Article(id=1320888928673054819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854061524, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854061524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854061524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854061524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=178, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888928954073188, articleId=1320888928673054819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Inhibitory Effect of Galla chinensis Extract on Penicillium citrinum and Its Related Mechanisms, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the antibacterial components and underlying mechanisms of action of gallic (Galla chinensis) extracts. The ethanol extract was separated into different fractionations by using silica gel column chromatography, followed by analysis via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS). The mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of gallic extract on Penicillium citrinum was elucidated by assessing of cell membrane integrity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cellular ultrastructure. The results demonstrated that the Fr.3 fraction exhibited an maximum inhibition zone against P. citrinum with the diameter of 17.85 mm. UPLC-QTOF MS analysis identified 12 bioactive compounds in Fr.3, including ellagic acid, gallic acid, and (-)-epigallocatechin, among others. Antifungal assays demonstrated that gallic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin inhibited P. citrinum growth by 53.99% and 45.75%, respectively, after 6 days of culture at 28 ℃. Gallic acid impaired cell membrane integrity, leading to a 78.80% increase in relative conductivity and a 60.16% increase in malondialdehyde content. Gallica acid also induced oxidative stress, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which subsequently disrupted intracellular redox homeostasis in P. citrinum cells. Additionally, gallic acid inhibited mitochondrial function of P. citrinum, resulting in a 76.88% decrease in ATPase activity, a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, with depolarization increased to 17.31-fold of the control. Furthermore, the P. citrinum cell ultrastructure was compromised and plasmolysis was observed. These findings elucidate the multitarget inhibitory mechanism of G. chinensis at the molecular level and provide a theoretical framework for natural antifungal agent development.

, authors=Tiantian ZHANG1, 2, Ruiling LIU2, Ben NIU2, Xiangjun FANG2, Huizhi CHEN2, Chaoyi SHEN2, Hangjun CHEN2, Weijie WU2, *, Haiyan GAO2, *, authorsList=Tiantian ZHANG, Ruiling LIU, Ben NIU, Xiangjun FANG, Huizhi CHEN, Chaoyi SHEN, Hangjun CHEN, Weijie WU, Haiyan GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weijie WU, Haiyan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888932246601845, articleId=1320888928673054819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=五倍子提取物对桔青霉的抑制作用及相关机制研究, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究系统探讨了五倍子提取物中的抑菌活性成分及其作用机制。采用硅胶柱色谱法对五倍子醇提物进行梯度洗脱分离,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF MS)对抑菌成分进行分析。通过测定细胞膜完整性、氧化应激、线粒体功能以及细胞超微结构等指标,阐明五倍子提取物抑制桔青霉的作用机制。结果表明,分离获得的Fr.3流分对桔青霉的抑菌圈直径为17.85 mm。UPLC-QTOF MS从Fr.3流分中鉴定出鞣花酸、没食子酸、(-)-表没食子儿茶素等12种活性成分。体外抑菌实验表明,第6 d时,没食子酸和(-)-表没食子儿茶素对桔青霉生长抑制率分别为53.99%和45.75%。进一步研究表明,没食子酸通过破坏细胞膜完整性,使得相对电导率增加了78.80%,丙二醛含量增加了60.16%;通过诱导氧化应激反应,使得ROS水平升高,进而破坏了胞内氧化还原稳态;通过抑制线粒体功能,使得ATP酶活性降低76.88%,线粒体膜电位下降,去极化程度升高至对照组的17.31倍;同时,损伤了细胞超微结构,出现质壁分离等现象。该研究从分子互作层面揭示了五倍子活性成分的多靶点抑菌机制,为开发天然抑菌剂提供了理论依据。

, authors=张甜甜1, 2, 刘瑞玲2, 牛犇2, 房祥军2, 陈慧芝2, 沈超怡2, 陈杭君2, 吴伟杰2, *, 郜海燕2, *, authorsList=张甜甜, 刘瑞玲, 牛犇, 房祥军, 陈慧芝, 沈超怡, 陈杭君, 吴伟杰, 郜海燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴伟杰, 郜海燕, authorNote=

张甜甜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流与品质调控,E-mail:

刘瑞玲(1988−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品物流与品质调控,E-mail:

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吴伟杰(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2023, 44(15): 196−203., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888932477288566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888932485677175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, companyId=1320888932477288566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888932494065784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, companyId=1320888932477288566, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888932577951865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888932590534778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, companyId=1320888932577951865, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Logistics and Processing of Fresh Food, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888932598923387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, companyId=1320888932577951865, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后保鲜与加工重点实验室(部省共建),全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888937250406580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Isolation of active substances from ethyl acetate extract of Galla chinensis, figureFileSmall=NyBMDX1y6cU4sYA+rRC8/g==, figureFileBig=P445NvZv9QCNJUTqlUnJ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937321709749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图1, caption=五倍子乙酸乙酯萃取物分离所得活性物质, figureFileSmall=NyBMDX1y6cU4sYA+rRC8/g==, figureFileBig=P445NvZv9QCNJUTqlUnJ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937544007862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=LC-MS total ion spectrum of Fr.3, figureFileSmall=CJGp7aOPIzVSkx0evbAPnQ==, figureFileBig=hXsqVyOSfeSi/voMICfXeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937669836983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Fr.3 LC-MS离子谱图, figureFileSmall=CJGp7aOPIzVSkx0evbAPnQ==, figureFileBig=hXsqVyOSfeSi/voMICfXeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937749528760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different active substances on colony diameter (a) and growth inhibition rate (b) of P. citrinum, figureFileSmall=4mp+VuFxvHaC9GzPfrsT0A==, figureFileBig=foc688jr2t3xpqnkp4jLtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937871163577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同活性物质对桔青霉菌落直径(a)和生长抑制率(b)的影响

注:不同小写字母代表同一时间不同处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=4mp+VuFxvHaC9GzPfrsT0A==, figureFileBig=foc688jr2t3xpqnkp4jLtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888937934078138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different active substances on the relative conductivity (a) and malondialdehyde content (b) of P. citrinum, figureFileSmall=3gbOJzBN++WOX4DmbMo6Kw==, figureFileBig=ML3FQZbqRSaGaFQnOoFdkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888938017964219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同活性物质对桔青霉相对电导率(a)及丙二醛含量(b)的影响

注:不同小写字母代表同一处理组不同时间之间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母代表同一时间不同处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=3gbOJzBN++WOX4DmbMo6Kw==, figureFileBig=ML3FQZbqRSaGaFQnOoFdkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888938101850300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different active substances on the ATPase activity of P. citrinum, figureFileSmall=/WZW3D4qJV8gWuwBEYWBgA==, figureFileBig=VeZy4Ae5hhli/+DzK7+Ksw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888938185736381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同活性物质对桔青霉ATPase活力的影响

注:不同字母代表具有显著差异(P<0.05),图7同。

, figureFileSmall=/WZW3D4qJV8gWuwBEYWBgA==, figureFileBig=VeZy4Ae5hhli/+DzK7+Ksw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888939829903550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of different active substances on intracellular ROS in P. citrinum, figureFileSmall=47qbQ+rRYDDOb/luJ5Hjug==, figureFileBig=p7uRkqn3K6KXZKktGUifNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888939976704191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同活性物质处理对桔青霉细胞内ROS的影响, figureFileSmall=47qbQ+rRYDDOb/luJ5Hjug==, figureFileBig=p7uRkqn3K6KXZKktGUifNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888940089950400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Mitochondrial membrane potential of P. citrinum mitochondria treated with different active substances (a) and fluorescence intensity (b), figureFileSmall=5wNTBrGnOO3uZub3ipks4g==, figureFileBig=2/MsvRv0t2mTu03AI1uhmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888940165447873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同活性物质处理桔青霉线粒体膜电位图(a)及荧光强度(b), figureFileSmall=5wNTBrGnOO3uZub3ipks4g==, figureFileBig=2/MsvRv0t2mTu03AI1uhmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888940240945346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of P. citrinum in different active substances treatments, figureFileSmall=OAqureaT18yepI75ZjyXCw==, figureFileBig=JpeCzUCHcxZBAyPGulrBEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888940320637123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同活性物质处理桔青霉透射电镜图

