Article(id=1320888999342878977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090276, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854078374, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854078374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854078374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854078374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=435, endPage=445, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888999548399874, articleId=1320888999342878977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Composition and in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from the Flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to systematically compare the in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts and polysaccharides isolated from the bulbs and flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., and to investigate the composition of floral polysaccharides as well as their in vivo antioxidant effects and preliminary mechanisms in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, thereby providing experimental evidence for the utilization of F. thunbergii Miq. flowers. Bulb decoctions (FTD), bulb polysaccharides (FTP), flower decoction (FTFD), and floral polysaccharides (FTFP) from F. thunbergii Miq. were prepared using water extraction. Their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, as well as a ferric ion reducing capacity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) assay. Furthermore, the C. elegans model was used to assess the antioxidant effects of the most active component screened. The regulatory effects on the expression of oxidative stress-related genes were explored by analyzing the fluorescence intensities of transgenic C. elegans CF1553 (sod-3p::GFP) and CL2166 (gst-4p::GFP). The results revealed that the flower-derived extracts (FTFD and FTFP) exhibited significantly stronger antioxidant capacities than the bulb-derived extracts (FTD and FTP). Among these, FTFP (1 mg/mL) showed the strongest ferric reducing ability (0.97±0.011 mmol/L), along with high scavenging rates against DPPH radicals (76.58%±0.68%) and ABTS cation radicals (58.63%±8.58%). In vivo experiments showed that C. elegans treated with FTFP (0.04~4 mg/mL) exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to heat and oxidative stress and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant genes sod-3 and gst-4 in a concentration-dependent manner. Composition analysis revealed that FTFP was an acidic heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acid (GalA, 70.02%), and contained rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) showed that it primarily contained two components with average molecular weights of 363.05 and 26.04 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, FTFP is the primary active component responsible for its antioxidant effects, as it effectively scavenges free radicals as well as enhances the resistance of organism to oxidative stress by upregulating sod-3 and gst-4 expressions. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development and use of F. thunbergii flower resources.

, authors=Chenxuan SHA1, Lixin HE2, Peicheng SHANGGUAN1, Yuexia WANG3, Jiayi CHEN1, Chunlan HONG1, *, Shasha TIAN1, *, authorsList=Chenxuan SHA, Lixin HE, Peicheng SHANGGUAN, Yuexia WANG, Jiayi CHEN, Chunlan HONG, Shasha TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunlan HONG, Shasha TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889002832539927, articleId=1320888999342878977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=浙贝母花多糖的组成及体内外抗氧化作用分析, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究的目的是系统比较浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.)鳞茎与花两个部位的水提物及多糖类成分的体外抗氧化活性,并深入探究花多糖的组成及其在模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫中的抗氧化作用及初步机制,为花的利用提供实验依据。首先采用水提法制备了浙贝母鳞茎水煎液(FTD)、鳞茎多糖(FTP)、花水煎液(FTFD)及花多糖(FTFP),采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH),2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)自由基清除实验和铁离子还原抗氧化能力(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)测定法比较不同提取物的体外抗氧化活性。其次使用秀丽隐杆线虫模型评价上述筛选出的最优活性成分的抗氧化作用,然后通过分析转基因秀丽隐杆线虫CF1553(sod-3p::GFP)和CL2166(gst-4p::GFP)的荧光强度,探讨其对抗氧化应激相关基因表达的影响。最后分析其单糖组成和分子量。结果表明,花部位的提取物(FTFD和FTFP)的抗氧化活性显著优于鳞茎提取物(FTD和FTP)。其中,FTFP(1 mg/mL)表现出最强的铁离子还原能力(0.97±0.011 mmol/L)、较高的DPPH自由基(76.58%±0.68%)和ABTS阳离子自由基(58.63%±8.58%)清除能力。体内实验表明,经FTFP(0.04~4 mg/mL)处理的线虫对热应激和氧化应激的抵抗能力显著增强,并呈浓度依赖性上调抗氧化基因sod-3和gst-4的表达。单糖组成分析表明,FTFP是一种以半乳糖醛酸(GalA,70.02%)为主的酸性杂多糖,并含有鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖;高效凝胶渗透色谱法分析其主要含有两个组分,平均分子量分别为363.05 kDa和26.04 kDa。综上所述,浙贝母花多糖是其发挥抗氧化作用的主要活性成分,不仅能有效清除自由基,还能通过上调sod-3和gst-4的表达增强机体抗氧化应激能力。本研究为浙贝母花资源的开发与保健食品利用提供了重要的理论依据。

, authors=沙晨暄1, 何礼昕2, 上官培成1, 王月霞3, 陈嘉怡1, 洪春兰1, *, 田莎莎1, *, authorsList=沙晨暄, 何礼昕, 上官培成, 王月霞, 陈嘉怡, 洪春兰, 田莎莎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=洪春兰, 田莎莎, authorNote=

沙晨暄(2005−),女,大学本科,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
洪春兰(1989−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:中药神经药理,E-mail:。
田莎莎(1987−),女,硕士,实验师,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:。
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沙晨暄(2005−),女,大学本科,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:

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注:1.0 mg/mL浓度下,FTFD与FTD比较,***P<0.001;FTFP与FTP比较,****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=Ib41raoATApUEE4+k+J1lg==, figureFileBig=idhecFQ828sLqlYm0e+JWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007559520592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity of the decoction and polysaccharides from the bulbs and flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., figureFileSmall=lcA9KmCeyVtogK/pj4Rq9w==, figureFileBig=TUDDVeHhQvEQMdUVNQYMVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007622435153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图2, caption=浙贝母鳞茎与花水煎液和多糖对ABTS+自由基清除能力检测

