Article(id=1320888869847937347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030334, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854047499, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854047499, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854047499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854047499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=203, endPage=215, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888870049263940, articleId=1320888869847937347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Screening of Sufu-derived Molds for Cheese Ripening Based on Physicochemical Indicators and Sensory Evaluation, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to screen mold starters that could provide desirable flavor for mold-ripened cheeses, the mold strains isolated from sufu-related products were used to prepare experimental cheese samples. These samples were subjected to the determination of physicochemical indicators and sensory evaluation, ultimately identifying strains that exhibited both cheese-ripening abilities and favorable flavor profiles. The 4 mold strains with cheese-making potential were isolated from sufu-related products, namely Geotrichum candidum (strains MP07 and MP08), Mucor circinelloides (strain FR04), and Actinomucor elegans (strain QF03). Physicochemical indicators demonstrated that all 4 sufu-derived mold strains exhibited certain cheese-ripening abilities. The cheeses produced by them were close to commercial Camembert cheese in terms of main component content. The moisture content was 51.43~54.46 g/100 g, the protein content was 15.00~16.31 g/100 g, and the fat content was 26.47~29.62 g/100 g. At the end of ripening, the pH inside the cheeses produced by them was around 6.0, and the pH outside was around 7.0. Primary and secondary proteolysis occurred in the cheeses produced by them, and the proteolysis indices of sample 423 produced by strain FR04 and sample 365 produced by strain QF03 were significantly higher than those of the other 2 groups of samples (P<0.05), with 12.55% and 11.59%, respectively, which indicated that these 2 strains had stronger cheese-ripening abilities. The texture parameters of the core parts of the cheeses produced by them changed during the ripening periods. The hardness, chewiness and resilience of sample 365 at the end of ripening were significantly lower than those of the other 3 groups (P<0.05), indicating that the internal ripening state was the best. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in appearance, odor, taste, and mouthfeel between the 4 groups of sufu-derived mold-ripened cheeses and commercial Camembert cheese, and the sample 365 achieved the highest average overall liking scores (5 points) among the five groups of mold-ripened cheeses. Therefore, among the 4 mold strains, strain QF03 was determined to be the most suitable strain for cheese production. This study provides a new high-quality fermentation strain to produce mold cheeses, which contributes to the development and utilization of microbial resources in China.

, authors=Yangyang ZHOU1, 2, Yuanrong ZHENG2, Zhenmin LIU2, *, Xiangfei JIA2, Xin CAI1, 2, authorsList=Yangyang ZHOU, Yuanrong ZHENG, Zhenmin LIU, Xiangfei JIA, Xin CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenmin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888872809115995, articleId=1320888869847937347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于理化指标和感官评价筛选干酪成熟用腐乳源霉菌, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为筛选能为霉菌干酪提供良好风味的霉菌发酵剂,使用从腐乳相关产品中分离出的霉菌菌株制作霉菌干酪样品,对其进行理化指标测定和感官评价,最终筛选出既有干酪成熟能力又能提供良好风味的霉菌菌株。从腐乳相关产品中分离出4株具有潜力制作干酪的霉菌,即白地霉(MP07、MP08),卷枝毛霉(FR04),雅致放射毛霉(QF03)。理化指标测定结果表明,4株腐乳源霉菌均具有一定的干酪成熟能力,其制作的干酪在主要成分含量上接近市售卡门贝尔干酪,水分含量在51.43~54.46 g/100 g,蛋白质含量在15.00~16.31 g/100 g,脂肪含量在26.47~29.62 g/100 g;在成熟完成时,其制作的干酪内部pH在6.0左右,外部pH在7.0左右;其制作的干酪中蛋白质发生初级水解和次级水解,菌株FR04制作的样品423和菌株QF03制作的样品365的蛋白质水解指数显著高于其他2组样品(P<0.05),分别为12.55%和11.59%,表明这2株霉菌具有较强的干酪成熟能力;其制作的干酪核心部分的质构参数在成熟过程中发生变化,样品365在成熟完成时的硬度、咀嚼性和回复性显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),表明该样品内部成熟状态最好。感官评价结果表明,4组腐乳源霉菌干酪与市售卡门贝尔在外观、气味、味道和口感上具有显著差异(P<0.05),样品365的平均整体喜好程度得分(5分)在5组霉菌干酪中最高。因此,确定菌株QF03为4株霉菌中最适用于制作霉菌干酪的菌株。本研究为霉菌干酪的制作提供了新的优质发酵菌株,对我国微生物资源的开发和利用具有一定的贡献。

, authors=周杨阳1, 2, 郑远荣2, 刘振民2, *, 贾向飞2, 蔡鑫1, 2, authorsList=周杨阳, 郑远荣, 刘振民, 贾向飞, 蔡鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘振民, authorNote=

周杨阳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品科学与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘振民(1974−),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:乳品研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Foods, 2021, 10(11): 2791., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888873153048924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888873161437533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, companyId=1320888873153048924, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888873169826142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, companyId=1320888873153048924, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888873241129311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888873249517920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, companyId=1320888873241129311, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201103, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888873257906529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, companyId=1320888873241129311, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心,光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院,上海 201103)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888875577356681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Technological process of mold-ripened cheese, figureFileSmall=BcblSN0NDT08iVa5V8+vyw==, figureFileBig=805QiXEwDXkAK/Iw8uBsIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888875669631370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图1, caption=霉菌干酪的工艺流程, figureFileSmall=BcblSN0NDT08iVa5V8+vyw==, figureFileBig=805QiXEwDXkAK/Iw8uBsIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888875862569355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sensory evaluation questionnaire, figureFileSmall=FbhStwwDD6kHBQ5VOwytJA==, figureFileBig=s6JibQVHUG+JU7kNRmNwOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888875938066828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图2, caption=感官评价问卷, figureFileSmall=FbhStwwDD6kHBQ5VOwytJA==, figureFileBig=s6JibQVHUG+JU7kNRmNwOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876000981389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Colonies morphology of mold strains, figureFileSmall=OjK4dDCzdxFNn/FSTgHwtA==, figureFileBig=f5vz88dikK6GpPooAyU0TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876068090254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图3, caption=霉菌的菌落特征

注:a为MP07,b为MP08,c为FR04,d为QF03。

, figureFileSmall=OjK4dDCzdxFNn/FSTgHwtA==, figureFileBig=f5vz88dikK6GpPooAyU0TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876131004815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phylogenetic tree constructed based on ITS sequences, figureFileSmall=EW/vK0WLO300Zrm/rvtWdA==, figureFileBig=wcEJW3+IMGLjMvCIGyiEpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876206502288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=EW/vK0WLO300Zrm/rvtWdA==, figureFileBig=wcEJW3+IMGLjMvCIGyiEpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876265222545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in the internal and external pH of cheeses during ripening periods, figureFileSmall=S2GuxesFfA51k/H9WlCPcA==, figureFileBig=Nf4kwzIQLMs3TeaNJIyRsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876336525714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图5, caption=成熟过程中干酪内部和外部的pH的变化

