Article(id=1320888887459824418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854051698, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854051698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854051698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854051698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=196, endPage=202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888887665345315, articleId=1320888887459824418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Antibacterial Mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Extract against Shewanella putrefaciens, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to elucidate the antibacterial mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract against Shewanella putrefaciens. The effects of the extract on bacterial growth, cell wall integrity, membrane permeability, cellular morphology, and transcriptional processes were investigated using growth curve analysis, extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and protein leakage assays, transmission electron microscopy, DNA-binding analysis, and transcriptomics. The results demonstrated that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract significantly inhibited Shewanella putrefaciens growth in a concentration-dependent manner. It disrupted the integrity of the cell wall and membrane permeability, leading to the leakage of AKP and intracellular proteins. Additionally, the extract interacted with Shewanella putrefaciens genomic DNA, altering metabolic pathways, signal transduction, and motility-related gene expression. Transcriptome analysis identified 301 differentially expressed genes, with the flagellar assembly pathway exhibiting the most significant enrichment (P<0.05). These findings indicated that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract exerted its antibacterial effects through multifaceted mechanisms, including growth suppression, structural damage to the cell wall and membrane, morphological deformation, and transcriptional modulation. Therefore, it is a promising natural resource for developing antibacterial agents.

, authors=Huijuan ZHAO1, 2, Fatao HE1, Yiming ZHANG1, Zunying LIU2, *, Bangguo GE1, *, authorsList=Huijuan ZHAO, Fatao HE, Yiming ZHANG, Zunying LIU, Bangguo GE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zunying LIU, Bangguo GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888891280835382, articleId=1320888887459824418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用机制, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的作用机制,通过微生物生长曲线、胞外碱性磷酸酶和胞外蛋白测定,结合透射电镜观察、DNA结合分析与转录组学等方法,分析花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌生长、细胞壁、细胞膜、菌体形态及转录过程的影响。结果表明:花椒萃取物显著抑制希瓦氏菌的生长,且呈浓度依赖性,其能破坏细菌细胞壁的完整性和细胞膜的通透性,导致碱性磷酸酶和胞内蛋白质泄露;并能与希瓦氏菌基因组DNA发生相互作用,使细菌代谢途径、信号转导与运动性相关基因发生变化,筛选差异基因301个,其中鞭毛组装通路富集差异基因最显著(P<0.05)。因此,花椒萃取物具有较好的抑菌功能,其在腐败希瓦氏菌的生长过程、细胞壁、细胞膜、菌体形态及转录过程多方面发挥抑菌性,可作为开发天然抑菌剂的重要来源之一。

, authors=赵慧娟1, 2, 和法涛1, 张一鸣1, 刘尊英2, *, 葛邦国1, *, authorsList=赵慧娟, 和法涛, 张一鸣, 刘尊英, 葛邦国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘尊英, 葛邦国, authorNote=

赵慧娟(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物及食品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘尊英(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物防腐剂及食品保鲜,E-mail:。
葛邦国(1978−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬深加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=q+gv9Cze846lyNgwHmJj6g==, magXml=lom/B+O5JZlfsqTeb8Htjg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=f4WPexn2vuUHW9Gfdp/d3w==, pdfFileSize=19607970, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ja4r9shU2kE0znOEUQTmZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fKccZ84FLjoQSP2qBLdK8w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888891758986046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888887459824418, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhj13583036006@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888891847066433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888887459824418, authorId=1320888891758986046, language=EN, stringName=Huijuan ZHAO, firstName=Huijuan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250000, China
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注:不同小写字母表示具有显著差异,P<0.05。

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注:a.萃取物与希瓦氏菌EB-DNA的荧光图谱;b.不同浓度萃取物与EB的荧光图谱。

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Differentially expressed genes

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处理组对照组上调基因下调基因总差异基因
SheEShe149152301
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差异表达基因

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处理组对照组上调基因下调基因总差异基因
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花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用机制
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赵慧娟 1, 2 , 和法涛 1 , 张一鸣 1 , 刘尊英 2, * , 葛邦国 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(7): 196-202
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (7) : 196 -202
