Article(id=1320888969886290876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854071351, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854071351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854071351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854071351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=378, endPage=387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888971329131453, articleId=1320888969886290876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Liquid Nitrogen Freezing at Different Ambient Temperatures on Freezing Characteristics and Quality of Wolfberries with and without Stems, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of stem presence and freezing rate on the freezing quality of Lycium barbarum, nitogen (N2) and air were employed as heat transfer medium for quick freezing (NF−30 ℃, NF−50 ℃, NF−70 ℃, NF−90 ℃, NF−100 ℃) and freezer quick freezing (AF−40 ℃, AF−20 ℃). The freezing characteristics and quality changes of Lycium barbarum with and without stems were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the weight loss rate for the air group and the N2 group with stems were 20% to 22% and 8% to 17% lower respectively, than those without stems. Additionally, the nutrient retention rates increased by 8% to 23% and 6% to 53%, respectively. Notably, the difference in weight loss rates between Lycium barbarum with stems and those without was significant when the freezing rate was below 1.58 ℃/min. The freezing rate in the N2 group (1.58~5.09 ℃/min) was approximately 2~24 times greater than that of the air group (0.21~0.78 ℃/min). The quality retention effect could be ranked as NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF- 70℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃. Under a freezing rate of 3.94 ℃/min (NF−90 ℃ treatment group), a higher the freezing rate, resulted in better quality preservation. The nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum with stems in the NF−90 ℃ treatment group maintained more than 75% of the fresh wolfberry quality, with the color closely resembling fresh wolfberry, and a weight loss rate of only 0.93%. Pearson and cluster analyses further confirmed that the optimal freezing mode of Lycium barbarum was NF−90 ℃ with stems. The results indicated that when the freezing rate was below 1.58 ℃/min, the protective effect of wolfberry stems on fruit freezing characteristics was more pronounced, and the impact of heat transfer medium on quality was greater than that of freezing temperature. The freezing rate was the decisive factor for quality when Lycium barbarum was frozen with stems. The factors affecting the freezing quality of Lycium barbarum could be ranked as follows: Lycium barbarum stems>freezing rate>heat transfer medium>freezing temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the freezing processing of Lycium barbarum.

