Article(id=1320888909429584518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030360, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854056937, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854056937, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854056937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854056937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=494, endPage=503, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888909635105415, articleId=1320888909429584518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in Special Medical Foods, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an emerging intelligent manufacturing technology, 3D printing has demonstrated immense potential in the field of special medical purpose formula foods. This article systematically elaborates on the principles of food 3D printing technology and its research progress in special medical foods, with a particular focus on analyzing the application characteristics of the two major technological approaches: extrusion-based food 3D printing and laser sintering food 3D printing. Studies have shown that 3D printing technology can not only achieve quantitative nutrition adjustment and food texture optimization by precisely controlling the proportions, microstructures and functional components of ingredients, but also help in the precise delivery of drug ingredients, effectively solving problems such as swallowing disorders in the elderly, anorexia in children and dietary management in patients with metabolic diseases. At the same time, it reveals the core challenges faced by current technologies in the 3D molding process, such as quality control and safety. To address these issues, it proposes solutions such as raw material formulation optimization, laser and electrospinning-assisted molding, multi-laser collaborative control, and automatic cleaning. In the future, by integrating sustainable material development with intelligent production systems, this technology will serve as a crucial enabler for precise nutrition delivery and innovation in medical diets.

, authors=Qiang TONG1, 2, Junhao YANG1, Shuailei XIAO1, Ye BI1, Mingying LI1, *, authorsList=Qiang TONG, Junhao YANG, Shuailei XIAO, Ye BI, Mingying LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingying LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888911132471958, articleId=1320888909429584518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=3D打印技术在特医食品中的应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

3D打印技术作为新兴的智能制造手段,在特殊医学用途配方食品领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统阐述了食品3D打印技术原理及其在特医食品中的研究进展,重点分析了挤压式食品3D打印与激光烧结式食品3D打印两大技术路径的应用特点。研究表明,3D打印技术通过精准控制食材配比、微观结构和功能成分,不仅可实现营养定量调配与食品质构优化,还有助于药物成分的精准递送,有效解决老年人吞咽障碍、儿童厌食症及代谢疾病患者膳食管理等难题。同时揭示了当前技术面临的三维成型过程中的质量控制和安全性等核心挑战,并提出原料配方优化、激光与静电纺丝辅助成型、多激光协同控制及自动清洗等解决方案。未来,结合可持续材料开发与智能化生产体系,该技术将为精准营养供给和医疗膳食创新提供重要技术支撑。

, authors=童强1, 2, 杨俊豪1, 肖帅磊1, 毕野1, 李明颖1, *, authorsList=童强, 杨俊豪, 肖帅磊, 毕野, 李明颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李明颖, authorNote=

童强(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:水产品复合3D打印关键技术研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李明颖(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:机电控制与机器人关键技术研究,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=g6Hsfpttdh5d52Y/qeLAug==, magXml=k2rF+yW6ba316KCH3d+A8g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zgT8fJzkxDnZ7QFKNng0kw==, pdfFileSize=3546758, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=P5kAptU5v9cGszxtvrZ0iw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nmMb4PeF0tVHSWmYStVIbQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888913644860062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tongqiang.work@outlook.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888913749717665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, authorId=1320888913644860062, language=EN, stringName=Qiang TONG, firstName=Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=TONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Potential sources of novel proteins suitable for use as ingredients in 3D food printing, along with some of the food safety challenges[J]. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 2024, 37: 100983., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888928828240675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHARMA R, CHANDRA NATH P, KUMAR HAZARIKA T, et al. Recent advances in 3D printing properties of natural food gels: Application of innovative food additives[J]. 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Ultra-high pressure improved gelation and digestive properties of Tai Lake whitebait myofibrillar protein[J]. Food Chemistry: X, 2024, 21: 101061., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888929084093222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Y, LIU Y, ZHANG X, et al. Integrating coaxial electrospinning and 3D printing technologies for spatiotemporal control of dual drug delivery systems[J]. Science Advances, 2023, 9(12): eade5275., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888930862478119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARK D, KIM K, PARK Y, et al. KitcheNette: Predicting and ranking food ingredient pairings using Siamese neural networks[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 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注:Z代表铺粉平台移动方向。