注:CW:细胞壁,CM:细胞膜;红色箭头表示细胞膜和细胞壁的位置。

, figureFileSmall=OAqureaT18yepI75ZjyXCw==, figureFileBig=JpeCzUCHcxZBAyPGulrBEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888940387745988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibitory zone diameter of different flow fractions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分抑菌圈直径(mm)敏感度
Fr.10−
Fr.20−
Fr.317.85±0.45++
Fr.40−
Fr.513.04±0.65+
CK0−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888940450660549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同流分的抑菌圈直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分抑菌圈直径(mm)敏感度
Fr.10−
Fr.20−
Fr.317.85±0.45++
Fr.40−
Fr.513.04±0.65+
CK0−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888940521963718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification of flavonoid compounds in Fr.3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称中文名称分子式保留时间(s)质荷比(m/z)碎片化分数相对含量(%)
ellagic acid鞣花酸C14H6O80.81325300.997985.911.96
gallic acid methyl ester没食子酸甲酯C8H8O52.2449183.02983.411.33
galloylglucose没食子酰葡萄糖C13H16O102.2449331.065994.40.25
gallic acid没食子酸C7H6O52.60235171.028495.29.06
luteic acid黄烯酸C14H8O92.79638321.023873.30.01
pentagalloylglucose五没食子酰葡萄糖C41H32O262.9597939.111267.85.53
myricetin杨梅素C15H10O83.8847363.034863.33.12
mulberrofuran桑黄苏C30H36O54.64688475.2466890.09
(-)-epigallocatechin(-)-表没食子儿茶素C15H14O79.5183329.065689.56.03
tetrahydroxyxanthone四羟基氧杂蒽酮C13H8O611.7073305.032274.40.01
pentahydroxy-methylxanthone五羟甲基氧杂蒽酮C14H10O714.9598335.040175.31.87
pinifolic acid松叶酸C20H32O415.3561381.2313851.10
), ArticleFig(id=1320888940631015623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Fr.3化合物成分鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称中文名称分子式保留时间(s)质荷比(m/z)碎片化分数相对含量(%)
ellagic acid鞣花酸C14H6O80.81325300.997985.911.96
gallic acid methyl ester没食子酸甲酯C8H8O52.2449183.02983.411.33
galloylglucose没食子酰葡萄糖C13H16O102.2449331.065994.40.25
gallic acid没食子酸C7H6O52.60235171.028495.29.06
luteic acid黄烯酸C14H8O92.79638321.023873.30.01
pentagalloylglucose五没食子酰葡萄糖C41H32O262.9597939.111267.85.53
myricetin杨梅素C15H10O83.8847363.034863.33.12
mulberrofuran桑黄苏C30H36O54.64688475.2466890.09
(-)-epigallocatechin(-)-表没食子儿茶素C15H14O79.5183329.065689.56.03
tetrahydroxyxanthone四羟基氧杂蒽酮C13H8O611.7073305.032274.40.01
pentahydroxy-methylxanthone五羟甲基氧杂蒽酮C14H10O714.9598335.040175.31.87
pinifolic acid松叶酸C20H32O415.3561381.2313851.10
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五倍子提取物对桔青霉的抑制作用及相关机制研究
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张甜甜 1, 2 , 刘瑞玲 2 , 牛犇 2 , 房祥军 2 , 陈慧芝 2 , 沈超怡 2 , 陈杭君 2 , 吴伟杰 2, * , 郜海燕 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(7): 178-185
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (7) : 178 -185
五倍子提取物对桔青霉的抑制作用及相关机制研究
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2Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Logistics and Processing of Fresh Food, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320888932850581633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888928673054819, authorId=1320888932670226557, language=CN, stringName=张甜甜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316022
2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后保鲜与加工重点实验室(部省共建),全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021, bio={"content":"

张甜甜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流与品质调控,E-mail:

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张甜甜1, 2 , 刘瑞玲2 , 牛犇2, 房祥军2, 陈慧芝2, 沈超怡2, 陈杭君2, 吴伟杰2, * , 郜海燕2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316022
  • 2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后保鲜与加工重点实验室(部省共建),全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
通讯作者:
吴伟杰(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张甜甜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流与品质调控,E-mail:

刘瑞玲(1988−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品物流与品质调控,E-mail:

Inhibitory Effect of Galla chinensis Extract on Penicillium citrinum and Its Related Mechanisms
Tiantian ZHANG1, 2 , Ruiling LIU2 , Ben NIU2, Xiangjun FANG2, Huizhi CHEN2, Chaoyi SHEN2, Hangjun CHEN2, Weijie WU2, * , Haiyan GAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Post-harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Logistics and Processing of Fresh Food, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030148
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本研究系统探讨了五倍子提取物中的抑菌活性成分及其作用机制。采用硅胶柱色谱法对五倍子醇提物进行梯度洗脱分离,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF MS)对抑菌成分进行分析。通过测定细胞膜完整性、氧化应激、线粒体功能以及细胞超微结构等指标,阐明五倍子提取物抑制桔青霉的作用机制。结果表明,分离获得的Fr.3流分对桔青霉的抑菌圈直径为17.85 mm。UPLC-QTOF MS从Fr.3流分中鉴定出鞣花酸、没食子酸、(-)-表没食子儿茶素等12种活性成分。体外抑菌实验表明,第6 d时,没食子酸和(-)-表没食子儿茶素对桔青霉生长抑制率分别为53.99%和45.75%。进一步研究表明,没食子酸通过破坏细胞膜完整性,使得相对电导率增加了78.80%,丙二醛含量增加了60.16%;通过诱导氧化应激反应,使得ROS水平升高,进而破坏了胞内氧化还原稳态;通过抑制线粒体功能,使得ATP酶活性降低76.88%,线粒体膜电位下降,去极化程度升高至对照组的17.31倍;同时,损伤了细胞超微结构,出现质壁分离等现象。该研究从分子互作层面揭示了五倍子活性成分的多靶点抑菌机制,为开发天然抑菌剂提供了理论依据。

五倍子  /  桔青霉  /  抑菌活性  /  细胞膜通透性  /  天然抑菌剂

This study investigated the antibacterial components and underlying mechanisms of action of gallic (Galla chinensis) extracts. The ethanol extract was separated into different fractionations by using silica gel column chromatography, followed by analysis via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS). The mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of gallic extract on Penicillium citrinum was elucidated by assessing of cell membrane integrity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cellular ultrastructure. The results demonstrated that the Fr.3 fraction exhibited an maximum inhibition zone against P. citrinum with the diameter of 17.85 mm. UPLC-QTOF MS analysis identified 12 bioactive compounds in Fr.3, including ellagic acid, gallic acid, and (-)-epigallocatechin, among others. Antifungal assays demonstrated that gallic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin inhibited P. citrinum growth by 53.99% and 45.75%, respectively, after 6 days of culture at 28 ℃. Gallic acid impaired cell membrane integrity, leading to a 78.80% increase in relative conductivity and a 60.16% increase in malondialdehyde content. Gallica acid also induced oxidative stress, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which subsequently disrupted intracellular redox homeostasis in P. citrinum cells. Additionally, gallic acid inhibited mitochondrial function of P. citrinum, resulting in a 76.88% decrease in ATPase activity, a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, with depolarization increased to 17.31-fold of the control. Furthermore, the P. citrinum cell ultrastructure was compromised and plasmolysis was observed. These findings elucidate the multitarget inhibitory mechanism of G. chinensis at the molecular level and provide a theoretical framework for natural antifungal agent development.