, authors=Daiqin XIE1, 2, Yujuan XU1, Zhijie XU1, 3, Xian LIN1, Yuanshan YU1, Jian PENG1, Lanqing PENG4, Wenchao LI4, Qianmingzhu ZHANG4, Lina CHENG1, *, authorsList=Daiqin XIE, Yujuan XU, Zhijie XU, Xian LIN, Yuanshan YU, Jian PENG, Lanqing PENG, Wenchao LI, Qianmingzhu ZHANG, Lina CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lina CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888977012413394, articleId=1320888969886290876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同环温液氮冷冻对带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨枸杞梗和冷冻速率对枸杞冻结品质的影响,采用以N2、空气为传热介质的液氮喷雾速冻(NF−30 ℃、NF−50 ℃、NF−70 ℃、NF−90 ℃、NF−100 ℃)、空气速冻(AF−40 ℃、AF−20 ℃),分析比较带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质变化规律。结果显示:空气组、N2组带梗枸杞汁液流失率比无梗分别低20%~22%和8%~17%(冷冻速率低于1.58 ℃/min时带梗枸杞与无梗枸杞的汁液流失率差异大),营养成分保留率提高8%~23%和6%~53%。有梗和无梗枸杞的N2组冷冻速率(1.58~5.09 ℃/min)约为空气组(0.21~0.78 ℃/min)的2~24倍;对品质的保留效果可排序为NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF−70 ℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃,在3.94 ℃/min(NF−90 ℃处理组)冷冻速率以下,冷冻速率越大,品质保护效果越好。有梗枸杞NF−90 ℃处理组营养品质能够保持新鲜枸杞的75%以上,色泽接近新鲜枸杞、汁液流失率仅为0.93%。Pearson和聚类分析进一步证明适宜枸杞冻结模式为NF−90 ℃的带梗枸杞。综合表明,当冷冻速率低于1.58 ℃/min,枸杞梗对果实冻结特性的保护效果更加明显,传热介质对品质的影响大于冻结环温;枸杞带梗冻结时,冷冻速率是品质的决定因素。影响枸杞冻结品质的因素可排序为:果梗>冷冻速率>传热介质>冻结环温。该研究结果为枸杞冷冻加工提供理论基础和技术指导。

, authors=谢带琴1, 2, 徐玉娟1, 许芷杰1, 3, 林羡1, 余元善1, 彭健1, 彭岚清4, 李文超4, 张乾明珠4, 程丽娜1, *, authorsList=谢带琴, 徐玉娟, 许芷杰, 林羡, 余元善, 彭健, 彭岚清, 李文超, 张乾明珠, 程丽娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程丽娜, authorNote=

谢带琴(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
程丽娜(1990−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=vaH0iSWdRCVEqwhkkCN7RQ==, figureFileBig=NnHLjz+nQX1ghR8TcviZTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888982817329184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different freezing ways on freezing water loss of stemmed and stemless Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=ymPBlLg7hgOcEeHCOuFUrw==, figureFileBig=pDebF3xDLkBxCCueRDL1uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984495050785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同冻结途径对带梗和无梗枸杞冻结水分损失的影响

注:不同小写字母表示有梗枸杞冻结组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示无梗枸杞冻结组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图4~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=ymPBlLg7hgOcEeHCOuFUrw==, figureFileBig=pDebF3xDLkBxCCueRDL1uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984562159650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different freezing ways on the relative electrolyte permeability of Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=uGTHYDKoZnleGNk91V8gYw==, figureFileBig=MMmcnglD/j/qUBkvx0wXUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984662822947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同冻结途径对枸杞相对电解质渗透率的影响, figureFileSmall=uGTHYDKoZnleGNk91V8gYw==, figureFileBig=MMmcnglD/j/qUBkvx0wXUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984734126116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different freezing ways on vitamin C (a) and soluble sugar (b) of Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=qsjN6TWK35+jC+8XwuFOFg==, figureFileBig=2eRj3gYUtj+2C2587CkukA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984792846373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同冻结途径对枸杞相对维生素C(a)和可溶性糖(b)的影响, figureFileSmall=qsjN6TWK35+jC+8XwuFOFg==, figureFileBig=2eRj3gYUtj+2C2587CkukA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984855760934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on