Article(id=1320888856728162605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854044372, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854044372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854044372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854044372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888856933683502, articleId=1320888856728162605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Screening and Identification of Antifreeze Peptides from Fish-derived Waste Using Molecular Modeling Technology, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study aimed to screen antifreeze peptides (AFP) from fish-derived waste and elucidate their mechanisms of interaction with ice crystals by integrating molecular simulation with experimental validation. Methods: Cod skin collagen was used as the substrate. Simulated enzymatic hydrolysis was employed to identify proteases with optimal bioactive peptide yield. The hydrolysates were analyzed using Peptide Ranker, CryoProtect, ToxinPred and ExPASy databases to evaluate antifreeze potential and physicochemical properties. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were employed to characterize AFP-ice binding mechanisms. Finally, the screened antifreeze peptides were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to identify the thermal hysteresis activity (THA) of antifreeze peptide AFP2 (AGSSGPGGER). Results: Trypsin demonstrated the highest efficiency among 39 proteases screened via the Peptide Cutter database. Eleven non-toxic, non-allergenic, and good water solubility AFPs were identified from 103 peptides. The binding energy between antifreeze peptide AFP2 and ice crystals was −130.45 kcal/mol. AFP2 bound to ice crystals and dynamically adjusted its conformation during the binding process to enhance the interaction stability via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Antifreeze peptide AFP2 exhibited high antifreeze activity, with thermal hysteresis activity of 0.9 ℃ and only 12.29% ice crystal formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Conclusion: This study efficiently screened and identified a highly active antifreeze peptide from fish-derived collagen using molecular simulation technology, providing a feasible approach for developing antifreeze peptides from fish waste and a theoretical foundation for the resource utilization of fish-derived byproducts.

, authors=Junke SUN1, Yufei WU1, Xinyi LIN1, Yanrong WANG1, Hongyan LIU1, 2, *, authorsList=Junke SUN, Yufei WU, Xinyi LIN, Yanrong WANG, Hongyan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongyan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888858682708285, articleId=1320888856728162605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于分子模拟技术的鱼源废弃物抗冻肽筛选与鉴定, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:本研究旨在运用分子模拟技术与实验验证相结合的方法,从鱼源废弃物中筛选抗冻肽(antifreeze peptides,AFP),并探究其与冰晶的作用机制。方法:以鳕鱼胶原蛋白为原料,借助模拟酶解技术筛选产生活性肽效率最高的蛋白酶,并利用Peptide Ranke、CryoProtect、ToxinPred和ExPASy等数据库,对模拟酶解产物进行抗冻肽筛选及理化性质分析,随后采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟探究抗冻肽与冰晶的作用机制。最后,通过固相合成法合成筛选得到的抗冻肽,并运用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)鉴定抗冻肽AFP2(AGSSGPGGER)的热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity,THA)。结果:从模拟酶切Peptide Cutter数据库提供的39种蛋白酶中,筛选出胰蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶。从胰蛋白酶产生的103条肽段中,筛选出11条无毒、无过敏性且水溶性良好的抗冻肽。抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶的结合能为−130.45 kcal/mol,通过氢键与疏水相互作用与冰晶结合,在结合过程中通过调节自身构象来增强结合的稳定性。抗冻肽AFP2展现出较高的抗冻活性,其热滞活性达0.9 ℃,在冻融循环中仅形成12.29%的冰晶。结论:本研究基于分子模拟技术从鱼源胶原蛋白中快速、高效地筛选鉴定出1条高活性的抗冻肽,为鱼源废弃物开发抗冻肽提供可行途径,为鱼源废弃物的资源化利用提供理论基础。

, authors=孙军柯1, 吴雨菲1, 林欣怡1, 汪艳蓉1, 刘洪艳1, 2, *, authorsList=孙军柯, 吴雨菲, 林欣怡, 汪艳蓉, 刘洪艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘洪艳, authorNote=

孙军柯(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘洪艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物技术,E-mail:。
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注:A:肽段长度指标;B:Peptide Ranker评分指标;C:活性肽比例指标。

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注:A:N端和C端氨基酸图谱;B、C、D:抗冻肽的净电荷、等电点、GRAVY分布。

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Predicted toxicity, allergenicity and water solubility of antifreeze peptides

