Article(id=1320889011942576388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020161, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854081377, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854081377, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854081377, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854081377, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=388, endPage=398, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889012164874501, articleId=1320889011942576388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research on Sodium Alginate-based Intelligent-Active Film with Antibacterial and Ammonia-sensitive Functions for Shrimp Freshness Monitoring, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the present study, sodium alginate-based intelligent cross-linked films were prepared using cinnamon essential oil (CEO, 2.0wt%) as the antibacterial component and vacuum-freeze-dried purple sweet potato anthocyanin (PSPA) at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.0%, 1.4%, and 1.8% w/v as the indicator. The effects of PSPA addition on the film properties (including dissolution, barrier, optical, and antibacterial performances) as well as the response to ammonia compounds and pH were tested. In addition, the effect of the films on real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of CEO and PSPA endowed the films with notable growth inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The films containing PSPA had greater thickness, water vapor permeability, and oxygen permeability than the control films, whereas the water solubility, water content, swelling ratio, and light transmittance decreased with increasing PSPA concentration. Additionally, incorporation of PSPA enhanced the ultraviolet barrier performance of the films and resulted in clear color responses to concentrated ammonia water, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and pH1~13 buffer solutions. The results of the shrimp freshness monitoring test indicated that the SA-based films containing PSPA exhibited good color indication effects on the volatile nitrogen-containing compounds produced during the refrigeration process of shrimp and could be used to effectively monitor the changes in freshness of shrimp in real time. Moreover, under the synergistic effect of CEO, the pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and total bacterial count (TVC) of shrimp samples during storage were reduced, and the shelf life of shrimp was prolonged. These results indicate that the developed film has significant potential as a packaging material for nondestructive monitoring of the freshness of aquatic products.

, authors=Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yangxue LU, Yuqin HUANG, Xin DUAN, Zhuo LI, Jiaqi LIAO, authorsList=Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yangxue LU, Yuqin HUANG, Xin DUAN, Zhuo LI, Jiaqi LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889016296263974, articleId=1320889011942576388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=具有抗菌和氨敏感功能的海藻酸钠基智能活性薄膜监测虾新鲜度的研究, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

制备以肉桂精油(2.0wt%)为抗菌成分、以真空冷冻干燥提取的紫薯花青素(0%、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8% w/v的PSPA)为指示剂的海藻酸钠基智能交联薄膜,测试了紫薯花青素的添加量对薄膜特性(包括溶解性能、阻隔性能、光学性能、抗菌性能)、氨类化合物和pH响应性能的影响,并评价了薄膜用于实时监测虾新鲜度的效果。结果表明,肉桂精油和紫薯花青素的添加使所制薄膜具有较好的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长抑制作用;含紫薯花青素的薄膜具有更大的厚度、水蒸气透过性和透氧性,而水溶性、含水量、溶胀率和透光率则随紫薯花青素用量的增加而下降。此外,薄膜因紫薯花青素的添加而增强了对紫外线的阻隔性能,并对浓氨水、二甲胺、三甲胺、pH1~13的缓冲液表现出明显的颜色响应。同时,含紫薯花青素的薄膜对虾冷藏过程产生的挥发性含氮化合物也表现出较好的颜色指示效果,能有效实时监测虾肉的新鲜度变化;且在肉桂精油的协同作用下,可降低虾样品贮藏期间的pH、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值和菌落总数(TVC)值,延缓虾的货架期;具有作为无损监测水产品新鲜度的包装材料的良好潜力。

, authors=章斌, 侯小桢, 卢杨学, 黄于芹, 段昕, 李卓, 廖佳祺, authorsList=章斌, 侯小桢, 卢杨学, 黄于芹, 段昕, 李卓, 廖佳祺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

章斌(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量安全,E-mail:

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Tianjin: Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889016510173479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889016522756392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, companyId=1320889016510173479, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889016531145001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, companyId=1320889016510173479, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889021048410456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=UV protection ability of SA-based films with different PSPA concentrations, figureFileSmall=8z2P+k/zIQtZc7hBdDDmeQ==, figureFileBig=aFX1kSadVhQKcsVpIXLmow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021115519321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同PSPA浓度的SA基薄膜的紫外防护能力

注:同一时间点不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=8z2P+k/zIQtZc7hBdDDmeQ==, figureFileBig=aFX1kSadVhQKcsVpIXLmow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021312651610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in ΔE of SA films with PSPA addition amounts at different pH, figureFileSmall=CgtbYTE5yB+2UK6FGY+g8A==, figureFileBig=ZIrS6o+7WfG24LdqU8M7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021421703515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同PSPA添加量的SA膜在不同pH下的ΔE值变化

注:同一pH处不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=CgtbYTE5yB+2UK6FGY+g8A==, figureFileBig=ZIrS6o+7WfG24LdqU8M7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021497200988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in ΔE value of film responding to ammonia (A), dimethylamine (B) and trimethylamine (C), figureFileSmall=R/KnI4J8DsuvL5TkVXxbVw==, figureFileBig=cw39skRDLNX5ix4ehr/6vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021568504157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图3, caption=薄膜对浓氨水(A)、二甲胺(B)和三甲胺(C)响应的色差ΔE值变化情况

注:同一时间点不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=R/KnI4J8DsuvL5TkVXxbVw==, figureFileBig=cw39skRDLNX5ix4ehr/6vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021635613022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=pH Change of shrimp during storage, figureFileSmall=y/ZE1f+sBh3BsitbCoq3QQ==, figureFileBig=N/h4twsVkQTalO0vOS6NjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021702721887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图4, caption=虾贮藏期间的pH变化