注:小写英文字母不同表示不同成熟时间的同一样品间pH差异显著(P<0.05);大写英文字母不同表示相同成熟时间的不同样品间pH差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=S2GuxesFfA51k/H9WlCPcA==, figureFileBig=Nf4kwzIQLMs3TeaNJIyRsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876412023187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in proteolysis indexes of cheeses during ripening periods, figureFileSmall=Fk4rxuIy5CdVW3adTmwoRg==, figureFileBig=+dbUtM+W0CbZRDdkEwfB6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876512686484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图6, caption=成熟过程中干酪蛋白质水解指数的变化

注:小写英文字母不同表示不同成熟时间的同一样品间蛋白质水解指数差异显著(P<0.05);大写英文字母不同表示相同成熟时间的不同样品间蛋白质水解指数差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Fk4rxuIy5CdVW3adTmwoRg==, figureFileBig=+dbUtM+W0CbZRDdkEwfB6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876575601045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Contents of free amino acids in cheeses ripened for 35 days, figureFileSmall=fkK+fF/zFMMKf4rQrk+3yw==, figureFileBig=TyvXZNyl+q8IHiYIjb2DgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876638515606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图7, caption=成熟35 d的干酪中游离氨基酸的含量

注:小写英文字母不同表示数据间差异显著(P<0.05);(a)为4组霉菌干酪中总游离氨基酸的含量;(b)为4组霉菌干酪中单个游离氨基酸的含量。

, figureFileSmall=fkK+fF/zFMMKf4rQrk+3yw==, figureFileBig=TyvXZNyl+q8IHiYIjb2DgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876697235863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in texture parameters of cheeses during ripening periods, figureFileSmall=litmmhh1vrV2DbrdBXSx1Q==, figureFileBig=rfHeYbBsDi/bSZDYjWzlhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876776927640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图8, caption=成熟过程中干酪质构参数的变化

注:小写英文字母不同表示不同成熟时间的同一样品间质构参数差异显著(P<0.05);大写英文字母不同表示相同成熟时间的不同样品间质构参数差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=litmmhh1vrV2DbrdBXSx1Q==, figureFileBig=rfHeYbBsDi/bSZDYjWzlhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876844036505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Correlation between sensory attributes and mold-ripened cheeses, figureFileSmall=RvBzDF9pZxxqKcNMF/iEZQ==, figureFileBig=yptfrGGh5GqdRVBgChG43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876919533978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图9, caption=感官属性与霉菌干酪的相关性, figureFileSmall=RvBzDF9pZxxqKcNMF/iEZQ==, figureFileBig=yptfrGGh5GqdRVBgChG43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888876990837147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Overall liking scores of mold-ripened cheeses, figureFileSmall=hIeMmEpSSslLJKK7Naimxw==, figureFileBig=vUJzsdUTzOqMTeaz7CeS/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888877053751708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图10, caption=霉菌干酪的整体喜好程度得分

注:小写英文字母不同表示数据间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hIeMmEpSSslLJKK7Naimxw==, figureFileBig=vUJzsdUTzOqMTeaz7CeS/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888877137637789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Mean impact of sensory attributes on the overall liking of sufu-derived mold cheeses, figureFileSmall=nzx6mcr6pNksRAE+uDo9gg==, figureFileBig=h0u/A9Y8agtLWVwTETyhxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888877200552350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=图11, caption=感官属性对腐乳源霉菌干酪整体喜好程度的平均影响, figureFileSmall=nzx6mcr6pNksRAE+uDo9gg==, figureFileBig=h0u/A9Y8agtLWVwTETyhxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888877267661215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Contents of the main components in cheeses ripened for 35 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量
(g/100 g)
样品编号
518283423365126
水分51.43±0.30b52.32±0.43b54.46±0.45a51.82±0.51b48.50±0.66c
蛋白质15.52±0.57b15.00±0.34b15.82±0.32b16.31±0.33b22.20±0.66a
脂肪29.62±0.53a28.79±0.73a26.47±0.73b28.40±0.66a16.93±0.55c
), ArticleFig(id=1320888877334770080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

成熟35 d的干酪中主要成分的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量
(g/100 g)
样品编号
518283423365126
水分51.43±0.30b52.32±0.43b54.46±0.45a51.82±0.51b48.50±0.66c
蛋白质15.52±0.57b15.00±0.34b15.82±0.32b16.31±0.33b22.20±0.66a
脂肪29.62±0.53a28.79±0.73a26.47±0.73b28.40±0.66a16.93±0.55c
), ArticleFig(id=1320888877397684641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Frequency of sensory attributes checked by participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性勾选频率(%)P
518283423365126
外观湿润的90b60ab30ab20a70ab0.01
有褶皱的50a50a20a40a20a0.43
白色的30ab70b20ab0a50ab0.02
干燥的0a20a40a50a20a0.06
黄色的70a60a80a100a60a0.25
有绒毛的20a40ab100b50ab20a0.00
光滑的40a10a50a40a40a0.47
灰色的0a0a20a30a0a0.06
气味奶油味60a60a70a70a80a0.82
酒香味40ab70b40ab10ab0a0.01
霉味10a20a20a20a40a0.59
腐乳味40a40a10a10a0a0.10
黄油味20ab20ab60b70b10a0.02
干草味0a0a10a10a0a0.41
奶腥味20a40a50a70a30a0.19
硫味10a20a10a20a40a0.53
蘑菇味0a0a20a20a0a0.14
坚果味30a30a40a20a20a0.83
哈喇味30a10a10a10a0a0.36
酸奶味10a30a20a20a10a0.76
发酵水果味10a0a0a0a0a0.41
味道和口感酸味10a20a20a30a30a0.78
余味70a50a30a30a40a0.39
涩10a20a40a10a50a0.16
净口的20ab60b10ab20ab0a0.01
苦味0a10ab30ab0a50b0.02
甜味10ab10ab0a40b0a0.03
鲜味70a70a30a70a30a0.10
咸味80a80a80a90a80a0.97
刺激性的20ab10ab50b0a0a0.02
质地易碎的30a30a0a20a10a0.15
有黏性的60a60a60a60a80a0.71
细腻的100a100a80a80a80a0.20
粉质的0a0a20a10a10a0.41
柔软的70a70a70a80a50a0.68
有油的30a30a20a30a0a0.30
颗粒感的0a0a0a10a20a0.17
结实的0a0a10a10a10a0.66
糊状的50a50a50a40a10a0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1320888877481570722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888869847937347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官属性被评价人员勾选的频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性勾选频率(%)P
518283423365126
外观湿润的90b60ab30ab20a70ab0.01
有褶皱的50a50a20a40a20a0.43
白色的30ab70b20ab0a50ab0.02
干燥的0a20a40a50a20a0.06
黄色的70a60a80a100a60a0.25
有绒毛的20a40ab100b50ab20a0.00
光滑的40a10a50a40a40a0.47
灰色的0a0a20a30a0a0.06
气味奶油味60a60a70a70a80a0.82
酒香味40ab70b40ab10ab0a0.01
霉味10a20a20a20a40a0.59
腐乳味40a40a10a10a0a0.10
黄油味20ab20ab60b70b10a0.02
干草味0a0a10a10a0a0.41
奶腥味20a40a50a70a30a0.19
硫味10a20a10a20a40a0.53
蘑菇味0a0a20a20a0a0.14
坚果味30a30a40a20a20a0.83
哈喇味30a10a10a10a0a0.36
酸奶味10a30a20a20a10a0.76
发酵水果味10a0a0a0a0a0.41
味道和口感酸味10a20a20a30a30a0.78
余味70a50a30a30a40a0.39
涩10a20a40a10a50a0.16
净口的20ab60b10ab20ab0a0.01
苦味0a10ab30ab0a50b0.02
甜味10ab10ab0a40b0a0.03
鲜味70a70a30a70a30a0.10
咸味80a80a80a90a80a0.97
刺激性的20ab10ab50b0a0a0.02
质地易碎的30a30a0a20a10a0.15
有黏性的60a60a60a60a80a0.71
细腻的100a100a80a80a80a0.20
粉质的0a0a20a10a10a0.41
柔软的70a70a70a80a50a0.68
有油的30a30a20a30a0a0.30
颗粒感的0a0a0a10a20a0.17
结实的0a0a10a10a10a0.66
糊状的50a50a50a40a10a0.22
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基于理化指标和感官评价筛选干酪成熟用腐乳源霉菌
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周杨阳 1, 2 , 郑远荣 2 , 刘振民 2, * , 贾向飞 2 , 蔡鑫 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(7): 203-215
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (7) : 203 -215
基于理化指标和感官评价筛选干酪成熟用腐乳源霉菌
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周杨阳1, 2 , 郑远荣2, 刘振民2, * , 贾向飞2, 蔡鑫1, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
  • 2乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心,光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院,上海 201103
通讯作者:
刘振民(1974−),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:乳品研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