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肽段序列毒性过敏性水溶性氨基酸
个数
分子量
(Da)
GNR无毒非致敏好3345.36
GDR无毒非致敏好3346.34
MFR无毒非致敏好3452.57
NPAR无毒非致敏好4456.50
GGPGER无毒非致敏好6571.59
SPDGTR无毒非致敏好6631.64
APDPYR无毒非致敏好6717.78
AGSSGPGGER无毒非致敏好10873.88
GPSGSSGSAGK无毒非致敏好11890.91
GMTGSPGSPGPDGK无毒非致敏好141244.34
GMTGPIGPPGSGGAPGDK无毒非致敏好181552.72
GR无毒致敏好2231.25
GAR无毒致敏好3302.33
GMK无毒致敏好3328.37
GHR无毒致敏好3368.40
TCR无毒致敏好3378.45
GGPGAVGPK无毒致敏好9738.84
GPAGIAGAR无毒致敏好9768.87
GAAGLPGLK无毒非致敏差9782.94
AGPSGAAGAR无毒致敏好10813.87
GSSGPQGAR无毒致敏好9815.84
GPEGPAGSR无毒致敏好9826.86
ADDANVMR无毒致敏好8890.97
MCHPDWK有毒致敏好7916.08
GETGPAGAAGPAGPSGPR无毒致敏好181196.24
GPPGSQGAGGAPGPK无毒致敏好151234.33
GESGPSGPAGPAGAR无毒致敏好151267.32
GFPGLPGPSGEVGK无毒致敏好141298.46
GPAGPPGATGFPGAAGR无毒致敏差171437.58
DGMSGLPGPSGPSGPR无毒致敏好161468.60
GEGGAAGVQGPPGSAGEEGK无毒致敏好201711.76
), ArticleFig(id=1320888862650519927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888856728162605, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抗冻肽的毒性、过敏性和水溶性预测结果

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肽段序列毒性过敏性水溶性氨基酸
个数
分子量
(Da)
GNR无毒非致敏好3345.36
GDR无毒非致敏好3346.34
MFR无毒非致敏好3452.57
NPAR无毒非致敏好4456.50
GGPGER无毒非致敏好6571.59
SPDGTR无毒非致敏好6631.64
APDPYR无毒非致敏好6717.78
AGSSGPGGER无毒非致敏好10873.88
GPSGSSGSAGK无毒非致敏好11890.91
GMTGSPGSPGPDGK无毒非致敏好141244.34
GMTGPIGPPGSGGAPGDK无毒非致敏好181552.72
GR无毒致敏好2231.25
GAR无毒致敏好3302.33
GMK无毒致敏好3328.37
GHR无毒致敏好3368.40
TCR无毒致敏好3378.45
GGPGAVGPK无毒致敏好9738.84
GPAGIAGAR无毒致敏好9768.87
GAAGLPGLK无毒非致敏差9782.94
AGPSGAAGAR无毒致敏好10813.87
GSSGPQGAR无毒致敏好9815.84
GPEGPAGSR无毒致敏好9826.86
ADDANVMR无毒致敏好8890.97
MCHPDWK有毒致敏好7916.08
GETGPAGAAGPAGPSGPR无毒致敏好181196.24
GPPGSQGAGGAPGPK无毒致敏好151234.33
GESGPSGPAGPAGAR无毒致敏好151267.32
GFPGLPGPSGEVGK无毒致敏好141298.46
GPAGPPGATGFPGAAGR无毒致敏差171437.58
DGMSGLPGPSGPSGPR无毒致敏好161468.60
GEGGAAGVQGPPGSAGEEGK无毒致敏好201711.76
), ArticleFig(id=1320888862914761080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888856728162605, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Thermodynamic characteristics of antifreeze peptide AFP2

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样品名Th(℃)T0(℃)THA(℃)ΔHm(J/g)ΔHf(J/g)φ(%)
BSA0−0.20.231507−1794543.04
抗冻肽AFP20.3−0.60.928707−517912.29
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抗冻肽AFP2热力学特性