注:同一贮藏时间点不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图5~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=y/ZE1f+sBh3BsitbCoq3QQ==, figureFileBig=N/h4twsVkQTalO0vOS6NjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021769830752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=TBARS value change of shrimp during storage, figureFileSmall=a37EQtpN9m0VR0P5IYZhrw==, figureFileBig=1zmSzUwfrlNhf66B4IAIJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021845328225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图5, caption=虾贮藏期间的TBARS值变化, figureFileSmall=a37EQtpN9m0VR0P5IYZhrw==, figureFileBig=1zmSzUwfrlNhf66B4IAIJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021908242786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=TVB-N value change of shrimp during storage, figureFileSmall=d3/yRvy+8Aob7vinrv7zOg==, figureFileBig=XrxrxWFZdYYezMRJd5ZWwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889021975351651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图6, caption=虾贮藏期间的TVB-N值变化, figureFileSmall=d3/yRvy+8Aob7vinrv7zOg==, figureFileBig=XrxrxWFZdYYezMRJd5ZWwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889022042460516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Total colony count change of shrimp during storage, figureFileSmall=vC7AuXAtVWNNyc8vE4XTfA==, figureFileBig=4eJ1234Vc5meXnSwrboo/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889022113763685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=图7, caption=虾贮藏期间的菌落总数变化, figureFileSmall=vC7AuXAtVWNNyc8vE4XTfA==, figureFileBig=4eJ1234Vc5meXnSwrboo/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889022189261158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Thickness, moisture content, water solubility and swelling rate of the films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品厚度(mm)MC(%)WS(%)SR(%)
SA-CEO0.173±0.005c12.83±0.09a0.221±0.005a323.43±8.21a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA0.186±0.004bc11.94±0.03b0.196±0.006b246.47±0.79b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA0.196±0.009b11.75±0.03b0.170±0.004c189.15±4.91c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA0.218±0.015a11.52±0.03b0.161±0.002d174.72±1.73d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA0.219±0.027a10.51±0.04c0.139±0.002e167.56±4.22d
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA0.229±0.017a10.19±0.03c0.129±0.003f150.61±5.57e
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022260564327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

薄膜的厚度、含水量(MC)、水溶性(WS)、溶胀性(SR)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品厚度(mm)MC(%)WS(%)SR(%)
SA-CEO0.173±0.005c12.83±0.09a0.221±0.005a323.43±8.21a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA0.186±0.004bc11.94±0.03b0.196±0.006b246.47±0.79b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA0.196±0.009b11.75±0.03b0.170±0.004c189.15±4.91c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA0.218±0.015a11.52±0.03b0.161±0.002d174.72±1.73d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA0.219±0.027a10.51±0.04c0.139±0.002e167.56±4.22d
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA0.229±0.017a10.19±0.03c0.129±0.003f150.61±5.57e
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022327673192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color performance and appearance of the films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品L*a*b*ΔEWI薄膜外观
SA-CEO72.42±0.39a0.06±0.03e6.91±0.25f25.46±0.43f71.56±0.42a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA67.58±0.60b1.46±0.20e8.56±0.28e30.59±0.65e66.44±0.64b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA61.12±0.78c6.99±0.26d13.34±0.32d38.85±0.87d58.30±0.87c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA56.39±0.79d9.37±0.37c14.71±0.37c44.21±0.89c53.03±0.89d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA50.96±1.49e13.71±0.87b16.91±0.52b50.19±1.63b46.33±1.62e
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA46.14±1.75f16.17±0.48a20.30±0.63a57.04±1.80a40.21±1.81f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022403170665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

薄膜的颜色参数和外观

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品L*a*b*ΔEWI薄膜外观
SA-CEO72.42±0.39a0.06±0.03e6.91±0.25f25.46±0.43f71.56±0.42a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA67.58±0.60b1.46±0.20e8.56±0.28e30.59±0.65e66.44±0.64b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA61.12±0.78c6.99±0.26d13.34±0.32d38.85±0.87d58.30±0.87c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA56.39±0.79d9.37±0.37c14.71±0.37c44.21±0.89c53.03±0.89d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA50.96±1.49e13.71±0.87b16.91±0.52b50.19±1.63b46.33±1.62e
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA46.14±1.75f16.17±0.48a20.30±0.63a57.04±1.80a40.21±1.81f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022558359914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Opacity, ultraviolet blocking ability (T280 nm) and transparency (T660 nm) of the films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品不透明度(mm−1)T280(%)透光率T660(%)
SA-CEO3.82±0.06d0.0022.73±0.40a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA4.16±0.09c0.0018.16±0.36b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA4.19±0.03c0.0016.77±0.18c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA4.20±0.05c0.0013.38±0.20d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA4.89±0.12b0.009.84±0.18e
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA5.04±0.10a0.006.87±0.04f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022638051691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

薄膜的不透明度、紫外光阻隔能力(T280 nm)和透光率(T660 nm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品不透明度(mm−1)T280(%)透光率T660(%)
SA-CEO3.82±0.06d0.0022.73±0.40a
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA4.16±0.09c0.0018.16±0.36b
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA4.19±0.03c0.0016.77±0.18c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA4.20±0.05c0.0013.38±0.20d
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA4.89±0.12b0.009.84±0.18e
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA5.04±0.10a0.006.87±0.04f
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022726132076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Water vapor and oxygen permeability performance of the films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品WVP(×10−10 g∙
m−1∙s−1∙Pa−1)
OP(×10−6 g·μm/100 m2·s)
SA-CEO3.14±0.03a4.29±0.06c
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA3.24±0.08a4.35±0.22c
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA3.28±0.05a4.59±0.16c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA3.29±0.11a5.09±0.04b
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA3.30±0.16a5.64±0.08a
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA3.34±0.14a5.66±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022814212461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

薄膜的阻水蒸气性能、阻氧气性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品WVP(×10−10 g∙
m−1∙s−1∙Pa−1)
OP(×10−6 g·μm/100 m2·s)
SA-CEO3.14±0.03a4.29±0.06c
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA3.24±0.08a4.35±0.22c
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA3.28±0.05a4.59±0.16c
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA3.29±0.11a5.09±0.04b
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA3.30±0.16a5.64±0.08a
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA3.34±0.14a5.66±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022906487150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

pH-Responsive performance of SA-based films with different PSPA addition amounts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1320889022986178927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同PSPA添加量的SA基膜的pH响应性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1320889023049093488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Appearance of film responding to ammonia, dimethylamine and trimethylamine at 30, 60 min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1320889023116202353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