花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用机制
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赵慧娟1, 2 , 和法涛1, 张一鸣1, 刘尊英2, * , 葛邦国1, *
作者信息
  • 1中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250000
  • 2中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003
通讯作者:
刘尊英(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物防腐剂及食品保鲜,E-mail:。
葛邦国(1978−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵慧娟(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物及食品加工,E-mail:

Antibacterial Mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Extract against Shewanella putrefaciens
Huijuan ZHAO1, 2 , Fatao HE1, Yiming ZHANG1, Zunying LIU2, * , Bangguo GE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Jinan 250000, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030306
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为探究花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的作用机制,通过微生物生长曲线、胞外碱性磷酸酶和胞外蛋白测定,结合透射电镜观察、DNA结合分析与转录组学等方法,分析花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌生长、细胞壁、细胞膜、菌体形态及转录过程的影响。结果表明:花椒萃取物显著抑制希瓦氏菌的生长,且呈浓度依赖性,其能破坏细菌细胞壁的完整性和细胞膜的通透性,导致碱性磷酸酶和胞内蛋白质泄露;并能与希瓦氏菌基因组DNA发生相互作用,使细菌代谢途径、信号转导与运动性相关基因发生变化,筛选差异基因301个,其中鞭毛组装通路富集差异基因最显著(P<0.05)。因此,花椒萃取物具有较好的抑菌功能,其在腐败希瓦氏菌的生长过程、细胞壁、细胞膜、菌体形态及转录过程多方面发挥抑菌性,可作为开发天然抑菌剂的重要来源之一。

花椒萃取物  /  碱性磷酸酶  /  透射电镜  /  转录组学  /  抑菌机制  /  天然防腐剂

The aim of this study was to elucidate the antibacterial mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract against Shewanella putrefaciens. The effects of the extract on bacterial growth, cell wall integrity, membrane permeability, cellular morphology, and transcriptional processes were investigated using growth curve analysis, extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and protein leakage assays, transmission electron microscopy, DNA-binding analysis, and transcriptomics. The results demonstrated that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract significantly inhibited Shewanella putrefaciens growth in a concentration-dependent manner. It disrupted the integrity of the cell wall and membrane permeability, leading to the leakage of AKP and intracellular proteins. Additionally, the extract interacted with Shewanella putrefaciens genomic DNA, altering metabolic pathways, signal transduction, and motility-related gene expression. Transcriptome analysis identified 301 differentially expressed genes, with the flagellar assembly pathway exhibiting the most significant enrichment (P<0.05). These findings indicated that Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract exerted its antibacterial effects through multifaceted mechanisms, including growth suppression, structural damage to the cell wall and membrane, morphological deformation, and transcriptional modulation. Therefore, it is a promising natural resource for developing antibacterial agents.