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样品名Th(℃)T0(℃)THA(℃)ΔHm(J/g)ΔHf(J/g)φ(%)
BSA0−0.20.231507−1794543.04
抗冻肽AFP20.3−0.60.928707−517912.29
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基于分子模拟技术的鱼源废弃物抗冻肽筛选与鉴定
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孙军柯 1 , 吴雨菲 1 , 林欣怡 1 , 汪艳蓉 1 , 刘洪艳 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 132-140
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 132 -140
基于分子模拟技术的鱼源废弃物抗冻肽筛选与鉴定
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孙军柯1 , 吴雨菲1, 林欣怡1, 汪艳蓉1, 刘洪艳1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1天津科技大学海洋与环境学院,天津 300457
  • 2海洋资源化学与食品技术教育部重点实验室,天津 300457
通讯作者:
刘洪艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙军柯(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋生物技术,E-mail:

Screening and Identification of Antifreeze Peptides from Fish-derived Waste Using Molecular Modeling Technology
Junke SUN1 , Yufei WU1, Xinyi LIN1, Yanrong WANG1, Hongyan LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030342
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目的:本研究旨在运用分子模拟技术与实验验证相结合的方法,从鱼源废弃物中筛选抗冻肽(antifreeze peptides,AFP),并探究其与冰晶的作用机制。方法:以鳕鱼胶原蛋白为原料,借助模拟酶解技术筛选产生活性肽效率最高的蛋白酶,并利用Peptide Ranke、CryoProtect、ToxinPred和ExPASy等数据库,对模拟酶解产物进行抗冻肽筛选及理化性质分析,随后采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟探究抗冻肽与冰晶的作用机制。最后,通过固相合成法合成筛选得到的抗冻肽,并运用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)鉴定抗冻肽AFP2(AGSSGPGGER)的热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity,THA)。结果:从模拟酶切Peptide Cutter数据库提供的39种蛋白酶中,筛选出胰蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶。从胰蛋白酶产生的103条肽段中,筛选出11条无毒、无过敏性且水溶性良好的抗冻肽。抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶的结合能为−130.45 kcal/mol,通过氢键与疏水相互作用与冰晶结合,在结合过程中通过调节自身构象来增强结合的稳定性。抗冻肽AFP2展现出较高的抗冻活性,其热滞活性达0.9 ℃,在冻融循环中仅形成12.29%的冰晶。结论:本研究基于分子模拟技术从鱼源胶原蛋白中快速、高效地筛选鉴定出1条高活性的抗冻肽,为鱼源废弃物开发抗冻肽提供可行途径,为鱼源废弃物的资源化利用提供理论基础。

鱼源废弃物  /  模拟酶解  /  抗冻肽  /  分子对接  /  热滞活性

Objective: This study aimed to screen antifreeze peptides (AFP) from fish-derived waste and elucidate their mechanisms of interaction with ice crystals by integrating molecular simulation with experimental validation. Methods: Cod skin collagen was used as the substrate. Simulated enzymatic hydrolysis was employed to identify proteases with optimal bioactive peptide yield. The hydrolysates were analyzed using Peptide Ranker, CryoProtect, ToxinPred and ExPASy databases to evaluate antifreeze potential and physicochemical properties. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were employed to characterize AFP-ice binding mechanisms. Finally, the screened antifreeze peptides were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to identify the thermal hysteresis activity (THA) of antifreeze peptide AFP2 (AGSSGPGGER). Results: Trypsin demonstrated the highest efficiency among 39 proteases screened via the Peptide Cutter database. Eleven non-toxic, non-allergenic, and good water solubility AFPs were identified from 103 peptides. The binding energy between antifreeze peptide AFP2 and ice crystals was −130.45 kcal/mol. AFP2 bound to ice crystals and dynamically adjusted its conformation during the binding process to enhance the interaction stability via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Antifreeze peptide AFP2 exhibited high antifreeze activity, with thermal hysteresis activity of 0.9 ℃ and only 12.29% ice crystal formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Conclusion: This study efficiently screened and identified a highly active antifreeze peptide from fish-derived collagen using molecular simulation technology, providing a feasible approach for developing antifreeze peptides from fish waste and a theoretical foundation for the resource utilization of fish-derived byproducts.

