法成熟有效提升牛肉特色风味,显著改善风味特性[81]
牛里脊肉湿法成熟21 d+干法
成熟35 d
1.3~4.1 ℃53.5%~100%0.75~1.2 m/s/湿-干法成熟法保留湿法成本优势,同时呈现干法独特风味[46]
牛臀肉袋装干法成熟 7 d+湿法成熟 14 d2±0.5 ℃75%±5%0.5~2.5 m/s/该成熟方式有效降低质量损失,同时保持
优异感官品质
[82]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022818398693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889016103317913, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干法成熟的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象成熟方法工艺参数实验结果参考文献
温度湿度空气流速时间
猪里脊肉传统干法成熟2 ℃70%0.8 m/s21 d干法成熟促进氨基酸与核苷酸积累,从而提升风味特性[70]
牛里脊肉传统干法成熟4 ℃80%±5%5±3 m/s28 d干法成熟样品蛋白质与灰分含量高于湿法,且色泽更明亮[79]
牛臀肉干法成熟2~4 ℃75%±5% 20 d+85%±5% 20 d1.2 m/s/能够显著改善肉的嫩度和风味物质含量[20]
牛腰肉袋装干法成熟2±0.5 ℃75%±5%0.5 m/s21 d袋装干法成熟有效保持羊肉品质,并提升
氧化稳定性
[80]
牛里脊肉袋装干法成熟2 ℃80%0.5 m/s28 d袋装干法成熟有效提升牛肉特色风味,显著改善风味特性[81]
牛里脊肉湿法成熟21 d+干法
成熟35 d
1.3~4.1 ℃53.5%~100%0.75~1.2 m/s/湿-干法成熟法保留湿法成本优势,同时呈现干法独特风味[46]
牛臀肉袋装干法成熟 7 d+湿法成熟 14 d2±0.5 ℃75%±5%0.5~2.5 m/s/该成熟方式有效降低质量损失,同时保持
优异感官品质
[82]
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畜肉品质提升新策略——干法成熟研究进展
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崔子豪 1, 2 , 苏琳 1, 2 , 石白龙 1, 2 , 张敏 1, 2 , 胡冠华 1, 2 , 满都呼 3 , 邸静 4 , 靳烨 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(5): 454-462
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (5) : 454 -462
畜肉品质提升新策略——干法成熟研究进展
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崔子豪1, 2 , 苏琳1, 2, 石白龙1, 2, 张敏1, 2, 胡冠华1, 2, 满都呼3, 邸静4, 靳烨1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
  • 2农业农村部生鲜牛羊肉加工技术集成科研基地,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
  • 3呼和浩特市绿碧电子科技有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 011517
  • 4鄂尔多斯市检验检测中心,内蒙古鄂尔多斯 017010
通讯作者:
靳烨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

崔子豪(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:

Research Progress on Dry-aging: A New Strategy for Enhancing Livestock Meat Quality
Zihao CUI1, 2 , Lin SU1, 2, Bailong SHI1, 2, Min ZHANG1, 2, Guanhua HU1, 2, Duhu MAN3, Jing DI4, Ye JIN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 3Hohhot Green Jade Electronic Technology Company Limited, Hohhot 011517, China