薄膜在30、60 min时对浓氨水、二甲胺和三甲胺响应的外观图

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1320889023174922610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Bacteriostatic effect of different film samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品E. coli 菌落数
(×108 CFU/mL)
S. aureus 菌落数
(×107 CFU/mL)
未添加薄膜样品2.48±0.06b1.17±0.05b
SA薄膜2.70±0.06a1.26±0.03a
SA-CEO1.89±0.04c0.80±0.08d
SA-1.8%PSPA1.91±0.05c1.02±0.05c
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA1.85±0.03c0.78±0.05de
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA1.76±0.02d0.70±0.04ef
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA1.71±0.03de0.65±0.05f
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA1.64±0.04e0.62±0.04fg
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA1.54±0.04f0.56±0.02g
), ArticleFig(id=1320889023250420083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同薄膜样品的抑菌作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜样品E. coli 菌落数
(×108 CFU/mL)
S. aureus 菌落数
(×107 CFU/mL)
未添加薄膜样品2.48±0.06b1.17±0.05b
SA薄膜2.70±0.06a1.26±0.03a
SA-CEO1.89±0.04c0.80±0.08d
SA-1.8%PSPA1.91±0.05c1.02±0.05c
SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA1.85±0.03c0.78±0.05de
SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA1.76±0.02d0.70±0.04ef
SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA1.71±0.03de0.65±0.05f
SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA1.64±0.04e0.62±0.04fg
SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA1.54±0.04f0.56±0.02g
), ArticleFig(id=1320889023309140340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Appearance change of shrimp and color change and ΔE value of films during storage

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), ArticleFig(id=1320889023384637813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889011942576388, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

虾贮藏过程中的外观变化和薄膜的颜色变化与ΔE值

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具有抗菌和氨敏感功能的海藻酸钠基智能活性薄膜监测虾新鲜度的研究
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章斌 , 侯小桢 , 卢杨学 , 黄于芹 , 段昕 , 李卓 , 廖佳祺
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(5): 388-398
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (5) : 388 -398
具有抗菌和氨敏感功能的海藻酸钠基智能活性薄膜监测虾新鲜度的研究
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章斌 , 侯小桢, 卢杨学, 黄于芹, 段昕, 李卓, 廖佳祺
作者信息
  • 韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041
作者简介:

章斌(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量安全,E-mail:

Research on Sodium Alginate-based Intelligent-Active Film with Antibacterial and Ammonia-sensitive Functions for Shrimp Freshness Monitoring
Bin ZHANG , Xiaozhen HOU, Yangxue LU, Yuqin HUANG, Xin DUAN, Zhuo LI, Jiaqi LIAO
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020161
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制备以肉桂精油(2.0wt%)为抗菌成分、以真空冷冻干燥提取的紫薯花青素(0%、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8% w/v的PSPA)为指示剂的海藻酸钠基智能交联薄膜,测试了紫薯花青素的添加量对薄膜特性(包括溶解性能、阻隔性能、光学性能、抗菌性能)、氨类化合物和pH响应性能的影响,并评价了薄膜用于实时监测虾新鲜度的效果。结果表明,肉桂精油和紫薯花青素的添加使所制薄膜具有较好的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长抑制作用;含紫薯花青素的薄膜具有更大的厚度、水蒸气透过性和透氧性,而水溶性、含水量、溶胀率和透光率则随紫薯花青素用量的增加而下降。此外,薄膜因紫薯花青素的添加而增强了对紫外线的阻隔性能,并对浓氨水、二甲胺、三甲胺、pH1~13的缓冲液表现出明显的颜色响应。同时,含紫薯花青素的薄膜对虾冷藏过程产生的挥发性含氮化合物也表现出较好的颜色指示效果,能有效实时监测虾肉的新鲜度变化;且在肉桂精油的协同作用下,可降低虾样品贮藏期间的pH、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值和菌落总数(TVC)值,延缓虾的货架期;具有作为无损监测水产品新鲜度的包装材料的良好潜力。

智能指示膜  /  海藻酸钠  /  紫薯花青素  /  肉桂精油  /  虾新鲜度

In the present study, sodium alginate-based intelligent cross-linked films were prepared using cinnamon essential oil (CEO, 2.0wt%) as the antibacterial component and vacuum-freeze-dried purple sweet potato anthocyanin (PSPA) at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.0%, 1.4%, and 1.8% w/v as the indicator. The effects of PSPA addition on the film properties (including dissolution, barrier, optical, and antibacterial performances) as well as the response to ammonia compounds and pH were tested. In addition, the effect of the films on real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of CEO and PSPA endowed the films with notable growth inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The films containing PSPA had greater thickness, water vapor permeability, and oxygen permeability than the control films, whereas the water solubility, water content, swelling ratio, and light transmittance decreased with increasing PSPA concentration. Additionally, incorporation of PSPA enhanced the ultraviolet barrier performance of the films and resulted in clear color responses to concentrated ammonia water, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and pH1~13 buffer solutions. The results of the shrimp freshness monitoring test indicated that the SA-based films containing PSPA exhibited good color indication effects on the volatile nitrogen-containing compounds produced during the refrigeration process of shrimp and could be used to effectively monitor the changes in freshness of shrimp in real time. Moreover, under the synergistic effect of CEO, the pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and total bacterial count (TVC) of shrimp samples during storage were reduced, and the shelf life of shrimp was prolonged. These results indicate that the developed film has significant potential as a packaging material for nondestructive monitoring of the freshness of aquatic products.