fish-derived waste  /  simulated enzymatic hydrolysis  /  antifreeze peptides  /  molecular docking  /  thermal hysteresis activity
孙军柯, 吴雨菲, 林欣怡, 汪艳蓉, 刘洪艳. 基于分子模拟技术的鱼源废弃物抗冻肽筛选与鉴定. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 132 -140 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030342
Junke SUN, Yufei WU, Xinyi LIN, Yanrong WANG, Hongyan LIU. Screening and Identification of Antifreeze Peptides from Fish-derived Waste Using Molecular Modeling Technology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 132 -140 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030342
我国是全球渔业资源最丰富的国家之一,同时也是世界水产加工大国。2023年,我国水产品总产量为7116.17万吨,其中养殖产量达5809.61万吨,鱼类养殖产量尤为突出,达2977.30万吨[1]。在鱼类加工过程中,会产生大量副产物,如鱼鳞、鱼皮和鱼骨等,其质量约占鱼体总质量的30%~60%[2]。这些副产物的蛋白质含量丰富,可达其干重的49.22%~57.92%[3]。然而,这些副产物大多未经合理处理便被废弃,形成大量的鱼源废弃物,带来了渔业资源的浪费和环境污染问题[4]。因此,鱼源废弃物的资源化利用是推动渔业产业可持续发展的有效突破口。
冷冻储存是保证食品品质的传统方法,但在冷冻过程中,食品中的冰晶形成、脂质氧化和蛋白质变性等问题难以避免,导致食品劣变[5]。为了维持冷冻贮藏过程中食品品质的稳定,商业上常采用添加抗冻剂的方法。常见的抗冻剂(如多聚磷酸盐类、糖类和醇类等)存在影响人体健康和食品风味的潜在风险[6−7]。因此,开发新型、安全且高效的抗冻剂已成为食品工业行业的迫切需求。抗冻肽(antifreeze peptides,AFP)是一类具有抗冻活性的蛋白质水解物,能够有效降低冰晶损伤导致的不良影响,减少冷冻对食品天然组织结构和性质的破坏,被视为优质的抗冻剂[8−9],其具有来源广、副作用低、安全性高等特点[10]。鱼源废弃物因其丰富的蛋白质资源,为抗冻肽的规模化生产提供了可持续的原料基础,同时可实现渔业加工产生的废弃物的资源化利用。
酶解法是制备抗冻肽的常用方法,通常涉及酶解、分离、纯化、鉴定及活性验证等一系列复杂步骤,存在实验过程繁琐、周期长且成本高的问题[11]。随着蛋白质和多肽数据库、生物活性预测工具以及分子对接软件等生物信息学工具的涌现[12],基于分子模拟技术的活性肽制备方法,因具有高通量筛选能力、减少实验的盲目性、节约研究时间和成本的特点,受到了研究者的青睐。彭莉娟等[13]应用计算机模拟酶解指导蛋白质定向酶解,从模拟酶切软件PeptideCutter提供的39种蛋白酶中筛选出胰蛋白酶为最适用酶,并利用胰蛋白酶成功获得了具有高活性的ACE抑制肽,证实了计算机模拟酶解在减少筛选水解用酶盲目性方面的有效性。Wu等[14]借助蛋白质数据库利用模拟酶解和分子对接技术,从构建的含有363个肽段组成的鲍鱼源肽库中,鉴定出10个对Keap1-Nrf2相互作用具有最强抑制作用的鲍鱼衍生肽,并通过细胞实验与分子对接结果确定DEDEDEDK为最活跃的抗氧化肽,证明了通过分子模拟技术筛选活性肽的低成本和高效性。Xuan等[15]通过计算机模拟酶解、分子对接和分子动力学方法从529个寡肽中,成功筛选到9种新型抗氧化肽和抗炎肽(ARRF和ARNF),并揭示了它们与TLR4和Keap1受体的结合模式。鉴于计算机分子模拟技术具备缩短研发周期与降低成本的显著优势,本文借助模拟酶解、生物信息学筛选、分子对接和分子动力学模拟等技术手段,实现了鱼源废弃物开发活性肽潜力的快速评估。
本研究基于计算机的分子模拟技术,以鱼源胶原蛋白为研究对象,首先采用模拟酶解获得鱼源多肽,并结合Peptide Ranke、CryoProtect、ToxinPred和ExPASy等数据库筛选抗冻肽,随后,借助分子对接和分子动力学模拟技术探究抗冻肽与冰晶的作用机制,最后通过差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定合成抗冻肽的热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity,THA),以期为新型抗冻肽的开发提供理论参考。