Galla chinensis  /  Penicillium citrinum  /  antibacterial activity  /  cell membrane permeability  /  natural antibacterial agent
张甜甜, 刘瑞玲, 牛犇, 房祥军, 陈慧芝, 沈超怡, 陈杭君, 吴伟杰, 郜海燕. 五倍子提取物对桔青霉的抑制作用及相关机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 178 -185 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030148
Tiantian ZHANG, Ruiling LIU, Ben NIU, Xiangjun FANG, Huizhi CHEN, Chaoyi SHEN, Hangjun CHEN, Weijie WU, Haiyan GAO. Inhibitory Effect of Galla chinensis Extract on Penicillium citrinum and Its Related Mechanisms[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 178 -185 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030148
桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)是一种广泛分布于自然界的丝状真菌,常通过分泌细胞壁降解酶破坏植物或水果的组织结构[1]。其侵染水果时,会分解细胞壁成分,导致果实软化和腐烂,同时产生桔霉素(citrinin),这种毒素不仅对植物细胞具有破坏作用,还会污染农产品,对食品安全构成严重威胁[2]。由桔青霉引起的腐烂病害不仅造成巨大的经济损失,还严重制约鲜切产业的发展[3]。目前,病害防治主要依赖农业防治和化学药物,但长期使用化学杀菌剂可能导致病原菌产生抗药性,并带来环境污染和健康风险。因此,寻求安全高效的绿色抑菌方法成为研究热点。近年来,研究发现多种植物源天然产物具有显著的抗真菌活性,为果蔬采后病害防治提供了极具前景的绿色替代方案[4−5]。特别是中草药提取物,凭借高效、低毒、易降解、环保以及低成本的优势,已在果蔬采后保鲜领域展现出重要应用价值[6−7]。因此深入解析其多靶点抑菌机制,对推动绿色保鲜产业发展具有重要的科学意义和实践价值。
五倍子(Galla chinensis)是由五倍子蚜虫(Schlechtendalia chinensis)寄生在盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)等植物上形成的虫瘿[8],根据外形不同,可分为肚倍和角倍[9]。其富含鞣质[10−11]、没食子酸[12]、多酚[13−14]、氨基酸[15]等多种生物活性成分,因此在传统医药、食品、化工等领域有广泛应用。近年来,五倍子的抗菌、抗氧化和抗真菌特性也受到广泛关注[16−17]。团队前期将五倍子提取物应用于蓝莓果实的采后保鲜处理,证实其对果实品质保持具有显著效果[18]。通过体外抑菌实验,发现五倍子提取物对灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)表现出明显的抑制作用。然而,目前对于五倍子提取物中发挥抑菌作用的具体活性成分及其分子作用机制尚未明确,这限制了该提取物在果蔬采后保鲜中的进一步开发与应用。
本文以五倍子作为研究对象,通过对五倍子的活性物质进行分离纯化及鉴定,再对桔青霉进行抑菌机理的研究,为探索五倍子作为一种抑菌剂在食品中的应用提供了理论支持。
桔青霉(P. citrinum) 浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所食品物流保鲜与营养品质调控团队进行分离纯化,经形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定,确定该菌株为桔青霉;野生五倍子 湖南省张家界野生药材店;PDA、PDB 上海盛思生物科技有限公司;ATP酶试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;硅胶(AR,300~400目) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;所有分离用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
MLS-3781L-P高压蒸汽灭菌器 日本松下健康医疗器;Mettler-Toledo XS105型电子分析天平 瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司;MJX-160B-Z恒温培养箱 上海博讯实业有限公司;R214旋转蒸发仪 上海申生科技有限公司;DDS-307电导率仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;医疗器械厂无菌超净台 江苏苏晶集团有限公司;H7650透射电子显微镜 日本日立公司;Vion IMS QTof超高分辨液质联用仪 美国Waters Corporation。