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注:A、B为未加入透明质酸打印效果;C、D为加入透明质酸打印效果。

, figureFileSmall=sjjqG0Lb/+wckFrj+622sg==, figureFileBig=G4Yzbl9HJJ6dy8yVSiOQxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888919042929357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Advantages of 3D printing production of special medical food

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特点传统特医食品生产特医食品3D打印参考文献
精准营养与医疗适配性难以根据个体需求进行精准营养配比,通常采用固定的配方生产可根据健康数据(如基因检测、疾病状况、营养需求)
调整食品的营养成分
[22]
质构工程难以精确控制食品内部微观结构,质构设计的灵活性较低通过数字化模型控制食品的微观结构,通过蜂窝状、多层次内部填充等赋予食品新的质构特性[23−24]
资源效率与可持续性产生大量边角料、废水和食品损耗,增加环境负担可利用食物边角料、昆虫蛋白、植物蛋白或细胞培养肉,提高资源利用率并降低碳排放[25−26]
消费体验创新受限于模具、工艺和生产线改造成本消费者可直接参与设计或现场制作,增强互动体验,功能及情感价值升级[27−28]
生产流程传统流水线生产,需投入大量人力物力生产环境可控,减少人工接触,自动化生产[29−30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320888919122621134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888909429584518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

特医食品3D打印生产优势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特点传统特医食品生产特医食品3D打印参考文献
精准营养与医疗适配性难以根据个体需求进行精准营养配比,通常采用固定的配方生产可根据健康数据(如基因检测、疾病状况、营养需求)
调整食品的营养成分
[22]
质构工程难以精确控制食品内部微观结构,质构设计的灵活性较低通过数字化模型控制食品的微观结构,通过蜂窝状、多层次内部填充等赋予食品新的质构特性[23−24]
资源效率与可持续性产生大量边角料、废水和食品损耗,增加环境负担可利用食物边角料、昆虫蛋白、植物蛋白或细胞培养肉,提高资源利用率并降低碳排放[25−26]
消费体验创新受限于模具、工艺和生产线改造成本消费者可直接参与设计或现场制作,增强互动体验,功能及情感价值升级[27−28]
生产流程传统流水线生产,需投入大量人力物力生产环境可控,减少人工接触,自动化生产[29−30]
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3D打印技术在特医食品中的应用研究进展
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童强 1, 2 , 杨俊豪 1 , 肖帅磊 1 , 毕野 1 , 李明颖 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(5): 494-503
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (5) : 494 -503
3D打印技术在特医食品中的应用研究进展
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童强1, 2 , 杨俊豪1, 肖帅磊1, 毕野1, 李明颖1, *
作者信息
  • 1大连工业大学机械工程与自动化学院,辽宁大连 116034
  • 2海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,国家海洋食品工程技术研究中心,辽宁省海产品精深加工产业共性技术创新平台,大连市中式预制食品技术创新中心,辽宁大连 116034
通讯作者:
李明颖(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:机电控制与机器人关键技术研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

童强(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:水产品复合3D打印关键技术研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in Special Medical Foods
Qiang TONG1, 2 , Junhao YANG1, Shuailei XIAO1, Ye BI1, Mingying LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Liaoning Province Seafood Deep Processing Industry Common Technology Innovation Platform, Dalian City Chinese-Style pre Made Food Technology Innovation Center, Dalian 116034, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030360
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3D打印技术作为新兴的智能制造手段,在特殊医学用途配方食品领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统阐述了食品3D打印技术原理及其在特医食品中的研究进展,重点分析了挤压式食品3D打印与激光烧结式食品3D打印两大技术路径的应用特点。研究表明,3D打印技术通过精准控制食材配比、微观结构和功能成分,不仅可实现营养定量调配与食品质构优化,还有助于药物成分的精准递送,有效解决老年人吞咽障碍、儿童厌食症及代谢疾病患者膳食管理等难题。同时揭示了当前技术面临的三维成型过程中的质量控制和安全性等核心挑战,并提出原料配方优化、激光与静电纺丝辅助成型、多激光协同控制及自动清洗等解决方案。未来,结合可持续材料开发与智能化生产体系,该技术将为精准营养供给和医疗膳食创新提供重要技术支撑。

3D打印  /  特医食品  /  营养定制  /  智能制造

As an emerging intelligent manufacturing technology, 3D printing has demonstrated immense potential in the field of special medical purpose formula foods. This article systematically elaborates on the principles of food 3D printing technology and its research progress in special medical foods, with a particular focus on analyzing the application characteristics of the two major technological approaches: extrusion-based food 3D printing and laser sintering food 3D printing. Studies have shown that 3D printing technology can not only achieve quantitative nutrition adjustment and food texture optimization by precisely controlling the proportions, microstructures and functional components of ingredients, but also help in the precise delivery of drug ingredients, effectively solving problems such as swallowing disorders in the elderly, anorexia in children and dietary management in patients with metabolic diseases. At the same time, it reveals the core challenges faced by current technologies in the 3D molding process, such as quality control and safety. To address these issues, it proposes solutions such as raw material formulation optimization, laser and electrospinning-assisted molding, multi-laser collaborative control, and automatic cleaning. In the future, by integrating sustainable material development with intelligent production systems, this technology will serve as a crucial enabler for precise nutrition delivery and innovation in medical diets.

