Article(id=1320888888315458050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854051902, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854051902, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854051902, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854051902, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=169, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888888617447939, articleId=1320888888315458050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties Analysis of D-Allulose-3-Epimerase Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to immobilize D-allulose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp. (RDAE) using cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) technology. The immobilized enzyme (RDAE-CLEA) was prepared by optimizing the precipitant polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) concentration, cross-linker dextran aldehyde concentration, and cross-linking time. The enzymatic properties of the free enzyme (RDAE) and the immobilized enzyme (RDAE-CLEAs) were comparatively evaluated. Furthermore, the structural changes in RDAE before and after immobilization were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. In the absence of stabilizers, the RDAE-CLEAs prepared with 36% (w/v) PEG4000 and 2.73 mg/mL dextran aldehyde at 4 h achieved an enzyme activity recovery rate of 55.88%. Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme exhibited siginificantly improved environmental tolerance (P<0.05) at pH6.0~7.5 and 30~55 ℃, retaining 59.77% initial activity after 10 reuse cycles. Structural analysis revealed that RDAE underwent significant conformational changes during cross-linking, and the binding tightness between subunits in the enzyme tetramer was reduced. The study developed RDAE-CLEAs with good reusability and elucidated the dual role of surface lysine residues in both facilitating covalent cross-linking and maintaining the rigidity of the tetrameric structure of RDAE. Considering the critical impact of tetramer rigidity on the thermal stability of RDAE, developing novel cross-linking strategies that preserve lysine residues on the enzyme surface would substantially improve the application potential of RDAE-CLEAs.

, authors=Ronghui QIU1, 2, Ziyi LI1, 2, Jiao LI2, Depei WANG1, Yan ZENG2, *, Yuanxia SUN2, authorsList=Ronghui QIU, Ziyi LI, Jiao LI, Depei WANG, Yan ZENG, Yuanxia SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888891729621520, articleId=1320888888315458050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶交联聚集体的制备及其性质分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在利用交联酶聚集体(cross-linked enzyme aggregates,CLEAs)技术固定化瘤胃球菌来源的D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶(D-allulose-3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp.,RDAE)。选择聚乙二醇PEG4000作为沉淀剂、葡聚糖醛作为交联剂,通过优化沉淀剂用量、交联剂用量与交联时间制备交联聚集体RDAE-CLEAs。