肽段AGSSGPGGER(纯度≥95%) 上海科肽生物科技有限公司合成;牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
AL204电子天平 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;DSC3500 Sirius差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰NETZSCH。
从UniProt蛋白质数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)中获取鳕鱼胶原蛋白(A0A8C5CNN6)的氨基酸序列信息,随后借助ExPASy_PeptideCutter 平台(https://web.expasy.org/peptide_cutter/)中提供的39种酶对其进行模拟酶解[16],依据式(1)计算各酶的理论水解度。选取水解度位居前七的酶,分别将所得的肽段在Peptide Ranker(http://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/)数据库中进行生物活性预测[17]。
$ \mathrm{A}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{N}}\times 100 $
式中:$ \mathrm{A} $表示蛋白酶的理论水解度;$ \mathrm{a} $表示蛋白质序列中模拟酶解后所得的片段数量;$ \mathrm{N} $表示蛋白质中氨基酸残基的数量。
使用抗冻蛋白/抗冻多肽数据库CryoProtect(http://codes.bio/cryoprotect/)筛选抗冻肽[18],通过ToxinPred数据库(http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/toxinpred/)预测抗冻肽的毒性[19],AllerTOP V.2.0数据库(https://www.ddg-pharmfac.net/AllerTOP/index.html/)预测抗冻肽的致敏性[20],Innovagen数据库(http://www.innovagen.com/)预测抗冻肽的水溶性[21]。最后,通过BIOPEP-UWM数据库(https://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/biopep/start_biopep.php/)将上述筛选后的肽段与数据库中已被报道的生物活性肽进行比对,筛选出未报道过的肽段用于后续研究。在ExPASy_protparam数据库(http://web.expasy.org/protparam/)分析抗冻肽的理化性质(等电点、净电荷、疏水性和稳定性)[22]。
从Materials Project数据库(https://legacy.materialsproject.org/)获取冰晶的PDB格式结构模型(ID:mp-703459,DOI:10.1557/mrc.2019.94),选择Ice Ih型冰晶结构作为受体。使用Discovery Studio 2019软件构建选定抗冻肽片段的三维模型:通过“Build and Edit Protein”模块构建初始肽段结构,再经“Minimize and Refine Protein”模块进行“Full Minimization”完全能量最小化,获得能量最优化的抗冻肽结构作为配体。将Ice Ih冰晶结构作为受体,以PDB文件格式导入HEX 8.0.0软件;将优化后的抗冻肽结构作为配体导入。在HEX中,以受体为中心定义尺寸为10×10×10 Å的对接盒子进行分子对接[23]。对接结果使用Lig-Plot+软件分析相互作用二维(2D)图,使用PyMOL 2.2.0软件分析并可视化三维(3D)结构图。
参照Wu等[24]方法稍作修改。在分子动力学模拟中,首先基于TIP4P模型引入虚原子的OPLS-AA力场参数构建冰相力场,将目标多肽置于冰面上方1 nm处,通过Packmol程序以TIP4P水分子对体系进行溶剂化处理,最终构建形成尺寸为6 nm×5 nm×7 nm的周期性盒子。模拟过程基于Gromacs-2024.4软件执行,所有模拟均施加周期性边界条件以维持粒子数恒定。系统构建完成后,先进行50000步能量最小化,继而对能量最小化后的体系开展100 ps的NVT系综平衡。非键相互作用的截断距离设定为12 Å,长程静电力采用粒子网格Ewald(PME)算法进行计算。通过V-rescale,维持体系温度为253 K(耦合常数0.2 ps);压强控制采用C-rescale算法,保持体系压强为1 bar。采用Lincs算法对氢键进行约束,设置时间步长为2 fs,最终对模型系统进行50 ns的分子动力学模拟。