bioactive substances polyphenols (a), flavonoids (b), carotenoids (c) and antioxidant activity (d) of Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=dQh2zm8gGDRgsjxu/Ry31Q==, figureFileBig=cjVDtYd3kU197L6I8cNwqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984935452711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同冻结途径对枸杞生物活性物质多酚(a)、黄酮(b)、类胡萝卜素(c)和抗氧化性(d)影响, figureFileSmall=dQh2zm8gGDRgsjxu/Ry31Q==, figureFileBig=cjVDtYd3kU197L6I8cNwqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888984998367272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on pectin (a) and hardness (b) of Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=MFVpPCJj3DTSH4thFva8Mg==, figureFileBig=RkHyY3PipAJkSS600KcPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888985057087529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同冻结途径对枸杞果胶(a)和硬度(b)的影响, figureFileSmall=MFVpPCJj3DTSH4thFva8Mg==, figureFileBig=RkHyY3PipAJkSS600KcPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888985132585002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on polyphenol oxidase (a) and color (b) of Lycium barbarum, figureFileSmall=Ja690S+2QS/qaDWFBisMBw==, figureFileBig=rB2VGp4xSsXse6WuUH85mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888985203888171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同冻结途径对枸杞多酚氧化酶(a)和色泽(b)的影响, figureFileSmall=Ja690S+2QS/qaDWFBisMBw==, figureFileBig=rB2VGp4xSsXse6WuUH85mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888985275191340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Pearson correlation coefficient diagram of stemmed Lycium barbarum (a) and stemless Lycium barbarum (b) under different freezing methods, figureFileSmall=7O307H5MBf2w5zxDnMIGAg==, figureFileBig=t3uCSMg2mkUmhbh347lDaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888985338105901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888969886290876, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同冻结途径处理下有梗枸杞(a)和无梗枸杞(b)的Pearson相关系数图

注:*表示0.01≤P<0.05;**表示0.001≤P<0.01;***表示0.0001≤P<0.001;****表示P<0.0001。

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不同环温液氮冷冻对带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质的影响
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谢带琴 1, 2 , 徐玉娟 1 , 许芷杰 1, 3 , 林羡 1 , 余元善 1 , 彭健 1 , 彭岚清 4 , 李文超 4 , 张乾明珠 4 , 程丽娜 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(5): 378-387
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (5) : 378 -387
不同环温液氮冷冻对带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质的影响
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谢带琴1, 2 , 徐玉娟1, 许芷杰1, 3, 林羡1, 余元善1, 彭健1, 彭岚清4, 李文超4, 张乾明珠4, 程丽娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
  • 2华南理工大学食品科学与工程学院,广东广州 510641
  • 3岭南师范学院,广东广州 524048
  • 4广东供销绿色农产品生产供应基地运营有限公司,广东广州 516166
通讯作者:
程丽娜(1990−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

谢带琴(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Effects of Liquid Nitrogen Freezing at Different Ambient Temperatures on Freezing Characteristics and Quality of Wolfberries with and without Stems