比较游离酶RDAE与固定化酶RDAE-CLEAs的酶学性质差异,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱和分子动力学模拟分析固定化前后酶的结构变化。在不添加稳定剂的条件下,研究采用终质量分数36 %(w/v)PEG4000与终浓度2.73 mg/mL葡聚糖醛交联反应4 h制备的RDAE-CLEAs酶活保留率达到55.88%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶在pH6.0~7.5和30~55 ℃下的环境耐受性显著提升(P<0.05),重复使用10次后仍能保持59.77%的初始活性。结构分析显示RDAE在交联过程中发生了明显的构象变化,酶蛋白四聚体结构中的亚基结合紧密程度降低。本研究获得了重复使用性能良好的RDAE-CLEAs,揭示了RDAE表面赖氨酸残基不仅为共价交联提供有效位点,还在维持酶蛋白四聚体刚性结构中发挥关键作用。基于四聚体刚性结构对RDAE热稳定性的重要影响,在避免破坏酶蛋白表面赖氨酸残基基础上开发新的交联策略对提高RDAE-CLEAs应用潜力具有积极意义。

, authors=邱荣慧1, 2, 李子翼1, 2, 李娇2, 王德培1, 曾艳2, *, 孙媛霞2, authorsList=邱荣慧, 李子翼, 李娇, 王德培, 曾艳, 孙媛霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾艳, authorNote=

邱荣慧(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾艳(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:功能糖与天然活性物质生物制造,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nIpyEcEwA/QA3Nj6sSpTyQ==, magXml=5VHePomDKJD/lqodNT1NbA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=iltRIX5hCHaNL3bVYmzuAQ==, pdfFileSize=11610839, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jb8NVepzAQbaM0KM+JSBfA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TkRhawaU1Slu/dZCDG2DvQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888892157440536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2296750447@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888892249715227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, authorId=1320888892157440536, language=EN, stringName=Ronghui QIU, firstName=Ronghui, middleName=null, lastName=QIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2024, 72(42): 23333−23344., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888891972891153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888891981279762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, companyId=1320888891972891153, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888891993862675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, companyId=1320888891972891153, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888892069360148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888892077748757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, companyId=1320888892069360148, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888892086137366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, companyId=1320888892069360148, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所工业酶国家工程研究中心,天津 300308)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888896007811649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Predicted structure of RDAE and the effect of PEG4000 concentration on the recovery of RDAE in protein precipitation, figureFileSmall=hJWrZRpoMxO34Qp/SxMyfg==, figureFileBig=jb8NVepzAQbaM0KM+JSBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896079114818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RDAE的结构模拟及PEG4000终质量分数对RDAE蛋白沉淀回收影响