周杨阳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品科学与技术,E-mail:

Screening of Sufu-derived Molds for Cheese Ripening Based on Physicochemical Indicators and Sensory Evaluation
Yangyang ZHOU1, 2 , Yuanrong ZHENG2, Zhenmin LIU2, * , Xiangfei JIA2, Xin CAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201103, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030334
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为筛选能为霉菌干酪提供良好风味的霉菌发酵剂,使用从腐乳相关产品中分离出的霉菌菌株制作霉菌干酪样品,对其进行理化指标测定和感官评价,最终筛选出既有干酪成熟能力又能提供良好风味的霉菌菌株。从腐乳相关产品中分离出4株具有潜力制作干酪的霉菌,即白地霉(MP07、MP08),卷枝毛霉(FR04),雅致放射毛霉(QF03)。理化指标测定结果表明,4株腐乳源霉菌均具有一定的干酪成熟能力,其制作的干酪在主要成分含量上接近市售卡门贝尔干酪,水分含量在51.43~54.46 g/100 g,蛋白质含量在15.00~16.31 g/100 g,脂肪含量在26.47~29.62 g/100 g;在成熟完成时,其制作的干酪内部pH在6.0左右,外部pH在7.0左右;其制作的干酪中蛋白质发生初级水解和次级水解,菌株FR04制作的样品423和菌株QF03制作的样品365的蛋白质水解指数显著高于其他2组样品(P<0.05),分别为12.55%和11.59%,表明这2株霉菌具有较强的干酪成熟能力;其制作的干酪核心部分的质构参数在成熟过程中发生变化,样品365在成熟完成时的硬度、咀嚼性和回复性显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),表明该样品内部成熟状态最好。感官评价结果表明,4组腐乳源霉菌干酪与市售卡门贝尔在外观、气味、味道和口感上具有显著差异(P<0.05),样品365的平均整体喜好程度得分(5分)在5组霉菌干酪中最高。因此,确定菌株QF03为4株霉菌中最适用于制作霉菌干酪的菌株。本研究为霉菌干酪的制作提供了新的优质发酵菌株,对我国微生物资源的开发和利用具有一定的贡献。

霉菌干酪  /  菌种筛选  /  理化指标  /  蛋白质水解  /  质构  /  感官评价

In order to screen mold starters that could provide desirable flavor for mold-ripened cheeses, the mold strains isolated from sufu-related products were used to prepare experimental cheese samples. These samples were subjected to the determination of physicochemical indicators and sensory evaluation, ultimately identifying strains that exhibited both cheese-ripening abilities and favorable flavor profiles. The 4 mold strains with cheese-making potential were isolated from sufu-related products, namely Geotrichum candidum (strains MP07 and MP08), Mucor circinelloides (strain FR04), and Actinomucor elegans (strain QF03). Physicochemical indicators demonstrated that all 4 sufu-derived mold strains exhibited certain cheese-ripening abilities. The cheeses produced by them were close to commercial Camembert cheese in terms of main component content. The moisture content was 51.43~54.46 g/100 g, the protein content was 15.00~16.31 g/100 g, and the fat content was 26.47~29.62 g/100 g. At the end of ripening, the pH inside the cheeses produced by them was around 6.0, and the pH outside was around 7.0. Primary and secondary proteolysis occurred in the cheeses produced by them, and the proteolysis indices of sample 423 produced by strain FR04 and sample 365 produced by strain QF03 were significantly higher than those of the other 2 groups of samples (P<0.05), with 12.55% and 11.59%, respectively, which indicated that these 2 strains had stronger cheese-ripening abilities. The texture parameters of the core parts of the cheeses produced by them changed during the ripening periods. The hardness, chewiness and resilience of sample 365 at the end of ripening were significantly lower than those of the other 3 groups (P<0.05), indicating that the internal ripening state was the best. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in appearance, odor, taste, and mouthfeel between the 4 groups of sufu-derived mold-ripened cheeses and commercial Camembert cheese, and the sample 365 achieved the highest average overall liking scores (5 points) among the five groups of mold-ripened cheeses. Therefore, among the 4 mold strains, strain QF03 was determined to be the most suitable strain for cheese production. This study provides a new high-quality fermentation strain to produce mold cheeses, which contributes to the development and utilization of microbial resources in China.