  • 4Ordos Municipal Inspection and Testing Center, Ordos 017010, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010289
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干法成熟是一种通过控制温度、湿度、风速和时间等工艺参数,使肌肉转化为肉的宰后处理技术。此过程能够改善肉的嫩度和多汁性,同时形成独特的香气和风味特征。在干法成熟过程中,微生物群落的动态变化亦对风味形成具有重要作用。尽管传统干法成熟能提升肉品风味和嫩度,但存在周期长(14~35 d)、成本高、质量损耗大等问题。为此,新技术如袋装干法成熟、逐步成熟等相继发展,其中袋装干法成熟可将损耗率显著降低,同时仍保持风味与嫩度特性。此外,干法成熟形成的“硬壳”经研究证实具有抗氧化活性,可作为食品添加剂,经有效利用可提升肉类加工副产物的经济价值。综上,本文比较了宰后畜肉干法、湿法成熟技术,对干法成熟条件、干法成熟对畜肉品质的影响及新型干法成熟技术进行综述,阐明干法成熟技术是畜肉品品质提升的有效途径,并且随着技术创新和应用,其在肉类加工中的重要性日益凸显。

肉类  /  干法成熟  /  肉品质  /  机制研究  /  新兴加工技术

Dry-aging is a postmortem processing technology that converts muscle into meat by precisely controlling parameters such as temperature, humidity, airflow, and aging time. This process can improve meat tenderness and juiciness, while simultaneously, developing unique flavor and aroma characteristics. The dynamic changes in microbial communities during dry-aging also play a significant role in flavor formation. Although traditional dry-aging enhances flavor and tenderness, it has several drawbacks, including long aging periods (14~35 days), high costs, and substantial weight loss. To address these issues, new technologies such as bagged dry-aging and stepwise aging have been developed. Bagged dry-aging, in particular, can reduce weight loss while preserving flavor and tenderness. Additionally, studies have shown that the "hard shell" formed during dry-aging exhibits antioxidant activity and can serve as a food additive; effective utilization of this by-product can increase the economic value of meat processing. In summary, this review compares dry-aging with wet-aging techniques for livestock meat, examines the influence of dry-aging conditions on meat quality, and highlights recent technological advancements. It demonstrates that dry-aging is an effective method for improving livestock meat quality and is expected to play an increasingly prominent role in modern meat processing, driven by continuous innovation and industrial application.