将五倍子破壳,去除虫尸,粉碎,在50 ℃干燥箱中干燥至恒重,用75%(V/V,下同)乙醇,料液比1:5(g·mL−1)室温超声提取(功率350 W)1 h,3000 r/min,离心10 min,取上清液,40 ℃旋转蒸发去除溶剂,真空冷冻干燥(−80 ℃,48 h)得到五倍子醇提物粉末,密封避光保存于−20 ℃备用。
参考孙莎[18]的方法并稍作修改。取上述1.2.1中的冻干粉末,按料液比1:15(g·mL−1)用蒸馏水复溶,向溶液中加入等体积的99.7%乙酸乙酯(1:1,V/V),置于萃取瓶中,振荡混匀3 min,静置5 min使两相分层,收集上层乙酸乙酯相,经旋转蒸发(40 ℃)浓缩后,真空冷冻干燥(−80 ℃,48 h)得萃取物,密封保存于−20 ℃备用。
参照郑曙明等[19]的方法稍作修改,称取1.2.2中得到的冻干物2 g进行硅胶(600目)柱层层析,首先用石油醚洗脱直至出现液体,依次按石油醚:丙酮(10:0、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8、0:10,V/V)梯度洗脱,每组洗脱剂用量100 mL,流速1 mL/min,再按甲醇:水(10:0、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8、0:10,V/V)梯度洗脱,每组洗脱剂用量100 mL,每5 min收集一管流分,根据颜色变化共收集到12种流分,进行薄层层析,将Rf值相近的流分进行合并,得到5个组分,编号分别为Fr.1、Fr.2、Fr.3、Fr.4、Fr.5,将收集好的组分旋转蒸发(40 ℃)后,所得浓缩物进行冷冻干燥(−80 ℃,48 h)获得干燥粉末。为筛选抑菌活性组分,取上述各组分冻干粉,用无菌蒸馏水复溶至终浓度0.2 g/mL[20],采用牛津杯法进行抑菌活性检测,最终确定抑菌效果最佳的活性组分。
参考李东昱等[21]的牛津杯法,测定五倍子不同流分对桔青霉的抑菌圈。无菌培养皿中加入15 mL灭菌融化后的PDA培养液,吸取1×106 CFU/mL桔青霉菌悬液100 μL于加入培养液的培养皿中,取0.2 g/mL的提取物200 μL于牛津杯中,以加无菌水为空白对照,做3组平行实验。28 ℃条件下培养48 h,采用十字交叉法测定抑菌圈直径,按照抑菌圈直径大小进行敏感性评判。
ACQUITY UPLC-BEH C18色谱柱(1.7 µm,2.1 mm×100 mm),柱温为40 ℃,进样体积为3 µL。流动相A:98%水,2%乙腈,0.1%甲酸;流动相B:98%乙腈,2%水,0.1%甲酸。流速0.4 mL/min,流动相梯度:0~0.5 min,5%B;0.5~16 min,5%~100%B;16~18.5 min,100%B;18.5~18.6 min,100%~5%B;18.6~20 min,5%B。
采集分析模式:Sensitivity;毛细管电压:ESI+ 2.5 kV,ESI− 2 kV;离子源温度120 ℃;脱溶剂气温度500 ℃;脱溶剂气气流800 L/h;反向锥孔气流50 L/h。采集质量范围50~1000 m/z,每个循环采集时间为0.3 s,碎裂能10~45 eV,正负离子模式分别采集。采集过程同时注入亮氨酸-脑啡肽(正离子模式下:556.2766 m/z;负离子模式下:554.2620 m/z)作为在线质量校准物以保持质量准确度。
根据Wang等[22]的方法并稍作修改用于测定抗真菌活性。将没食子酸(Gallic Acid,GA)、(-)-表没食子儿茶素((-)-Epigallocatechin,EGC)及鞣花酸(Ellagic Acid,EA)分别与二甲基亚砜溶液(DMSO)及20 mL PDA培养基在灭菌的培养皿中混合,使得GA、EGC及EA的浓度为1000 mg/L,用1%灭菌的DMSO作为空白对照。使得PDA中DMSO的最终浓度为1%,在培养皿上接种5 mm直径的病原真菌菌丝,在28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养6 d记录真菌生长。每隔1 d用十字交叉法测定菌落直径,重复测定6次。使用公式(1)计算生长抑制率:
$ 生长抑制率(\text{%})=\frac{\text{D}_{\text{0n}}-\text{D}_{\text{n}}}{\text{D}_{\text{0n}}}\times100 $
式中,D0n为第n天对照组菌落平均直径,mm;Dn为第n天处理组菌落平均直径,mm。
将菌丝接种于PDB中,分别加入0.2 g/mL的GA与EGC 各200 μL,28 ℃、180 r/min摇床培养24 h,测定菌丝细胞内容物的丙二醛含量和菌丝培养液的上清液的相对电导率。在0、3、6、9、12 h收集菌丝,用硫代巴比妥酸法[23]测定丙二醛含量,将经过处理的桔青霉菌丝细胞匀浆液加入20% TCA溶液中,4 ℃条件下10000 r/min离心15 min,在532 nm处测定上清液的吸光度。在0、3、6、9、12 h收集上清液,用电导率仪测定上清液的电导率,用沸水煮沸处理10 min,冷却至室温,再次测定电导率,重复测定3次,相对电导率按公式(2)计算。
$ 相对电导率(\text{%})=\frac{\text{e}-{\text{e}}_{0}}{{\text{e}}_{1}-{\text{e}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,e0为0 h的电导率,μS/cm;e1为沸水处理后的电导率,μS/cm;e为不同处理时间的电导率,μS/cm。