mold cheese  /  strain screening  /  physicochemical indicator  /  proteolysis  /  texture  /  sensory evaluation
周杨阳, 郑远荣, 刘振民, 贾向飞, 蔡鑫. 基于理化指标和感官评价筛选干酪成熟用腐乳源霉菌. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 203 -215 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030334
Yangyang ZHOU, Yuanrong ZHENG, Zhenmin LIU, Xiangfei JIA, Xin CAI. Screening of Sufu-derived Molds for Cheese Ripening Based on Physicochemical Indicators and Sensory Evaluation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 203 -215 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030334
近年来,我国干酪市场呈现快速增长趋势,干酪正在成为乳制品行业新的增长点[1]。相较于再制干酪市场,原制干酪市场有着更广阔的发展空间[2]。霉菌干酪是原制干酪的一种,指生产后不马上食用,需在特定的温度等条件下存放一定时间,主要通过接种在内部和(或)表面的特征霉菌生长而促进其发生生化和物理变化从而形成该类产品特性的干酪[3]。霉菌是霉菌干酪的次级发酵剂,在成熟过程中对其风味特征的形成具有重要贡献。目前,商业霉菌发酵剂有白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)、沙门柏干酪青霉(Penicillium camemberti)和娄地青霉(Penicillium roqueforti),它们的代谢活动使霉菌干酪形成了独特的风味特征。然而,白地霉通过氨基酸代谢增强了卡门贝尔干酪的硫味;沙门柏干酪青霉通过氨基酸代谢和脂肪代谢产生的苯乙烯、八碳醇及其相应的酮和2-甲氧基-3-异丙基吡嗪等挥发性物质使卡门贝尔干酪具有赛璐珞味、霉味和泥土味;娄地青霉通过分解脂肪释放脂肪酸使蓝纹干酪具有强烈的辛辣味和霉味[4−7]。由于这些风味不受中国消费者喜爱,导致霉菌干酪在我国的发展受到阻碍。
将传统发酵食品的霉菌发酵剂应用于霉菌干酪的制作成为一个新的研究方向,已发表的相关研究表明传统霉菌发酵剂具有为霉菌干酪提供良好风味的潜力。Suzuki等[8]检测了日本酒曲霉菌米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和大豆曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)的蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,并将其与沙门柏干酪青霉和娄地青霉进行比较,结果表明两种曲霉表现出相似或更高的蛋白酶活性和相似或较低的脂肪酶活性,认为其具有生产风味更加温和的霉菌干酪的潜力。Xia等[9]比较了红曲霉干酪和市售蓝纹干酪的感官特性,发现红曲霉干酪的气味和味道强度明显较低,且整体接受度明显较高,认为使用红曲霉能够制作出受中国消费者欢迎的霉菌干酪。虽然研究人员对红曲霉干酪的研究已取得诸多成果,研究内容包括理化性质、质构、感官特性、风味物质、微生物组成、代谢物质以及与其他微生物的共发酵,但缺乏对其他中国传统霉菌发酵剂的研究[9−13]。同时,霉菌干酪面临霉菌毒素污染问题,即使是具有公认安全(Generally Recognized as Safe,GRAS)认证的商业发酵剂也可能在成熟过程中产生可检测到的霉菌毒素[14]。红曲霉(Monascus)虽能为霉菌干酪提供良好的风味,但一些菌株可能会产生损害肾脏结构和功能的桔霉素(Citrinin)[15]。因此,仍需要筛选兼备良好风味与安全性的霉菌菌株。
腐乳是中国传统发酵食品之一,使用的霉菌发酵剂为毛霉(Mucor)和根霉(Rhizopus)[16]。这两种霉菌能在干酪基质上生长,并能产生蛋白酶和脂肪酶分解基质中的蛋白质和脂肪[17−19]。这两种霉菌还具有较高的安全性,已发表了一些验证其安全性的研究。张栖等[20]和吴荣等[21]分别对雅致放射毛霉(Actinomucor elegans)和华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)进行了全基因组分析,没有发现与合成真菌毒素的关键代谢途径相关的基因。与红曲霉相比,腐乳源霉菌应用于制作霉菌干酪的研究较少,已发表研究的主要内容为霉菌干酪的工艺优化。姜纳川等[22]和高代微等[23]的研究分别确定了用雅致放射毛霉制作牦牛乳霉菌干酪的最佳成熟温度(25 ℃)和相对湿度(50%)。他们在研究中将感官评分作为评价干酪品质的指标之一,但所制定的评分标准无法具体地描述干酪样品的感官特征,不利于感官品质的定向调控、品质评价体系的构建、关键风味物质的确定等后续研究。勾选所有选项法(check-all-that-apply,CATA)是一种简单快捷的感官评价方法,评价人员可通过勾选具体的感官属性来描述食品的感官特征[24]。这种方法比传统方法耗时更少、更灵活,已广泛地应用于新产品的开发,不但能表征食品的感官特征,而且能识别出影响评价人员喜好程度的感官属性[25−26]。但在此之前,这种方法尚未应用于腐乳源霉菌干酪的感官评价。
本研究从腐乳相关样品中分离出能用于制作霉菌干酪的霉菌菌株,通过多项理化指标评价菌株成熟干酪的能力,并结合感官评价筛选出最适用于制作霉菌干酪的菌株。筛选干酪成熟用腐乳源霉菌有望为霉菌干酪的生产提供更加安全的霉菌发酵剂,同时拓展了中国传统霉菌发酵剂的应用场景,对我国微生物资源的开发利用具有一定的贡献。
腐乳相关产品(腐乳22份、生毛坯2份、曲粉2份) 产地:湖南、湖北、安徽、河南、江西、四川、山东、广州、贵州、浙江、广西;格兰特卡门贝尔干酪(对照组) 保质期:2024年9月25日~2025年9月25日,岸确国际贸易(上海)有限公司;精制食用盐 中国盐业股份有限公司;生牛乳、稀奶油 光明乳业股份有限公司;商业发酵剂FLORA、STI-13 科汉森(北京)贸易有限公司;凝乳酶 北京多爱特生物科技有限公司;马铃薯葡萄糖水、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(含氯霉素)、孟加拉红琼脂 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;氯化钠、盐酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
PRACTUM124-1CN电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;1300系列A2型生物安全柜 美国Thermo Scientific;HVE-50高压蒸汽灭菌锅 日本HIRAYAMA;FT20凝乳槽 英国Armfiled;HPP 110恒温恒湿箱 德国MEMMERT;KT260半自动凯氏定氮仪 丹麦FOSS Scino;TA.XTplus质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro Systems;SD20 pH计 瑞士METTLER TOLEDO;5810R冷冻离心机 德国eppendorf;KQ5200E超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;MJ-Ⅱ霉菌培养箱、HWS-28电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科技有限公司;ZWY-2112B恒温培养振荡器 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;Vortex-2漩涡振荡器 上海嘉鹏科技有限公司。