meat  /  dry-aging  /  meat quality  /  mechanism research  /  emerging processing techniques
崔子豪, 苏琳, 石白龙, 张敏, 胡冠华, 满都呼, 邸静, 靳烨. 畜肉品质提升新策略——干法成熟研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 454 -462 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010289
Zihao CUI, Lin SU, Bailong SHI, Min ZHANG, Guanhua HU, Duhu MAN, Jing DI, Ye JIN. Research Progress on Dry-aging: A New Strategy for Enhancing Livestock Meat Quality[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 454 -462 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010289
动物屠宰后,机体逐渐进入缺氧状态,机体因缺氧逐渐终止有氧代谢过程,能量代谢途径发生变化。为了维持ATP的平衡,AMPK系统(AMP-activated protein kinase)、糖酵解等途径被激活[1],同时伴随着各种生化反应过程,涉及一系列复杂的代谢活动如细胞凋亡[2]、能量代谢[3]、微生物繁殖等。目前,畜肉宰后主要的成熟方法有干法成熟和湿法成熟两种,这两种成熟方法均能改善肉的品质[4]。湿法成熟是指将分割后的肉块进行真空包装,然后在特定的低温条件下(一般为0~4 ℃)放置一段时间,以改善肉的食用品质。因其损失小、操作简便是目前实际应用较为广泛的一种方法。然而湿法成熟后常有不良风味产生(血腥味、金属味)[5]。
与湿法成熟相比,干法成熟是对胴体或未包装肉品在特定温度、湿度、风速条件下进行长时间成熟[6],此过程不仅可以改善肉的嫩度,还能赋予肉独特的香气和风味。随着干法成熟时间的延长,肉的水分逐渐蒸发,表面会产生一层“外壳”,会导致较高的质量损失[7]。由于“外壳”上微生物过度增殖,“外壳”通常不适宜食用,故在食用前需要进行修剪去掉硬壳。虽然较高的质量损失以及修剪损失会导致成本的上升,但正是这种脱水效应及微生物群落的代谢活动,使得肉中风味物质得以高度浓缩,成为干法成熟区别于湿法成熟的重要品质优势[8]。Kim等[9]使用二维定量核磁共振(2D qNMR)代谢组学技术分析了干法成熟牛肉外壳,探索其在成熟过程中的代谢特征变化,发现了干法成熟牛肉外壳的代谢变化可能对内部牛肉的成熟过程有促进作用,达到与湿法成熟牛肉类似的成熟效果。在过去十年中干法成熟技术被视为全球肉类市场的重要发展方向之一[10],未来也将是高端肉类市场竞争中的关键技术。本文将综述干法成熟在工艺调控、肉品质改善及其机制等方面的研究进展,并探讨新兴干法成熟技术在肉类加工产业中的应用前景。
湿法成熟和干法成熟方式均对肉的食用品质起到优化作用[11]。与湿法成熟相比,干法成熟能显著改善肉品风味特征,如独特的烤牛肉味、烤坚果味、黄油味等香气[5],但是由于在干法成熟时肉直接暴露于空气中,氧气会促进肉的氧化,进一步影响肉的风味和品质。针对脂肪含量(大理石花纹)较低的牛肉,干法成熟可作为提高其食用品质和经济价值的有效方式[12]。而设定不同的工艺条件对干法成熟效果影响较大。
温度是干法成熟过程中的关键因素,它通过影响酶活性和微生物生长,进一步对肉品的嫩度、风味、颜色和安全性产生影响[13]。当温度低于肉类的冰点(−2~−3 ℃)时,干法成熟过程中酶的活性会降低[14],而温度升高虽然能增强酶活性,但也会促进某些微生物生长,可能导致肉类产生异味或腐败变质[6]。Kim等[15]将带骨牛腰肉分别在1 ℃和3 ℃进行干法成熟,发现在3 ℃下的样品具有更好的亮度值但质量损失增大。类似的,da Silva Bernardo等[16]研究发现,与2 ℃条件下干法成熟的样品相比,7 ℃条件下样品的质量损失显著增加。这证明了较高的温度会带来更高的质量损失。King等[17]采用腰最长肌在−0.5 ℃条件下干法成熟的蒸煮损失显著高于3.3 ℃条件下的样品。因此当前在干法成熟过程中提升感官品质与控制质量损耗之间取得平衡,是工艺优化的重要挑战之一。