intelligent indicating film  /  sodium alginate  /  purple sweet potato anthocyanins  /  cinnamon essential oil  /  shrimp freshness
章斌, 侯小桢, 卢杨学, 黄于芹, 段昕, 李卓, 廖佳祺. 具有抗菌和氨敏感功能的海藻酸钠基智能活性薄膜监测虾新鲜度的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 388 -398 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020161
Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yangxue LU, Yuqin HUANG, Xin DUAN, Zhuo LI, Jiaqi LIAO. Research on Sodium Alginate-based Intelligent-Active Film with Antibacterial and Ammonia-sensitive Functions for Shrimp Freshness Monitoring[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 388 -398 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020161
虾富含蛋白质、脂质和水分,在贮藏运输过程中易受氧化、酶和微生物等影响而出现脂质氧化和蛋白质降解[1−2],由此产生挥发性生物胺,导致包装内部环境的pH变化,进而影响其新鲜度和食用安全性。随着消费者对食品安全品质的关注度不断上升,可实时监测在家庭、超市等特定场景和食品流通中的水产品新鲜度的可视化智能包装成为当前研究热点之一[3−6];其中,基于颜色变化的智能指示膜因其直观、快速的反应特性,在食品新鲜度实时监测中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,现有指示膜在稳定性、功能性和实用性方面仍存在不足,亟需开发兼具高灵敏度、良好生物相容性及抗菌活性的新型智能包装材料。
目前,智能指示膜的主流制备方法是在多糖、蛋白质及其共混物等生物聚合物基质中,添加具有pH/氨敏感功能的天然染料。甜菜碱、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等植物基天然染料因其安全性高和潜在的生物活性而备受青睐。特别地,属于黄酮类化合物的花青素,因其来源广泛、具有良好的抗氧化和抑菌活性以及优异的pH颜色响应特性(可根据不同基团位置和附着在其上的酸而产生紫色、蓝色、红色或橙色等多种颜色),在智能包装材料中展现出巨大潜力[7]。从紫薯中提取的花青素(Purple sweet potato anthocyanins,PSPA)在热、pH和氧化剂稳定性方面较黑米、葡萄等来源的花青素更佳[8],使其成为新鲜度指示器的首选。在膜基质的选择上,海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)来源广、成本低、安全性高、成膜性佳、具有良好的生物可降解和生物相容性,且其分子链富含羟基(-OH)和羧基(-COOH)等活性基团而呈现结构与性能的多样性,是理想的基材。同时,通过加入植物精油,既能弥补SA基薄膜机械强度不佳(断裂延伸率较差)、耐水性较差等物理性能的不足,还可赋予SA基薄膜一定的功能特性,使其在活性/智能包装薄膜开发方面具有独特的优势。例如,牛至精油的添加可显著改善SA薄膜的紫外线阻隔性能,增加薄膜的拉伸强度,且使反映薄膜疏水性能的接触角值增加43.6%,大大提高SA薄膜的耐水性[9]。同样,丁香精油纳米乳液的加入增强了海藻酸钠膜基质的疏水性,并通过精油的增塑效应增强了薄膜的延展性,也改善了薄膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果[10]。然而,大多数植物精油因其较强烈的香气,在作为食品添加剂和功能包装材料的活性剂使用时受到一定限制。相比而言,肉桂精油对多种水产品优势微生物(如大肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠沙门氏菌)具有良好的抗菌活性,且气味相对适宜调理类水产食品加工,使其在水产和海产食品保鲜中的应用更为广泛[11]。
本研究旨在开发和评价一种掺入紫薯花青素和肉桂精油的智能-活性海藻酸钠基薄膜,研究不同紫薯花青素添加量对薄膜光学性能、UV-Vis阻隔性能和气体阻隔性能、抗菌性能的影响,并通过测评薄膜的pH和氨敏感特性,探讨其用于虾新鲜度监测的可行性。
肉桂精油(纯度为100%) 华硕香料油有限公司;海藻酸钠 郑州宏兴食品添加剂有限公司;紫薯粉 西安瑞盈生物科技有限公司;二甲胺水溶液(AR)、三甲胺溶液、β-胡萝卜素 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;花青素-3-葡萄糖苷 上海士锋生物科技有限公司;甘油、吐温80、正己烷、氯化钙等所有试剂 均为国产分析纯。
FJ200-SH高速分散均质机 上海沪析实业有限公司;QuantuMike IP 65手持式数字测微计 日本Mitutoyo公司;TU-1901紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析仪器有限公司;BSA124S电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;GZX-9146MBE电热鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;GHP-9080隔水式恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
称取紫薯粉,与70% v/v乙醇按1:20比例混合,于室温下磁力搅拌辅助提取1 h,提取液经滤纸过滤后,滤液于45 ℃下在旋转蒸发器中浓缩,随后将浓缩液真空冷冻干燥48 h,得花青素粉末(PSPA)。依据Ebrahimi等[7]所述方法,基于花青素-3-葡萄糖苷,通过pH差法测得PSPA的总花青素含量为9.37±0.62 mg/g。