注:(a)AlphaFold2模拟的RDAE结构(蓝色:赖氨酸残基),(b)不同PEG4000终质量分数下的酶回收率。不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=hJWrZRpoMxO34Qp/SxMyfg==, figureFileBig=jb8NVepzAQbaM0KM+JSBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896439824963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of dextran aldehyde concentration (a) and cross-linking time (b) on the activity of RDAE-CLEAs, figureFileSmall=GfWjSSi6VoG+wfC/XUIy2g==, figureFileBig=qU6y5tipnHIsl0IDgQb2dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896511128132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=CN, label=图2, caption=葡聚糖醛终浓度(a)与交联时间(b)对固定化酶RDAE-CLEAs酶活的影响, figureFileSmall=GfWjSSi6VoG+wfC/XUIy2g==, figureFileBig=qU6y5tipnHIsl0IDgQb2dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896574042693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Enzymatic properties of immobilized enzyme RDAE-CLEAs, figureFileSmall=xSdUESY6zCaI+K+1DMziEw==, figureFileBig=IGNX6tfSny65UCvA1J+QUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896645345862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=CN, label=图3, caption=固定化酶RDAE-CLEAs酶学性质分析

注:(a)最适pH;(b)最适温度;(c)温度稳定性;(d)重复使用性。

, figureFileSmall=xSdUESY6zCaI+K+1DMziEw==, figureFileBig=IGNX6tfSny65UCvA1J+QUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896729231943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microscopic morphology of RDAE and RDAE-CLEAs observed by SEM, figureFileSmall=Ke/cW0nxhyYS8eTK8ZALZQ==, figureFileBig=MQfNDTkCzCgAwRjKntpe2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896800535112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=CN, label=图4, caption=扫描电镜观察的RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs微观形貌, figureFileSmall=Ke/cW0nxhyYS8eTK8ZALZQ==, figureFileBig=MQfNDTkCzCgAwRjKntpe2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896859255369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Infrared spectroscopy characterization of RDAE and RDAE-CLEAs, figureFileSmall=N7vRbpBe0XCOmgeJRp3YhA==, figureFileBig=2cMgp1kddq8+jCoT4AnqCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888896930558538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888888315458050, language=CN, label=图5, caption=RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs的红外光谱表征

注:(a)傅里叶红外光谱;(b)酰胺Ⅲ带拟合光谱分析。

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注:(a)RMSD值;(b)B因子值;(c)回转半径。

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D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶交联聚集体的制备及其性质分析
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邱荣慧 1, 2 , 李子翼 1, 2 , 李娇 2 , 王德培 1 , 曾艳 2, * , 孙媛霞 2
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(7): 169-177
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (7) : 169 -177
D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶交联聚集体的制备及其性质分析