Daiqin XIE1, 2 , Yujuan XU1, Zhijie XU1, 3, Xian LIN1, Yuanshan YU1, Jian PENG1, Lanqing PENG4, Wenchao LI4, Qianmingzhu ZHANG4, Lina CHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
  • 2School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 3Lingnan Normal University, Guangzhou 524048, China
  • 4Guangdong Supply and Marketing Green Agricultural Products Production and Supply Base Operation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 516166, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020148
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为探讨枸杞梗和冷冻速率对枸杞冻结品质的影响,采用以N2、空气为传热介质的液氮喷雾速冻(NF−30 ℃、NF−50 ℃、NF−70 ℃、NF−90 ℃、NF−100 ℃)、空气速冻(AF−40 ℃、AF−20 ℃),分析比较带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质变化规律。结果显示:空气组、N2组带梗枸杞汁液流失率比无梗分别低20%~22%和8%~17%(冷冻速率低于1.58 ℃/min时带梗枸杞与无梗枸杞的汁液流失率差异大),营养成分保留率提高8%~23%和6%~53%。有梗和无梗枸杞的N2组冷冻速率(1.58~5.09 ℃/min)约为空气组(0.21~0.78 ℃/min)的2~24倍;对品质的保留效果可排序为NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF−70 ℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃,在3.94 ℃/min(NF−90 ℃处理组)冷冻速率以下,冷冻速率越大,品质保护效果越好。有梗枸杞NF−90 ℃处理组营养品质能够保持新鲜枸杞的75%以上,色泽接近新鲜枸杞、汁液流失率仅为0.93%。Pearson和聚类分析进一步证明适宜枸杞冻结模式为NF−90 ℃的带梗枸杞。综合表明,当冷冻速率低于1.58 ℃/min,枸杞梗对果实冻结特性的保护效果更加明显,传热介质对品质的影响大于冻结环温;枸杞带梗冻结时,冷冻速率是品质的决定因素。影响枸杞冻结品质的因素可排序为:果梗>冷冻速率>传热介质>冻结环温。该研究结果为枸杞冷冻加工提供理论基础和技术指导。

枸杞  /  冷冻速率  /  传热介质  /  冻结特性  /  营养品质

This study investigated the effects of stem presence and freezing rate on the freezing quality of Lycium barbarum, nitogen (N2) and air were employed as heat transfer medium for quick freezing (NF−30 ℃, NF−50 ℃, NF−70 ℃, NF−90 ℃, NF−100 ℃) and freezer quick freezing (AF−40 ℃, AF−20 ℃). The freezing characteristics and quality changes of Lycium barbarum with and without stems were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the weight loss rate for the air group and the N2 group with stems were 20% to 22% and 8% to 17% lower respectively, than those without stems. Additionally, the nutrient retention rates increased by 8% to 23% and 6% to 53%, respectively. Notably, the difference in weight loss rates between Lycium barbarum with stems and those without was significant when the freezing rate was below 1.58 ℃/min. The freezing rate in the N2 group (1.58~5.09 ℃/min) was approximately 2~24 times greater than that of the air group (0.21~0.78 ℃/min). The quality retention effect could be ranked as NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF- 70℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃. Under a freezing rate of 3.94 ℃/min (NF−90 ℃ treatment group), a higher the freezing rate, resulted in better quality preservation. The nutritional quality of Lycium barbarum with stems in the NF−90 ℃ treatment group maintained more than 75% of the fresh wolfberry quality, with the color closely resembling fresh wolfberry, and a weight loss rate of only 0.93%. Pearson and cluster analyses further confirmed that the optimal freezing mode of Lycium barbarum was NF−90 ℃ with stems. The results indicated that when the freezing rate was below 1.58 ℃/min, the protective effect of wolfberry stems on fruit freezing characteristics was more pronounced, and the impact of heat transfer medium on quality was greater than that of freezing temperature. The freezing rate was the decisive factor for quality when Lycium barbarum was frozen with stems. The factors affecting the freezing quality of Lycium barbarum could be ranked as follows: Lycium barbarum stems>freezing rate>heat transfer medium>freezing temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the freezing processing of Lycium barbarum.