由上海科肽生物科技有限公司采用固相合成法,合成抗冻肽AFP2(AGSSGPGGER),并采用高效液相色谱(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)对合成肽进行纯度检测及相对分子质量检测,要求合成肽段的纯度>95%。
利用差示扫描量热法鉴定合成肽段的THA,参照韩梅等[7]方法稍作修改。上样量为10 μL,用去离子水配制20 mg/mL的BSA溶液(对照组)和抗冻肽AFP2溶液。以2 ℃/min的速度从室温降至−20 ℃,再以相同的速率升至20 ℃,以确定熔点($ {\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{m}} $)。以2 ℃/min的速率降低到−20 ℃保持2 min,再以2 ℃/min的速率上升到保留温度($ {\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{h}} $),保持2 min使其处于熔融态,后以2 ℃/min的速率降温到−20 ℃。使用Proteus热分析软件计算样品的熔化焓($ \Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{m}} $)、结晶开始温度($ {\mathrm{T}}_{0} $)和放热焓($ \Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{f}} $),THA与样品中冰的含量(φ)计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{T}\text{HA}={\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{h}}-{\mathrm{T}}_{0} $
$ \varphi (\text{%})=1-\frac{\Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{m}}}\times 100 $
式中:$ {\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{h}} $表示保留温度,℃;$ {\mathrm{T}}_{0} $表示结晶开始温度,℃;$ \Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{f}} $表示样品放热焓,J/g;$ \Delta {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{m}} $表示样品熔化焓,J/g。
采用PyMOL 2.2.0、Lig-Plot+软件对分子对接结果进行作图,Origin 2021、Proteus软件对热滞活性结果进行作图和数据分析。
模拟酶解是一种通过计算机模拟技术来预测蛋白质或肽段在特定酶作用下水解产物的方法[25]。本研究借助在线数据库ExPASy Peptide Cutter内收录的39种酶,对鳕鱼胶原蛋白进行模拟酶解,并通过Peptide Ranker数据库预测水解产物中的生物活性肽。统计分析发现,蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶(pH>2)、胃蛋白酶(pH1.3)、Asp-N内肽酶、胰蛋白酶、低特异性糜蛋白酶和嗜热菌蛋白酶这7种蛋白酶的理论水解度分别为32.90%、9.6%、7.62%、8.58%、7.67%、8.68%和17.89%。这些蛋白酶具有较高的水解效率,均产生了不少于100 条肽段。其中,蛋白酶K酶解产生228种肽段,共432条,是产生肽段数量最多的蛋白酶。嗜热菌蛋白酶次之,产生162种肽段,共计236条。其余五种酶产生的肽段数量在100~126条范围内,它们平均产生了116条肽段。
生物活性肽是一类由蛋白质水解产生的多肽,其长度通常介于2至20个氨基酸之间[26]。Peptide Ranker分数能够反映肽段具有生物活性的可能性,当肽段的Peptide Ranker分数高于0.4时,则通常被认为具有生物活性[17]。依据肽段长度指标(长度介于2~20个氨基酸的肽段占肽段的比例)、Peptide Ranker评分指标(肽段Peptide Ranker分数高于0.4的肽段占肽段的比例)以及活性肽比例指标(同时符合上述两种指标的肽段占总肽段的比例),对不同蛋白酶的酶解产物进行分析,筛选出最佳蛋白酶。具体结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,在7种蛋白酶的模拟酶解产物中,Asp-N内肽酶产生的肽段中有76.92%的肽段长度为2~20个氨基酸,它是产生该长度肽段效率最高的酶。胰蛋白酶与之相当,2~20个氨基酸肽段的比例为74.76%。