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract  /  alkaline phosphatase  /  transmission electron microscopy  /  transcriptomics  /  antibacterial mechanism  /  natural preservatives
赵慧娟, 和法涛, 张一鸣, 刘尊英, 葛邦国. 花椒萃取物对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 196 -202 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030306
Huijuan ZHAO, Fatao HE, Yiming ZHANG, Zunying LIU, Bangguo GE. Antibacterial Mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Extract against Shewanella putrefaciens[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 196 -202 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030306
花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)属于芸香科花椒属落叶小乔木植物[1],在我国种植面积位居世界前列[2]。花椒果实是最常食用的调味料,其果皮味辛麻爽,以花椒干粒和花椒粉最为常见。同时花椒也属于药食同源植物,入药历史悠久,现代研究表明,花椒的根、茎、叶及果实具有抗炎镇痛、抗菌、抗肿瘤、降低血脂等生物功能[3−4],在临床医学方面得到广泛应用。国内外研究[5−7]发现花椒中富含挥发油类、生物碱类、酰胺类等化学成分,具有很好的抑菌作用,舒娟等[8]探究了青花椒精油对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性及机制,发现青花椒精油能够诱导金黄色葡萄球菌的壁膜损伤,使内容物发生泄漏,并与核酸、蛋白发生相互作用,影响其生理代谢,发挥抑菌性能。因此花椒萃取物在天然防腐剂领域具有广阔的应用前景。
腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)是一种革兰氏阴性菌[9],广泛分布于淡水、海水及沉积物等环境中,是水产品中的典型腐败菌。其生长代谢会引发食品产生腐臭气味,加速食品变质,严重影响食品的感官品质与货架期[10]。因此在加工过程中需要采取保鲜措施,杨晋一等[9]研究发现苯乳酸-肉桂醛联用能够作用于腐败希瓦氏菌的细胞壁、膜、蛋白质和DNA,使菌体表面凹陷且内容物流出,菌体断裂严重,有粘连现象,表明了防腐保鲜剂对希瓦氏菌的抑制作用。随着人们生活水平的提高和健康意识的增强,消费者对食品的安全性和天然性要求越来越高,更倾向于无毒无害的[11]天然防腐剂。因此将传统药食同源植物的应用与现代生物技术科学结合,通过成分挖掘、技术创新等方法拓展天然防腐的应用是未来的发展趋势。
本试验采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术从花椒中提取花椒萃取物,以水产品中的典型腐败菌—腐败希瓦氏菌为实验菌,通过生长曲线、形态观察、细胞壁完整性、细胞膜通透性、核酸相互作用、生物膜等方面探究花椒萃取物的抑菌机制,并从转录组学层面进行解析,为花椒在天然防腐剂方面的高值化利用奠定理论基础。
贡椒 由青岛利和萃取股份有限公司提供;试验菌株腐败希瓦氏菌 实验室保存菌株(分离于凡纳滨对虾),经过活化后使用;LB琼脂培养基、LB肉汤培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司,121 ℃灭菌20 min备用;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒、碘化丙啶(PI) 索莱宝生物科技有限公司;戊二醛固定液(2.5%)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)试剂盒 碧云天生物技术公司;PBS缓冲液、Ultra Gellblue核酸染液 南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;溴化乙锭溶液 赛默飞有限公司。