将2.00 g SA充分溶解于100 mL蒸馏水中,然后加入甘油(SA质量的25%,w/w)并磁力搅拌5 min,然后分别加入0%、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8% w/v的PSPA、2 mL肉桂精油、0.1 mL吐温−80,以12000 r/min均质10 min。将上述溶液进行超声消泡处理后,取25.00 g平铺至直径为9 cm的培养皿中,于40 ℃烘箱中干燥至完全,得SA基干薄膜。然后加入2.0%(w/v)的氯化钙溶液与上述SA基干薄膜进行0.5 min交联,再次烘干后即得海藻酸钠基活性-智能交联膜。将含有0%、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8% PSPA的薄膜分别命名为SA-CEO膜、SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA膜、SA-CEO-0.6%PSPA膜、SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA膜、SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA膜、SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA膜。
在薄膜的10个随机位置(中心区域3~4个点,膜周边6~7个随机点)测量厚度,测量精度为0.001 mm,平均值作为薄膜厚度。
称取在防潮箱中平衡调节好的重量为W1的薄膜样品3份(n=3),其中一份薄膜样品于105 ℃热风干燥至恒重并记录重量W2,根据薄膜干燥前后重量按式(1)计算含水量MC。同时,第二份薄膜样品于50 mL蒸馏水中浸泡8 min,然后回收未溶解的薄膜残片并在室温下于空气循环通风橱中干燥(25 ℃)保持24 h后,称重(W3)并按式(2)计算水溶性WS。此外,第三份薄膜样品于50 mL蒸馏水中浸泡3 min后,用吸水纸轻拭薄膜表面水分,称重W4,按式(3)计算溶胀性SR。
$ \text{MC}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{W}_1-\text{W}_2}{\text{W}_1}\times 100 $
$ \text{WS}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{W}_1-\text{W}_3}{\text{W}_1}\times 100 $
$ \text{SR}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{W}_4-\text{W}_1}{\text{W}_1}\times 100 $
以白色标准色板(L0=96.50,a0=−0.27,b0=0.40)为颜色测定的标准背景,随机测定薄膜样品至少5个位置的表面颜色参数L*、a*、b*值,并按式(4)和(5)分别计算ΔE和WI。
$ \Delta {E}=\sqrt{{({{L}^{*}}-{{L}_{0}})}^{2}+{({{a}^{\text{*}}}-{{a}_{0}})}^{2}+{({{b}^{\text{*}}}-{{b}_{0}})}^{2}} $
$ \mathrm{WI}=100-\sqrt{(100-L^*)^2+(a^{\text{*}})^2+(b^{\text{*}})^2} $
式中:ΔE为薄膜表面颜色的总色差,WI为薄膜表面颜色的白度指数,L*表示亮度、a*表示红(+)-绿(−)偏向,b*表示黄(+)-蓝(−)偏向。
以空比色皿为对照,测定薄膜样品280 nm(T280)、660 nm(T660)处的透射百分比来分别表示其紫外光阻隔性能和透光率;同时,测定600 nm波长的吸光度并按式(6)计算不透明度。
$ 不透明度= \dfrac{{\text{A}}_{600\;{\mathrm{nm}}}}{\text{L}} $
式中:L为薄膜的厚度平均值(mm)。
用薄膜覆盖装有浓度为0.002 mg/mL的β-胡萝卜素-己烷溶液的称量瓶瓶口,然后将称量瓶置于UV光(365 nm波长)下照射,期间每隔一定时间测定溶液在450 nm处的吸光度At,并依据溶液第0时刻的吸光度A0计算溶液的降解率,以此评价薄膜的紫外线防护能力。同时,以没有薄膜覆盖为对照处理组(CK)。
将装有40.0 g无水CaCl2的渗透杯用薄膜样品密封后,置于底部装有蒸馏水(100% RH)的干燥器中。每12 h称重渗透杯并持续至72 h。按式(7)计算WVP(g/(m∙Pa∙s))。
$ \text{WVP}=\frac{\text{m}\times \text{d}}{\text{t}\times \text{A}\times \Delta \text{P}} $
式中:m为透过薄膜渗透的水质量(g),t为渗透时间(s);A为有效膜面积(m2); d为薄膜样品厚度(m);ΔP为试验温度下水的饱和蒸气压(Pa)。
参照Gomaa等[12]的方法,将装有一定量的按还原铁粉:氯化钠:活性炭=0.5 g:1.5 g:1.0 g比例组成的脱氧剂的渗透杯用薄膜样品密封后,置于底部装有饱和BaCl2溶液(90% RH)的干燥器中。每12 h称重渗透杯并持续至72 h。按式(8)计算OP(g·μm/(100 m2·s))。
$ \text{OP}=\frac{{\text{(m}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}})\times \text{d}}{\text{t}\times \text{A}\times 100} $
式中:m2为72 h后的杯重(g);m1为杯的初始重量(g);t为时间(s),A为有效膜面积(m2);d为归一化的恒定膜厚度(µm)。
将2 cm×2 cm的薄膜片置于pH1至pH13的缓冲液中浸泡3 min,取出薄膜并沥干表面溶液后,对薄膜的外观颜色变化拍照并测定和计算L*、a*、b*、ΔE值。
将2 cm×2 cm的薄膜片固定在分别装有20 mL浓氨水、20 mL二甲胺(TMA)液、20 mL三甲胺(DMA)液的称量皿盖内表面,并将其置于溶液正上方5 cm处0~60 min;在第0、10、20、30、40、50、60 min拍照以记录薄膜的颜色变化并测定薄膜的L*、a*、b*值颜色参数,同时按式(4)计算总色差ΔE值。
解冻融合并储存在BHI肉汤中的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E. coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus)的培养基,将0.1 mL培养基转移到10 mL LB肉汤中,于37 ℃摇瓶培养16 h。然后将上述培养物(0.1 mL)第二次转移到10 mL LB肉汤中,于37 ℃培养12 h,直至生长指数阶段结束;此时的培养物浓度约为1×105 CFU/mL,作为测试菌菌悬液备用[13]。将0.05 g经紫外灭菌的薄膜样品浸入分别装有500 μL上述测试菌菌悬液的试管中,于37 ℃轻轻振荡使薄膜样品溶解后,吸取100 µL菌悬液涂布于琼脂平板并于37 ℃培养24 h,以不加薄膜样品的菌悬液为空白对照;同时,使用不含PSPA和CEO的SA基薄膜作为实验对照1,以及使用分别单独添加CEO和1.8% w/v PSPA的SA基薄膜作为实验对照2和实验对照3;通过计数和比较平板上的菌落数量,测评各配方薄膜的抗菌性能。