Lycium barbarum  /  freezing rate  /  heat transfer medium  /  freezing characteristics  /  nutritional quality
谢带琴, 徐玉娟, 许芷杰, 林羡, 余元善, 彭健, 彭岚清, 李文超, 张乾明珠, 程丽娜. 不同环温液氮冷冻对带梗和无梗枸杞冻结特性及品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 378 -387 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020148
Daiqin XIE, Yujuan XU, Zhijie XU, Xian LIN, Yuanshan YU, Jian PENG, Lanqing PENG, Wenchao LI, Qianmingzhu ZHANG, Lina CHENG. Effects of Liquid Nitrogen Freezing at Different Ambient Temperatures on Freezing Characteristics and Quality of Wolfberries with and without Stems[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 378 -387 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020148
枸杞(Lycium chinense Miller),茄科属多年生木本植物,是一种椭圆形的橙红色浆果,起源于中国,主要分布在中国的宁夏、新疆等地区[1]。枸杞含有丰富的生物活性类物质,抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化能力强,可预防糖尿病、心血管疾病等[2−3]。枸杞鲜果由四部分组成,分别为果肉、果梗、果蒂和果皮。其中果皮非常薄软,极易受到机械损伤而使果肉失去食用价值。新鲜采摘的枸杞由于水分含量高、呼吸代谢旺盛,在室温环境下放置两天内即会出现色变、皱缩等现象,且非常容易滋生霉菌,放置一周后几乎无任何食用价值。采用气调包装[4]、涂膜[5]等现代保鲜方法结合冷藏,保鲜期最长也只有2个月,有限的货架期导致其商品价值下降,影响产业经济效益。
冷冻保藏是食品保鲜最常用的方法之一,冷冻可以保持食物内部的低温环境,使食物内部水分活度降低,有效抑制微生物的生长,有助于保持食品的品质和延缓其变质过程[6]。物料自身属性和冷冻方式显著影响食品的冻结特性,进而影响色泽、口感、营养成分保留等方面[7−8]。传统冷冻方式因冻结速率慢、传热系数低,易导致冻品品质较差。实际中常通过改变传热媒介、调控冻结环温等手段提高传热速率,以改善冻品品质[9−10]。液氮喷雾速冻(Liquid Nitrogen Spray Freezing,NF),以N2作为传热媒介,具有冻结速率快、快速穿过最大冰晶生成带,形成细小且均匀分布冰晶的优势,从而最大限度地保持速冻产品的初始品质。随着液氮速冻成本的降低,该技术广泛应用于各类果蔬[11−12]、畜禽类[13]食品中,延缓食品变质从而最大程度地保留食品原有的品质。目前,枸杞速冻相关的研究比较少,相关冻结机制不够清晰。
在农业生产中,带梗枸杞因梗的缓冲作用可减少果实损伤并有利于保水和营养,但占用较大冷冻空间;无梗枸杞则提高冷冻空间利用率,便于加工,但易损伤且难保完整性。现有研究主要集中于冷冻枸杞的基本特性,如冷冻速率、水分流失和营养保持,然而对带梗与无梗枸杞冷冻处理差异的系统性研究较少。故本研究以带梗枸杞和无梗枸杞为研究对象,以不同环温的液氮喷雾速冻为主要冻结手段,并以常规空气速冻(Air Freezing,AF)为对比,考察冻结速率对枸杞冷冻特性的影响。本研究结果可为新鲜枸杞的长期贮藏提供新方法,为果蔬冻融行业提供技术支撑。
枸杞(宁夏枸杞) 采购于宁夏(宁夏本地枸杞),挑选大小和形状均匀、无机械损伤且不含虫害或霉变的枸杞(带梗和无梗,图1),真空包装(平铺码好,每袋约100 g)后置于4 ℃冷库预冷12 h,待用;维生素E、维生素C、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼、无水乙醇、甲醇、苯酚、浓硫酸、浓盐酸、福林酚、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、碳酸钠等试剂 均采购于福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司,均为分析纯。
TA XTPlus质构仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;DJL-QF液氮速冻机 深圳市德捷力冷冻科技有限公司;空气速冻柜−40 佛山市好的制冷设备有限公司;Infinite M200PRO酶标仪 瑞士TECAN公司;Ultra Scan VIS全自动色差仪 英国Hunter Lab公司;Cary Eclipse分子荧光分光光度计 美国Varian公司;UV1800型紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司。
预冷后的枸杞置于液氮速冻机(Liquid Nitrogen Freezing,NF)、空气速冻柜(Air Freezing,AF)内进行冻结,设置冻结环温为NF−30 ℃、NF−50 ℃、NF−70 ℃、NF−90 ℃、NF−100 ℃、AF−40 ℃、AF−20 ℃。当样品核心温度达到−20 ℃后,将样品置于−20 ℃的冰箱中保存。所有指标测试前,在室温(25 ℃)下解冻。
使用T-type热电偶测定枸杞几何中心温度,定义初始温度为10 ℃,冷冻终温为−20 ℃,用piclog温度记录仪记录从初始温度到冷冻终温所需时间,其中包括通过最大冰晶生成带(−1~−5 ℃)的时间。最大冰晶生成带时间(Zone of Maximum Ice Crystal Formation)是指冻结曲线呈平缓趋势的温度区间(相变阶段)所对应的时间段,冻结速率(Freezing Rate,k)计算公式如式(1):
$ \text{k=}\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{t}}}{\text{Q}} $