HA220-50-06超临界CO2萃取装置 南通市华安超临界萃取有限公司;SpectraMax iD3多功能酶标仪 美谷分子仪器有限公司;SJ-CJ-2FDQ超净工作台 苏洁医疗器械(苏州)有限公司;THZ-312振荡培养箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;TSQ-280恒温培养箱 青岛创合盛科教仪器有限公司;TGL-16M离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发公司;YXQ-75SII全自动灭菌锅 上海博迅医疗生物仪器生物有限公司;JEM 2100F透射电子显微镜 日本株式会社;NanoDrop ONE 超微量分光光度计 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
以贡椒为原料,经预实验验证后将花椒粗略粉碎后进行超临界CO2萃取,提取条件为95%乙醇夹带剂、夹带剂流量20 mL/min、萃取温度45 ℃、萃取压力25 MPa、萃取时间3 h,在此条件下进行二次萃取,经减压分离得到花椒萃取物。前期实验采用液相色谱-二级质谱(LC-MS/MS)联用技术分析了正、负两种离子模式下花椒萃取物的化学成分组成,主要包括石斛碱、胺环戊酯、喷布特罗、曲马多、辣椒碱、7-去甲基软木花椒素,还有姜黄烯、石竹素、4-羟甲基香豆素等化合物[12]。
花椒萃取物为膏状,需用无水乙醇溶解至400 mg/mL备用。
将腐败希瓦氏菌以三区划线的方式在LB琼脂上活化,在28 ℃培养箱中倒置培养,活化两次后挑取单菌落于Luria-Bertani液体培养基中,在28 ℃振荡培养箱中160 r/min培养24 h,随后1%稀释进行第二次活化,培养至对数期使用。
本实验前期采用二倍梯度稀释法测定了萃取物对微生物的最小抑菌浓度,由实验结果可知,花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌最小抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)为3.125 mg/mL[12]。取50 µL对数期(OD600=0.8)的腐败希瓦氏菌于5 mL新鲜制备灭菌后的液体培养基中,加入花椒萃取物使终浓度为最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和亚抑菌浓度(1/2 MIC),于28 ℃培养箱中继续摇床培养;以未添加花椒萃取物的腐败希瓦氏菌组为空白组;每隔2 h测定其OD600,平行实验3次,以培养时间(h)为横坐标,OD600值为纵坐标,绘制细菌的生长曲线。
取10 mL培养至对数期(OD600=0.8)的腐败希瓦氏菌菌悬液,经5000×g离心10 min后,用无菌0.01 mol/L的PBS(pH7.4)洗涤并重悬于相同的PBS中,调节OD值为0.4;加入花椒萃取物使终浓度为MIC和1/2 MIC,未处理组为空白组,于28 ℃、160 r/min条件下摇床培养3 h,5000×g离心10 min,取上清液,按照碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase,AKP)试剂盒说明书进行操作以检测AKP活性。
取对数期(OD600=0.8)的希瓦氏菌菌悬液,经5000×g离心10 min后,用无菌0.01 mol/L的PBS(pH7.4)洗涤并重悬于相同的PBS中,调节OD值为0.4;加入花椒萃取物使终浓度为MIC和1/2 MIC,未处理组为空白组,于28 ℃、160 r/min条件下摇床培养3 h,5000×g离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 µm无菌滤膜,按照BCA蛋白试剂盒说明书进行操作。
采用透射电镜观察菌体形态,未进行切片处理。取10 mL培养至对数期(OD600=0.8)的希瓦氏菌菌液,加入花椒萃取物使终浓度为MIC,混匀后于28 ℃摇床培养4 h;培养结束后取出菌液在5000×g离心10 min后得到菌泥,用0.01 mol/L的PBS(pH7.4)洗涤3次,再用2.5%的戊二醛溶液固定8 h;用铜片吸附菌液3 min后晾干,再染色5 min,晾干后经透射电镜观察。
取培养至稳定期(OD600=1.0)的腐败希瓦氏菌菌液,经5000×g离心10 min后收集菌体;使用细菌DNA试剂盒提取细菌基因组DNA。通过使用NanoDrop ONE 超微量分光光度计测定260 nm处的OD值和OD260 nm/OD280 nm之比(1.8≤OD260 nm/OD280nm≤2.0),以确定基因组DNA的浓度和纯度。
参考WU等[12]的方法,通过竞争结合实验检测萃取物与DNA的相互作用。将细菌DNA用Tris-EDTA洗脱液稀释为50 μg/mL,取50 μL加入到96孔板中,之后再加入15 μL溴化乙锭溶液(EB溶液)(100 μg/mL),混匀后于28 ℃避光孵育10 min;之后加入50 μL浓度为MIC、1/2 MIC的花椒萃取物,28 ℃避光30 min;用酶标仪测定样品在激发波长535 nm,发射波长550~750 nm范围内的荧光光谱。
用终浓度为MIC的花椒萃取物处理腐败希瓦氏菌,28 ℃振荡培养4 h后离心制备菌体沉淀,用PBS清洗2次,标记为SheE,以空白希瓦氏菌(She)为对照,将样品进行原核转录组测序,然后对测序得到的序列进行生物信息分析,筛选出差异表达基因,对差异表达的基因进行富集分析,通过BLAST比对KEGG数据库,获得注释信息,结合Fold Change>2、P<0.05及基因在通路中的功能等条件筛选出She差异表达基因,分析花椒萃取物对She基因表达的影响。
数据处理采用SPSS 22.0 软件(Statistical Product and Service Solutions,SPSS),数据作图采用Origin软件。每组实验重复三次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。处理间差异采用邓肯氏多重比较,显著性水平为P<0.05。