3D printing  /  special medical food  /  nutrition customization  /  intelligent manufacturing
童强, 杨俊豪, 肖帅磊, 毕野, 李明颖. 3D打印技术在特医食品中的应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030360
Qiang TONG, Junhao YANG, Shuailei XIAO, Ye BI, Mingying LI. Research Progress on the Application of 3D Printing Technology in Special Medical Foods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030360
随着全球人口老龄化加剧和慢性疾病发病率上升,特殊医学用途配方食品(特医食品)需求呈现爆发式增长[1−3]。传统特医食品生产受制于标准化流水线模式,难以实现个性化营养配比、适口性优化和功能性成分精准嵌入。3D打印技术凭借其数字化制造的优势,在医学[4]、生物材料[5]、食品工业[6]、航空航天[7]等领域飞速发展。其突破性进展为传统特医食品的生产提供了全新的解决方案,尤其在个性化制造与精准营养需求方面,展现出广阔的应用前景。
目前,食品3D打印技术常见的打印方式主要有挤出型打印、喷墨式打印、粉体凝结型打印和激光烧结打印[8−11]。食品3D打印技术正从单一材料挤出逐步向多材料复合打印演进,其在特医食品领域的应用场景不断拓展,包含质构优化、药物递送及感官体验提升等多个方面。在众多打印方式中,挤压式打印和激光烧结打印因其材料适应性强、工艺可控性高,成为目前研究与应用较为广泛的打印方式。挤压式打印凭借多轴联动控制与同轴结构设计,可实现多材料组合打印,使食品的营养搭配更加灵活多样,为个性化营养定制提供了新的解决方案。而激光烧结技术则克服传统热加工的精度限制,不仅能够在精确控制温度的条件下保留原材料的营养成分,还可利用具有消毒效果的激光类型有效抑制微生物污染,提升食品的安全性与功能性。此外,在特医食品领域引入3D打印技术,不仅能够精准控制食材用量,大幅减少加工过程中的损耗与浪费,还能有效提升资源利用效率[12]。因此,3D打印技术与特医食品生产的融合对于构建绿色食品供给体系、推动健康与环保并重的食品生产模式具有重要意义。
本文聚焦3D打印技术在特医食品领域的最新研究成果,从技术原理、研究现状、应用创新和现存挑战四个方面展开分析。通过对比传统生产方式,揭示3D打印在精准营养供给、资源利用效率和消费体验升级等方面的独特优势。同时,针对成型缺陷、多材料成分调控和食品安全等关键问题,提出对应的解决方案,为后续技术优化提供理论依据。
食品3D打印技术是一种基于逐层堆积制造原理的创新型食品加工方式,其核心理念与传统3D打印相似,但区别在于使用可食用的原料进行构建。该技术依托数字化精确控制,实现对食材配比、加工温度、打印路径等关键参数的精准调节,食材按照设定的层叠方式逐步堆积成型,从而制作出特定形态和结构的食品[13]。其打印流程图如图1所示。Lipton等[14]团队在早期研究中基于Fab@HomeModel 2平台,采用双注射器结构,实现了典型的多材料同步挤出成型。该系统通过预设的三维模型进行路径规划,利用步进电机控制打印头在三维空间内逐层沉积材料,完成不同性能食材的协同堆叠与成型。外层与内层材料因其流变性能差异,通过参数调控实现稳定挤出与结构保持。该实验不仅验证了食品3D打印中挤出式成型的基本原理,还展示了材料配方、层层堆积与三维路径控制在提升产品结构层次与感官体验方面的协同作用,为未来食品制造的个性化、智能化和可持续发展提供了新的技术支撑。
特医食品全称为特殊医学用途配方食品,主要用于老人、儿童、吞咽困难者、特殊疾病患者等特殊人群。随着食品3D打印技术的快速发展,该技术正逐步成为实现特医食品个性化精准营养供给的重要手段。当前研究正深入探索如何将功能性成分、膳食补充剂甚至治疗性药物以高精度和可控性集成到3D打印食品中,从而提高其营养价值和临床应用潜力。如Iftimi等[15]通过将含有药物成分的墨水精确打印在设计的高吸墨性、多孔结构的食用基材上,显著提升了药物在食品基材中的沉积效率与剂量均匀性,成功实现了食品介质中的可控药物负载。Kyobula等[16]通过调节打印可食用药物载体的几何结构,发现蜂窝状的结构可有效控制药物的释放速率与释放曲线,展现出良好的释放调控性能。当前特医食品3D打印研究已从单纯满足营养需求,逐步拓展至功能性成分与治疗性药物的精准集成与可控释放。研究者正不断探索基于不同材料结构与打印策略的优化路径,以提升药物及营养物质在食品中的负载效率、空间分布与释放行为,不断提高3D打印技术在特医食品中的巨大潜力与应用前景。