将大小均匀的鲜虾放入事先已清洁消毒的玻璃培养皿中,裁取4 cm×4 cm的薄膜片固定于培养皿盖内侧,然后将培养皿用胶布密封后置于4±1 ℃环境储藏8 d,并于第0、2、4、6、8 d拍摄虾样品的外观变化情况,同时测定薄膜片的颜色参数(L*、a*、b*)和总色差(ΔE),以及测定用薄膜覆盖包装虾样品的pH、TBARS值、TVB-N值和菌落总数(TVC),以评价薄膜实时监测虾样品新鲜度的指示效果。同时,以没有薄膜覆盖为对照处理组(CK)。
参照GB 5009.237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》,取10.0 g剥壳的虾肉于90 mL蒸馏水中均质成匀浆,用数显pH计测定匀浆的滤液的pH。
取5.0 g虾肉样品与25 mL 0.1% TCA(三氯乙酸)溶液混合,匀浆,然后以10000×g离心15 min。取5 mL离心后的上清液与5 mL 20% TCA溶液混合,将混合液在95 ℃下加热40 min,然后冷却并再次离心。测定上清液在532 nm处的吸光度,同时以5 mL蒸馏水代替5 mL上清液作为空白对照。TBARS值测定结果表示为“每kg肉中丙二醛当量的mg数,mg MDA/kg”。
根据GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》的“第二法 自动凯氏定氮仪法”进行测定,并按式(9)计算TVB-N值。
$ \text{TVB-N}(\text{mg}/100\;\text{g}) = \frac{({\text{V}}_{1}-{\text{V}}_{2}) \times \text{c} \times 14}{\text{m}} \times 100 $
式中:V1、V2:分别为样品液和空白组消耗盐酸标准滴定溶液的体积(mL);c:盐酸标准滴定溶液的浓度(mol/L);m:肉样质量(g);14:滴定1.0 mL盐酸[c(HCl)=1.000 mol/L]标准滴定溶液相当的氮的质量(g/mol);100:计算结果换算为mg/100 g的换算系数。
根据GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》所述进行。称取10.0 g虾肉置于含有90 mL无菌生理盐水的无菌均质袋中,用拍击式均质器拍打3~5 min,制成1:10样品匀液。取1 mL上述样品匀液并稀释到合适的梯度,选择1~3个适宜梯度样品匀液加入无菌培养皿中,每个稀释度做两个平行,同时取1 mL空白稀释液加入两个培养皿做空白对照。然后向各培养皿中加入15~20 mL的平板计数琼脂培养基后,将培养皿于30 ℃培养72 h后进行菌落计数。
每个指标测定至少3次平行,测定结果均表示为平均值±标准偏差。使用SPSS 22.0统计分析软件,采用Duncan多范围测试,进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),对数据平均值之间的差异进行统计学显著性检验,检验水平为P<0.05。
薄膜的厚度至关重要,对薄膜的物理性能,如水蒸气和气体的渗透性、活性化合物的扩散、透明度,以及薄膜的包装使用性能等有直接影响。由表1可知,相较厚度最小的SA-CEO膜(0.173 mm),PSPA的添加增大了薄膜的厚度,且随PSPA加入量的增多,薄膜厚度也随之增大,至SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA膜的0.229 mm,这可能是由于PSPA的加入增加了成膜溶液的固体物质含量,破坏了薄膜基体的晶体结构,使得膜基质的空间距离增加[15]。
水溶性、含水量和溶胀性是评价薄膜耐水和吸水性能的重要指标。由表1可看出,PSPA的加入降低了薄膜的MC、WS和SR,且随PSPA添加量的增加而逐渐下降。其中,水溶性和溶胀性的降低可能是因为PSPA中含有的苯环基团具有疏水性[16],当PSPA与SA-CEO膜结合时,限制了亲水性的SA与水分子接触,PSPA添加量越大,SA与外界水分子的接触面积越小,同时膜厚度的增加也降低了外界水分子向膜内部渗透的效率,因此导致薄膜的水溶性和溶胀性下降。而薄膜含水量下降的原因可能是PSPA中的羟基与膜基质中的亲水性基团形成分子间氢键[17],从而使得薄膜中可结合水的自由羟基数量下降,导致薄膜的持水性能降低。
表2结果显示,所制备的薄膜外观结构均匀,没有空隙,表现出较好的光泽度;就表面颜色而言,SA-CEO膜呈乳白色,而PSPA的加入使薄膜颜色加深,呈现与PSPA颜色相一致的变化,且这种强度变化与PSPA添加量呈正相关,即由浅粉红至粉红至深粉红。同时,随着PSPA的添加量增加,薄膜的亮度L*值逐渐降低,从SA-CEO膜的最高值72.42降至SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA膜的46.14,说明薄膜表面颜色加深,这一结果也相应地反映在WI值逐渐降低和ΔE值逐渐增大的变化上。此外,薄膜的a*值和b*值则随PSPA添加量的增大而逐渐增大,表明PSPA的加入使薄膜总体朝偏红和偏黄的趋势变化,引起外观颜色的差异更加明显,这与拍摄的薄膜外观照片相一致;同时,这一现象也说明PSPA与SA呈现出良好的相容性,由此可以预计PSPA的添加将赋予薄膜较好的显色作用。
紫外光具有较强的氧化作用,能使食品中的脂质发生氧化,可见光则会使食品中的光敏物质发生降解,影响食品的外观和口感。因此,食品包装材料的紫外光阻隔能力(T280 nm)和透光率(T660 nm)是薄膜性能的重要指标。表3显示,所有薄膜的T280 nm值均为0.00,表明对紫外光有显著的阻隔能力,这可能是因为CEO和PSPA含有的酚类化合物可吸收并阻碍紫外光的辐射[18];同时,分布在SA基质中的CEO油滴在一定程度上促进了光散射,减少了紫外光的穿透[19−20]。随着PSPA的加入和用量的增加,薄膜的不透明度也相应增大,从SA-CEO膜的3.82(mm−1)增加到SA-CEO-1.8% PSPA膜的5.04(mm−1),对应的透光率从22.73%下降到6.87%,这可能是因为花青素中的类黄酮阳离子对光的吸收[21],PSPA含量越高,类黄酮阳离子数量越多,对光的吸收能力就越强;这些结果均与薄膜的表面颜色参数和外观变化结果一致。