生长曲线可以反映细菌在一定生长环境中的生长繁殖规律。不同浓度下花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌生长曲线的影响如图1所示。由图可知,空白组希瓦氏菌的生长曲线呈典型的S型,具有明显的迟缓期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期,而加入萃取物后,希瓦氏菌的生长受到显著性的抑制。在1/2 MIC浓度下,花椒萃取物显著抑制了希瓦氏菌对数期的生长(P<0.05),菌体量约为空白组的1/2,在该浓度下,细菌的生长环境产生较大变化,对细菌的生长繁殖产生影响。而在MIC浓度下,花椒萃取物的加入使希瓦氏菌的生长严重停滞,几乎无增长趋势,有研究证实,青花椒提取物在MIC浓度下,会导致蜡样芽孢杆菌生长缓慢,甚至停止生长[13]。前期实验结果表明[14],花椒提取物中含有大量的生物碱类物质,其具有一定的抑菌作用,杨贺英等[15]表明花椒中生物碱为主要特征性成分,组成丰富,并对花椒中的生物碱进行了富集纯化,有利于花椒药用价值的深度开发。
细胞壁是细菌细胞抵御抗菌物质杀伤能力的第一道防线,碱性磷酸酶是一种细胞内酶,位于细胞壁和细胞膜间,因此正常条件下在细胞外环境中无法检测到其活性,但是当菌体细胞壁受到破坏时,AKP会泄漏到细菌外部并进入到胞外环境中[16]。腐败希瓦氏菌的胞外AKP酶活性如图2所示,空白组细菌胞外AKP酶活性几乎为零,说明正常菌体细胞壁完整,无AKP外流;但经花椒萃取物处理后,均有不同程度的外流。从图可知,经MIC浓度花椒提取物处理的希瓦氏菌胞外AKP酶活力达到11.38(金氏单位/100 mL),高于1/2 MIC组,呈浓度依赖性。
细胞膜可保护细菌免受周围环境的影响,并负责为细菌的生长和代谢输送必需的养分。一旦细胞膜受损,细胞的生长和代谢均会受到抑制[17]。细菌蛋白质位于细胞膜内,通常情况下不会大量流出至胞外环境中,当细胞膜的通透性发生改变时,菌体蛋白就会穿透细胞膜和细胞壁,泄漏到环境中。如图2所示,空白组细菌胞外蛋白浓度约0.11 mg/mL,这是因为细胞膜处在物质交换的动态过程中,在细菌生长代谢过程中将部分蛋白质运送到胞外;而经萃取物处理的胞外蛋白浓度显著高于未处理组(P<0.05),并且MIC高于1/2 MIC,细菌胞外蛋白浓度呈逐渐增加的趋势,MIC浓度萃取物处理后胞外蛋白浓度达到0.43 mg/mL。
花椒萃取物能破坏细菌细胞壁的完整性,造成细胞膜的损伤,增加其透性,从而使碱性磷酸酶和胞内蛋白质泄露至胞外环境中,破坏细菌生长代谢平衡,影响其生存。张文艳等[18]将青花椒提取物作用于金黄色葡萄球菌,在最小抑菌浓度下,细胞膜的完整性和通透性遭到破坏,钾离子和内容物发生明显泄露,与本文研究结果一致。
为了进一步研究花椒萃取物对细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的影响,采用透射电镜观察菌体形态,本研究仅进行了形态观察,未进行切片处理。结果如图3所示,空白组菌体细胞结构完整呈杆状、表面光滑,边缘清晰、鞭毛结构正常,细菌群体之间正常有序粘连。而经花椒萃取物处理后,可以清楚看到萃取物附着在菌体表面,使菌体非正常粘连,细胞形态严重变形,细菌表面出现明显的裂痕和破洞;损伤严重的细菌菌体呈现消融的状态,细胞界限模糊,细胞壁、细胞膜严重破损,内容物泄露。王晓芸等[19]发现用植物多酚处理腐败希瓦氏菌后,表面光滑、完整的短杆状菌体出现畸形、相互黏附的现象。
菌体形态观察最能直观表现萃取物对细菌所产生的损伤,侯晓艳[20]经透射电镜观察到花椒籽抗菌肽对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌形态造成的影响,发现细菌细胞变形,胞内物质外泄甚至呈空囊状。本实验根据透射电镜图可以发现花椒萃取物会对细菌细胞造成不可逆的形态损伤,这将直接影响细菌的生长繁殖,呈现抑制效果。
溴化乙锭(Ethidium Bromide,EB)是一种高灵敏性核酸染料,当其通过嵌入的方式与DNA结合时将会产生比自身荧光强度高出20~30倍的荧光。如图4(a)所示,在600 nm处,空白组EB-DNA复合体的荧光强度达到9.02×107,而加入花椒提取物后,EB-DNA复合物的荧光强度显著减弱(P<0.05),说明萃取物破坏了EB-DNA的复合结构,可能与EB分子发生竞争性结合,与DNA形成相互作用[21]。另外本实验还发现,萃取物加入后在675 nm处出现荧光峰值,经对照实验(图4(b))结果猜测花椒萃取物中可能存在某种物质其结构能够与EB结合,表现出较强的荧光强度。研究表明有些抗菌剂能够抑制细胞内生物聚合物合成和功能,通过直接结合细菌DNA的方式特异性抑制细菌DNA合成[22]。经过竞争性结合实验结果表明,花椒萃取物能够与细菌的DNA发生相互作用,会对DNA的复制、转录、自我修复等生理功能造成一定程度的影响,从而抑制细菌的生长繁殖过程。
为了从分子水平探究花椒萃取物对细菌的影响,本实验选择希瓦氏菌为试验菌,经花椒萃取物处理,以未处理希瓦氏菌为对照,对比分析其转录组学差异。为清晰观察花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌转录功能的影响,选择终浓度为MIC的花椒萃取物处理腐败希瓦氏菌,处理组标记为SheE,对照组标记为She。
在差异表达基因检测过程中,将差异倍数(Fold Change,FC)>2且经FDR校正的P<0.05作为筛选条件。本次实验基于关键指标一共筛选出差异表达基因301个,其中上调基因149个,下调基因152个,差异表达情况如图5和表1所示。