注:1.0 mg/mL浓度下,FTFD与FTD比较,***P<0.001;FTFP与FTP比较,*P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=lcA9KmCeyVtogK/pj4Rq9w==, figureFileBig=TUDDVeHhQvEQMdUVNQYMVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007689544018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Antioxidant effects of the decoction and polysaccharides from the bulbs and flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. measured by FRAP, figureFileSmall=CBAwDjp09RsSePlqV3KbmA==, figureFileBig=wyFDSjO1IWXQyLm78RHIuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007756652883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FRAP法检测浙贝母鳞茎与花水煎液和多糖的抗氧化作用

注:与空白组比较:**P<0.01,***P<0.001;FTFP与FTP和FTD组比较:#P<0.05,###P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=CBAwDjp09RsSePlqV3KbmA==, figureFileBig=wyFDSjO1IWXQyLm78RHIuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007832150356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of FTFP on the survival time of C. elegans under heat stress resistance (n=50), figureFileSmall=2M9waoOy5SIAlBbYZ72DZw==, figureFileBig=m1TGDBmiOEGdgxu1SjBBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007890870613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图4, caption=热应激条件下FTFP对线虫生存时间的影响(n=50)

注:与空白组比较:****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=2M9waoOy5SIAlBbYZ72DZw==, figureFileBig=m1TGDBmiOEGdgxu1SjBBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889007962173782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of FTFP on the survival time of C. elegans under oxidative stress (n=50), figureFileSmall=ZUMhDhL6LLP/Dbh23P2OAg==, figureFileBig=WKkLTLIDLnHj/D4Z9XoGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008029282647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氧化应激条件下FTFP对线虫生存时间的影响 (n=50)

注:与空白组比较:**P<0.01,****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=ZUMhDhL6LLP/Dbh23P2OAg==, figureFileBig=WKkLTLIDLnHj/D4Z9XoGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008096391512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of FTFP on the expression of sod-3, figureFileSmall=3wPm036Hi3hvQp6n5PDwQg==, figureFileBig=2yQWi1Cpld3Gz5WNlDJsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008171888985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图6, caption=FTFP对sod-3表达的影响

注:A转基因线虫CF1553中sod-3表达的荧光图像;B定量分析转基因线虫CF1553中sod-3的表达水平;结果用平均值±标准偏差表示;与对照组比较,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=3wPm036Hi3hvQp6n5PDwQg==, figureFileBig=2yQWi1Cpld3Gz5WNlDJsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008259969370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of FTFP on the expression of gst-4, figureFileSmall=GPxwo46UzI55ZjId0SmZ6g==, figureFileBig=ik/pULqNQ8Ug7tvp7vPf5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008343855451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图7, caption=FTFP对gst-4表达的影响

注:A转基因线虫CL2166中gst-4表达的荧光图像;B定量分析转基因线虫CL2166中gst-4的表达水平。结果用平均值±标准偏差表示。与对照组比较:**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=GPxwo46UzI55ZjId0SmZ6g==, figureFileBig=ik/pULqNQ8Ug7tvp7vPf5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008398381404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Infra-red spectrogram of FTFP, figureFileSmall=YJ4rXRrjQYY/UAyEmxWPAg==, figureFileBig=c1vZiklc08B4QBcSfnMm+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008461295965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图8, caption=FTFP的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=YJ4rXRrjQYY/UAyEmxWPAg==, figureFileBig=c1vZiklc08B4QBcSfnMm+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008528404830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Ion chromatogram of monosaccharide composition, figureFileSmall=CjJQo5jk3B5yfpyAvMJ6ww==, figureFileBig=wuVIC/+LdIcXefIkTsuyjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889008603902303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888999342878977, language=CN, label=图9, caption=单糖组成的离子色谱图

注:(A)标准品;(B)FTFP。

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浙贝母花多糖的组成及体内外抗氧化作用分析
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沙晨暄 1 , 何礼昕 2 , 上官培成 1 , 王月霞 3 , 陈嘉怡 1 , 洪春兰 1, * , 田莎莎 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(5): 435-445
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (5) : 435 -445
浙贝母花多糖的组成及体内外抗氧化作用分析
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沙晨暄1 , 何礼昕2, 上官培成1, 王月霞3, 陈嘉怡1, 洪春兰1, * , 田莎莎1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江中医药大学药学院,浙江杭州 311400
  • 2浙江中医药大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310000
  • 3浙江中医药大学中医药科学院,浙江杭州 311400
通讯作者:
洪春兰(1989−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:中药神经药理,E-mail:。
田莎莎(1987−),女,硕士,实验师,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

沙晨暄(2005−),女,大学本科,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:

Composition and in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from the Flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.
Chenxuan SHA1 , Lixin HE2, Peicheng SHANGGUAN1, Yuexia WANG3, Jiayi CHEN1, Chunlan HONG1, * , Shasha TIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311400, China
  • 2School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
  • 3Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311400, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090276
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本研究的目的是系统比较浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.)鳞茎与花两个部位的水提物及多糖类成分的体外抗氧化活性,并深入探究花多糖的组成及其在模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫中的抗氧化作用及初步机制,为花的利用提供实验依据。首先采用水提法制备了浙贝母鳞茎水煎液(FTD)、鳞茎多糖(FTP)、花水煎液(FTFD)及花多糖(FTFP),采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH),2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)自由基清除实验和铁离子还原抗氧化能力(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)测定法比较不同提取物的体外抗氧化活性。其次使用秀丽隐杆线虫模型评价上述筛选出的最优活性成分的抗氧化作用,然后通过分析转基因秀丽隐杆线虫CF1553(sod-3p::GFP)和CL2166(gst-4p::GFP)的荧光强度,探讨其对抗氧化应激相关基因表达的影响。最后分析其单糖组成和分子量。结果表明,花部位的提取物(FTFD和FTFP)的抗氧化活性显著优于鳞茎提取物(FTD和FTP)。其中,FTFP(1 mg/mL)表现出最强的铁离子还原能力(0.97±0.011 mmol/L)、较高的DPPH自由基(76.58%±0.68%)和ABTS阳离子自由基(58.63%±8.58%)清除能力。体内实验表明,经FTFP(0.04~4 mg/mL)处理的线虫对热应激和氧化应激的抵抗能力显著增强,并呈浓度依赖性上调抗氧化基因sod-3和gst-4的表达。单糖组成分析表明,FTFP是一种以半乳糖醛酸(GalA,70.02%)为主的酸性杂多糖,并含有鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖;高效凝胶渗透色谱法分析其主要含有两个组分,平均分子量分别为363.05 kDa和26.04 kDa。综上所述,浙贝母花多糖是其发挥抗氧化作用的主要活性成分,不仅能有效清除自由基,还能通过上调sod-3和gst-4的表达增强机体抗氧化应激能力。本研究为浙贝母花资源的开发与保健食品利用提供了重要的理论依据。

浙贝母花  /  多糖  /  秀丽隐杆线虫  /  抗氧化  /  组成分析

This study aimed to systematically compare the in vitro antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts and polysaccharides isolated from the bulbs and flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., and to investigate the composition of floral polysaccharides as well as their in vivo antioxidant effects and preliminary mechanisms in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, thereby providing experimental evidence for the utilization of F. thunbergii Miq. flowers. Bulb decoctions (FTD), bulb polysaccharides (FTP), flower decoction (FTFD), and floral polysaccharides (FTFP) from F. thunbergii Miq. were prepared using water extraction. Their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, as well as a ferric ion reducing capacity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) assay. Furthermore, the C. elegans model was used to assess the antioxidant effects of the most active component screened. The regulatory effects on the expression of oxidative stress-related genes were explored by analyzing the fluorescence intensities of transgenic C. elegans CF1553 (sod-3p::GFP) and CL2166 (gst-4p::GFP). The results revealed that the flower-derived extracts (FTFD and FTFP) exhibited significantly stronger antioxidant capacities than the bulb-derived extracts (FTD and FTP). Among these, FTFP (1 mg/mL) showed the strongest ferric reducing ability (0.97±0.011 mmol/L), along with high scavenging rates against DPPH radicals (76.58%±0.68%) and ABTS cation radicals (58.63%±8.58%). In vivo experiments showed that C. elegans treated with FTFP (0.04~4 mg/mL) exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to heat and oxidative stress and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant genes sod-3 and gst-4 in a concentration-dependent manner. Composition analysis revealed that FTFP was an acidic heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acid (GalA, 70.02%), and contained rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) showed that it primarily contained two components with average molecular weights of 363.05 and 26.04 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, FTFP is the primary active component responsible for its antioxidant effects, as it effectively scavenges free radicals as well as enhances the resistance of organism to oxidative stress by upregulating sod-3 and gst-4 expressions. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development and use of F. thunbergii flower resources.

Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. flowers  /  polysaccharides  /  Caenorhabditis elegans  /  antioxidant  /  composition analysis
沙晨暄, 何礼昕, 上官培成, 王月霞, 陈嘉怡, 洪春兰, 田莎莎. 浙贝母花多糖的组成及体内外抗氧化作用分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 435 -445 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090276
Chenxuan SHA, Lixin HE, Peicheng SHANGGUAN, Yuexia WANG, Jiayi CHEN, Chunlan HONG, Shasha TIAN. Composition and in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from the Flowers of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 435 -445 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090276
浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.),又名象贝、珠贝、大贝和元宝贝等,为百合科贝母属植物。浙贝母是被浙江省列为“浙八味”之首的道地药材,是临床上常用的中药,也是药食两用药材,目前已获批用于祛痰止咳的保健功能性食品。据2020年版《中国药典》记载:本品味苦、性寒。功能主治为清热化痰止咳,解毒散结消痈,用于咳嗽,肺痈,疮毒等。主要活性成分包含生物碱、多糖、皂苷、黄酮等[1]。其药用部位为其干燥鳞茎,入药方式主要有粉碎、水煎煮和乙醇提取,剂型主要包括丸剂、颗粒剂、胶囊剂、片剂等,其中颗粒剂的水煎煮入药方式占比高达55.56%[2]。张勇民[3]提出传统中药服药途径为水煎,实则为糖提取的过程。水煎液中富含的多糖类物质被认为是功能性成分,可同时作用于免疫系统、肠道菌群、能量代谢等,具有多系统多靶点协同干预作用;多糖分子量较大,不易被上消化道吸收,主要通过肠道菌群分解成寡糖、短链脂肪酸等活性代谢产物发挥作用,此过程相对缓慢且持续,具有药效持久温和的优点。因此,多糖类成分可能是浙贝母发挥药效的重要物质,具有开发价值。
浙贝母传统以鳞茎入药,而非传统药用部位(如茎叶和花)往往作为废弃物丢弃或焚烧,造成资源浪费和对环境的污染。值得注意的是,在日常生活中浙贝母花常作花茶泡饮用,且已有研究显示其具有开发为保健品的潜力。郭燕娜等[4]系统提取浙贝母花中的不同化学成分(乙醇提取物、石油醚萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物),发现各提取物均具有显著的抗氧化作用。李兆慧[5]、陈文君等[6]从浙贝母花中提取得到生物碱类成分,并采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀和角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀实验发现浙贝母花具有一定的抗炎活性。崔明超[7]基于系统药理学分析和实验验证发现浙贝母花具有止咳化痰作用。王翰华等[8−10]将浙贝母花与宁海白枇杷花按1:4比例配伍制成水煎物,该水煎物显示出抗炎、抗菌及止咳化痰的作用,并研制成保健饮料。这些研究提示,浙贝母花中含有丰富的活性成分,具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化及止咳化痰作用。因此,系统研究其化学成分与生物活性,从中开发提高产业附加值的保健食品或者药品,对提高地方经济、构建资源节约型农业具有重大意义。然而,目前对浙贝母花的相关研究仍相当薄弱,其药效物质基础尚未明确,尤其是多糖类成分的研究尚属空白。抗氧化剂在医学、食品工业和护肤品等领域具有重要意义,从天然产物中寻找高效、低毒的抗氧化剂一直是研究的热点,多糖类成分的抗氧化研究前景广阔。浙贝母传统药用部位鳞茎的抗氧化作用已有文献报道,虽然其多糖类成分可清除体外自由基[11],但效果不明显,其废弃部位(花)多糖抗氧化作用未可知。
基于此,本研究采用传统水煎方式,提取浙贝母花中的多糖类成分,系统评价其体内外抗氧化活性,并探讨构效关系,以填补浙贝母花在多糖研究方面的空白。通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH),2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)自由基清除实验和铁离子还原抗氧化能力(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)三种体外实验以及模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫体内实验[12],构建了从化学水平到生物体水平的多层次抗氧化评价体系。在活性评价基础上,进一步分析其单糖组成与分子量,有助于从结构层面阐释其抗氧化活性的物质基础,为后续深入探索其抗衰老、调节免疫等机制提供依据。本研究不仅为浙贝母非传统药用部位(花)的资源化利用与开发利用提供了实验依据,也对拓展浙贝母在功能性食品、保健品等领域的应用具有积极意义。
秀丽线虫 秀丽线虫遗传中心Caenorhabditis Genetics Center(CGC),并于20 ℃在线虫生长培养基上培养。选择雌雄同体用于所有的实验,每60 h当线虫处于成年阶段挑出10只左右更换平板进行传代培养。本研究中使用的虫株:野生型N2;CF1553{muIs84 [(pAD76) sod-3p::GFP+rol-6(su1006)]};CL2166{dvIs19 [(pAF15) gst-4p::GFP::NLS] III};浙贝母花 浙江省金华市磐安县浙贝母种植基地;浙贝母鳞茎饮片 浙江中医药大学名中医馆;Bradford蛋白浓度试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司;2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS) 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;铁离子还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)试剂盒、LB(Luria-Bertani)肉汤 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;BactoTM蛋白胨 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;琼脂 西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司;百草枯 上海凯为化学科技有限公司;盐酸左旋咪唑 上海皓鸿生物医药科技有限公司;维生素C(VC)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、鼠李糖(rhamnose,Rha)、阿拉伯糖(arabinose,Ara)、半乳糖(galactose,Gal)、葡萄糖(glucose,Glc)、木糖(xylose,Xyl)、甘露糖(mannose,Man)、半乳糖醛酸(galacturonic acid,GalA)、葡萄糖醛酸(glucuronic acid,GlcA)、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐(glucosamine hydrochloride,GlcN)、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐(galactosamine hydrochloride,GalN)、岩藻糖(fucose,Fuc)、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;普鲁兰多糖标准品 日本Shodex公司。