食品包装材料的紫外线防护能力对延长新鲜食品的储存时间有一定作用。从图1可看出,随着特定波长紫外线照射的时间增加,β-胡萝卜素的降解率逐渐增大,且对照CK组的降解速率与SA基薄膜的各处理组有显著差异(P<0.05),表明CEO和PSPA的加入可有效阻挡紫外线在SA基薄膜中的穿透,这一现象与薄膜的不透明度和透光率因加入CEO和PSPA而分别增大与降低的变化结果一致。同时,相比SA-CEO膜,PSPA的添加进一步显著地增强了薄膜的紫外线防护能力(P<0.05),且这种效果随PSPA添加量的增大而相应增强,这主要是由于PSPA的苯环所构成的共轭体系在紫外线可见光区均有强吸收效果[22],且PSPA所含的酚类化合物也具有较好的紫外线吸收性能。
水蒸气渗透性是影响薄膜包装阻水性能的重要参数。如表4所示,PSPA的加入略微增大了薄膜的WVP(P>0.05),这一方面可能是由于PSPA具有多个亲水性酚羟基[23],增强了SA-CEO基薄膜的吸水性能,从而使薄膜吸附外界空气中水分子的能力也随之增强,造成了PSPA添加量越多,WVP也相应越大的情况。另一方面,PSPA的加入也可能引起薄膜网络的扰乱,使SA链分子间键的干扰增加了链间间距和分子迁移率,从而增加聚合物链中的空隙,使得水分子很容易渗入薄膜,从而使WVP增加[24]。研究表明,大多数基于水胶体(多糖、蛋白质)的薄膜具有良好的氧气阻隔性能[25−26],但可能是因为加入的PSPA使薄膜内部结构变得疏松,导致膜基质产生的孔隙成为了氧气分子扩散的良好通道;因此,类似WVP的变化,薄膜的OP值随PSPA的加入而增大;这与王文娇[27]和李丰羽等[28]的研究结论相似。
表5的薄膜外观颜色变化表明:PSPA的添加赋予了SA基薄膜对不同pH(1~13)的高敏感性,呈现出肉眼可见的红(深粉)-粉-紫-(棕)黄-绿的颜色变化过程,这种颜色变化对应于PSPA在不同pH下的四种存在结构:酸性条件下的黄烊盐阳离子和甲醇假碱结构、弱碱条件下的醌式碱、查尔酮[27];其中,PSPA在pH1~2时以黄烊盐阳离子形式存在,呈现红色;pH3~6时转变为无色的甲醇假碱,颜色则变为浅粉/浅红色;pH7时呈现原本的紫色;pH8~9时变为醌式碱,呈蓝色;pH10~13时呈现黄绿色和棕黄色[16]。就薄膜的ΔE值而言,SA-CEO薄膜经不同pH缓冲液处理后大体保持稳定,表明该薄膜不具备pH响应特性,表5所示的薄膜外观颜色与这一结果相符;而加入不同浓度的PSPA后,薄膜对不同pH的缓冲液呈现明显的颜色响应,ΔE值显著增大(P<0.05),且随着缓冲液pH的增大,大体呈现出先降低后上升的趋势(图2),这对应于薄膜在不同pH条件下的表面颜色变化。此外,在相同的pH条件下,PSPA的添加量越大,薄膜表面颜色越深,对应ΔE值也相应越大,说明高浓度的PSPA赋予薄膜更好的色差视觉识别。
图3表明,未添加PSPA的SA-CEO膜对浓氨水、二甲胺和三甲胺均未表现出颜色响应,即该薄膜的外观颜色和ΔE值几乎无改变;而加入PSPA的SA-CEO基薄膜对浓氨水(图3A)、二甲胺(图3B)和三甲胺(图3C)表现出明显的颜色响应,薄膜表面颜色总ΔE值显著增大(P<0.05),且呈现随PSPA浓度增加而响应相应增强的颜色变化。此外,薄膜在前10 min呈现较大的ΔE值增加,随后稍有放缓,这可能是随着时间的延长,PSPA逐渐与氨类发生化学反应,导致SA-CEO基薄膜的吸附能力变弱[29],从而导致薄膜的表面ΔE值增加程度有所下降。此外,从ΔE值的变化幅度可看出,相比二甲胺(ΔE值介于42.57~68.17之间)、三甲胺(ΔE值介于41.73~67.60之间),薄膜对浓氨水(ΔE值介于43.09~78.25之间)的颜色响应更明显,这也可从表6显示的薄膜外观颜色变化看到相应的显色结果。
由表7可知,相比不含薄膜和添加SA薄膜的对照组,CEO的添加显著增强了SA基薄膜对测试菌的抑菌效果(P<0.05),这是因为肉桂精油可破坏细菌的细胞壁,造成细菌损失,且其富含的肉桂醛和丁香酚可透过微生物的细胞壁与微生物内部蛋白质和酶发生作用[30],使细菌失活,从而起到抑菌作用。同时,单独添加1.8% w/v的PSPA也赋予了SA薄膜明显增强的抗菌作用(P<0.05)。此外,相比SA-CEO膜,添加0.6%及以上的PSPA又进一步增强了薄膜的抗菌作用,且这种增强效应呈现出依赖于PSPA添加量的明显正相关。
虾类在储存过程中由于微生物分解和自身酶反应引起虾类腐败并产生挥发性胺类等气体,这些气体从虾体中缓慢释放并充斥在培养皿内部[31],从而被SA-CEO-PSPA膜吸收,造成薄膜花青素结构改变,使得薄膜颜色发生改变。以pH、TBARS、TVB-N、菌落总数为测定虾的新鲜度指标,评价SA-CEO-PSPA膜实时监测和指示虾肉新鲜度的能力。
从表8的薄膜颜色变化情况可看出,未添加PSPA的SA-CEO膜表面颜色变化不大,贮藏期间的ΔE值变化不明显,且出现了ΔE值下降的情况,这可能跟薄膜遇水变白有关。而添加PSPA的薄膜呈现明显的颜色变化,相应的ΔE值随PSPA浓度的增大而显著增大(P<0.05),且从第6 d左右开始,总体呈明显的黄(-蓝-紫)绿色,小部分区域呈现粉红色,这主要是由于虾肉贮藏过程产生乳酸和磷酸,使薄膜与虾肉接触的区域呈粉红色,而未接触区域因虾腐败产生胺类挥发性气体,导致薄膜颜色的变化。
随着贮藏时间的延长,薄膜颜色加深,ΔE值相应增大,其中显色度差异最明显的为SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA膜,前后的ΔE值相差近16,其次为SA-CEO-1.4%PSPA膜;这表明薄膜中PSPA含量低时,薄膜所能吸收固定的胺类气体少,颜色变化弱,而PSPA含量过高时,颜色变化所需的胺类等气体越多,反而会影响花青素的显色。总的来说,含PSPA的SA-CEO薄膜在虾贮藏期间的ΔE值均大于5,利于人眼对薄膜表面颜色的观察和区分[32];同时,依据PSPA结构变化所对应的颜色变化,即PSPA在pH7时呈现原本的紫色,在pH8~9和pH10~13时分别呈现蓝色、黄绿色/棕黄色,表7的结果说明本研究所制备的SA-CEO-PSPA薄膜能有效地监测虾的腐败进程,并指示虾腐败或不可食状态发生在对应于薄膜第6 d左右的黄(-蓝-紫)绿色。
图4表明,随贮藏时间的推移,所有处理组的虾样品的pH均逐渐上升,但对照组的上升幅度更大,从最初的6.98增加到第6 d时已接近7.7(腐败[33]),而经SA-CEO-PSPA膜覆盖处理的虾的pH至第8 d时才接近不可食状态,这可能是薄膜覆盖处理可在一定程度上阻隔环境中的氧气和微生物对虾的不利影响;同时,如表7所示的CEO具有较强抗菌性能结果,薄膜基质中释放出的CEO可有效抑制微生物对虾的作用,减少胺类代谢产物堆积而延缓pH的上升。此外,PSPA也可从薄膜基质中缓慢释放,与虾体细菌胞内蛋白相互作用,抑制细菌生长与繁殖,进而降低虾肉蛋白的分解和延缓虾的pH上升;这使得SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理组的虾样从第2 d至贮藏结束期间的pH始终低于SA-CEO膜处理组的样品。由膜基质中添加PSPA所引起的虾样pH的进一步降低并没有呈现与PSPA添加量正相关的线性关系,总体表现为SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA膜处理延缓pH上升的效果最佳;这可能与PSPA从膜基质释放的速率缓慢及由此可释放出的总量有限有关。