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邱荣慧1, 2 , 李子翼1, 2, 李娇2, 王德培1, 曾艳2, * , 孙媛霞2
作者信息
  • 1天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457
  • 2中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所工业酶国家工程研究中心,天津 300308
通讯作者:
曾艳(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:功能糖与天然活性物质生物制造,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邱荣慧(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物工程,E-mail:

Preparation and Properties Analysis of D-Allulose-3-Epimerase Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates
Ronghui QIU1, 2 , Ziyi LI1, 2, Jiao LI2, Depei WANG1, Yan ZENG2, * , Yuanxia SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020268
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本研究旨在利用交联酶聚集体(cross-linked enzyme aggregates,CLEAs)技术固定化瘤胃球菌来源的D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶(D-allulose-3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp.,RDAE)。选择聚乙二醇PEG4000作为沉淀剂、葡聚糖醛作为交联剂,通过优化沉淀剂用量、交联剂用量与交联时间制备交联聚集体RDAE-CLEAs。比较游离酶RDAE与固定化酶RDAE-CLEAs的酶学性质差异,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱和分子动力学模拟分析固定化前后酶的结构变化。在不添加稳定剂的条件下,研究采用终质量分数36 %(w/v)PEG4000与终浓度2.73 mg/mL葡聚糖醛交联反应4 h制备的RDAE-CLEAs酶活保留率达到55.88%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶在pH6.0~7.5和30~55 ℃下的环境耐受性显著提升(P<0.05),重复使用10次后仍能保持59.77%的初始活性。结构分析显示RDAE在交联过程中发生了明显的构象变化,酶蛋白四聚体结构中的亚基结合紧密程度降低。本研究获得了重复使用性能良好的RDAE-CLEAs,揭示了RDAE表面赖氨酸残基不仅为共价交联提供有效位点,还在维持酶蛋白四聚体刚性结构中发挥关键作用。基于四聚体刚性结构对RDAE热稳定性的重要影响,在避免破坏酶蛋白表面赖氨酸残基基础上开发新的交联策略对提高RDAE-CLEAs应用潜力具有积极意义。

D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶  /  无载体固定化  /  交联酶聚集体  /  酶学性质  /  分子模拟

This study aimed to immobilize D-allulose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp. (RDAE) using cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) technology. The immobilized enzyme (RDAE-CLEA) was prepared by optimizing the precipitant polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) concentration, cross-linker dextran aldehyde concentration, and cross-linking time. The enzymatic properties of the free enzyme (RDAE) and the immobilized enzyme (RDAE-CLEAs) were comparatively evaluated. Furthermore, the structural changes in RDAE before and after immobilization were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. In the absence of stabilizers, the RDAE-CLEAs prepared with 36% (w/v) PEG4000 and 2.73 mg/mL dextran aldehyde at 4 h achieved an enzyme activity recovery rate of 55.88%. Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme exhibited siginificantly improved environmental tolerance (P<0.05) at pH6.0~7.5 and 30~55 ℃, retaining 59.77% initial activity after 10 reuse cycles. Structural analysis revealed that RDAE underwent significant conformational changes during cross-linking, and the binding tightness between subunits in the enzyme tetramer was reduced. The study developed RDAE-CLEAs with good reusability and elucidated the dual role of surface lysine residues in both facilitating covalent cross-linking and maintaining the rigidity of the tetrameric structure of RDAE. Considering the critical impact of tetramer rigidity on the thermal stability of RDAE, developing novel cross-linking strategies that preserve lysine residues on the enzyme surface would substantially improve the application potential of RDAE-CLEAs.

D-allulose-3-epimerase  /  carrier-free immobilization  /  cross-linked enzyme aggregates  /  enzymatic properties  /  molecular simulation
邱荣慧, 李子翼, 李娇, 王德培, 曾艳, 孙媛霞. D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶交联聚集体的制备及其性质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 169 -177 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020268
Ronghui QIU, Ziyi LI, Jiao LI, Depei WANG, Yan ZENG, Yuanxia SUN. Preparation and Properties Analysis of D-Allulose-3-Epimerase Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 169 -177 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020268
D-阿洛酮糖是D-果糖的C3差向异构体,其甜度约为蔗糖的70%,热量仅为0.4 kcal/g。D-阿洛酮糖不仅口感接近蔗糖,容积、冰点和褐变能力等物理特性与蔗糖相似,同时具有预防肥胖、抗炎、抗高血脂、抗高血糖、抗氧自由基、保护神经等多种生理功能[1−2]。作为理想的蔗糖替代品,D-阿洛酮糖已通过美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、韩国批准应用于食品[1]。目前,D-阿洛酮糖主要通过D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶(D-allulose 3-epimerase,DAE)催化D-果糖发生C-3差向异构化获得[2−3]。2023年,我国卫健委批准瘤胃球菌Ruminococcus sp.来源的D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶(D-allulose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp.,RDAE)成为食品加工用酶制剂[4],被食品行业视为D-阿洛酮糖未来可能获得国内应用许可的重要信号。
酶固定化技术有助于提升酶的稳定性及其对环境因素的耐受能力,同时固定化酶具备良好的可回收性和重复使用性,因此在酶工程研究领域备受关注。近年来,为提高D-阿洛酮糖的酶法合成效率,除壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、离子树脂外,硅基载体[5−6]、金属有机材料骨架[7]、磁性复合粒子[8]等新型材料以及仿生矿化[9−10]、SpyTag/SpyCatcher体系共价连接[11]等自组装固定化策略纷纷被用于DAE固定化。无载体固定化酶技术交联酶聚集体(cross-linked enzyme aggregates,CLEAs),通常利用交联剂所含醛基与酶蛋白沉淀聚集体表面的游离氨基发生反应形成水不溶性聚合物实现酶固定化,与上述载体固定化技术相比不需要对酶进行纯化,具有操作简单、成本低廉、单位质量酶活高等优点,已广泛应用于食品、医药、化工等领域[12−13]。然而,目前尚未有利用CLEAs技术固定DAE的研究报道。同时,CLEAs(交联酶聚集体)技术的研究主要集中于制备工艺的优化,旨在获得具有适宜粒径和较高催化性能的固定化酶,提高其在制备与应用过程中的操作稳定性,并改善底物传质效率,以满足大规模生产的需求。然而,关于CLEAs制备过程中酶蛋白结构变化与功能之间的关联机制,相关研究仍较为有限,缺乏深入解析[14]。
尽管RDAE的晶体结构尚未解析,AlphaFold2系统预测其以同源四聚体形式存在。每个亚基含有23个赖氨酸残基,其中2个位于蛋白质内部(溶剂可及表面积<20Å2)[15],其余21个分布于酶分子表面,为CLEAs的制备提供了丰富的交联位点。此外,该酶的四聚体结构特征为研究CLEAs技术对酶结构-功能关系的影响提供了独特的结构基础和视角。因此,本研究拟采用CLEAs技术对RDAE进行固定,考察沉淀和交联条件对所获得的RDAE-CLEAs酶活性回收率的影响;对RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs的酶学性质与结构特征进行比较分析,同时通过分子动力学模拟分析CLEAs技术应用对RDAE结构稳定性的影响机理,以期为CLEAs酶固定化技术与DAE的固定化方法发展提供参考。
RDAE重组表达大肠杆菌 本实验室保藏;葡聚糖(分子量150 kDa)、高碘酸钠(分析纯) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;聚乙二醇PEG4000、二喹啉甲酸蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(BC0020) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