Cytation5型多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;Waters 1515型高效液相色谱仪 配备Waters 2414型示差检测器和Waters 2707型自动进样器,沃特世科技(上海)有限公司;Ohpak SB-804 HQ型、Ohpak SB-806M HQ型聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱 日本Shodex公司;NICOLET iS50R型傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;LC-DCY-12GK型氮吹仪 上海力辰邦西仪器科技;SX-500型高压灭菌锅 天美仪拓实验室设备(上海)有限公司;XS105型电子天平 梅特勒-托利多公司;BT-100-3J蠕动泵 兰格恒流泵有限公司;DMC2900型正置荧光显微镜 德国莱卡公司;X6 LED-56型体式显微镜 宁波舜宇仪器有限公司;GB02型旋转蒸发仪 上海申生科技有限公司。
将新鲜采摘的浙贝母花自然晾干,浙贝母鳞茎饮片于60 ℃恒温干燥箱烘干。之后将花和鳞茎饮片进行粉碎,过60目筛。称取100 g粉末,按料液比(w/v)1:15加入纯水,95 ℃的水浴锅中浸提40 min,提取两次。4000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,将两次液体合并,60 ℃旋蒸、浓缩至原体积1/10,冻干机冷冻干燥,得到浙贝母鳞茎水煎液(FTD)和浙贝母花水煎液(FTFD)。
多糖的提取工艺采用传统的水提醇沉法,参考李士伟[13]和Mao等[14]的方法并稍作修改,分为四个步骤,醇提-水提-去蛋白-醇沉。称取浙贝母鳞茎和花粉末100 g,按料液比(w/v)1:15加入95%乙醇水溶液,80 ℃提取2次,抽滤。滤渣于室温下置通风处晾干,然后用95 ℃纯水提取滤渣2次,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液抽滤。60 ℃下旋转蒸发仪浓缩至粘稠状。缓慢加入3倍以上体积的95%乙醇,置于磁力搅拌器快速搅拌,4 ℃过夜。4000 r/min离心10 min,收集沉淀用纯水复溶,旋转蒸发仪旋蒸去乙醇,温度设为40 ℃,得到粗多糖溶液。将粗多糖用纯水透析72 h以去除小分子杂质(透析袋截留分子量为3 kDa),冷冻干燥备用,得到浙贝母鳞茎多糖(FTP)和浙贝母花多糖(FTFP)。
参考汪涛等[15]的方法并稍作修改,配制0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL的待测样品水溶液。取不同浓度的样品溶液各1 mL,加入1 mL 0.2 mmol/L DPPH-乙醇溶液和1 mL纯水在试管中混合均匀,避光反应30 min。然后准确吸取200 μL溶液于96孔板,在517 nm的波长下使用酶标仪来测定吸光度,记为A1;用1 mL纯水代替多糖样品溶液测定吸光度,记为A0;用1 mL纯水代替DPPH-乙醇溶液测定吸光度,记为A2,以相同浓度的VC溶液为阳性对照组。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式如下:
$ \text{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{A}_0-\mathrm{A}_1+\mathrm{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\times100 $
式中:A1为样品吸光度;A0以纯水代替样品的吸光度;A2以纯水代替DPPH的吸光度。
配制0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL的待测样品水溶液。取不同浓度的样品溶液各1.0 mL,加入2.0 mL ABTS溶液在试管中混合均匀后,避光条件下反应6 min,准确吸取200 μL溶液于96孔板中,使用酶标仪在734 nm波长下测定吸光值。以VC作为阳性对照。ABTS+自由基清除率计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{ABTS}^+\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{A}_0-\mathrm{A}_1+\mathrm{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\times100 $
式中:A1为样品吸光度;A0以纯水代替样品的吸光度;A2以纯水代替ABTS的吸光度。
配制1.0 mg/mL的待测样品水溶液,以溶剂蒸馏水作为空白对照组。按照FRAP试剂盒操作说明进行测定,采用酶标仪测定593 nm下的吸光度,吸光度越高抗氧化能力越强。
本实验采用大肠杆菌OP50(Escherichia coli OP50)作为秀丽线虫的食物。选取大肠杆菌划线培养平板上的单菌落,将其接种于LB培养基,置于37 ℃、210 r/min的摇床中进行过夜培养。在后续实验时,依据实验需求对菌液进行适当的浓缩或稀释处理。
将保存在-80 ℃冰箱中的秀丽线虫在室温下放置解冻,用移液器将秀丽线虫转移至NGM(Nematode growth media)平板上,置于20 ℃下培养。秀丽线虫复苏之后需至少在NGM平板上持续培养两代,以确保其状态适宜实验使用。
用3 mL S-buffer溶液清洗平板,使平板中的线虫和虫卵松动。将清洗后的液体均匀收集在两个无菌的2 mL离心管中,加入S-buffer溶液至2 mL刻度线。将离心管置于台式离心机中离心1 min,使线虫和虫卵沉淀在离心管底部,弃上清液。重复清洗,保证洗净收集液体内残留的细菌和污染物。将5 mol/L NaOH、5%漂白剂和水按照体积1:1:2的比例配制(现配现用),吸取5 mL加入离心管中。摇晃或涡旋离心管,待秀丽线虫溶解,置于离心机中旋转1 min使虫卵颗粒释放。吸去上清液至0.1 mL。加入S-buffer溶液重复清洗,用移液器将剩余的0.1 mL液体中的虫卵转移到新的NGM板边缘,稍干燥后观察。
为获得同步化培养的秀丽线虫,将处于产卵期的雌雄同体秀丽线虫转移至新的NGM平板,允许其自由产卵3 h左右,然后挑出成虫,剩余虫卵置于20 ℃条件下孵育72 h进行孵育,孵化后得到的线虫即为同步化的秀丽线虫。