水产品富含不饱和脂肪酸,易被空气氧化生成次级产物丙二醛,丙二醛可与硫代巴比妥酸生成稳定的红色复合物,可通过测定复合物含量来评估水产品的氧化程度[34]。如图5所示,类似pH的变化趋势,随着贮藏时间的增加,各处理组虾样品的TBARS值逐渐升高,且CK对照组样品的TBARS值在整个贮藏期间均显著高于SA-CEO膜和SA-CEO-PSPA膜覆盖处理的样品(P<0.05)(第0 d除外),在第8 d达到最高的0.83 mg MDA/kg;相比之下,SA-CEO膜和SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理样品的TBARS值在第8 d仅分别为0.77 mg MDA/kg和0.67~0.76 mg MDA/kg,这一结果表明薄膜包装处理可延缓虾的腐败,这与薄膜所形成的物理阻隔具有减轻外部氧气对虾肉中的脂质氧化的作用有关,以及与膜基质中的CEO具有较强的抗氧化活性有关[35]。此外,PSPA含有丰富的酚羟基,可赋予薄膜较强的抗氧化性能,从而降低虾样品在贮藏期间的脂质氧化程度,使SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理组的虾样在整个贮藏期间(第0 d除外)的TBARS值低于SA-CEO膜处理组,且大体呈现出膜基质中PSPA添加量越大,虾样TBARS值上升越慢的显著差异(P<0.05)。根据张艳凌等[36]所述,TBARS值大于1.0 mg MDA/kg的虾肉为变质肉,而本实验中各处理组虾样品的TBARS值均未超过此阈值,这可能与虾肉中脂肪含量较低有关。
在水产类食品的变质过程中,包括氨、二甲胺和三甲胺在内的挥发性物质(TVB-N)会不断产生和累积,改变食品周围的酸碱微环境,并可被具有氨响应性能的智能包装材料所感知[37]。如图6所示,所有虾样品在贮藏期间的TVB-N值(初始值为8.31 mg/100 g)均随时间推移而增加,在第6 d均超过GB 2733-2015《食品安全国家标准鲜、冻动物性水产品》所规定的最大限值30 mg/100 g,且增幅总体表现为CK组>SA-CEO膜处理组>SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理组,表明CEO和PSPA的添加对SA基薄膜延缓虾的腐败变质有一定的效果。此外,相比SA-CEO膜处理组,SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理组的虾样品从第6 d开始的TVB-N值总体上明显更低,这与表7所显示的薄膜中存在高浓度PSPA具有较好的抑菌作用有关。另一方面,随着贮藏期的延长,TVB-N值不断升高,意味着虾样产生更多的挥发性盐基氮类化合物,从而使培养皿内部空间环境碱化,并使含PSPA的薄膜呈色,这与表8呈现的薄膜表面颜色响应变化结果一致。
从图7可看出,TVC值的变化类似pH、TBARS值和TVB-N值,呈现出SA-CEO-PSPA膜覆盖处理组的虾样品的TVC值在贮藏期间均低于对照组。参照GB 2733-2015《食品安全国家标准 鲜、冻动物性水产品》和SC/T 3108-2016《鲜、冻水产品分级规范》所规定的一级新鲜度的虾类菌落总数≤5.0 lg CFU/g、二级鲜度的虾类菌落总数为5.0~5.7 lg CFU/g的标准,对照CK组在第4 d(TVC为5.75 lg CFU/g)已达到货架期终点[38],而SA-CEO膜处理组(5.25 lg CFU/g)和SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理组样品(5.55~5.63 lg CFU/g)仍处于二级鲜度内,这应归因于薄膜基质中的CEO和PSPA所具有的抗菌作用抑制了微生物的生长。另一方面,膜基质中的活性成分PSPA对膜包装内部和虾体表面的微生物可能存在两种不同的作用:一是PSPA可起到抑制或杀灭微生物的作用,但受其释放速率较慢和释放量较少的限制;二是PSPA具有强亲水性,可逐渐促进SA基材的吸水和润胀,由此提高SA-CEO-PSPA膜包装内部空间的湿度,从而为微生物生长繁殖创造一定的有利条件。基于这一推测,相比SA-CEO膜处理组,SA-CEO-PSPA膜处理虾样的TVC值在第4 d和第6 d期间均更高,且有显著差异(P<0.05);在第8 d时,SA-CEO-0.2%PSPA、SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA和SA-CEO-1.8%PSPA处理组虾样的TVC值也均高于SA-CEO组。因此,控制SA基质中的PSPA添加量可降低这一不利影响,就本实验研究结果而言,1.0% w/v的PSPA用量相对更为合适。
本研究以海藻酸钠为成膜基质,通过添加肉桂精油和冻干提取的紫薯花青素,采用CaCl2交联的方式制备了高性能的智能活性薄膜。实验结果表明,所制薄膜外观均匀,紫薯花青素和肉桂精油在SA基质中分散良好,且两者的添加增大了SA基薄膜的厚度,减小了水溶性和溶胀率,增强了薄膜的紫外线防护能力,一定程度上改善了薄膜作为包装材料使用的物理性能。同时,紫薯花青素和肉桂精油的加入赋予了SA基膜优异的抑菌活性,以及良好的pH响应性和氨敏感性变色性能,且以SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA膜的综合响应性能更佳。此外,综合比较虾贮藏期间的pH、TVC、TBARS和TVB-N值结果,表明SA-CEO-PSPA基指示膜可在一定程度上延缓虾的腐败变质,使虾的综合货架期延长2 d左右,并可以通过视觉上可区分的颜色变化来实时显示虾的新鲜度;且同样以SA-CEO-1.0%PSPA膜的总体作用相对更好。因此,本研究所形成的薄膜是一种在水产品保鲜和品质实时监测中有潜在应用可行性的活性-智能包装材料。尽管如此,本研究中进行的薄膜智能性能测试是初步的,未来需要进一步的分析和验证食品的变质时间与薄膜中所含指示剂的颜色变化之间的潜在相关性;同时,还需要对薄膜实际使用的安全性评价开展更深入研究。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020161
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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    韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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