式中:k表示冻结速率(℃/min);Q表示冷冻时间(min);T0表示枸杞的初始温度(℃);Tt表示枸杞冷冻结束最终温度(℃)。
称量枸杞冷冻前的质量和解冻后的枸杞质量,汁液流失率的计算公式为:
$ \text{WL}\left(\text{%}\right)\text=\frac{{\text{g}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{g}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{g}}_{\text{1}}}\times \text{100} $
式中:g1表示冷冻前样品的质量,g2表示解冻后样品的质量。
相对电解质渗透率根据Fallah-Joshaqani等[14] 和Deutsch等[15]的方法略作修改,将枸杞置于100 mL烧杯,将50 mL蒸馏水加入样品中,在室温下孵育30 min。测定电导率(R0)。随后,将样品放入水浴锅(100 ℃)中保持10 min,冷却,待温度降至室温后,再次测定电导率(Rt)。相对电导率R的计算公式如式(3):
$ \text{R}\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{{\text{R}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{R}}_{\text{t}}}\times \text{100} $
VC含量的测定参考GB/T 5009.86-2003蔬菜、水果及其制品中总抗坏血酸的测定(荧光法)进行测定。
参考Yang等[16]总糖测定方法,取1 g研磨好的枸杞,加入9 mL水,放入90 ℃水浴锅中持续加热4 h。加热结束过滤,将所得滤液转入离心管,于4 ℃、10000 r/min离心15 min。收集离心后的上清液,转移至容量瓶并定容至10 mL。采用苯酚-硫酸法进行测定:取1 mL样品溶液至10 mL试管,依次加入0.5 mL 6%苯酚溶液和2.5 mL浓硫酸,充分振荡混合均匀,于通风橱内室温静置30 min后,测定490 nm波长处的吸光度,最终结果以每克枸杞中糖含量(mg/g)表示。
多酚提取及测定参考Yu等[17]的方法,取5 g研磨好的枸杞,加入75%乙醇溶液,在50 ℃条件下超声提取30 min后于4 ℃、10000 r/min离心15 min,收集离心后的上清液,重复提取3次,合并提取液,用水定容至30 mL。
取1 mL定容后的提取液加入5 mL 10%福林酚试剂,摇匀后静置5 min,然后加入4 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,摇匀后避光反应1 h,测定760 nm处吸光度,最终结果以mg/g表示,平行测定3次取平均值。
黄酮提取方法同多酚提取。枸杞黄酮含量的测定参考Fu等[18]的方法,取1 mL定容后的提取液加入1 mL 5% NaNO2溶液,振荡混匀后静置5 min,再加入1 mL 10% Al(NO3)3溶液振荡混匀,静置6 min后加入4 mL 1 mol/L的NaOH溶液,振荡混匀,放于45 ℃水浴中10 min后取出冷却,于4 ℃、1000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液。测定505 nm处吸光值,结果以mg/100 g表示,平行测定3次取平均值。
类胡萝卜素的测定参考侯春辉等[19]的方法,取1 g研磨好的枸杞,加入3 mL提取液(按乙醇:正己烷:丙酮=1:1:1比例配制),于45 ℃中超声提取30 min,反复提取至溶液无色,于10000 r/min离心5 min,旋蒸至干,用正己烷复溶,定容至10 mL。紫外分光光度计于450 nm处测定吸光值,以正己烷作为对照。
采用酶标法测定DPPH自由基清除率,具体参考Sanna 等[20]方法。取1.2.7中的提取液50 μL,加入150 μL DPPH溶液(0.2 mmol/L),振荡混匀后避光反应20 min,用酶标仪测定波长517 nm处的吸光度。样品对DPPH自由基清除能力以Trolox当量(mg/g)表示。
果胶含量的测定参考GB/T 10742-2008 造纸原料果胶含量的测定(咔唑比色法)进行测定。
硬度通过质构仪测定,采用p50圆柱形平底探头,触发力5.0 g,压缩程度30.0%,时间10 s,测前速度1.60 mm/s,测中速度0.8 mm/s,测后速度2.00 mm/s,以两次压缩最大峰值的平均值作为硬度值结果。
PPO以含聚乙烯吡络烷酮的钠磷酸盐为缓冲溶液提取,活性参考Martynenko等[21]方法测定,取20 μL酶液和2 mL的磷酸钠盐缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH7.0)与0.5 mL邻苯二酚水溶液(50 mmol/L)充分混合,立即置于分光光度计中测定OD420值,以每分钟△OD420变化0.001所需的酶量为一个酶活单位,计算结果以PPO的相对残余酶活表示,计算公式如式(4):
$ \text{RS}\left(\text{%}\right)\text=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{t}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\times \text{100} $
式中:RS(%)表示PPO的相对残余酶活,A0表示新鲜组PPO的初始酶活性,At表示处理组的酶活性。
采用Ultra Scan VIS 型全自动色差仪的反射模式测定其色泽变化,以新鲜枸杞作为色差测定的参比样,色差结果主要以L*,a*,b*,△E表示,△E值计算公式如式(5):
$ \Delta {E=}\sqrt{\left({L}^*-{L}_0^*\right)^2+\left({a}^*-{a}_0^*\right)^2+\left({b}^*-{b}_0^*\right)^2} $
式中:L*表示亮度,取值范围通常从0(黑色)到100(白色),用于描述颜色的明亮程度;a*表示从绿色到红色的颜色分量,红绿度。负值表示绿色调,正值表示红色调,绝对值越大,颜色越偏向对应的色调;b*为从蓝色到黄色的颜色分量,黄蓝度。负值表示蓝色调,正值表示黄色调,其绝对值大小反映颜色偏向该色调的程度;L0*表示新鲜组的亮度,a0*表示新鲜组的红绿度,b0*表示新鲜组的黄蓝度;△E表示色差。
使用Origin 2017进行制图,并利用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。采用单因素方差分析法,设定在95%置信水平下,若P<0.05则认为存在显著性差异,若P>0.05则认为差异不显著。所有测定指标均进行5~8次平行实验,结果以均值±方差表示。