DHP-9082恒温振荡培养箱、DK-8D型电热恒温水槽 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;ScienTZ-11D超声波细胞粉碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;PB-10型pH计 德国赛多利斯股份有限公司;Agilent 1200 Series高效液相色谱 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司; SU 1510冷场发射扫描电镜 日本株式会社日立公司;Thermo IS5型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司。
将RDAE重组表达大肠杆菌以1%接种量接种LB培养基(含100 μg/mL氨苄)中,在37 ℃、200 r/min下培养至OD600为0.6~0.8,添加终浓度0.1 mmol/L的IPTG,16 ℃、200 r/min下诱导培养18 h。将获得的菌液在6000 r/min下离心10 min,去除发酵上清液,用50 mmol/L、pH7.5 PBS缓冲液重悬菌体,使用高压均质破碎机在810 bar破碎,所得破碎液在14000 r/min下离心30 min,将所得的上清液分装−80 ℃下保存,即为固定所需的粗酶液。
参考李彦洁等[16]方法,将1.65 g葡聚糖和3.85 g高碘酸钠溶于50 mL蒸馏水中,30 ℃、220 r/min下搅拌反应1.5 h。置于截留分子量1 kDa的透析袋中透析24 h,中途换水3~4次,去除残余的高碘酸钠,冷冻干燥后备用。
取100 μL的RDAE粗酶液(蛋白浓度40 mg/mL),在4 ℃、低速搅拌下缓慢加入900 μL沉淀剂(使用50 mmol/L、pH7.5 PBS缓冲液配制的PEG4000溶液),低速搅拌1 h后,加入100 μL交联剂葡聚糖醛,继续搅拌进行交联。交联反应结束后,4 ℃、10000 r/min离心5 min分离收集沉淀物,用50 mmol/L、pH7.5的PBS缓冲液重悬洗涤离心3次,获得交联酶聚集体。
按照1.2.3的方法,取100 μL的RDAE粗酶液(蛋白浓度40 mg/mL),分别加入900 μL质量分数为10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的PEG4000溶液,使体系最终质量分数达到9%~45%,用于酶蛋白沉淀。搅拌1 h后,4 ℃、10000 r/min离心5 min分离收集沉淀物,使用1 mL的10 mmol/L、pH7.5的PBS缓冲液溶解沉淀,采用二喹啉甲酸蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度计算酶回收率。
$ 酶回收率(\text{%})=\frac{沉淀酶蛋白量}{加入酶蛋白量}\times 100 $
按照1.2.3的方法,使用900 μL质量分数40%的PEG4000溶液沉淀100 μL的RDAE粗酶液(蛋白浓度40 mg/mL),搅拌1 h后,分别加入100 μL的10、20、30、40、50 mg/mL葡聚糖醛至终浓度为0.83~4.55 mg/mL,继续搅拌6 h进行交联。交联反应结束后4 ℃、10000 r/min离心5 min分离收集沉淀物,用10 mmol/L、pH7.5的PBS缓冲液重悬洗涤离心3次,测定形成的交联酶聚集体的酶活保留率。
$ 酶活保留率(\text{%})=\frac{交联后酶活力}{原始粗酶液活力}\times 100 $
取100 μL的RDAE粗酶液(蛋白浓度40 mg/mL),在4 ℃、低速搅拌下缓慢加入900 μL使用50 mmol/L、pH7.5 PBS缓冲液配制的质量分数40%的PEG4000溶液,搅拌1 h后,加入100 μL的30 mg/mL的葡聚糖醛,在交联反应进行2、4、6、8、10 h时取样,离心、洗涤后测定形成的交联酶聚集体酶保活留率。
使用含250 g/L D-果糖、适量游离酶(粗酶液)或交联酶聚集体、10 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH7.5)和1 mmol/L Mn2+的催化体系测定酶活性,反应温度为55 ℃,反应时间为10 min。一个酶活力单位(U)定义为在55 ℃和pH7.5条件下,每单位时间(1 min)产生1 μmol D-阿洛酮糖。D-阿洛酮糖的含量采用高效液相色谱仪测定。色谱条件:色谱柱:Waters Sugar-PakTM色谱柱(10 µm,6.5 mm×300 mm),柱温:80 ℃,检测器:示差检测器。流动相:超纯水,流速为0.4 mL/min。根据D-阿洛酮糖的吸收峰面积和标准样品的峰面积计算相应糖样的含量。
分别在30、40、50、55、60、70、80 ℃水浴中测定游离酶与交联酶聚集体的酶活力,以最高酶活力为100%,计算相对酶活,确定最适温度。分别在10 mmol/L、pH为5.0、6.0、7.0、7.5、8.0、9.0、10.0的缓冲溶液中测定游离酶与交联酶聚集体的酶活力,以最高酶活力为100%,计算相对酶活,确定最适pH。将游离酶和交联酶聚集体置于10 mmol/L、pH7.5的PBS缓冲液中,55 ℃下保温不同时间(0~24 h)后,测定剩余酶活力,以最高酶活力为100%,计算相对酶活,确定温度稳定性。
在55 ℃和pH7.5条件下测定交联酶聚集体的酶活力,反应结束后离心回收交联酶聚集体,将回收的交联酶聚集体用10 mmol/L、pH7.5的PBS缓冲液洗涤3次,继续反应。连续重复10次,设定第一次测试的酶活力为100%,计算不同重复次数下的相对酶活(%)。
使用导电胶将冷冻干燥的交联酶聚集体固定于电镜样品台上,在真空蒸发器中进行表面喷金处理后,采用冷场发射扫描电镜(SEM)观察样品表面形貌特征。
将冷冻干燥的游离酶与交联酶聚集体分别与溴化钾按1:50(w/w)的比例混合,研磨均匀后压片采集红外光谱。测试条件为扫描波数500~4000 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数48次。使用Peakfit软件归属拟合游离酶与交联酶聚集体位于1220~1330 cm−1的酰胺Ⅲ带各子峰与二级结构的对应关系,进行定量分析。