对野生型秀丽线虫进行同步化处理后,在20 ℃下加入浙贝母花多糖(0、0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL)培养72 h后,分别将线虫转移至37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养,每组50只,每隔1 h统计线虫死亡情况直至线虫全部死亡[16−17]。
对野生型秀丽线虫进行同步化处理后,在20 ℃下加入浙贝母花多糖(0、0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL)中培养84 h后,分别将线虫转移到含有200 mmol/L百草枯的培养皿中,每组50只,每12 h记录线虫的存活、死亡、丢失数目,直至线虫全部死亡[18−19]。
按照1.2.4.4秀丽线虫的同步化方法对转基因线虫CF1553 (sod-3p::GFP)和CL2166(gst-4p::GFP)进行同步化处理,在20 ℃下加入浙贝母花多糖(0、0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL)培养3 d后,将线虫转移至含2%琼脂糖凝胶的显微镜载玻片上。用5 mmol/L盐酸左旋咪唑溶液将线虫麻醉后,使用正置荧光显微镜观察并采集图片。使用Image J软件量化荧光强度[16,20]。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[21]检测多糖含量。配制0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL葡萄糖标准液和0.25 mg/mL待测样品。分别取150 μL上述溶液于试管中,用移液器加入75 μL 6%苯酚和375 μL浓硫酸后用涡旋仪混合。40 ℃水浴20 min,随后每个样品吸取100 μL至96孔酶标板中,每个样品3个复孔,490 nm波长下测吸光值,根据标准曲线(y=1.8648x+0.0453,R2=0.999)计算出样品中的多糖浓度。
样品中蛋白质的检测采用Bradford检测试剂盒[22]。配制0、0.125、0.25、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5 mg/mL蛋白标准品牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA)和1.0 mg/mL待测样品。分别取5 µL上述溶液到96孔板中,每个样品3个复孔。各孔加入250 μL G250染色液,595 nm波长下测吸光度,根据标准曲线(y=0.4691x+0.5498,R2=0.9967)计算出样品中的蛋白浓度。
称取干燥的多糖样品1~2 mg于研钵中,分别加入KBr粉末200 mg研磨均匀,压片,使用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪进行红外扫描样品,波数范围4000~400 cm−1,记录红外光谱图。
精确称量多糖样品5 mg(±0.05 mg),加入1 mL 2 mol/L三氟乙酸溶液,110 ℃加热4 h。通氮气,吹干。加入3 mL甲醇清洗,再吹干,重复甲醇清洗2~3次。加入1 mL无菌水溶解,转入色谱瓶中待测。
依次称取鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐单糖各5 mg,岩藻糖10 mg,溶解后用容量瓶定容至10 mL,配制成标准品母液。再分别稀释定容至以下梯度:10、20、40、60、80、100、200、500 μg/mL,其中岩藻糖浓度梯度:20、40、60、80、100、200、400、1000 μg/mL,使用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后装入进样瓶中。
取单糖标准品溶液或多糖水解液0.2 mL于尖底离心管,依次加入0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液和0.5 mL 0.5 mol/L PMP甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀后于70 ℃水浴中反应1 h,反应完成后加0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L盐酸中和所加入的NaOH,然后加入1 mL氯仿涡旋萃取3次除去多余的PMP,弃去氯仿层后,取0.3 mL加水定容至1 mL,混匀后高效液相色谱(High-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析。
ThermoU3000液相色谱系统,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX EclipseXDB-C18(4.6×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈:磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸二氢钾12 g/L,2 mol/L NaOH调整pH至6.8)等度洗脱,乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液的体积比为17:83,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长250 nm,进样量10 μL。
精密称量不同分子量的普鲁兰多糖标准品(分子量180、666、6000、9800、21900、46500、110000、193000、353000、692000、1060000 Da系列分析标准品),分别加入0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液配制成5 mg/mL右旋糖酐的标准溶液,使用0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤备用,采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC),使用高效凝胶渗透色谱串联柱进行检测,以标准品相对分子质量的对数值为纵坐标,以相应色谱峰的洗脱体积为横坐标进行线性回归,得到校正曲线log分子量=18.2−2.13V+0.13V2−0.00305V3,R2=0.9998。
高效凝胶渗透色谱条件:仪器:Waters高效液相色谱仪;检测器:Waters示差检测器;色谱柱:聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱(8×300 mm)2根串联;流动相:0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液;流速:0.50 mL/min;柱温:40 ℃;进样量:30 μL。
所得数据以平均值±标准差表示,使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0软件进行作图,单因素和双因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行统计分析。生存曲线结果采用Log-Rank检验进行分析。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