如图2所示,带梗枸杞和无梗枸杞冻结曲线相同,包括三个阶段:预冷阶段(快速降温)、相变阶段(穿过最大冰晶生成带)和淬火阶段[22]。在预冷阶段,枸杞的温度从初温迅速降至冻结点,释放出显热,这部分热量在全部释放热量中所占的比例较低,因此降温快,冷冻曲线较为陡峭;相变阶段,物料中自由水转化成冰,枸杞内部冰晶体生成,放出大量的相变潜热(约为显热的50倍),热量无法大量导出,温度变化减缓,曲线斜率较小;在此温度区间内,物料内部80%以上的水已冻成冰,因此该阶段也称为最大冰晶生成带。在淬火阶段,枸杞温度继续下降,物料内部的水继续结冰,已结成的冰继续降温;在此阶段枸杞和周围介质的温差小,降温速度慢,但残留的水和冰仍在释放热量,故曲线较为陡峭。AF−20 ℃处理组相变阶段曲线最为平缓,长度最长;NF−100 ℃最短,这主要是由于NF的传热系数(100 W/(m2·K))远大于AF(5 W/(m2·K))[23]。枸杞的初始冻结点随冷冻环温的降低而降低,这主要受冷冻速率和物料初始特性影响;冻结过程中,随着潜热的释放,冻结点在缓慢降低,说明发生了冷冻浓缩效应。同时,各处理组的枸杞温度在第一阶段略低于冻结点,然后略有回升,说明在枸杞冻结过程中可能出现了过冷现象。NF与AF的差异主要发生在相变阶段和淬火阶段,表明冷冻枸杞品质的变化主要是由冷冻速率、传热温差和冰晶机械压力的不同共同造成。从冻结特性角度来看,NF−100 ℃处理的枸杞微观品质应为最佳,其次是NF−90 ℃。冷冻速率越快,冻结时间越短。NF组的冻结表现明显优于AF组,其中NF−100 ℃的冷冻总时间仅为355 s,较AF−20 ℃缩短了95.8%,冷冻速率提高了2323.8%。
水分含量是果蔬品质和风味的决定性因素,汁液的流失会导致果蔬口感变差、组织结构变化等,从而影响果蔬的价值[24]。枸杞速冻后,组织受到冰晶损伤,水分在组织中的重新分布,使细胞的持水力下降,最终导致汁液流失,造成枸杞解冻后营养成分流失、品质降低。不同冻结途径对带梗和无梗枸杞汁液流失率的影响如图3所示。枸杞冻结后的汁液流失率总体可排序为NF−90 ℃<NF−100 ℃<NF−70 ℃<NF−50 ℃<NF−30 ℃<AF−40 ℃<AF−20 ℃,N2组较空气组显著降低(P<0.05)。这是因为AF传热系数低、冷冻速度慢,细胞间隙被冰晶挤压、粗大不均匀的冰晶使细胞破损,导致WL增大[25],与冻结曲线的变化趋势一致。NF−90 ℃处理组WL显著小于NF−100 ℃处理组(P<0.05),说明枸杞冻结环温并非越低越好。适宜枸杞冻结的最低环温为−90 ℃,可能是−100 ℃时冷冻速度过快引起冻品产生低温断裂现象,进而导致枸杞品质劣变[26]。NF−30 ℃无梗处理组的WL较环温更低的AF−40 ℃无梗处理组低了约23%,说明传热介质对汁液流失率的影响大于冻结环温。带梗枸杞的WL在1%~5%之间,无梗枸杞的WL在10%~27%之间,前者较后者WL降低9%~22%,这主要是去梗后,原本梗柄与果实结合处的表层较为脆弱,表层承压能力小于结晶膨胀压,导致解冻后,大部分汁液从此处流失。NF−30℃(冷冻速率为1.58 ℃/min)组带梗枸杞的WL比无梗枸杞的WL低16%,冷冻速率越高,两者的差异越小,当冷冻速率升高至5.09 ℃/min(NF−100 ℃),带梗枸杞的WL比无梗枸杞的WL低10%;空气组呈相似趋势,这表明当冷冻速率低于1.58 ℃/min时,枸杞梗对果实冻结特性的保护效果更加明显。就WL而言,带梗枸杞较无梗枸杞更适合作为冻结的原料,适宜的冻结环温为−90 ℃。
细胞膜是由脂质双层和蛋白质组成的半透膜,能够选择性地通过某些物质,同时阻止其他物质的通过。通过对相对电解质渗透率的研究可以了解细胞膜透性大小[27]。不同冻结途径对枸杞相对电解质渗透率的影响如图4所示。冷冻后,枸杞的细胞膜结构会受到冰晶的破坏,导致膜的透过性增加,从而引起膜内电解质的外泄,最终导致相对电导率升高。各处理组之间REL的变化与水分损失变化趋势一致,NF−90 ℃<NF−100 ℃<NF−70 ℃<NF−50 ℃<NF−30 ℃<AF−40 ℃<AF−20 ℃,N2组显著优于空气组(P<0.05),说明冷冻速率、传热介质和冻结环温对冻结品质影响显著,NF−90 ℃处理组REL显著低于NF−100 ℃处理组1%~2%(P<0.05),这可能是由于超低温度引起的巨大温差和冰晶形成带来的机械压力,导致枸杞细胞受损[28],进一步说明−90 ℃液氮喷雾速冻较−100 ℃液氮喷雾速冻更适合枸杞速冻。NF−30 ℃无梗处理组的REL较环温更低的AF−40 ℃无梗处理组低了约2.7%,与WL趋势相似,说明在一定冷冻速率下(≤1.58 ℃/min),传热介质对REL的影响大于冻结环温。相同冻结处理组,带梗枸杞的REL较无梗的减少了0.8%~5.1%,进一步说明带梗相较于去梗能够显著降低因冰晶生成造成的机械损伤。综上可知,使用带梗枸杞在−90 ℃环温下进行液氮喷雾速冻能有效降低枸杞的REL。
冻品的维生素C和可溶性糖常因解冻后汁液流失以及细胞膜通透性改变而损失。如图5所示,经NF和AF冻结处理后,枸杞VC和可溶性糖的变化趋势总体与WL和REL一致,保留效果总体可排序为NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF−70 ℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃,其中NF−90 ℃处理组最接近新鲜枸杞。NF使得枸杞内部水分在极短的时间内冻结,从而在一定程度上阻止水分的大规模迁移和内部结构损伤变化,因此有助于减缓枸杞营养物质的流失[28]。相较于NF冻结组,空气组冻结速率较慢,冻结时间长,枸杞组织水分含量高,在冻结过程中形成的冰晶体积较大,导致枸杞组织结构、细胞结构和细胞膜的损伤更为严重,造成汁液流失增多,因此VC和可溶性糖含量损失较多。
然而,各处理组之间的显著性差异与WL稍有不同,带梗和无梗枸杞NF−90 ℃处理组VC含量与NF−100 ℃处理组无显著性差异(P>0.05),这可能是因为VC不仅会随着水分的流失而减少,还可能会被氧化降解。NF−30 ℃处理组的VC、可溶性糖含量比环温更低的AF−40 ℃处理组更接近新鲜枸杞,说明传热介质对VC、可溶性糖的影响大于冻结环温。
枸杞富含多酚、黄酮类等生物活性物质。不同冻结途径对枸杞抗氧化活性物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响如图6所示,总体变化趋势与上述WL、REL、VC、可溶性糖等变化趋势一致。枸杞冻结后的汁液流失率总体可排序为NF−90 ℃<NF−100 ℃<NF−70 ℃<NF−50 ℃<NF−30 ℃<AF−40 ℃<AF−20 ℃,进一步表明N2相比空气作为枸杞冷冻介质更为合适。在所有处理方式中,NF−90 ℃对多酚、黄酮、类胡萝卜素影响最小,其含量接近新鲜枸杞。González等[29]在冷冻四种覆盆子品种的研究中得出结论,在−24 ℃下冷冻不会影响整个浆果的DPPH自由基清除率。同时,Mullen等[30]比较新鲜浆果和−30 ℃冷冻后浆果的抗氧化能力、酚类及维生素C含量,未观察到两者之间的显著性差异。NF−30 ℃处理组的多酚、黄酮和类胡萝卜素含量较环温更低的AF−40 ℃处理组更接近新鲜枸杞,进一步说明传热介质对枸杞冻结品质影响大于冻结环温。进一步分析发现,DPPH自由基清除率和多酚、黄酮和类胡萝卜素含量变化一致。多数研究发现,DPPH抗氧化活性与多酚、黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量呈正相关关系,含量越高,抗氧化活性通常越强[4,30]。各组中,NF−90 ℃组枸杞的DPPH自由基清除能力最接近新鲜枸杞。带梗枸杞较无梗枸杞的营养成分保留效果更好,其中前者的黄酮保留率差异、DPPH自由基清除率差异最高分别可达20%、16%,而后者仅分别为14%、12%;带梗枸杞各处理组之间的差异相对较大,可能是带梗枸杞对营养成分的保留效果较好导致各组间的差异较大;而无梗枸杞对营养的保留效果差,基数较小故变化较小。这说明果梗对枸杞冻结品质变化的影响大于冻结环温对品质的影响,但二者之间也存在一定的耦合效应,综合决定最终冻品品质。