利用AlphaFold2(https://alphafoldserver.com/)构建获得RDAE(GenBank登录号:MBS6425357.1)的三维立体结构,利用Chem3D v19.0软件(PerkinElmer Inc., 美国马萨诸塞州沃尔瑟姆市)获得交联剂葡聚糖醛的立体结构,随后利用薛定谔软件程序将葡聚糖醛配体对接到蛋白表面的赖氨酸残基位点,生成RDAE-CLEAs复合物结构[17−18]。采用Amber 18软件(University of California, 美国旧金山)的GAFF2小分子力场和Amber ff14SB蛋白质力场[19−21],对RDAE和RDAE-CLEAs对接前后的体系进行100 ns的分子动力学模拟。系统置于10Å的正六面体的TIP3P水模型中。加入Na+和Cl−使体系保持电中性。首先对体系进行能量最小化(1000步最陡下降算法优化和1000步共轭梯度算法优化),然后将体系在100 ps内缓慢从0 K升温至328 K。随后,在328 K的恒温温度和1.0 atm的压力下,将系统保持50 ps的密度平衡。将系统进一步平衡10 ns,以获得稳定的压力和温度。最终,在328 K、1.0 atm的压力下,每个系统进行100 ns的最终模拟。模拟中的非键作用的截断半径为10Å,采用particle mesh Ewald(PME)方法处理长程静电相互作用,采用SHAKE算法对氢键进行限制[22−23]。采用VMD软件(https://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/vmd/)进行轨迹分析,使用Pymol软件(Schrödinger, LLC,美国纽约)对模型进行可视化。
交联酶聚集体制备及其酶学性质测试实验设置3个平行,结果以平均值±标准差表示。数据使用SPSS 22.0软件处理,采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),并通过Tukey’s检验进行事后多重比较,P<0.05为有显著性差异,图像使用Microsoft Office Excel 2021绘制。
交联酶聚集体的制备包括酶蛋白沉淀和酶聚集体交联两个步骤。在酶蛋白沉淀中,合适的沉淀剂不仅能高效地促使酶蛋白析出,并且不会引入对酶活性有害的杂质。文献报道聚乙二醇能够有效促进蛋白沉淀保留酶活性,并已应用于D-阿洛酮糖-3-差向异构酶纯化[24−25],因此,研究采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇PEG4000沉淀RDAE,测定所获得的蛋白聚集体的酶回收率。图1a为AlphaFold2模拟的RDAE结构。发现加入终质量分数27%~45%的PEG4000,蛋白溶液出现明显的浑浊现象。加入终质量分数36%的PEG4000进行蛋白沉淀时酶回收率最高,为41.93%(图1b),酶活保留率为91.87%。这一结果与Chen等[26]使用PEG4000沉淀蔗糖异构酶达到46%的酶回收率相似。说明非离子型直链大分子PEG4000可通过空间排斥效应和长链缠绕作用,有效破坏蛋白质表面的水化层,促进RDAE四聚体蛋白沉淀。然而,过高浓度的PEG4000会显著增加溶液黏度,影响混匀、离心及分离等操作步骤,降低了蛋白沉淀的酶回收率。
研究前期发现利用戊二醛作为交联剂制备的RDAE交联酶聚集体的酶活丧失严重,因此,在确定使用40%的PEG4000作为沉淀剂后,选用有利于保持酶原有结构和性能的葡聚糖醛作为交联剂[27],并对其用量与交联时间进行优化。如图2a所示,随着葡聚糖醛浓度的增加,RDAE交联后的酶活保留率相应增加。当葡聚糖醛终浓度为2.73 mg/mL时,RDAE交联效果最好,酶活保留率达到43.29%。如果继续增加葡聚糖醛用量,酶活保留率降低。进一步优化交联时间,如图2b所示,交联时间过短时,RDAE交联不够充分,得到的交联酶聚集体的固体量较少,酶活保留率低。当交联时间为4 h时,RDAE交联效果最好,酶活保留率达到55.88%。再继续增加交联时间,酶活保留率下降。推测交联剂用量过高与交联时间过长导致酶的空间结构发生变化失活[28]。Chen等[26]以PEG4000作为沉淀剂、葡聚糖醛作为交联剂制备蔗糖异构酶CLEAs时,添加牛血清白蛋白可显著提高酶活保留率,从19.5%提高至31.2%。类似地,Charoenwongpaiboon等[29]和Shah等[30]也分别在果聚糖蔗糖酶与脂肪酶的CLEAs制备中添加牛血清白蛋白作为稳定剂以补充氨基供体。相比之下,RDAE在未添加外源蛋白的条件下亦能获得较高的酶活性保留率。推测原因在于RDAE含有较高比例的赖氨酸残基(摩尔含量达7.9%),且主要分布于酶分子表面,这些残基不仅能作为有效的氨基供体,与葡聚糖醛发生席夫碱反应形成共价键连接,同时也有助于避免交联过程对酶活性中心产生干扰。
如图3a与图3b所示,RDAE-CLEAs的最适pH为7.5,最适温度为60 ℃。在pH6.0~7.5与30~55 ℃范围内,其相对酶活均显著高于游离酶RDAE(P<0.05)。这一特性与文献中报道的磷脂酶D交联酶聚集体相似,后者在低pH条件下亦表现出较游离酶更佳的稳定性[31]。此外,与固定在磁性二氧化硅基载体上的DAE相比[32],RDAE-CLEAs在增强酸性耐受性的同时,其碱性耐受性与游离酶相比无明显降低。在单糖生物转化过程中产生的非酶促副反应,可在中温(30~55 ℃)及中性至弱酸性(pH6.0~7.0)条件下得到有效抑制[32−33]。RDAE-CLEAs所展现的宽pH和温度适应性,增强了其在不同D-阿洛酮糖生物转化应用场景中的灵活性与适用性。55 ℃下温度稳定性测试结果表明,游离酶与RDAE-CLEAs的酶活力随着保温时间延长逐渐降低,在前8 h两者没有明显差异。但是继续延长保温时间,RDAE-CLEAs的酶活力下降更加明显(图3c)。说明与游离酶RDAE比较,其交联酶聚集体RDAE-CLEAs在低pH与中温下的耐受性虽然有所提高,温度稳定性却没有提高。de Freitas等[34]发现使用葡聚糖醛作为交联剂制备的β-半乳糖苷酶交联聚集体在60 ℃下的半衰期为15.87 min,低于游离酶的半衰期22.24 min。此外,Kulkarni等[35]也发现其所制备的芳香酰胺酶的交联聚集体热稳定性低于游离酶,推测这是由于交联酶聚集体中蛋白构象刚性发生变化所导致。
重复使用稳定性是衡量无载体固定化酶优劣的关键因素。如图3d所示,RDAE-CLEAs显示出中等的使用稳定性,其相对转化率随着使用次数增加而减小,但重复使用5次后相对转化率趋向稳定,循环10次后的相对转化率保持59.77%,优于分别用磁性金属-有机框架纳米粒子[36]与二氧化钛纳米粒子固定的DAE[37],后两者重复使用8次后的相对转化率均低于50%。