DPPH被广泛用于评价各种抗氧化剂清除自由基的能力[23]。实验测定了0.2~1.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,FTD、FTP、FTFD和FTFP对DPPH自由基清除的能力,结果如图1所示。阳性对照VC具有极强的DPPH自由基清除能力,在浓度仅为0.2 mg/mL时,其清除率已接近100%,并在更高浓度下维持平台期,这表明VC在较低浓度下即可达到最大清除效果。随着药物浓度升高,FTD、FTP、FTFD和FTFP对DPPH自由基清除能力有升高趋势,计算其半数有效浓度EC50分别为3.59、3.50、0.45和0.41 mg/mL,由此可知DPPH自由基清除能力FTFP> FTFD>FTP>FTD。其中在1 mg/mL时,FTP的DPPH自由基清除能力(21.55%±2.28%)与马文华[11]报道高度一致(21.46%±0.64%),FTFD的DPPH自由基清除能力是FTD的2.88倍,FTFP是FTP的3.55倍,具有显著性差异,P值分别小于0.001和0.0001,说明浙贝母花水提取物抗氧化活性明显优于鳞茎。并且花多糖(76.58%±0.68%)与水煎液(80.86%±2.54%)DPPH自由基清除能力相当,说明多糖是花水提物中主要的活性成分。
ABTS+自由基清除分析是一种广泛用于评估活性物质抗氧化能力的经典方法[24]。由图2所示,阳性对照VC在低浓度0.2 mg/mL时,其ABTS+自由基清除率已接近100%,具有较强的自由基清除能力。0.2~1.0 mg/mL浓度范围的FTD、FTP、FTFD和FTFP都具有ABTS阳离子自由基的清除能力,且呈剂量依赖性增强,计算其半数有效浓度EC50分别为2.69、3.60、0.52和0.75 mg/mL,由此可知ABTS阳离子自由基的清除能力FTFD>FTFP>FTD>FTP。其中在1.0 mg/mL浓度时,FTD、FTP、FTFD和FTFP的清除率分别是26.86%±0.77%、21.02%±0.85%、66.02%±0.44%和58.63%±8.58%,FTFD的ABTS+自由基清除能力是FTD的2.46倍,FTFP是FTP的2.79倍,具有显著性差异,P值分别小于0.001和0.05。与上述DPPH自由基清除实验结果一致,浙贝母花水提物清除自由基活性优于浙贝母鳞茎。其花多糖类成分同样具有较好的清除自由基作用,说明多糖是花水提物中主要的活性成分。
抗氧化剂能将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,Fe2+与三吡啶三吖嗪(TPTZ)络合生成蓝色物质,在波长593 nm处有特征吸收,吸光度与浓度呈正相关,吸光度越大,总还原能力(FRAP值)也越大,说明抗氧化剂效果越好[25]。首先建立硫酸亚铁含量的标准曲线y=5.3009x+0.0017,R2=0.9991。同时对不同样品进行测定,平行3次,通过标准曲线换算出FRAP值,所得结果见图3。在1.0 mg/mL浓度下,阳性对照VC、FTD、FTP、FTFD和FTFP的FRAP值分别为22.07±0.21、0.70±0.006、0.47±0.004、0.89±0.017、0.97±0.011 µmol/L。与空白对照组相比,除了FTP,其他组均具有显著(P<0.01)的抗氧化还原能力,FTP(0.47±0.004 µmol/L)氧化还原能力与马文华[11]报道比较一致(0.51±0.110 µmol/L)。FTFD和FTFP的FRAP值均高于FTD和FTP,其中FTFP显著高于FTP(P<0.001)和FTD(P<0.05),说明浙贝母花水煎液和多糖抗氧化还原能力强于鳞茎,且花多糖的作用优于水煎液,说明多糖是花中的主要有效成分。结合DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除实验和FRAP抗氧化还原实验结果,均说明浙贝母花水提取物抗氧化作用优于鳞茎,其多糖类成分具有较好的抗氧化作用,随后以浙贝母花多糖为研究对象进行下一步实验。
上述体外抗氧化实验结果表明,相比其他提取物,FTFP具有较好的抗氧化作用。秀丽隐杆线虫是抗氧化、抗衰老相关功能评价的常用模式生物之一,其同源基因已被证实与人类高度相似[12]。随后,课题组通过体内秀丽隐杆线虫氧化应激实验进一步检测FTFP的抗氧化活性及初步作用机制。
秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命与其在多种压力环境中的耐受能力呈正相关[18,20,26]。将FTFP处理后的线虫置于37 ℃以诱导热休克。结果如图4所示,在热刺激下,随时间延长线虫的存活率呈现下降趋势,与空白组比较,经过0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL FTFP处理的线虫存活率显著(P<0.0001)升高,其中FTFP在4 mg/mL剂量下效果较佳。此外,热应激还通过产生细胞内活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)诱导氧化应激。利用百草枯创建氧化损伤模型,该模型诱导秀丽线虫产生大量ROS[27]。结果如图5所示,在暴露于200 mmol/L百草枯氧化应激条件下,与空白组相比,经过0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL FTFP处理的线虫平均生存时间显著(P<0.01)延长,其中FTFP在4 mg/mL剂量效果最佳。这些结果表明FTFP增强了线虫对高温和氧化应激的抵抗力。
sod-3是超氧化物歧化酶在线虫中的同源物,是抗氧化防御系统的第一道防线[28]。转基因秀丽隐杆线虫CF1553(sod-3p::GFP)带有GFP报告基因绿色荧光蛋白。因此,GFP荧光强度代表sod-3的表达水平。结果如图6所示,通过观察线虫CF1553的荧光图(图6A),可见随着FTFP浓度的增加,CF1553头部和尾部的荧光强度明显增强;通过定量分析(图6B),与空白组相比,0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL FTFP处理组转基因线虫CF1553中的sod-3的表达水平以剂量依赖的方式显著上调(P<0.001)。综合转基因线虫荧光表达情况,说明FTFP显著诱导了抗氧化基因sod-3在CF1553线虫中的表达水平。
gst-4是谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族成员,在II相解毒和抗氧化过程中发挥核心作用[29]。本研究分析转基因线虫CL2166(gst-4p::GFP)在0.04、0.4、4 mg/mL FTFP处理下gst-4的表达水平。结果如图7所示,通过观察CL2166线虫的荧光表达图(A),发现随着FTFP浓度的增加,线虫荧光强度明显增强,通过定量分析(B),线虫中gst-4表达水平显著上调(P<0.01),且呈现剂量依赖性。综合转基因线虫荧光表达情况,说明FTFP显著诱导了抗氧化基因gst-4的表达。
FTFP中的多糖含量检测采用经典的苯酚-硫酸法。根据标准曲线计算FTFP的多糖含量为75.52%±2.72%。FTFP中的蛋白质含量通过Bradford法检测,建立BSA标准曲线,根据标准曲线,计算出FTFP中蛋白质含量为4.01%±0.43%。说明浙贝母花水提取物中多糖成分占75%以上,并含有较低含量的蛋白质。