综上可知,NF−90℃组枸杞的多酚、黄酮和类胡萝卜素含量以及DPPH清除能力最接近新鲜枸杞。
果胶是细胞壁主要成分,细胞骨架的完整性决定硬度变化[31]。不同冻结途径对枸杞果胶和硬度的影响如图7所示,在不同的NF和AF处理下枸杞的果胶含量和硬度均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。与以空气为介质冻结相比,以N2为介质冻结能更好地维持枸杞的果胶含量和硬度。硬度变化与果胶含量变化呈正相关,表明冷冻过程中枸杞细胞壁中的果胶物质含量减少是其硬度降低的原因之一。带梗、无梗枸杞,各处理组果胶保留率之间的差异分别为6%~17%和2%~7%,这说明当枸杞带梗冻结时,冷冻速率是造成冻结品质差异的决定性因素。带梗、无梗枸杞各处理组硬度保留率之间的差异分别为4%~14%和9%~24%,无梗枸杞的硬度差异较大,这主要是由于硬度变化与水分含量息息相关,无梗枸杞各处理组的水分损失较大,这对硬度的影响大于果胶对硬度的影响。综合而言,去梗或留梗对枸杞冻结品质的影响大于冷冻速率、冻结介质和环温,带梗枸杞在−90 ℃环温下进行液氮喷雾速冻更为适宜。
果蔬速冻后的色素沉积与酶促褐变有关,枸杞经过低温处理后产生自由基氧(邻二羟基酚),使得组织细胞释放出的多酚氧化酶与其接触产生褐变产物[32]。如图8所示,枸杞经冻结后,PPO活性显著上升(P<0.05),这可能是由于细胞分区被破坏,导致酶与酚类底物相接触;也有可能是由于膜结合态酶转变为游离态,造成活性增加;另外,酶经冷冻处理后,构象发生变化,活性中心结构改变,导致活性增加。酶活性的增加,以及与底物的进一步相接触,导致了褐变反应发生,使枸杞色泽相对变暗。与空气组相比,N2组的△E与新鲜枸杞最接近,说明NF在维持枸杞色泽方面优于AF,这与WL、REL的趋势一致。这可能是因为细胞膜通透性增加时,植物色素随汁液流失。NF−30 ℃冻结带梗枸杞的表现优于AF−40 ℃,其PPO的相对酶活残留较AF−40 ℃组降低了约6%,色泽也更接近新鲜枸杞,说明传热介质对冷冻枸杞品质的影响大于冻结环温。带梗枸杞组的PPO活性均低于无梗枸杞组,△E值均低于无梗枸杞组(除了AF−20 ℃),说明带梗枸杞更适合冻结。各处理组之间的差异与上述枸杞成分变化趋势一致,带梗枸杞在−90 ℃环温下进行液氮喷雾速冻更为适宜。
图9(a)(b)分别显示了有梗、无梗枸杞速冻后各品质指标之间的Pearson相关性分析。R的绝对值在0.8~1之间代表极显著正相关;在0.6~0.8之间代表显著正相关;在0.2~0.4代表弱显著相关;在0~0.2之间代表极弱相关或无相关。分析结果表明,有梗枸杞的硬度与果胶含量、可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关(R>0.8),这可能与速冻温度降低(−30~−90 ℃)后多糖、果胶代谢变慢,导致其含量升高,从而使细胞壁结构变得紧实有关[33]。DPPH抗氧化能力与VC、可溶性糖、果胶、类胡萝卜素和黄酮的含量呈极显著正相关(R>0.8,P<0.05),说明这些成分是带梗枸杞抗氧化能力主要物质,与现有研究结果一致[34−35]。PPO与△E、REL呈极显著正相关(R>0.8,0.001≤P<0.01),这可以解释冷冻速率低时,形成粗大且不均匀的冰晶使细胞膜通透性增加,导致酶溶出、酶活性升高,从而△E产生变化。无梗枸杞各指标间的相关性与有梗枸杞相似,但各指标的相关性更显著(气泡越大越显著),可能与无梗枸杞各营养素更容易溶出有关,结果与不同冷冻方式下有梗枸杞、无梗枸杞各指标含量一致。因此,硬度、多酚、类胡萝卜素、VC、PPO可作为有效评价冷冻枸杞的重要依据,使用有梗枸杞进行冷冻相较无梗枸杞更能保留新鲜枸杞的营养物质。
为了直观观察不同冻结途径和温度处理下枸杞的品质变化规律,将各品质指标可视化,对冷冻枸杞的数据进行聚类分析(CA)。聚类的目标是得到较高的组内相似度和较低的组间相似度,使组间的距离尽可能大,组内样本与组中心的距离尽可能小。然而,由于不同变量的量纲不同,在进行CA之前,要对数据矩阵进行z-core特征标准化处理,以确保变量之间具备可比性,不同的色块代表对应变量的不同值,以色标为参考,如图10所示。有梗枸杞聚类分析如图10(a),共聚为2大类:第一类为新鲜枸杞、NF-90 ℃、NF-100 ℃处理组枸杞,第二类为NF-70 ℃、NF-50 ℃、NF-30 ℃、AF-20 ℃、AF-40 ℃处理组枸杞。无梗枸杞聚类结果与有梗枸杞相似,各冻结途径中,NF较AF更能保留枸杞原有的营养品质,其中NF−90 ℃处理组枸杞各项特征最接近新鲜枸杞,进一步论证了枸杞冻结环温并不是越低越好,适宜枸杞冻结的最低环温为−90 ℃,与第2.2~2.7部分结果一致。
本文通过分析带梗枸杞、无梗枸杞在液氮喷雾速冻(NF−30 ℃、NF−50 ℃、NF−70 ℃、NF−90 ℃、NF−100 ℃)、空气速冻(AF−40 ℃、AF−20 ℃)下冻结特性和品质的变化规律,得出结论:在相同冷冻条件下,冻结带梗枸杞的品质优于无梗枸杞;对于带梗枸杞和无梗枸杞而言,相较于空气速冻,以N2为传热介质的液氮喷雾速冻对两种枸杞均具有更优的营养保留效果(营养保留率更高),且冻结时间缩短约90%。冷冻环温并非越低越好,实验表明带梗枸杞在NF−90 ℃条件下呈现最优品质指标(维生素C、可溶性糖、多酚、黄酮、类胡萝卜素和果胶含量分别为1.50、65.90、0.69 mg/g、0.11、1.26、2.55 mg/100 g),是枸杞适宜的冷冻模式。各处理组品质保留效果排序为NF−90 ℃≥NF−100 ℃>NF−70 ℃>NF−50 ℃>NF−30 ℃>AF−40 ℃>AF−20 ℃。当冷冻速率≤3.94 ℃/min(NF−90 ℃处理组),冷冻速率与品质保护效果呈正相关。因此影响枸杞冻结品质的四种因素可排序为:果梗保留>冻结速率>传热介质>冻结环温。因此,本研究提出的保留果梗、优化冻结速率以及传热介质选择等策略,可为枸杞等浆果乃至整个果蔬行业的速冻提供技术参考和理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020148
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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    1广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
    2华南理工大学食品科学与工程学院,广东广州 510641
    3岭南师范学院,广东广州 524048
    4广东供销绿色农产品生产供应基地运营有限公司,广东广州 516166

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程丽娜(1990−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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