相对湿度是干法成熟过程中的关键因素,湿度过高会导致腐败菌快速滋生[14],使肉表面产生黏着感[6,18]。而相对湿度过低时,虽然微生物滋生的速度下降,但肉的水分损失更快,导致产品多汁性下降以及成熟损失率上升[19]。Ribeiro等[20]研究发现,50%相对湿度下干法成熟的牛肉展现出更受欢迎的风味特征,而70%和85%湿度下干法成熟的牛肉则展现出一些不太理想的风味特征,如酸味、氧化味等。孙德鹏等[21]研究了不同干法成熟工艺对延边黄牛臀肉品质的影响,发现先在相对湿度75%±5%条件下成熟20 d,再提升湿度至85%±5%继续成熟20 d,能够显著改善肉的嫩度和风味物质含量。da Silva Bernardo等[22]在65%相对湿度条件下干法成熟牛肉的损失率显著高于85%的条件,但85%湿度下存在更多的微生物繁殖和不良气味产生的现象。
在进行干法成熟过程中,空气流速过低会妨碍肉类表面多余水分的蒸发,降低干法成熟的效率。而空气流速过高会导致肉表面干燥速度过快,从而增加修剪损失[13]。Lee等[23]在研究不同空气流速的干法成熟时,发现空气流速的不同会影响干法成熟肉表面微生物群落结构,进而影响蛋白质及脂质的分解,最终对风味产生影响。徐琳[24]在研究牛里脊干法成熟工艺条件时,发现在0.5 m/s的空气流速下干法成熟牛里脊的剪切力要显著低于另外两组(1.5 m/s和2.5 m/s),且感官评分也相对较高,故选择了0.5 m/s的空气流速作为干法成熟的条件。因此,干法成熟过程中风速和流量应保持均匀,尤其是在干法成熟初期至关重要[6]。
在成熟过程中,肉品经历脂质氧化和微生物活动等一系列生化反应,从而改善其质地和风味[25]。适当延长成熟时间可以促进蛋白质和脂肪的充分降解与氧化,进一步提升肉的风味与理化性质[26]。刘梦等[27]在研究牛肉干法成熟过程中挥发性风味物质的变化时,发现随着成熟时间的延长,风味物质含量显著上升。Vossen等[28]研究干法成熟对比利时蓝牛肉的感官品质特征影响时发现,随着成熟时间的延长,样品的嫩度逐渐改善,但在9周后,非典型气味增加,而典型牛肉风味减少。即过度延长干法成熟时间会导致生产成本增加、肉过度氧化并引发品质下降[13]。根据美国肉类出口协会(USMEF)的建议,干法成熟牛肉的温度最好控制在0~4 ℃,湿度在80%~85%,风速在0.5~2 m/s,成熟时间为14~35 d。
综上所述,以上研究表明干法成熟过程中的温度、湿度、风速以及成熟时间对肉的品质具有显著影响,不同研究间尚存在较大条件差异。干法成熟的工艺参数在不同地区和设备中有所不同,参数设置对最终产品的品质和安全性起着关键作用[29]。由于我国的干法成熟产业尚未普及,相关工艺参数标准尚未形成统一规范。因而根据畜肉种类、生产条件及设备设计不同的成熟工艺参数以满足消费者对高端肉品的需求,并构建我国在干法成熟领域的标准体系,从而推动干法成熟产业从经验驱动转向科学标准化生产显得尤为重要。
肉品质是反映肉类产品感官特性、营养价值、加工性能和安全性的综合指标,肉品质指标包括色泽、嫩度、风味、多汁性、pH、蒸煮损失等。其中色泽、肌内脂肪(IMF)是影响消费者购买行为的主要因素,在消费过程中,嫩度、多汁性和风味是影响消费者购买意愿的重要因素[30]。鉴于干法成熟过程对肉品质具有显著调控作用,以下将围绕各项关键指标在干法成熟过程中的变化趋势展开系统讨论。
宰后肌肉pH是反映肌糖原酵解速率的重要指标,在宰后成熟的过程中,氢离子的积累导致肌肉的pH下降。随着pH降低,肌肉蛋白的净电荷减少[31],在肌肉成熟过程中pH对肌红蛋白氧亲和力和肌肉颜色有重要影响[32]。此外,pH还能通过调控微生物群落结构影响肉品风味和安全性[33]。目前,关于干法成熟后pH变化的研究尚存争议。Maggiolino等[34]研究发现,羊肉在干法成熟过程中pH随成熟时间延长显著下降。但也有学者的研究发现,随成熟时间延长羊肉的pH显著上升[35]。因此,干法成熟过程中pH变化的机制仍需进一步探讨。