在生物安全柜中称取1 g腐乳相关产品加入盛有9 mL无菌生理盐水的无菌试管中,用漩涡振荡器振荡均质,制成1:10的样品匀液。对该样品匀液再进行5次梯度稀释,制备10倍系列稀释样品匀液[27]。选取稀释度为10−4、10−5、10−6的样品匀液,分别吸取100 μL于孟加拉红琼脂平板表面,用无菌涂布棒涂布均匀,放置于28 ℃霉菌培养箱培养48 h。待平板上出现明显的菌落后,通过观察菌落特征用无菌接种环挑取平板上不具有产毒霉菌形态特征的菌落,在含氯霉素的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂平板上进行分离纯化,直至平板上仅生长具有相同形态特征的菌落[28]。将分离出的非产毒霉菌制备的发酵液接种于新鲜凝乳块,成熟后筛选出使凝乳块表面覆盖菌丝且无杂菌污染的霉菌进行保藏和鉴定。
用无菌接种环从纯化后的平板上刮取少量菌丝接种于100 mL马铃薯葡萄糖水中,放置于150 r/min、28 ℃的恒温培养振荡器培养7 d。对发酵液进行稀释涂布平板计数,其中活菌的数量在105~107 CFU/mL[27]。发酵液需提前制备,现制现用。
干酪样品的制作参考商业卡门贝尔干酪的工艺,整体流程如图1所示。用稀奶油对生牛乳进行标准化,使其蛋白质含量与脂肪含量的比值为0.86。巴氏杀菌后将原料乳冷却,与用适量无菌水溶解的商业发酵剂(FLORA、STI-13)均匀混合,在预热好的凝乳槽中进行预酸化。待其pH下降到6.4后,用同样的方式混入凝乳酶,恒温直至原料乳形成完整的凝乳。接下来,对凝乳进行切割、装模、盐渍、晾干,放置过夜使凝乳粒在模具中定型。次日,在新鲜凝乳块表面均匀涂抹霉菌发酵液,将其放置在15 ℃、湿度80%的成熟室中成熟35 d。在成熟过程中每隔7 d对腐乳源霉菌干酪进行取样,测定其pH、pH4.6可溶性氮(pH4.6-soluble nitrogen,pH4.6-SN)含量、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)含量和质构参数。用于检测pH的样品再被分为内外两部分,取样前去除其表面的菌丝,外部取样的厚度为5 mm,内部取样的位置在干酪的核心部分。从样品的核心部分取大小为20 mm×20 mm×20 mm的立方体用于检测质构参数。取成熟35 d的腐乳源霉菌干酪测定其游离氨基酸的总含量和单个游离氨基酸的含量。以市售卡门贝尔干酪为对照组,成熟35 d的腐乳源霉菌干酪为实验组测定主要成分含量。以市售卡门贝尔干酪为对照组,成熟28 d的腐乳源霉菌干酪为实验组进行感官评价。用3位随机数字对5组不同的霉菌干酪进行编号:腐乳源霉菌MP07、MP08、FR04和QF03制作的霉菌干酪分别编号为518、283、423和365,市售卡门贝尔干酪编号为126。
形态学鉴定:将初步筛选出的霉菌点种在孟加拉红琼脂平板上的三个点观察其菌落特征,并参考相关文献中菌落形态的描述对筛选出的霉菌菌株进行初步鉴定。分子生物学鉴定:将长有单菌落的平板送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行DNA测序。使用的引物为:ITS1:TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG和ITS4-R:TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC。
以样品126为对照组,成熟35 d的样品518、283、423和365为实验组,根据GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》的直接干燥法检测样品的水分含量;根据GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》的凯氏定氮法检测样品的蛋白质含量;根据GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》的碱水解法检测样品的脂肪含量。
参考贾丽丽等[29]的方法检测成熟1~35 d的样品518、283、423和365内外两部分的pH。称取1 g样品用研钵充分研磨,与10 mL去离子水超声均质1 h后用pH计检测样品匀液的pH。
参考Shahab等[30]的方法检测成熟1~35 d的样品518、283、423和365的pH4.6-SN含量。称取20 g样品与100 mL去离子水超声均质30 min,用1 mol/L的盐酸调节pH至4.6,于40 ℃水浴1 h后在4 ℃、3000×g条件下离心30 min,用凯氏定氮法检测上清液的含氮量。根据GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》的凯氏定氮法检测4组样品的TN含量。蛋白质水解指数为干酪样品的pH4.6-SN含量与其TN含量的百分比。
根据GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》检测成熟35 d的样品518、283、423和365中总游离氨基酸的含量和单个游离氨基酸的含量。
在25±2 ℃下平衡30 min后,通过质构分析仪采用质地剖面分析法(texture profile analysis,TPA)检测成熟1~28 d的样品518、283、423和365的质构参数(硬度、黏度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性)。选用的探头型号为P/5,测试速度为1 mm/s,测试前和测试后速度为5 mm/s,触发力为5 g,压缩距离为5 mm,两次压缩之间的时间间隔为3 s。
CATA法通常结合9点喜好量表使用,通过该量表可以量化评价人员对食品的偏好程度[31]。然而,Song等[32]的研究表明,当评价人员需要花费较多的精力去完成感官评价时他们倾向于使用较窄的量表范围和少量、重复的CATA选项,这不利于区分不同的样品,建议降低感官评价内容的难度。因此,使用CATA法结合更简单的7点喜好量表对样品126和成熟28 d的样品518、283、423和365进行感官评价。用于描述干酪感官特征的感官属性源于相关文献、GB/T 10221-2021《感官分析 术语》以及6名评价人员对干酪样品感官特征的描述[33−34]。对收集到的感官属性进行筛选,最终构成包含8个外观描述词、13个气味描述词、5个味道描述词、4个口感描述词和9个质地描述词的CATA问卷。由于Geffroy等[35]的研究表明将CATA问卷设置在喜好量表之前可以产生更详细和有区分度的结果,故最终组成的感官评价问卷如图2所示。感官评价小组由从事乳制品研究的10名研究人员组成(4名男性,6名女性),不包含参与构建感官属性词库的6名评价人员。将5组样品以随机顺序呈递给评价人员进行感官评价。为保证结果的准确性,在进行感官评价前对评价人员进行了培训。
将测序得到的ITS序列在美国生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)中用nucleotide BLAST检索相似序列,并以FASTA格式各下载6个与其相似度高的序列。在MEGA11软件中导入所有序列,用ClustalW进行多重序列比对,将比对后的序列保存为MEGA格式[36]。通过Phylogeny工具使用邻接法(Neighbor Joining Method,NJ)构建系统发育树,Test of phylogeny的Bootstrap重复次数设置为1000次。设置构建出的系统发育树只显示置信度大于70的树枝[37]。