特医食品3D打印技术的不断进步也为特定人群的营养需求提供了更加精准和高效的解决方案。对于老年人,食品3D打印可以根据老年人的需求打印出柔软易嚼或入口即化的食物,帮助他们更轻松地进食,在增强进食自主性和提升生活质量的同时,保证了食品的营养价值和口感;在儿童领域,食品3D打印能够创造出各种有趣、富有创意的食物形状,吸引孩子的注意力,激发他们的进食兴趣;针对吞咽困难者,食品3D打印技术能够精确调整食品的质地、密度和硬度,从而根据患者的吞咽能力定制适合的食物;而在特殊疾病患者方面,食品3D打印技术可以在食品内部嵌入药物或功能性成分,实现定时、定量释放,提高药物吸收效率和患者依从性。特医食品3D打印技术在为特殊人群提供精准营养方面展示出巨大的潜力,随着食品领域与智能制造领域的进一步融合,特医食品3D打印有望为精准营养供给提供更高效、可行的解决方案。当前特医食品3D打印研究成果见图2。
传统特医食品的生产方式通常依赖于批量化和标准化的加工流程,主要通过预设配方和集中式生产线进行制备[19]。尽管该方式在满足广泛人群的基本营养需求和生产效率方面具有一定优势,但在应对特殊医学需求下的个体化营养配比、质构调控、功能性成分的精准负载和可控释放方面仍存在显著局限。与传统特医食品生产方式相比,特医食品3D打印技术凭借其定制化、结构复杂性、精准嵌入等特点,为满足老年人、儿童、吞咽困难患者及慢性疾病患者的个性化营养与治疗需求提供了更具针对性的解决方案。如表1为特医食品3D打印的生产优势。在特医食品3D打印技术的发展过程中,机器的持续改进是至关重要的,包括硬件、软件和工艺参数等多方面的优化,以提升打印质量、性能和效率[20]。未来,结合人工智能技术,可以进一步优化个性化定制和智能化生产,结合数据分析和优化算法,精确调整特医食品的配方、质地和形状[21],并根据健康监测数据实时调整食品的营养成分,从而更好地满足患者的个性化需求。人工智能的结合应用将进一步推动特医食品生产的智能化、个性化和可持续性发展,为特定人群提供更加精准和高效的营养解决方案。
随着3D打印技术的持续创新与发展,特医食品3D打印方式逐渐趋于多样化,目前主要包括挤压式食品3D打印[31]和激光烧结式食品3D打印[32]两种类型。特医食品3D打印技术在个性化营养定制及特殊膳食需求方面展现出广阔前景,为老年人、吞咽障碍患者和代谢疾病患者等人群带来更多的膳食体验与选择。未来,应引入可降解或可循环利用的原材料进行打印,减少环境资源浪费或碳排放。同时,借助人工智能和大数据分析技术,优化配方设计与打印路径,实现更高效的智能化生产体系。
单喷头食品3D打印采用螺杆挤出、活塞挤出或气压挤出方式,将食品材料通过喷嘴挤出,并在打印平台上进行逐层堆积。通过控制喷嘴的移动路径和挤出量,以实现高精度成型[33]。单喷头食品打印设备因其结构简洁、操作便捷、打印成本低,在工业生产和商业市场被广泛使用[34]。研究人员利用食品3D打印定制化优势,为特定人群提供了多种个性化的食品解决方案。如Cheng-Rong等[35]优化了蛋清、豌豆蛋白和Gellan胶的组合,以制造适用于特定人群的3D打印人造牛排。通过纹理分析、感官评估和粘弹性研究,发现Gellan胶可调节食品硬度和咀嚼性,并确定可持续性的最佳配方。该研究不仅生产出适合特殊人群食用软质的人造牛排,且有助于提升粮食安全,改善人类健康,并减少动物痛苦及肉类生产对环境的影响,实验结果如图3所示。Zamboulis等[36]研究开发了基于藻酸盐和明胶的3D打印水凝胶递送系统,通过分析不同配比的水凝胶,评估其流变性能和3D打印适应性,并通过冷冻干燥提高其稳定性,成功打印出装载益生菌的药物食品。de Oliveira等[37]利用食用明胶与海藻酸钠原料对益生菌等功能性物质进行封装3D打印,显著提升其在加工、储存及消化过程中的存活率,保护其活性,从而延长食品的储存时间。单喷头3D食品打印技术在特医食品领域的应用前景广阔,不仅为患者提供了个性化的营养解决方案,也为食品制造业带来了新的技术突破。