Schoevaart等[38]将CLEAs根据其微观形貌分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种典型结构。Ⅰ型呈规则球形,具有较高的孔隙率,有利于底物分子的扩散;Ⅱ型由于聚集方式较为松散,形成不规则的大颗粒,其内部结构较为致密,孔隙较少。SEM观察显示与表面平滑的游离酶不同,RDAE-CLEAs具有粗糙、多孔的无定形结构,呈典型的海绵状形态,归类为Ⅱ型CLEAs(图4)。尽管传统观点认为Ⅰ型CLEAs由于其丰富的内部通道具有更优的传质效率,Wang等[39]在研究纤维二糖差向异构酶CLEAs时发现,类似于RDAE-CLEAs的多层网络结构(Ⅱ型)能够促进底物与酶分子的有效接触,表明在特定条件下Ⅱ型CLEAs仍能保持良好的传质性能。
红外光谱分析发现RDAE-CLEAs除包含来源于交联剂葡聚糖醛骨架位于3400 cm−1的O-H伸缩振动峰与1103 cm−1的葡萄糖残基C-4位置上C-O键伸缩振动峰等信号[40]外,原酶蛋白位于1650 cm−1的酰胺I带C=O伸缩振动峰向低波数方向移动至1632 cm−1,位于1366 cm−1的C-N伸缩振动峰向低波数方向移动至1362 cm−1,并且吸收强度明显增加(图5a),表明酶蛋白通过共价键合被葡聚糖醛有效交联[41−42]。
进一步利用红外光谱考察RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs的蛋白质二级结构变化,由于水容易对1600~1700 cm−1的蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带信号产生干扰[43],选择位于1220~1330 cm−1的蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带信号通过Peakfit软件进行拟合表征[44]。如图5b所示,RDAE-CLEAs中的β-折叠(1220~1250 cm−1)与无规则卷曲(1255~1270 cm−1)较RDAE分别增长了5.96%与12.62%,β转角(1270~1295 cm−1)与α-螺旋(1295~1330 cm−1)分别减少了7.98%与10.60%。α-螺旋与β-折叠作为蛋白质二级结构的主要形式,对蛋白质的热稳定性具有重要影响[45]。α-螺旋与β-折叠含量显著变化说明在RDAE-CLEAs中酶蛋白原有的刚性结构被破坏,而无规卷曲含量的显著增加说明蛋白质的二级结构的随机性增强[46],因此可能导致RDAE-CLEAs的热稳定性没有提升。
为进一步解析CLEAs技术对RDAE蛋白结构及其热稳定性影响的作用机制,在红外光谱分析酶蛋白二级结构变化的基础上,对RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs三级结构进行分子动力学模拟分析。
在分子动力学模拟中,均方根偏差(Root Mean Square Deviation,RMSD)是衡量蛋白质分子结构变化程度的重要指标,温度因子(B-factor)反映蛋白质中各原子因热运动而发生的偏离程度,回转半径(Radius of Gyration,Rg)则用于描述体系的结构致密度。这三个参数能够反映分子的稳定性[47−49]。为探讨RDAE-CLEAs在热稳定性上未见提升的原因,利用分子动力学模拟分析了RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs中的RMSD、B-factor和Rg差异。如图6a所示,RDAE的RMSD值略低于RDAE-CLEAs,并且在10 ns左右开始收敛,逐渐保持稳定。对比RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs的B-factor,发现在与交联剂分子结合的RDAE-CLEAs中,Loop1(E246-I261)、Loop2(W262-M276)以及Loop3(W553-M567)的B-factor值较RDAE更高,表明这些区域的残基位置变化较大,柔性较强,可能对酶的稳定性不利(图6b)。观察RDAE与RDAE-CLEAs体系中Rg的变化(图6c),RDAE的蛋白体积较为稳定,而RDAE-CLEAs中蛋白体积变化较大。说明在RDAE-CLEAs中,分子发生较大构象变化,结构较为松散。这一结果与红外光谱二级结构分析一致,说明表面赖氨酸残基在维持RDAE四聚体结构的稳定性中发挥关键作用。然而,在RDAE-CLEAs的制备过程中,这些赖氨酸残基与葡聚糖醛发生交联反应,破坏了四聚体的刚性结构,导致酶构象稳定性下降,固定化酶的热稳定性未有提高。这也表明,即使来自赖氨酸残基的游离氨基不位于酶的催化活性中心,其在维持蛋白质高级结构中仍可能发挥重要功能。因此,在CLEAs的交联过程中,应加强对酶蛋白整体结构的了解,谨慎调控非催化位点赖氨酸残基的参与程度,以避免对酶整体结构稳定性的破坏。
研究采用PEG4000作为沉淀剂、葡聚糖醛作为交联剂,通过制备交联酶聚集体(CLEAs)的方法对RDAE进行固定化,并对沉淀剂浓度、交联剂用量与交联时间进行了优化。优化条件下制备的RDAE-CLEAs在弱酸性至中性pH(6.0~7.5)与中温(30~55 ℃)条件下表现出优于游离酶的耐受性,且具有良好的重复使用性能。红外光谱分析和分子动力学模拟结果表明,RDAE表面的赖氨酸残基与葡聚糖醛发生共价交联,破坏了酶蛋白的四聚体结构,导致RDAE-CLEAs的热稳定性未有提升。后续研究可以通过改变交联剂种类或交联方式,以减少对RDAE表面赖氨酸残基以及酶蛋白四聚体结构的破坏,从而改善RDAE-CLEAs的性能。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020268
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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    1天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457
    2中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所工业酶国家工程研究中心,天津 300308

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曾艳(1982−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:功能糖与天然活性物质生物制造,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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