质构参数由质构分析仪配套的软件Exponent计算输出,每个样品重复检测6次。对主要成分含量、pH、蛋白质水解指数、游离氨基酸含量的测定每个样品重复检测3次。使用R语言(版本4.3.2)对主要成分含量、pH、蛋白质水解指数、游离氨基酸含量、质构参数、整体喜好程度得分的数据进行正态性检验,并比较不同实验组数据之间差异的显著性(P<0.05)。通过Excel将CATA问卷数据整理为二进制格式(“1”—感官属性被勾选;“0”—感官属性未被勾选),使用Excel插件XLSTAT 2025.1.1中Sensory工具的CATA data analysis进行Cochran’s Q检验、对应分析(Correspondence analysis,CA)和惩罚提升分析(Penalty-lift-analysis,PLA)。使用GraphPad Prism 10进行绘图。
从26份腐乳相关样品中分离出18株不具有产毒霉菌形态特征的菌株。根据这18株霉菌在凝乳块表面的生长情况,筛选出4株具有干酪制作潜力的霉菌,分别编号为MP07、MP08、FR04、QF03。
筛选出的4株霉菌在孟加拉红琼脂平板上的菌落形态如图3所示。MP07和MP08颜色为乳白色,菌落形态与酵母菌相似,故可能是白地霉。白地霉的菌落形态具有多样性,主要被分为3种类型:酵母型、霉菌型和介于两者之间的中间型[38]。MP07的菌落不耐触碰且表面油腻,故可能是酵母型白地霉;MP08的菌落呈毛毡状,较耐触碰,表面不油腻,故可能是中间型白地霉[39]。FR04的菌落呈圆形,边缘光滑整齐,生长有茂密的灰色气生菌丝,故可能是一种毛霉[40]。QF03在平板上迅速生长,其具有大量的白色、松散的气生菌丝,培养48 h后几乎充满整个培养皿,高度达到培养皿的盖子。当培养时间超过3 d时,其菌落变为黄褐色,气生菌丝紧密交织在一起,其菌落特征与一株从传统发酵豆制品中分离出的雅致放射毛霉相似,故可能是雅致放射毛霉[41]。
将测序得到的ITS序列与在数据库中搜索到的相似序列进行系统发育分析,进一步验证形态学鉴定的结果。构建出的系统发育树如图4所示,其分出4个清晰的分支,MP07、MP08均与白地霉在同一个分支,FR04与卷枝毛霉(Mucor cicinelloides)在同一分支,QF03与雅致放射毛霉在同一分支,形态学鉴定的结果得到进一步验证。
干酪的成分因种类而异,主要的成分包括水分、蛋白质和脂肪[42]。水分含量和脂肪含量是国际上对干酪进行分类的一般标准;蛋白质含量和脂肪含量指从原料乳中回收到干酪中的蛋白质和脂肪的百分比,反映了干酪的生产效率[43−44]。
5组霉菌干酪中主要成分的含量如表1所示,市售卡门贝尔干酪和4组腐乳源霉菌干酪在水分含量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量上均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。样品423的水分含量最高(54.46 g/100 g),样品126的水分含量最低(48.50 g/100 g),均与其他3组样品的水分含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),而其他3组样品在水分含量上无显著差异。干酪的水分含量受到排乳清、压榨、盐渍和成熟工艺的影响,取决于凝乳颗粒的大小、搅拌速度、压力强度、盐水浓度、成熟条件(温度、相对湿度)等工艺参数[45−47]。在成熟早期,霉菌未形成包裹干酪表面的菌膜,水分从干酪表面挥发[9]。因此,霉菌的生长速度也会影响干酪的水分含量。样品126的蛋白质含量(22.20 g/100 g)显著高于其他4组样品(P<0.05),而其他4组样品在蛋白质含量上无显著差异。样品423(26.47 g/100 g)和样品126(16.93 g/100 g)的脂肪含量显著低于其他3组样品(P<0.05),且2组样品之间也存在显著差异(P<0.05),而其他3组样品在脂肪含量上无显著差异。干酪的蛋白质含量和脂肪含量取决于原料乳中这两种成分的含量,在实际生产中可通过标准化进行调控,即调整原料乳中酪蛋白和脂肪的比例,从而实现有控制地从原料乳中回收酪蛋白和脂肪[48]。使用该方法的前提是保证生产过程中工艺参数具有稳定性,凝乳颗粒的大小、凝乳温度和pH、搅拌速度均会影响酪蛋白和脂肪的回收[45]。在成熟过程中,成熟温度和干酪基质中酪蛋白与脂肪的比例对霉菌的生长速度和产酶特性有一定的影响,进而影响干酪的蛋白质含量和脂肪含量[49]。Gebreyowhans等[50]使用不同比例混合的山羊奶和牛奶制作卡门贝尔干酪,成熟40 d时干酪的水分含量在47.58%~49.13%,蛋白质含量在22.30~23.27 g/100 g,脂肪含量在23.21~24.70 g/100 g。Batty等[51]对成熟5 d的不同配方制作的卡门贝尔干酪进行成分分析,5种不同配方制作的干酪的水分含量在53.15%~57.99%,蛋白质含量在15.43%~18.34%,脂肪含量在21.75%~23.66%。由于4组腐乳源霉菌干酪中3种主要成分的含量接近已发表的研究结果,故认为其可与卡门贝尔干酪一样被归类为软质干酪。
4组腐乳源霉菌干酪内部和外部的pH在成熟过程中的变化如图5所示。4组样品内部的pH在成熟过程中先下降后上升,逐渐接近外部的pH。样品518外部的pH与其内部的pH表现出不同的变化趋势,在成熟早期未出现下降。除样品518外,其他3组样品外部的pH在成熟过程中的变化趋势与其内部的pH相同。成熟早期pH的下降是由于乳酸菌分解凝乳中残留的乳糖,而成熟过程中pH的上升是由于接种于表面的霉菌可分解乳酸并产生氨,这与Mei等[52]的研究结果一致。在成熟35 d时,样品外部的pH在7.0左右,内部的pH在6.0左右,与已发表的研究中卡门贝尔干酪在成熟过程结束时两部分的pH一致[53]。
蛋白质水解指数反映了蛋白质初级水解的广度[54−55]。如图6所示,4组腐乳源霉菌干酪的蛋白质水解指数均在成熟过程中迅速增大。在成熟35 d时,4组样品间的蛋白质水解指数具有显著差异(P<0.05),样品423的蛋白质水解指数(12.55%)最大,其次为样品365(11.59%)和样品518(5.56%),样品283的蛋白质水解指数(3.84%)最小。蛋白质水解指数表征干酪中多肽的含量,霉菌干酪中的多肽由凝乳酶、纤溶酶、乳糖酶和霉菌蛋白酶催化酪蛋白水解产生[55−56]。由于4组样品为同批次制作的干酪,故蛋白质水解指数的差异可能与霉菌菌株之间蛋白酶活性的差异有关。制作样品423的FR04和制作样品365的QF03分别为卷枝毛霉和雅致放射毛霉,这两种霉菌具有较高的蛋白酶活性。制作样品518的MP07和制作样品283的MP08分别为酵母型和中间型的白地霉,这两种类型的白地霉通常具有低蛋白酶活性[38]。在已发表的研究中,卷枝毛霉发酵甜干酪乳清72 h产生的凝乳酶活性和蛋白酶活性分别达到82.76±2.85 U/mL和21.76±1.02 U/mL;雅致放射毛霉发酵豆渣60 h蛋白酶活性达到1319.33±66.22 U/g[41,57]。样品423和样品365在成熟35 d时的蛋白质水解指数高于Jiao等[58]的研究中红曲霉干酪在成熟33 d时的蛋白质水解指数(9.67%),但低于已成熟的卡门贝尔干酪的蛋白质水解指数(约35%)[53]。然而,干酪的蛋白质水解指数只能作为衡量干酪成熟程度的指标,并不能直接代表干酪品质的好坏。蛋白质水解可能会产生具有苦味的肽,当苦味肽的形成和降解之间不成比例时,会使干酪产生过度的苦味,这对干酪来说是一种感官缺陷[59]。4组样品的蛋白质水解指数表明,FR04和QF03具有较强的干酪成熟能力,而MP07和MP08的干酪成熟能力较弱。