如图8所示在3412 cm−1处出现的宽峰为-OH伸缩振动的吸收峰,表明分子之间及分子内存在氢键相互作用[30];2920 cm−1和1420 cm−1是C-H的拉伸振动吸收峰,包括CH、CH2和CH3的伸缩振动和弯曲振动,表明FTFP均具有典型的多糖化合物结构[31];1613 cm−1和1743 cm−1归因于C=O或COO–(羧基官能团),证明了糖醛酸的存在;1000~1300 cm−1区间的吸收峰则与吡喃环的环振动及C-O-C、C-O-H的伸缩振动相关,表明FTFP中可能存在吡喃糖环[32];893 cm−1和830 cm−1的吸收峰表明FTFP中同时含有β-和α-构型[33]。
FTFP单糖组成检测采用前期课题组报道的PMP衍生化法[34]。通过与标准品比对(图9),分析得出FTFP的单糖组成包括Rha、GalA、Glc、Gal、Xyl和Ara,其摩尔百分比分别为11.31%、70.02%、3.28%、8.95%、2.47%、3.97%。其中,GalA含量最高,表明FTFP是一种以半乳糖醛酸为主的酸性杂多糖。
首先建立分子量校正曲线:log分子量=18.2−2.13V+0.13V2−0.00305V3,R2=0.9998。根据标准品校正曲线,计算出样品的分子量大小。如图10所示,FTFP经HPGPC分析,主要含有两个组分,分别命名为FTFP-1和FTFP-2,保留时间分别是27.923 min和35.911 min,其中保留时间为43.3 min处的峰为溶剂峰。根据标准曲线,计算出FTFP-1和FTFP-2的平均分子量分别为363.05 kDa和26.04 kDa,其峰面积占比分别是8.12%和91.88%,说明FTFP主要由FTFP-2组成。
本研究首先通过体外化学实验方法,系统比较浙贝母传统药用部位鳞茎和非传统药用部位花水提取物的抗氧化作用。主要研究结果表明,浙贝母花水提取物抗氧化作用显著优于传统药用部位鳞茎,其花多糖类成分与水煎液抗氧化活性相当,是水提物中主要活性成分。体内秀丽隐杆线虫模型的实验结果说明浙贝母花多糖明显上调线虫抗氧化基因sod-3和gst-4的表达,有效增强其抵抗氧化应激的能力。最后单糖组成分析表明浙贝母花多糖是一种以半乳糖醛酸为主的酸性杂多糖。HPGPC分析其主要含有两个组分,平均分子量分别为363.05 kDa和26.04 kDa。
浙贝母传统以鳞茎部位入药,水煎煮入药方式占比高达55.56%,水煎液中富含的糖类物质被认为是功能性成分。文献[11]报道鳞茎多糖可清除体外自由基,具有抗氧化作用,但效果不明显。而其非传统药用部位花提取物也具有较好的抗炎、抗氧化作用,但其多糖类成分的研究尚属空白。课题组首先制备了浙贝母鳞茎和花水煎液,提取了多糖成分,通过结合DPPH自由基清除、ABTS阳离子自由基清除和FRAP氧化还原三种体外实验系统评价浙贝母鳞茎和花水煎液和多糖的抗氧化作用,结果发现浙贝母花水煎液(FTFD)和多糖(FTFP)抗氧化活性远高于浙贝母鳞茎水煎液(FTD)和多糖(FTP),FTP的抗氧化作用与文献[11]报道基本一致,说明浙贝母花水提物抗氧化作用优于鳞茎,其花多糖抗氧化作用优于鳞茎多糖,其花特别是其多糖类成分同样具有应用价值。这一发现具有重要意义,它提示浙贝母的非传统药用部位——花,可能是一种未被充分利用的、富含生物活性成分的宝贵资源。这为浙贝母资源的综合利用和价值提升提供了新的方向。上述体外抗氧化化学实验均证明FTFP与FTFD药效相当,说明浙贝母花多糖是浙贝母花水提物中起抗氧化作用的主要成分。秀丽隐杆线虫是抗氧化、抗衰老相关功能评价的常用模式生物之一,其同源基因已被证实与人类高度相似,线虫寿命与机体的抗氧化能力具有较大的关联性[13,35]。随后,通过秀丽隐杆线虫模型进一步证实了FTFP的体内抗氧化作用,FTFP可明显提高线虫在热应激和氧化应激下的存活率。这表明FTFP的抗氧化活性不仅体现在化学反应中,更能在复杂的生物体内发挥保护作用,其结果更具生理相关性。此外,本文进一步探讨了其潜在机制:FTFP处理显著上调了转基因线虫中sod-3和gst-4的表达。sod-3是超氧化物歧化酶在线虫中的同源物,是抗氧化防御系统的第一道防线[28];而gst-4是谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族成员,在II相解毒和抗氧化过程中发挥核心作用[29,36]。因此,本文推测FTFP可能是通过激活线虫的SKN-1/Nrf2信号通路[37],从而启动下游通路包括sod-3和gst-4在内的一系列抗氧化基因的表达,这是其增强机体抗氧化应激能力的核心分子机制,但仍需要进一步验证。并且,此研究结果源于体外化学实验和体内线虫模型,若要应用于食品或保健品开发,还需在更高等的动物模型中进行验证。
FTFP的生物活性与其独特的化学组成密切相关。组成分析结果表明,FTFP是一种以半乳糖醛酸(70.02%)为主的酸性杂多糖。已有大量研究报道,富含半乳糖醛酸的多糖因其特殊的结构特征,具有较好的抗氧化[38]、免疫调节[39]和抑菌作用[40]。其羧基基团具有很强的金属离子螯合能力和氢原子供给能力[41],这可能是其直接清除自由基的基础。FTFP精确的结构(如糖苷键连接方式、支链结构等)仍需进一步分析。另外,FTFP的总糖含量虽然高达75.52%±2.72%,较低的蛋白含量为4.01%±0.43%,而其余近20%组分未知,可能含有其他杂质如色素、灰分,其他非蛋白有机物质核酸和脂质、酚酸、黄酮类成分,以及糖醛酸等。
本研究通过系统的体内外实验证实,浙贝母花水提物及其主要活性成分——FTFP具有显著的抗氧化活性,且效果显著优于传统药用部位鳞茎。研究揭示了FTFP通过直接清除自由基和间接激活机体内部抗氧化防御系统的双重机制发挥抗氧化作用:在体外,FTFP能有效清除DPPH、ABTS+等自由基;在体内秀丽隐杆线虫模型中,FTFP能上调抗氧化基因sod-3和gst-4的表达,并增强线虫抵抗氧化应激的能力。化学成分分析表明,FTFP是一种以半乳糖醛酸为主的酸性杂多糖,其特定的化学组成和分子量分布是其强大抗氧化活性的物质基础。本研究突破了浙贝母传统仅用鳞茎的局限,为其非药用部位(花)的资源利用提供了坚实的科学依据,在功能性食品与天然抗氧化剂开发领域展现出重要潜力。未来的研究应聚焦于FTFP精细结构的解析、确切的分子作用通路验证及其在更高等哺乳动物模型中的功效与安全性评价。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090276
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
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    1浙江中医药大学药学院,浙江杭州 311400
    2浙江中医药大学生命科学学院,浙江杭州 310000
    3浙江中医药大学中医药科学院,浙江杭州 311400

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洪春兰(1989−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:中药神经药理,E-mail:。
田莎莎(1987−),女,硕士,实验师,研究方向:天然活性成分研究与开发利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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