KEGG(Kyoto Encycllopedia of Genes and Genomes)是一个系统分析基因功能及基因组信息的数据库,全面整合了相关代谢途径(Pathway)。由图6可知,新陈代谢(Metabolism)类别差异基因富集最多,其中能量代谢(Energy metabolism)通路中差异基因富集比例最大,占20%,其次是糖代谢(Carbohydrate metabolism)通路,差异基因富集占比14%。环境信息处理(Environmental information processing)类别中信号传导(Signal transduction)通路差异基因富集最多,占16%;细胞过程(Cellular processes)类别中细胞运动性(Cell motility)通路差异基因富集占比11%。
KEGG富集分析top20气泡图如图7所示。图中X轴Enrichment Score为富集分值,气泡越大的条目包含的差异基因数目越多,气泡颜色由紫-蓝-绿-红变化,其富集P值越小,显著程度越大。
通过气泡图可知,经花椒萃取物处理后腐败希瓦氏菌的代谢途径、信号转导以及运动性发生变化,其中最为显著的是鞭毛组装(ko02040: Flagellar assembly)、双组分信号系统(ko02020: Two−component system)、硫代谢通路(ko00920: Sulfur metabolism)、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢通路(ko00630: Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)、氧化磷酸化作用(ko00190: Oxidative phosphorylation)。鞭毛组装、双组分信号系统、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢通路为下调通路,硫代谢通路和氧化磷酸化作用为上调通路。
鞭毛通路差异基因富集最显著,鞭毛是指长在某些细菌菌体上细长而弯曲的具有运动功能的蛋白质附属丝状物,其功能为运动、摄食等。鞭毛由五个不同的结构和功能部分组成:一个基体、一个钩子、一个连结和一根长细丝及丝帽。基体嵌入细胞膜中,并作为双向旋转马达工作,由穿过细胞质膜的质子的电化学电位差供能。钩、结、丝和丝帽结构位于细菌细胞体之外。吊钩起到万向节的作用,连接处连接钩子和细丝,细丝作为螺旋推进器产生推进力[23]。鞭毛丝由数千份螺旋排列的蛋白质鞭毛蛋白(FliC)组成,末端是由蛋白质FliD的寡聚体组成的丝帽。丝核的整体结构在所有细菌中都得以保留,而外部结构域表现出高度的可变性,在某些情况下甚至完全不存在[24]。
鞭毛驱动的运动是通过化学传感信号转导途径来协调的,因此细菌细胞感知环境的变化并向更理想的位置迁移。同时鞭毛运动促进了它与附着初始阶段所需的固体基质的相互作用,使鞭毛丝可以直接附着在固体基质上。有大量文献表明,鞭毛在细胞外空间中的机械特性对细菌的表面定殖、黏附、生物膜形成、表面特异性运动等至关重要[25]。
如图8所示,花椒萃取物的加入使希瓦氏菌鞭毛轴向结构中近端杆(FlgB、FlgC、FlgF)、远端杆(FlgG)、钩(FlgE)、连接处(FlgI、FlgK)蛋白的编码基因下调,影响了细菌鞭毛的正常组装,使其运动性减弱,可能降低其粘附性和生物膜的形成。
综上所述,花椒萃取物能够对希瓦氏菌的生长特性、细胞壁、细胞膜、蛋白质、DNA、基因转录等多方面产生影响,破坏细菌细胞结构,对其生长造成不可逆损伤,最终导致细菌死亡。大量研究发现花椒含有抑菌成分,具有广谱抑菌作用,可作为开发天然抑菌剂的重要来源之一[26–27]。有研究表明天然防腐剂通过多种机制发挥其抑制微生物生长作用[28–29],如精油类物质的抗菌机制通常涉及对细胞膜的破坏、细胞内容物的泄漏及干扰细胞代谢过程等[30–31],与本文研究结果一致。花椒萃取物对希瓦氏菌可能的作用机理如图9所示。
本研究采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术从花椒中提取花椒萃取物,以腐败希瓦氏菌为实验菌,从微观及分子水平探究萃取物的抑菌机制。结果表明,花椒萃取物具有较强的抑菌活性,能显著抑制细菌的生长,且呈浓度依赖性,破坏细菌形态及结构,导致细胞壁和细胞膜损伤,内容物泄露,外界物质渗入;从分子水平分析,花椒萃取物能与基因组DNA发生相互作用,同时使细菌代谢途径、信号转导以及运动性相关基因发生变化,在鞭毛组装通路、双组分信号系统、硫代谢通路以及能量代谢通路差异基因富集增强,使细菌的生理代谢体系紊乱,导致细菌死亡。
因此,花椒提取物在天然防腐剂方面具有广阔的应用前景,其特有的椒麻特点可以赋予果蔬、预制菜、调味料等独特风味,实现花椒的高值化利用。但目前我国对花椒抑菌作用的研究尚不系统,需深入探究明确花椒中各成分对细菌、真菌、病毒等微生物的抑制作用,提高花椒产品附加值,推动产业可持续发展。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030306
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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    1中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250000
    2中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003

通讯作者:

刘尊英(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物防腐剂及食品保鲜,E-mail:。
葛邦国(1978−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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