游离氨基酸是次级蛋白质水解的产物,反映了蛋白质水解的深度[60]。4组腐乳源霉菌干酪中总游离氨基酸的含量如图7a所示,分别为116.13 mg/g(样品518)、110.47 mg/g(样品283)、130.47 mg/g(样品423)、76.20 mg/g(样品365)。样品423中总游离氨基酸的含量最高;样品518和样品283次之,且2组样品间无显著差异;样品365中总游离氨基酸的含量最低,与其他三组样品有显著差异(P<0.05)。干酪中的游离氨基酸由外肽酶从多肽的C端或N端水解末端肽键产生[61]。这些外肽酶来源于霉菌发酵剂,主要包括氨肽酶和羧肽酶[62]。在制作干酪时使用不同的霉菌发酵剂导致了不同种类的干酪在总游离氨基酸的含量上存在差异。Mane等[55]检测得到爱尔兰农舍卡门贝尔干酪在成熟6周和10周时总游离氨基酸的含量分别为1997 µg/g和3048 µg/g;Xia等[9]检测得到成熟42 d的红曲霉干酪表面部分中总游离氨基酸的含量为28 mg/g。
4组腐乳源霉菌干酪中单个氨基酸的含量如图7b所示,共检测了16种酸水解氨基酸的含量。样品518和样品283中主要的游离氨基酸为谷氨酸(Glu)、脯氨酸(Pro)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)和天冬氨酸(Asp),而样品423和样品365中主要的游离氨基酸为谷氨酸(Glu)、脯氨酸(Pro)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)和酪氨酸(Tyr),各组样品中主要游离氨基酸含量的总和均超过其总游离氨基酸含量的50%。4组样品中丙氨酸(Gly)和甘氨酸(Ala)的含量无显著差异。样品518、样品283和样品423中脯氨酸、蛋氨酸(Met)、酪氨酸和精氨酸(Arg)的含量有显著差异(P<0.05),而其他游离氨基酸的含量无显著差异。除丙氨酸和甘氨酸外,样品365中其他游离氨基酸的含量均显著低于其他3组样品(P<0.05)。干酪中单个游离氨基酸的含量受到加工方式、种类、蛋白质水解程度、成熟时间等条件的影响[54]。同时,游离氨基酸的组成与酪蛋白的水解路径密切相关,需要结合蛋白酶、肽酶等相关酶类进行进一步的分析[56]。Wu等[60]检测了红曲霉干酪中游离氨基酸的组成和含量,其中主要的游离氨基酸为谷氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸,接近4组腐乳源霉菌干酪中主要游离氨基酸的组成。此外,游离氨基酸还是干酪中的呈味物质和挥发性风味物质前体,对干酪风味的形成有着重要的贡献[63]。
通过TPA法得到的参数可用来描述食品的力学特性,包含硬度(hardness)、黏性(adhesiveness)、弹性(springiness)、内聚性(cohesiveness)、回复性(resilience)5个一次参数和胶黏性(gumminess)、咀嚼性(chewiness)2个二次参数。4组腐乳源霉菌干酪核心部分的质构参数在成熟过程中的变化如图8所示。
硬度指使食品发生一定形变所需的应力[64]。4组样品的硬度在成熟过程中整体上均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但增大和减小的成熟时间有所不同(见图8a)。样品518和样品423的硬度在成熟7 d内增大,而样品283和样品365的硬度在成熟14 d内增大,成熟14 d后4组样品的硬度均逐渐减小。4组样品中QF03制作的样品365的硬度在成熟过程中变化最显著,且在结束成熟时硬度显著小于其他3组样品(P<0.05),表明其核心部分成熟状态最好。Diezhandino等[33]的研究表明,干酪的硬度与其盐含量和pH有关。在成熟1~7 d内,4组样品内部的pH下降至接近酪蛋白的等电点(见图5a),这使酪蛋白分子之间的结合随静电排斥的降低而增加,从而使干酪的硬度增大[65]。在成熟7~14 d内,干酪核心部分的pH上升,酪蛋白的溶解度增加,即与水的相互作用增加(见图5a)。同时,水分挥发使干酪的盐含量增加,增强了干酪中的离子强度,也增加了酪蛋白与水的相互作用。这种水合作用的增加使干酪的蛋白质基质膨胀,补偿了蛋白质分子间相互作用的减少,从而增强了干酪在压缩过程中承受形变的能力,表现为干酪硬度的增加[66]。干酪硬度的减小主要源于αS1-和β-酪蛋白在凝乳酶和纤溶酶的催化下发生广泛的水解,真菌蛋白酶也能催化酪蛋白水解,但其扩散范围是有限的,只能影响干酪从外到内几毫米深的区域[53,67]。4组样品的硬度在成熟过程中的变化情况与Xia等[9](红曲霉干酪)和Diezhandino等[33](蓝纹干酪)的研究结果一致。
黏性指克服食品表面与接触物质之间产生的吸附所需的工作量,负号代表测试探头受到的作用力方向向下,与数值大小无关[64]。4组样品的黏性在成熟过程中整体呈增大趋势(见图8b),这与干酪中盐含量和蛋白质水解的增加有关,这些因素促进了酪蛋白与水分及其他非蛋白质成分之间的相互作用[66,68]。弹性指食品在失去外力作用后恢复原状所需的时间,内聚性指食品结构内部结合的机械强度[64]。4组样品的弹性和内聚性表现出相同的变化趋势,在成熟1~7 d内减小,在成熟7 d后逐渐增大但成熟28 d时均未超过成熟1 d时的数值(见图8c和图8d)。干酪的内聚性与酪蛋白分子间的相互作用有关,受pH、离子强度、钙结合和蛋白质水解的影响[65,67]。酪蛋白与钙和磷酸盐结合形成胶体磷酸钙(colloidal Ca phosphate,CCP)在干酪中稳定存在,在成熟1~7 d内干酪核心部分的pH下降(见图5a),酪蛋白与钙的结合被破坏,导致干酪弹性和内聚性的减小[66]。Marchesseau等[69]研究表明在pH为5.7~6.0时干酪中的酪蛋白会形成规则的三维结构,这种结构增强了干酪的弹性。在成熟7~35 d干酪核心的pH上升至这一范围(见图5a),故4组样品的弹性在成熟7 d后增大。由于规则的三维结构表明酪蛋白分子间具有稳定的相互作用,故这种结构的形成也可能导致4组样品内聚性的增大。4组样品的黏性、弹性和内聚性的变化情况与Xia等[9](红曲霉干酪,中国)的研究一致。然而,在Diezhandino等[33](蓝纹干酪,西班牙)和Abarquero等[68](卡斯蒂利亚干酪,西班牙)的研究中黏性与弹性和内聚性呈相反的变化趋势,具体表现为在成熟过程中黏性增大而弹性和内聚性减小。这可能受干酪种类、地理位置和制作工艺的影响。回复性指食品恢复到初始状态的能力,4组样品的回复性在成熟过程中逐渐减小(见图8g),这种变化与纤溶酶分解β-酪蛋白导致的蛋白质网络有关[67]。
胶黏性和咀嚼性均指将食品咀嚼到可以吞咽的状态时所需的能量,需要通过两个或多个一次参数计算得到,咀嚼性为硬度、内聚性和弹性的乘积,胶黏性为硬度和内聚性的乘积[64]。4组样品的胶黏性和咀嚼性在成熟过程中表现出相似的变化趋势(见图8e和图8f)。由于受到硬度的影响,成熟过程结束时样品365的胶黏性和咀嚼性显著小于其他3组样品(P<0.05)。口腔对食物的分解过程在很大程度上取决于食物的力学特性以及它们与单个口腔加工参数的相互作用,当干酪的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性较低时,其分解程度更高,其中的营养成分更容易被消化利用[42,70]。
CATA问卷的结果呈现为各感官属性被勾选的频率,反映了评价人员在评价各样品时对各感官属性的感知强度,并使用Cochran’s Q检验分析了不同样品间同一感官属性被勾选的频率的差异,P<0.05表示差异显著[71]。