食品3D打印技术正不断发展进步,硬件功能也在持续升级迭代。而喷嘴作为3D打印机的核心部件,近年来得到显著创新,如双喷嘴、四喷嘴等多轴打印技术的出现,为特医食品打印带来了更高的效率与可能,其原理图如图4所示。多轴食品3D打印在特殊医学用途食品(特医食品)领域展现出巨大优势,能够实现多材料协同打印,生产出的食品更加多样化。Chen等[38]利用四种低血糖指数食品成分(奶粉、麦麸粉、红菇和双孢蘑菇)制备3D打印食品墨水,并通过流变测试验证其柔软质地以减少口腔刺激。该食品有助于糖尿病管理,并可定制营养成分,提升患者健康与生活质量。Fujiwara等[39]开发了一款多功能食品3D打印机,显著提升了传统食品生产技术。新型打印机采用四螺杆喷嘴系统,支持三种先进打印模式:复印、多色和双混合打印,采用基于微生物衍生多糖凝胶的食品墨水,以制备不同硬度的食品,从而优化适应个体吞咽能力的质地。该技术能够在同一食品中实现硬度梯度,不仅提升了进食体验,还进一步改善膳食质量。此外,Sun等[40]的研究表明,多轴3D打印不仅提升了食品制造的精度与多样性,还将艺术元素融入美食创作,使食品在形状、颜色、风味、质地乃至营养方面更加丰富,从而激发儿童的进食兴趣。这项研究成功缓解了婴幼儿营养不良的问题,在儿童特医食品领域作出了重要贡献。综上所述,多轴食品3D打印技术凭借其在多材料协同、高精度成型和个性化质地调控等方面的优势,已成为推动特医食品智能化、功能化发展的关键路径。未来,该技术有望在临床营养支持、疾病辅助治疗及健康膳食定制等场景中发挥更大潜力。
同轴挤压技术采用同心多层喷嘴,可同时挤出两种或多种材料,适用于打印带馅食品,喷头原理图如图5所示。在Wang等[41]团队的实验中,研究发现当喷嘴长度在1~5 cm范围内时,挤压压力会随着挤压缸内体积流量的增加而升高。通过不断优化测试,团队成功打印出了由南瓜泥与猪肉组成的夹心食品,为吞咽困难人群的饮食选择提供了重要支持。Chao等[17]在实验中将黄粉虫蛋白分离物作为外流物料,在同轴挤压过程中与内流的鸡肉糜相互作用,成功制备出具有柔软纤维状结构的改良鸡肉糜产品。该研究为老年人群提供了更多食物选择,并通过添加辅助成分调控食品的质地,在保留原有营养价值的同时,实现了口感创新。Jeon等[42]采用同轴3D打印技术成功打印出一款功能性特医豆沙食品。研究团队将富含抗氧化和抗癌特性的姜黄素纳米乳剂制成凝胶,并将其作为“馅料”包裹于豆沙中。该产品不仅口感细腻、风味独特,还具有保健功能,有助于提升人体健康水平。Ubeyitogullan等[43]研究外层用凝胶材料用于封装,内层载有类胡萝卜素的功能性乳液,研究发现,在25 ℃和50 ℃下储存21 d后,封装样品的类胡萝卜素保留率分别为70%和48%,显著高于未封装的物理混合物,模拟消化实验表明,封装样品的类胡萝卜素生物利用度也有所提高。因此,通过同轴挤出式特医食品3D打印技术,不仅能够精确控制材料的挤出与交联过程,实现高度定制化与功能化的食品制造,还能打印出具有保护作用的外壳结构,显著提升特医食品的储存稳定性和营养成分的保留率。未来,随着材料创新和设备优化的推进,同轴食品3D打印技术有望在食品工业中发挥更大的作用。
激光烧结式食品3D打印通过逐层铺设食品粉末并选择性激光烧结实现成型,其应用原理图如图6。首先,在打印平台上均匀铺设一层食品粉末;随后,高能激光按照预设路径扫描并加热粉末,使其熔化或粘结成型;然后,打印平台下降微小高度,再铺设新一层粉末并重复烧结过程;最终,去除未烧结的粉末,获得完整的食品结构[44−45]。该技术最早应用于工业制造领域,如金属和塑料零件的打印,近年来在食品加工领域也展现出巨大潜力。Blutinger等[46]利用蓝色激光使1 mm厚的面团样品达到完全糊化,验证了其在精确控制食品烹饪方面的可行性。结果表明,相比红外激光,蓝色激光在面团食品中的热渗透率更高,能够更有效地实现层层加热,优化食品加工过程。这项研究验证了激光烘焙方法能够针对不同含水量和成分的食品进行定制化加热,结合3D打印和食品配方调整,可以生产符合个体化需求的特医食品,对于不同健康状况和饮食需求的人群至关重要。在另一项研究中,Blutinger等[47]团队人员用蓝色激光结合2轴镜式振镜系统,通过摆线扫描模式对大西洋鲑鱼激光打印,成功实现约2 mm的热渗透深度,在1~3 mm鲑鱼片内达到食品安全温度,并优化了质地与视觉效果。研究证明,激光烧结式食品3D打印通过精确控制热渗透深度和温度,可避免传统烹饪方式导致的营养流失。对于消化功能受损人群尤为关键,可确保食物在满足口感的同时,保留最大营养价值。此外,Gonca等[48]研究二极管激光对病原微生物(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白念珠菌)的抑制效果,结果表明蓝色激光的消毒性能优于其他波长。在0.36 W/cm2功率密度下照射时,其对上述微生物的抑制率分别达到65.9%、34.52%和43.63%。因此,激光烧结式食品3D打印在特医食品领域不仅应具备高精度和个性化定制优势,未来还可结合具有抑菌特性的激光技术,进一步提升食品安全性。