使用试剂盒测定ATPase活力。
GA与EGC处理后,在28 ℃条件下培养6 d,测定ROS水平。使用荧光染料2,7-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)作为ROS指示剂,DCFH-DA为膜通透性非荧光探针,用磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)冲洗菌丝体3次后。置于10 μmol/mL DCFH-DA溶液中。在37 ℃黑暗条件下染色20 min,通过激光共聚焦在488 nm的激发波长、525 nm的发射波长下观察菌丝体荧光信号。
使用MMP测定试剂盒测定各组MMP。GA与EGC处理后,在28 ℃下孵育6 d,测定菌丝线粒体膜电位。使用JC-1染色20 min,JC-1染色缓冲液洗涤2次,通过激光共聚焦观察菌丝体染色。JC-1单体和JC-1聚集体的荧光激发/发射波长分别为514/529和585/590 nm。
根据Bonora等[24]描述的方法处理样品。将样品用PBS冲洗,固定,脱水,包埋,透化,并再次用PBS冲洗,最后取出菌丝体样品,置于离心管中,干燥、聚合、切片、染色,在透射电子显微镜下观察拍照。
实验数据使用Excel、SPSS 20软件进行统计分析,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,利用Origin 2021软件作图。
将五倍子提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取冻干物用于后续分离实验,进行硅胶柱层析分离,收集得到5个组分见图1,分别编号为Fr.1、Fr.2、Fr.3、Fr.4、Fr.5,通过抑菌活性实验对5个分离组分进行评价,实验结果如表1所示。Fr.3抑菌圈直径(17.85±0.45 mm)大于Fr.5(13.04±0.65 mm),抑菌活性明显强于Fr.5;其余组分未显示抑菌活性,因此选取Fr.3用于后续化合物定性分析。
通过UPLC-QTOF MS进行非靶向分析鉴定了Fr.3的化合物如图2。本研究采用抑菌活性导向的分析策略,将目标化合物限定于单宁类、黄酮类、苯及取代衍生物和苯骈吡喃类四类具有抑菌活性的物质。随后通过匹配保留时间、质荷比及评估二级质谱碎片化分数(Fragmentation Score≥60)筛选鉴定出12种目标化合物如表2。在这12种化合物中,鞣花酸、没食子酸及(-)-表没食子儿茶素在以往的研究中发现具有较好的抑制真菌的效果。这些物质都属于是多酚类化合物,其中鞣花酸属于鞣质中的没食子单宁的降解产物,没食子酸是没食子酸类,(-)-表没食子儿茶素属于黄酮类化合物。研究表明,这些类化合物均有一定的抑菌效果[25−26]。EA可通过诱导真菌膜的损伤,从而增加细胞渗透性从而达到抑制白色念珠菌的效果[27]。GA对根霉、灰霉、镰刀菌和炭疽病菌均表现出较强的抗真菌活性[28],GA通过改变膜结构和细菌代谢来抑制细菌生长,并抑制生物膜形成[29]。EGC对黑曲霉、灰葡萄孢霉、青霉菌抑制方式不是生长抑制,而是通过真菌菌丝损伤和孢子管细胞损伤来实现[30]。因此本研究选取这3种物质进行后续的抗真菌活性实验,观察3种活性物质对桔青霉的抑制效果。
通过观察菌丝体及孢子的生长状况,可有效评估不同活性成分对桔青霉的抑制效果。如图3(a)所示,经GA和EGC处理的实验组菌落直径显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在整个培养周期内,各组菌落均呈现持续增长的趋势。培养至第6 d时,GA处理组的菌落直径达到14.83 mm,EGC处理组为16.43 mm,相比之下,EA处理组和对照组的菌落直径分别为22.07 mm和25.20 mm。根据菌落直径计算菌丝的生长抑制率如图3(b),第6 d GA与EGC处理组的菌丝生长抑制率分别为53.99%、45.75%,分别是EA处理组菌丝生长抑制率的3.31倍、2.81倍。这些结果表明,相比于EA处理,GA和EGC可以更有效抑制桔青霉的生长,因此在后续的实验中选取两种抑菌效果较好的单体活性物质用于抑菌机理分析。
相对电导率可反映三色胺的泄露程度,可以用来评价细胞膜的完整性[31]。丙二醛是细胞膜过氧化的产物,可以间接反映细胞膜的损伤程度[32]。如图4(a)所示随着处理时间的延长,相对电导率整体呈上升趋势,其中在处理3 h后,GA和EGC处理组的相对电导率已经显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在处理12 h后,CK、GA处理组、EGC处理组的相对电导率分别为9.33%、44%、30.73%,GA处理组显著高于EGC处理组及CK组(P<0.05),GA处理组较初始阶段增加了78.80%。如图4(b)所示,丙二醛含量与处理时间呈正相关。其中在处理12 h后,CK、GA处理组、EGC处理组的丙二醛含量分别0.51、1.28、0.75 nmol/g,GA处理组较初始阶段增加了60.16%,CK组丙二醛含量最低,显著低于处理组(P<0.05),其中GA处理组丙二醛含量显著高于EGC处理组(P<0.05)。Lu等[33]研究发现,没食子酸通过破坏嗜水曲霉和曲霉的膜完整性而表现出抗菌作用。综上所述,GA处理能够加剧桔青霉膜脂过氧化,破坏桔青霉的细胞膜完整性。