感官属性在评价5组样品时被勾选的频率如表2所示,在39个感官属性中“湿润的”“白色的”“有绒毛的”“酒香味”“黄油味”“净口的”“苦味”“甜味”“刺激性的”被勾选的频率在5组样品间具有显著差异(P<0.05),这表明5组样品在外观、气味、味道和口感上有显著差异,而在质地上无显著差异。Jaeger等[72–73]的研究表明,评价人员能够感知样品间感官属性强度的差异,并能够通过有显著差异的感官属性对不同的样品进行有效地区分。因此,这些有显著差异的感官属性可作为区分5组样品的依据。样品518、283、423、365(腐乳源霉菌干酪)均具有比样品126(市售卡门贝尔干酪)更低强度的涩味和苦味,而在酸味、咸味和鲜味的强度上存在差异。样品518、样品283和样品423的酸味强度低于样品126,样品365的酸味强度与样品126相同。样品518、样品283和样品365的鲜味强度高于样品126,样品423的鲜味强度与样品126相同。样品365的咸味强度略高于样品126,其余3组干酪的咸味强度与样品126相同。
此外,4组腐乳源霉菌干酪与其他传统霉菌发酵剂制作的霉菌干酪在感官特征上也存在一定的差异。Hayashida等[74]利用电子舌比较了曲霉干酪和卡门贝尔干酪的味道和口感特征,结果表明5株曲霉菌株制作的霉菌干酪均具有比卡门贝尔干酪更低强度的酸味和更高强度的苦味、涩味、咸味和鲜味。
对应分析被广泛用于可视化列联表,可被视为对序数数据(ordinary data)的广义主成分分析[75]。基于感官属性被评价人员勾选的频率,对应分析能够可视化样品与感官属性间的相关性,反映样品间的相似性、差异性及其主要特征[76]。对应分析的结果如图9所示,蓝色的点为样品,红色的点为感官属性,5组干酪样品在两条坐标轴上表现出明显的分散和聚集。样品126位于第二象限,与样品518、283、423、365区分开,与“涩”“霉味”“硫味”“有黏性的”等感官属性相关。样品518、283、423、365均位于横坐标轴的下方,说明它们的感官特征明显有别于样品126。其中,样品518和样品283均位于第四象限,与“柔软的”“易碎的”“有褶皱的”“酒香味”等感官属性相关;样品423和样品365均位于第三象限,与“黄色的”“干燥的”“有绒毛的”“黄油味”等感官属性有关。
5组样品的整体喜好程度得分如图10所示,条形图代表整体喜好程度的平均得分,散点代表单个评价人员对整体喜好程度的评分。样品365的整体喜好程度的平均得分最高;样品518、样品283和样品126的整体喜好程度的平均得分无明显差异,低于样品365而高于样品423;样品423的整体喜好程度的平均得分最低。由整体喜好程度的平均得分可知,评价人员在5组样品中最喜欢QF03制作的样品365。
Chen等[77–78]研究了中国消费者对原制干酪的偏好,结果表明中国消费者喜欢“牛奶味”“奶油味”“酸奶味”“坚果味”等风味,不喜欢“哈喇味”“硫味”“苦味”“酸味”等风味,但对“酸味”有一定的容忍度。由表2可知,评价人员在品评样品365时感知到了较强的“奶油味”(70%)和“黄油味”(70%),以及较低的“霉味”(20%)、“硫味”(20%)、“哈喇味”(10%)、“涩”(10%),没有感知到“苦味”(0%)和“刺激性的”(0%),因此绝大多数评价人员对其具有较高的整体喜好程度(5~6分)。评价人员在品评样品423时虽感知到了较强的“奶油味”(70%)和“黄油味”(60%),但也感知到了较强的“涩”(40%)和“刺激性的”(50%),因此评价人员对其具有较低的整体喜好程度(≤4分)。评价人员对其他三组干酪样品整体喜好程度的评分基本上在4分左右。
在同时收集了CATA数据和整体喜好程度得分时,通过惩罚提升分析可得到各感官属性对样品整体喜好程度的平均影响(mean impact),其数值为某感官属性被勾选时样品的整体喜好程度的平均得分与其未被勾选时该样品的整体喜好程度的平均得分之间的差值,反映了某感官属性存在或缺失时使样品整体喜好程度增加或减少的程度[75,79]。分析结果以水平条形图的形式展示,正值代表该感官属性对整体喜好程度得分有正向影响,负值代表该感官属性对整体喜好程度得分有负向影响。如图11所示为对4组腐乳源霉菌干酪的整体喜好程度有显著影响的感官属性。“咸味”的平均影响值为正值,对整体喜好程度产生正向影响;“刺激性的”的平均影响值为负值,对整体喜好程度产生负向影响。对干酪产品来说,“咸味”是一个重要的感官属性,它在其他研究中也被证明对干酪的整体喜好程度具有显著的正向影响。例如,Meyners等[80]通过惩罚提升分析确定了“新鲜香草”“大蒜”和“咸味”3个感官属性对6种风味的新鲜干酪的整体喜好程度有正向影响;Torri等[81]研究了戈贡佐拉干酪(Gorgonzola)感官属性和整体喜好程度的关系,结果表明“奶油味”“甜味”“坚果味”和“咸味”是有正向影响的感官属性。
从26份腐乳相关产品中筛选出了4株能用于制作霉菌干酪的霉菌,经鉴定MP07和MP08是白地霉,FR04是卷枝毛霉,QF03是雅致放射毛霉。通过表面成熟工艺制备霉菌干酪样品,以主要成分含量、pH、蛋白质水解指数、游离氨基酸含量和质构参数为理化指标评价4株霉菌的干酪成熟能力。通过与已发表的相关研究进行比较,认为4株霉菌均具有一定的成熟干酪的能力,表现为主要成分含量和内外部分pH接近市售卡门贝尔干酪,能水解干酪基质中的蛋白质,使干酪的核心部分软化。其中FR04和QF03具有较强的干酪成熟能力,蛋白质水解指数分别12.55%和11.59%,显著高于其他2株霉菌(P<0.05)。以市售卡门贝尔干酪为对照组,比较4组腐乳源霉菌干酪与其在感官特征上的差异。Cochran’s Q检验和对应分析的结果表明,4组腐乳源霉菌干酪与市售卡门贝尔干酪在感官特征上有显著差异,具体表现在外观、气味、味道和口感上。整体喜好程度得分表明,评价人员对QF03制作的样品365的整体喜好程度最高。综合理化指标和感官评价的结果,确定QF03为4株腐乳源霉菌中最适用于制作霉菌干酪的菌株。
本研究筛选出一株适用于霉菌干酪制作的雅致放射毛霉菌株,其制作的霉菌干酪具有比市售卡门贝尔干酪更高的整体喜好程度得分,为霉菌干酪的制作提供了新的优质发酵菌株。但该菌株并非目前唯一被用于制作霉菌干酪的雅致放射毛霉菌株,故后续还需要将其与过往研究中使用的其他雅致放射毛霉菌株进行比较。在制备霉菌干酪样品时采用了统一的工艺,可能并非筛选出的雅致放射毛霉制作霉菌干酪的最佳工艺,后续可优化其工艺参数,进一步提高腐乳源雅致放射毛霉干酪的感官品质。此外,本研究首次在干酪霉菌发酵剂的筛选中使用了CATA法,为基于感官评价筛选干酪发酵剂的相关研究提供了可参考的、更加便捷和全面的方法。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030334
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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    1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
    2乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心,光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院,上海 201103

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刘振民(1974−),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,研究方向:乳品研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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