挤出式食品3D打印的原料种类多样,主要分为蛋白质[49]、淀粉[50]、脂肪[51]和凝胶[52]四大类原料。在挤压式食品3D打印过程中,原料的流变特性至关重要。若材料的流变性能较差,可能导致打印过程中结构难以维持,从而出现坍塌、变形或轮廓模糊等问题,严重影响成型质量[53]。近年来,为解决打印成型问题,研究人员提出了多种解决方案,如优化原料配方、采用激光辅助固化技术,以及利用静电纺丝辅助成型等方法,以提升成型精度与稳定性。
在食品3D打印中,优化产品成型质量的关键在于合理调整原料成分。主要有两种方式,一是通过调控原料组成比例,优化其流变特性;另一种是添加稳定剂、增稠剂等食品添加剂,以增强材料的结构稳定性,确保打印过程中形态保持良好。如Hussain等[54]剂研究制备豌豆分离蛋白与精制面粉混合的3D打印材料,确定最佳配方为30 g复合面粉、30 g黄油和15 g水,优化后食品基质的硬度、粘附性和流变特性表现优异,提高了3D食品打印的稳定性,为开发高蛋白食品3D打印材料提供了参考。Li等[55]利用乳清蛋白分离物乳液凝胶作为3D打印食品基质,并添加不同增稠剂如黄原胶、瓜尔胶等,结果表明,添加瓜尔胶的产品具有更均匀的网络结构、更高的打印稳定性。此外,Wang等[56]研究了透明质酸(HA)作为食品稳定剂对酪蛋白乳液凝胶在食品3D打印中稳定性能的影响,结果表明,0.08%浓度的HA可有效改善乳化性能,增强其自支撑能力,其效果比较如图7所示。综上所述,通过优化原料配比和添加功能性助剂,可有效提升食品3D打印过程中材料的可打印性与结构完整性,为实现高品质定制化食品打印奠定了坚实基础。
激光加工因其高能量密度、非接触性、高精度等特点,在材料改性、精密加工、3D打印等领域得到了广泛应用[57−59]。在原料挤出过程中,激光点加热可实现瞬时升温,精准调控材料的变性与成型固化过程,尤其适用于挤压式3D打印技术。Julià等[60]开发了一种基于CO2激光的红外烹饪系统,并将其成功集成到食品3D打印机中。在实验中,采用激光固化和熟化技术打印了牛肉汉堡、素食肉饼和披萨面团等食品。感官评估结果显示,消费者对使用该系统制作的食品表现出更高的接受度。Tong等[61]团队利用鱼糜蛋白原料,通过引入CO2激光技术,快速精准地实现了局部热凝胶化。基于蛋白质在打印过程中受热固化的原理,成功解决肉蛋白食品3D打印中常见的结构不稳定问题。激光辅助食品3D打印成型是近年来食品制造领域的创新技术,为改善挤压式食品3D打印成型质量较差的产品提供了新的解决思路。未来,降低设备成本并提升打印效率将是推动激光辅助3D打印技术在特医食品行业实现大规模应用的关键。
然而,在激光烧结特医食品3D打印过程中,由于激光束的焦点较小且能量集中,局部区域可能受到过热,而其他区域则温度较低,导致打印的特医产品表面或内部发生热膨胀或功能受损[62]。而在特医食品领域,对食品的要求极为严格,任何细微的差错都可能导致严重的后果。针对这一难题,研究人员在多方面进行改善。如Rafael等[63]在3D网格结构打印中,利用多激光束系统成功实现了高精度和均匀的烧结效果。多激光束可以同时作用于不同区域,减少局部过热现象,提高烧结质量的一致性。Yang等[64]采用多区控温的预热系统,使不同区域的粉末能根据实际需要精准加热,从而有效减少温度梯度。为了进一步提升控温效果,该系统还配备了温度分布的实时监测功能,并可根据监测结果动态调整预热功率,使粉末床在整个烧结过程中始终保持在最优温度状态。未来,还可开发选择热导率较高的食品粉末材料,以提升热量传导效率,使温度在粉末床内分布更加均匀,从而减少局部过热的风险,进一步优化激光烧结过程。