嫩度是消费者非常重视的肉类品质特征之一[36],它是体现肉类食品在食用时口感柔软和易嚼性的指标,它反映了肉类的质地和结构特性[37],肉的嫩度与动物的品种、性别以及宰后成熟的时间等因素均有关系。畜肉的嫩度可通过多种方法测定,最广泛接受和使用的是通过剪切力来反映[38],较小的剪切力值表明肉的嫩度更好,而较大的值则意味着肉质较老或难以咀嚼。干法成熟过程中,随着成熟时间延长,在内源酶的作用下,肌原纤维蛋白降解,剪切力降低,改善肉的嫩度[6]。此外,随着干法成熟时间延长,肉表面的有益霉菌会大量生长,其产生的酶能够渗透到肉中并释放蛋白酶,以此分解肌肉和结缔组织[39],进而改善肉的嫩度。研究普遍表明,干法成熟过程中嫩度的提升主要体现在前期阶段[6]。Kim等[40]的研究显示,剪切力在干法成熟前期改善较快,说明嫩度在初期阶段改善明显。然而,Jeremiah等[41]发现,虽然成熟时间继续延长至4周,剪切力下降的幅度趋于缓慢,但嫩度仍持续提升,说明肉品质构在后期仍在发生变化。综合来看,干法成熟整体各阶段均可以达到嫩化肉的效果,但存在阶段性特征,前期变化迅速,后期则趋于缓慢,这为合理设定干法成熟周期提供了依据。
肉的色泽稳定性通常由肌红蛋白、血红蛋白和一些微量有色代谢物来维持[42]。影响鲜肉颜色的主要因素包括温度、包装条件以及在空气中暴露期间导致的脂质氧化等[43]。肉的亮度通常用L*值表示,较高的亮度(L*)值与较低的肌肉pH[44]和持水力相关。肉品的红度值通常通过a*值来衡量,a*值越大,表示肉具有更鲜艳的外观。黄度值用b*值表示,它与肉品的新鲜度呈负相关。在畜肉中,肌红蛋白是影响肉色红度值的主要因素[45]。与湿法成熟相比,传统干法成熟样品随着成熟时间的增加颜色更深且更稳定[46],Hulánková等[47]研究发现,在干法成熟过程中牛肉色泽变化较为稳定。此外,有研究证明不同相对湿度对干法成熟样品的色泽影响并不显著[48],这是由于干法成熟后样品的水分含量更低,表面干燥,导致光线反射更少,也说明干法成熟在保持色泽稳定方面有一定的优势。
风味是肉的一种重要特性,风味的形成是指肉中的风味前体物质(氨基酸、脂肪酸等)经过脂质氧化、美拉德反应、Strecker降解等一系列生化反应[49],产生醛类、呋喃类等挥发性风味物质[50],使肉产生香味。肉品干法成熟过程中,随着时间的延长,肌肉组织中的复杂大分子,如蛋白质、脂肪、糖原等物质,会经历一系列的氧化、水解及酶促反应,从而产生氨基酸和脂肪酸等小分子呈味物质,干法成熟能够调节样品中的脂肪酸和氨基酸成分,进而显著增加风味代谢物的积累[51],从而增强肉的风味特性[52]。与湿法成熟相比,传统干法成熟具有更好的风味特征。很多研究表明干法成熟风味形成的基本机制是微生物活动(主要是酵母和霉菌)、脂质氧化和脱水作用间的相互作用[10]。由此可知,干法成熟通过多种机制协同促进风味前体的释放与风味物质的积累,是实现肉品高品质风味的重要手段。
多汁性是肉类感官品质的重要特征,反映了肉在咀嚼时水分释放和爽滑的感官印象[53]。多汁性不仅影响肉类的感官品质,还与肉的化学组成、肌肉结构、加工方法和储存条件等因素有关[54]。评估多汁性的常见方法包括利用压缩法测定[55]、蒸煮损失、滴水损失以及持水力等指标测定。这些方法综合为肉类产品的多汁性提供了全面的评估。在欧洲消费者的测试中,多汁性是牛肉整体喜好度的第三大贡献因素[56]。相比于湿法成熟,干法成熟的肉具有更好的多汁性,这是由于干法成熟直接暴露于空气中导致表面水分的蒸发,更有利于内部水分的集中。Campbell 等[57]的研究指出,随着成熟时间的延长,牛肉的多汁性评分逐渐增加,并在干法成熟21 d时多汁性达到最佳水平。但王旭等[58]研究发现,不同湿度和成熟时间对羊腿肉持水性存在显著影响。60%湿度下,14 d成熟时持水性最佳;而湿度过低或时间延长至28 d,则导致水分大量流失,持水性降低。这说明当前对干法成熟多汁性的研究仍有待深入探讨。
干法成熟过程中,肉类品质的提升主要依赖于一系列复杂的生化变化。这些变化不仅包括水分蒸发和蛋白质、脂肪的氧化,还涉及微生物的活动。这些因素共同作用,促进了肉质风味和嫩度的改善。深入研究这些机制对提升高品质肉的市场竞争力具有重要意义,也可为行业提供更科学的指导。