ATP酶是线粒体膜中不可或缺的一部分,在能量代谢、物质运输、信息传递和维持重要细胞功能方面起着关键作用[34]。从图5可以看出不同活性物质处理对线粒体ATP酶活力的影响不同,CK、GA与EGC处理后ATP酶活力分别为11.42、2.64和6.48 U/mg pro,GA处理组较对照组下降了76.88%,对照组显著高于处理组(P<0.05)。处理组中,EGC处理组的ATP酶活力显著高于GA处理组(P<0.05),表明GA处理桔青霉后细胞膜的通透性和结构损伤程度最大,GA可能抑制桔青霉中的某些膜蛋白的功能以及破坏细胞膜的完整性,进而破坏桔青霉细胞膜的选择透过性,从而进一步抑制线粒体ATP酶活力,这种破坏会影响物质运输、能量供应以及代谢过程,并最终导致细胞死亡[35]。
ROS是机体氧化代谢的副产物,在细胞信号转导和体内平衡中起着重要作用,可以对细胞器造成损伤,最终中断细胞的生理功能[36]。因此,可以通过检测ROS的积累来判断不同组分对菌丝的损伤程度[37]。为了探索不同活性物质对桔青霉菌丝的损伤程度,使用氧化敏感荧光探针(DCFH-DA)检测细胞内ROS的产生,DCFH-DA探针可被菌丝中的ROS氧化成2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH)[38],产生绿色荧光,荧光强度代表着ROS水平的高低,荧光越强,表示桔青霉细胞被损坏的越严重,表明活性物质对桔青霉的抑制效果越强。如图6所示,GA处理组的荧光强度高于EGC处理组,表明ROS在GA处理组的菌丝中积累更多,对细胞器的损伤更严重,对桔青霉细胞的损坏更严重。ROS的过量产生是由氧化系统和抗氧化系统之间的不平衡引起的[39]。由此可以推断,GA是通过破坏生物系统的氧化还原平衡来抑制桔青霉的生长。
线粒体膜电位的下降是细胞凋亡早期的一个关键特征[40],使用JC-1探针测量线粒体膜电位。如图7(a)所示,在对照组中,经GA和EGC处理后的菌丝,JC-1分布在受损菌丝的线粒体膜中,产生绿色荧光。如图7(b)所示,529 nm/590 nm的强度可以反映线粒体去极化程度,线粒体去极化程度可以作为评价线粒体功能和细胞健康状态的重要指标。不同的去极化程度代表着细胞面临不同程度的损伤,从轻微的功能障碍到严重的细胞死亡,经GA处理后,529 nm/590 nm的强度最大为2.12,是对照组的17.31倍,表明去极化程度明显升高。结果表示,经GA处理后细胞凋亡最为严重。GA可能通过影响离子通道功能,导致离子流动异常,从而破坏了线粒体膜电位的平衡[41],不平衡的电位加剧了活性氧的产生,抑制了菌丝的生长。
透射电镜可以从微观上直接反映桔青霉菌丝的超微结构[42]。如图8对照组细胞结构连续,形态清晰,细胞壁与细胞膜完整,细胞器形态饱满,无损伤。经不同抑菌物质处理后,细胞结构发生了明显的变化,经EGC处理的桔青霉细胞壁结构遭到破坏,部分出现了质壁分离现象;而经GA处理后桔青霉出现了较为明显的质壁分离与细胞器模糊,表明GA处理组严重破坏了桔青霉细胞结构,增加了细胞的通透性。综上所述,五倍子活性物质处理可以破坏桔青霉细胞的超微结构。李瑞一等[43]研究发现紫苏醛有效抑制桔青霉生长,其抑菌作用主要表现为桔青霉细胞壁被破坏,导致细胞器受损,出现质壁分离现象。
本研究揭示五倍子中没食子酸与(-)-表没食子儿茶素是其抑制桔青霉的关键活性成分,其中没食子酸通过破坏了细胞膜完整性,使得相对电导率增加了78.80%,丙二醛含量增加了60.16%;通过诱导氧化应激反应,使得ROS水平升高,进而破坏了胞内氧化还原稳态;通过抑制线粒体功能,使得ATP酶活性降低76.88%,线粒体膜电位下降,去极化程度升高至对照组的17.31倍;同时,损伤了细胞超微结构,出现质壁分离等现象。该研究首次从多靶点互作层面系统解析了GA的抑菌机制,为五倍子作为天然抑菌剂的开发提供了关键成分与作用机制依据,然而,五倍子中关键抑菌成分的提取工艺仍需优化,且微量成分间的协同效应尚未明确,这些都需要进一步研究。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030148
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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    1浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院,浙江舟山 316022
    2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,农业农村部蔬菜采后保鲜与加工重点实验室(部省共建),全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021

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吴伟杰(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜与品质调控,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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