静电纺丝的基本原理是通过高压电场将聚合物溶液或熔体从喷丝头中拉伸成纤维,并在收集器上沉积形成纳米纤维膜[65]。Ma等[66]团队结合静电纺丝和3D打印技术,制备了具有宏观和微观结构特征的复合支架,用于骨组织工程。通过优化制备工艺,采用GE/CA-PCL材料,成功提升了支架的孔隙率、细胞粘附性、增殖能力及机械性能。而在食品3D打印过程中,可以参考这一原理,使用静电纺丝技术生成超细纤维,作为打印材料的辅助成分。这些纤维可以填充到打印的食品层之间或表面,提高食品结构的稳定性和韧性,避免打印过程中的坍塌或变形。如Senthil等[67]提出,利用蛋白质和碳水化合物制备纳米纤维材料,并将其应用于包装并覆盖在打印食品表面,不仅增强了模型的自支撑力,还发挥了食品保鲜的作用。因此,静电纺丝技术能够在食品3D打印过程中提供更多的设计灵活性和功能性支持,改善食品的品质、营养和外观,从而推动特医食品3D打印技术的发展和应用。
在多材料3D打印的特医食品设计中,需同时考虑成分规避与功能保护两个核心问题。成分规避指的是在配方设计中去除或替代某些可能加重病情或引发不良反应的成分,如高糖、高脂、致敏原等,以适应不同患者的饮食限制;而功能保护则是指在加工过程中尽可能保留活性营养成分的生理功能,如维生素、益生菌、生物活性肽等,以确保其在摄入后仍具有营养干预效果。不同类型原料在打印性能、营养功能以及对热敏性成分的承载能力方面存在显著差异,因此,合理选配原料、优化其配比关系,不仅是实现良好打印成型性能的基础,更直接关系到最终食品的营养精准性与食用安全性。
蛋白质基原料因其胶凝性强、结构支撑能力优良,常被用于提供食品的基本骨架与营养密度,但该类原料对温度变化较为敏感,需要在低温环境下进行打印。如Wu等[18]利用低温沉积食品3D打印技术,采用大豆分离蛋白与壳聚糖共同构建高内相Pickering乳液型可食用油墨,在有效保护姜黄素等热敏性营养成分活性的同时,实现了打印产品的高精度成型与优异的结构稳定性。
多糖基材料能显著提升食品的口感,通常需经加热熔融处理,方能展现出良好的流变性能与成型特性。但针对糖尿病、肾病、高血脂等慢性疾病人群,还必须严格控制糖分的摄入风险。通过引入低升糖指数的碳水来源,可有效延缓餐后血糖上升速度,降低胰岛素负担。抗性淀粉可作为高碳水化合物食品的替代选项,在小肠中不被消化吸收,而在大肠中缓慢发酵,几乎不会引起血糖波动。如Oh等[68]以马铃薯淀粉为抗性淀粉来源,联合纤维素纳米晶体与海藻酸钠构建复合墨水体系,系统研究了不同抗性淀粉添加量(0%、1%、3%、5%)对墨水流变性能、打印适应性及结构稳定性的影响。
脂肪基食品在食品3D打印中具有改善口感、增加热量密度、调节质构等优势,但在特医食品领域,尤其面对心血管病、胰腺疾病患者等特定疾病人群,不当使用脂肪成分可能带来不利影响。在原料选择过程中,可采用魔芋凝胶[69]、大豆卵磷脂[70]、菊粉脂质体[71]等低能量密度、具有类脂质口感特性的替代材料,用以模拟脂肪质构,从而在降低脂肪摄入风险的同时保留良好的感官体验。而脂肪的控制释放设计对于特医食品的开发具有重要意义,尤其是在需要控制脂肪摄入的患者中。Kavimughil等[72]通过室温下的半固体挤出3D打印技术构建乳液凝胶脂质片剂,研究发现,脂肪酸的释放行为受到凝胶剂的影响,可通过调节凝胶原料的类型与比例来实现脂肪的控制释放,减轻胰腺刺激。
特医食品3D打印技术在个性化营养和医疗应用领域展现出巨大潜力,但食品安全问题同样至关重要。所选食品原料不仅要满足特定人群的营养需求,还需具备优良的打印性能。然而,一些新型蛋白质、植物基材料或微藻等原料可能含有潜在的过敏原或毒素,必须经过严格的安全性评估,以确保其在实际应用中的安全性和可靠性[73]。打印过程中使用的添加剂(如增稠剂、稳定剂)也需符合食品安全标准,避免对人体健康造成危害[74]。此外,3D打印设备结构复杂,若打印过程中喷头堵塞的材料未能及时清理,可能会滋生细菌和微生物,影响食品安全。传统清洗方法(如手工擦拭或水冲洗)效率低下,且难以彻底清除残留物,特别是在喷头内部复杂结构区域。因此,需开发高效的清洁和消毒技术,并制定严格的卫生操作规范,以降低微生物污染的可能性。Wu等[75]设计了一种环保型喷嘴清洗系统,结合化学溶剂与超声波技术提高清洗效率,利用清洗液循环系统实现自动化控制,并通过热力干燥加快干燥速度,装置有效减少了污染。特医食品安全问题需严格监管,未来通过结合人工智能技术,食品3D打印清洗装置可实现智能监测与清洗过程优化,降低微生物污染和交叉污染风险,保障特医食品的安全性与稳定性。