微生物通过分泌丰富的酶系,将肉品中的脂质和蛋白质等大分子降解为风味前体物质,从而显著影响风味形成。近年来,干法成熟的牛肉在日本市场上越来越受欢迎,其中微生物群落结构成为研究重点[59]。有研究表明,干法成熟的过程中随着成熟时间的延长,样品的细菌总数、乳酸菌数以及酵母菌、霉菌数量均上升[60]。这是由于肉直接暴露于空气中,导致了表面微生物的增殖。尽管如此,肉内部的微生物数量随成熟时间延长却呈减少趋势[61],这与水分蒸发和内部环境变化有关。Liu等[62]研究发现在延边牛肉的干法成熟过程中草青霉(Penicillium oxalicum D5)具有最强的蛋白降解能力。Cheng等[63]确定了葡萄球菌属和巨型球菌属是影响干法成熟牛肉整体品质的关键菌属。Oh等[64]发现干法成熟牛肉表面的霉菌分布与牛肉风味有显著相关性,表明霉菌可能在形成干法成熟牛肉独特风味中起关键作用。此外, Coton等[65]的研究指出,在法国商业干法成熟牛肉中,假单胞菌属是优势菌属,而霉菌的存在可能与特定感官特征(如坚果气味)密切相关,部分微生物的代谢产物(如乳酸菌产生的乙酸和乳酸)本身即为重要的风味物质[66]。Hanagasaki等[67]将分离出的霉菌M. flavus接种到牛肉表面后进行干法成熟,与未接种的牛肉相比,天冬氨酸、脯氨酸等游离氨基酸的含量显著提高,明显影响了肉的风味。
由此可见,干法成熟肉制品中微生物类群对肉风味形成具有至关重要的作用。这些研究为干法成熟畜肉的生产、开发及加工提供了重要的科学依据。
适度的脂质氧化对肉类风味的形成具有重要作用,主要通过生成挥发性风味物质、改善风味层次来提升肉品的感官品质。过度的脂质氧化是导致肉类品质劣化的主要原因[48]。在干法成熟过程中,脂质氧化是一个重要的生化反应,直接影响着肉品质。脂质氧化过程可以使不饱和脂肪分解成醛类、酮类等挥发性风味物质。Campo等[68]研究发现,牛肉的硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值为2 mg/kg时是消费者可接受的脂质氧化的阈值。Ribeiro等[48]研究干法成熟牛排在模拟销售时发现,随着货架期的延长,后期4~7 d期间TBARS的增幅比0~4 d更显著,这表明脂质氧化程度加剧,导致不良风味的产生。但也有研究证明脂质氧化是形成干法成熟独特风味的关键[69]。与湿法成熟相比,干法成熟的脂质氧化程度更高[34],并具有更稳定的色泽。这一差异主要归因于干法成熟过程中肉直接暴露于空气中,氧化稳定性较弱,导致脂质氧化反应更加活跃[70]。脂肪氧化作用机制见图1。
蛋白质分解是干法成熟过程中改善肉品质的关键生化反应之一。Kim等[15]发现,多种蛋白质分解产物通过直接作用或作为美拉德反应的前体赋予干法成熟肉独特风味。Setyabrata等[51]发现,相较于湿法成熟,干法成熟牛肉样品中释放了更多的蛋白质和核苷酸衍生代谢物,这些代谢物被认为是风味生成的重要前体。Bischof等[72]发现,干法成熟过程中蛋白质分解显著,生成更多谷氨酸、肌肽等,而湿法成熟中代谢物较少。即干法成熟过程中,在内源酶和微生物的共同作用下,肌肉中的蛋白质被逐步分解为多肽、单肽和游离氨基酸等小分子物质,这些分解产物不仅显著提高了肉的嫩度,还为风味的形成提供了重要的前体物质。
传统干法成熟期间存在较高的质量损耗和修剪损失,生产成本高以及存在微生物污染的风险[73]。为应对这些问题,新兴技术如袋装干法成熟和逐步成熟等创新技术不断涌现。这些创新技术不仅丰富了干法成熟的实践方法,还有效降低了生产成本,满足了市场对高品质、多样化肉类产品日益增长的需求。
近年来,有学者尝试将牛肉放入由柔性聚合物和刚性聚酰胺制成的密耳热塑性弹性体制成的高透湿袋中进行干法成熟,发现在高度透湿的袋子中进行干法成熟是可行的,袋装成熟可以增加产品的出品率并降低微生物污染的风险[74]。如Lee等[75]在研究不同的干法成熟方法时发现袋装干法成熟可以替代传统干法成熟。da Silva Bernardo等[22]发现高透湿袋干法成熟不仅能减少质量损失,而且不会改变肉的品质特性。但需要注意的是,相对湿度过高可能引发微生物滋生,导致产品变质。Zhang等[76]使用快速蒸发电离质谱(REIMS)技术对袋装干法成熟和湿法成熟羊肉的代谢指纹图谱进行分析,发现袋装干法成熟羊肉相较于湿法成熟,有更多二肽、游离氨基酸和脂质氧化代谢物,且袋装干法成熟可在一定程度上减少由于表面干燥和修整导致的羊肉质量损失。
逐步成熟是一种结合干法成熟与湿法成熟的创新技术,通过分阶段处理实现肉品质的优化。Kim等[77]在对比研究干-湿法逐步成熟与传统干法成熟后,发现干-湿法逐步成熟处理(干法成熟10 d+湿法成熟7 d)的样品在保水性和剪切力方面显著优于传统干法成熟,且感官特性与传统干法成熟相似。有Ha等[46]在研究湿-干法逐步成熟(湿法成熟21 d+干法成熟35 d)时发现,这种方法可以在保持肉质原有风味的同时,改善肉品的保水性和嫩度。Zhang等[78]对牛腰肉进行逐步成熟(袋装干法成熟7 d+湿法成熟14 d)研究,发现这种方式既能减少干法成熟过程中水分流失,又能利用湿法成熟的优势减少肉的质量损失,显著提升质地和嫩度。即逐步成熟技术能有效提升肉的风味、嫩度,改善肉的品质,为消费者提供更优质的肉类产品[14]。不同畜肉干法成熟的相关研究以及对肉品质的影响如表1所示。