随着食品营养化与个性化需求的不断增长,特医食品的研发正朝着更加精细、智能的方向发展。将3D打印技术与多种先进技术深度融合,成为提升产品功能性与加工效率的重要路径。如结合多能场复合加工的优势,将压力场处理技术与食品3D打印相结合,通过超高压灭菌手段实现对3D打印食品的微生物控制和保质期延长[76]。该非热灭菌方式不仅能有效杀灭致病微生物,还能在不破坏食品营养结构的前提下保持其功能性。结合静电纺丝技术开发载药食品,实现营养素与药物的协同释放。如Zhu等[77]开发了一种双层结构的药物递送系统,内层为含有抗生素的纳米纤维,外层为含有生长因子的纳米纤维。通过同轴静电纺丝与3D打印技术的结合,实现了对药物释放的空间和时间控制,促进了骨组织的再生。还可通过机器学习根据患者情况预测原料配比与打印参数,提升个性化设计效率。如Park等[78]开发一种名为KitcheNette模型,通过分析大量食谱数据,学习不同原料之间的搭配关系。研究人员构建了一个包含30万个原料搭配评分的标注数据集,用于训练模型。该模型能够预测具有营养互补性的原料组合,发掘适用于特医食品的新型配方搭配,从而为特医食品的个性化营养干预与精准配方设计提供数据支持。未来,特医食品3D打印的发展应进一步融合更多先进技术,以满足个性化营养干预和健康管理的需求。通过多技术协同,不仅有望提升特医食品的营养价值与储存稳定性,还能实现生产过程的智能化与定制化,为构建高效、精准、可持续的特医食品体系提供坚实支撑。
3D打印技术作为一种新兴的生产方式,在特医食品领域的应用已取得显著进展。通过精确控制打印过程中材料的配比、形状和结构,为老年人、吞咽困难者及特殊疾病患者等群体提供了个性化、营养精准的食品解决方案。文章详细阐述了3D打印技术的原理及其在特医食品领域的研究现状,并展望了其与人工智能相结合的未来发展前景。通过与传统食品生产模式的对比,突出了3D打印技术在特医食品领域的独特优势。在特医食品应用的基础上,重点分析了挤压式食品3D打印与激光烧结式食品3D打印两种技术在该领域的应用实践,并深入探讨了这两种打印方式的应用潜力,尤其是在单喷头、多轴和同轴打印技术的应用中,食品的质地、口感和功能性成分得到了有效优化。激光烧结技术不仅实现了食品的高精度加工,还能有效控制热渗透深度,避免传统烹饪方式中的营养流失。通过精准的技术手段,3D打印技术在保证食品营养和口感的同时,还能实现药物或功能性成分的精准嵌入,为特医食品的发展开辟了全新的思路。
未来,随着3D打印技术的进一步发展,其在特医食品3D打印领域将会得到更加系统的开发。在产品成型方面,需要不断优化原料成分或通过结合激光技术和静电纺丝技术进行辅助固化,以确保食品的口感、质地和营养成分达到预期效果;在激光烧结式打印产品受热均匀性方面,可以采用多激光束系统以减少局部过热现象,并通过多区控温的预热系统精确加热不同区域。同时,选择高热导率的食品粉末材料能提升热量传导效率,进一步优化温度分布;在多材料成分调控方面,可通过合理选择原料并优化其配比关系,有效规避患者禁忌食物的使用,同时最大程度保留所需的营养成分;在食品安全方面,应不断完善检测手段,严格评估原料的安全性,选用符合标准的添加剂,并开发高效的清洁消毒技术。结合人工智能优化打印设备清洗过程,避免微生物污染,保障食品的安全性与稳定性。3D打印技术在特医食品领域的前景广阔,随着技术不断革新和应用场景的拓展,未来的特医食品将不仅满足个性化营养需求,还将更好地兼顾功能性、口感、营养和可持续性,推动健康饮食新模式的普及和发展。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030360
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1大连工业大学机械工程与自动化学院,辽宁大连 116034
    2海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,国家海洋食品工程技术研究中心,辽宁省海产品精深加工产业共性技术创新平台,大连市中式预制食品技术创新中心,辽宁大连 116034

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李明颖(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:机电控制与机器人关键技术研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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