随着时代的发展,干法成熟的技术不断演进。近年来,关于干法成熟的创新研究不断出现,这些研究不仅限于通过改变干法成熟的参数来改善肉品的风味和嫩度,还扩展到对微生物群落的精确控制。由于传统干法成熟是将胴体或切块直接暴露于特定环境下,故易导致微生物滋生从而造成污染。Setyabrata等[70]在猪里脊干法成熟的过程中对样品进行紫外照射处理,发现紫外照射可以有效抑制样品的微生物污染,而且与传统干法成熟相比,消费者感官评分上并没有明显的差异。此外,近年来冷等离子体(Cold Plasma)作为一种非热杀菌技术,在肉制品表面微生物控制方面展现出良好应用潜力[83]。未来可考虑将其引入干法成熟工艺,与现有微生物控制手段形成协同效应,从而进一步保障肉品的安全性与品质稳定性。
此外Cheng等[84]通过在牛肉表面接种特定菌株进行干法成熟处理,发现该方法能够改善牛肉的品质,缩短成熟周期,提高生产效率。而Salejda等[85]在研究采用大叶冬青提取物对干法成熟牛肉进行前处理时发现,使用大叶冬青提取物进行前处理可以有效预防脂质氧化,而且不会影响干法成熟牛肉的感官评分。这些方法通过调控表面微生物群落或干预脂肪氧化速率,因操作简便易行,也可成为优化干法成熟的技术手段。Oh等[64]开发了表面电阻测量的一种新技术,因能够反映牛肉在干法成熟过程中的水分含量变化,且表面电阻与牛肉的嫩度和pH具有显著的相关性,为干法成熟程度贡献了一种新的评估方法。这些新型技术的应用均为干法成熟工艺的优化提供了新思路。
由于肉类经过干法成熟表面脱水形成硬壳,导致较高的修剪损失[6],而且由于硬壳上微生物繁殖过度不宜食用[61]。但近期研究发现,干法成熟牛肉的硬壳具有显著的抗氧化活性和血管紧张素I转换酶(ACE)抑制活性[86],为其潜在应用提供了新的方向。干法成熟的外壳在经过处理后可作为增加食品风味的天然添加剂,也可用于棕酱[87]、烤肉酱[88]制作中的增味剂。此外,Lee等[89]将处理后的干法成熟牛肉的硬壳添加到猪肉馅饼中,发现馅饼的持水力以及蛋白质含量得到改善,同时感官评分显著提升。这些研究不仅为硬壳的再利用提供了理论支持,也为干法成熟技术的发展提供了新的切入点。
干法成熟作为一种传统工艺,有助于改善畜肉的风味和品质。其研究近年来不断深入,相关创新工艺如袋装干法成熟、逐步成熟等新技术相继出现。这些新技术的出现有效缓解了传统工艺中存在的成熟周期长、成本高、质量损耗大等问题,为其产业化应用提供了新的解决方案。此外,干法成熟过程中产生的副产物同样具有利用价值,进一步拓宽了该工艺的应用前景。
由于干法成熟微生物群落与风味物质的动态变化机制仍不明确,未来可依托多组学技术系统解析其过程;此外,工艺参数作为干法成熟的关键因素,未来可以通过物联网和AI技术实现智能调控,进一步促进生产效率的提升。干法成熟技术将在传统工艺与现代科学的结合中持续优化,进一步满足消费者对美味与健康的双重追求,推动肉类产业迈向更高的标准。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010289
  • 接收时间:2025-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-07
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    1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
    2农业农村部生鲜牛羊肉加工技术集成科研基地,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
    3呼和浩特市绿碧电子科技有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 011517
    4鄂尔多斯市检验检测中心,内蒙古鄂尔多斯 017010

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靳烨(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:肉品科学与技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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