基于Peptide Ranker得分(>0.4),胰蛋白酶产生高于0.4阈值的肽段比例最高,占总肽段数的43.69%。综合肽段长度和Peptide Ranker得分(>0.4)指标,胰蛋白酶产生活性肽的比例最高,达35.92%。然而,其它6种酶的酶解产物中活性肽平均比例为24.99%,胰蛋白酶较它们的平均值高出10.93%。这表明胰蛋白酶在生物活性肽的挖掘方面具有显著的优势。徐嘉欣等[27]的研究表明,采用6种不同蛋白酶酶解珍珠层制备抗氧化肽,胰蛋白酶酶解制得的酶解液DPPH自由基清除率显著高于其他酶解液(P<0.05)。Lin等[28]对14种蛋白酶的模拟酶解产物进行神经保护活性预测,发现胰蛋白酶是产生神经保护肽百分比最高(85.29%)的蛋白酶。Wang等[29]使用胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、风味酶和中性酶对太平洋鲱鱼进行水解,发现胰蛋白酶产生的水解产物表现出最高的细胞抗氧化活性(49.21%),并从中鉴定出两条具有显著抗氧化活性的肽段,分别为LHDELT和KEEKFE。
虚拟筛选是一种快速、可靠、高效的生物活性肽筛选方法[30]。本研究借助抗冻蛋白/抗冻多肽CryoProtect数据库可以通过肽段的序列,预测肽段是否属于抗冻肽的特点。从胰蛋白酶模拟酶解产生的37条活性肽中筛选出31条抗冻肽。随后,对31条抗冻肽分别进行毒性、过敏性及水溶性预测,以期获得安全性、适用性和功能性上均表现良好的抗冻肽,筛选结果见表1。
利用ToxinPred数据库对31条抗冻肽进行毒性预测,结果表明,仅MCHPDWK肽段被预测出具有毒性,其余30条肽段均未显现出毒性。随后,采用Aller TOP数据库评估这31条抗冻肽进行致敏性预测,结果显示仅存在12条肽段无过敏性,可知鳕鱼胶原蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解后会产生较多致敏性肽段。考虑到多肽的水溶性是其在机体内转运分布的基础,是应用食品、生物及材料化学研究时的重要指标[31],并对这些肽段进行了水溶性测定,Innovagen数据库的预测结果显示,29条肽段的水溶性被判定为“好”。最终,获得11条兼具无毒、无过敏性及水溶性好的抗冻肽,长度由3~18个氨基酸组成,分子量小于2000 Da。通过与BIOPEP-UWM数据库对比,这些抗冻肽均为未被报道的新型抗冻肽。
基于肽段的氨基酸特征以及净电荷、等电点和亲水性等指标,对上述筛选获得的11条抗冻肽进行理化性质分析。如图2A所示,抗冻肽的氨基酸特征表现为:N端首个氨基酸(N1)和C端第三位氨基酸(C3)主要由Gly组成,占比均达55%,N第二位氨基酸(N2)则主要由27%的Pro、18%的Asp和Gly占据,C第二位氨基酸(C2)则主要由18%的Gly和Asp占据。N3主要由Arg、Ser、和Asp占据,占比分别为27%、18%和18%。C端首个氨基酸(C1)位置则由Arg或Lys占据,这是由于Arg或Lys是胰蛋白酶的切割位点所致。抗冻肽的活性可能与其N端和C端的Gly、Asp和Arg等亲水性氨基酸有关,这些氨基酸可与冰晶形成氢键,可使肽段吸附在冰晶上,阻碍冰晶的生长。此外,Pro和Ser等疏水性氨基酸可提供非极性环境,减少水分子的聚集,进一步抑制体系中冰晶的形成[32−33]。
分析可知,11条抗冻肽的N端和C端的氨基酸位置特征符合Gly-X1-X2(X代表任意氨基酸)序列结构,该结构对于源自胶原蛋白肽的抗冻活性至关重要[34]。江文婷等[35]从鱼源胶原蛋白分离出的含有Gly-X1-X2序列结构的GPR和GPAGGK抗冻肽,发现它们能够阻碍蛋白侧链聚集和结构的改变。Wang等[36]从鲨鱼胶原蛋白获得含有Gly-X1-X2序列结构的抗冻肽,对保加利亚乳杆菌有很好的低温保护活性,冷冻处理后存活率可达90.28%。
预测抗冻肽肽段的静电荷、等电点和平均亲水性(GRAVY)是解析其结构和功能关系的重要一步。由图2B可知,11条抗冻肽的净电荷为0或+1,说明带正电与带负电氨基酸的数量接近。结合图2C可知,存在7条抗冻肽等电点在6附近,4条抗冻肽大于8。即抗冻肽等电点大多小于7,表明其含有较多的酸性氨基酸[37]。而GRAVY值作为评估肽段疏水性的重要指标,当数值小于0时,可判定肽段为亲水性。如图2D所示,在11条抗冻肽中,有10条属于亲水性肽段,这一结果与Liu等[38]研究结果相似,进一步证实多数抗冻肽具有亲水性特征。
为了评估抗冻肽在外界环境中能否稳定发挥活性,本研究利用Expasy_protparam数据库对其稳定性进行了预测[39]。根据该数据库的判定标准,不稳定指数(Instability Index)小于40的肽段可被视为稳定的抗冻肽。此外,相关研究表明,含有6至14个氨基酸的肽段通常被认为是抗冻肽的理想长度[40]。基于上述标准,最终仅有AFP1(GGPGER)、AFP2(AGSSGPGGER)和AFP3(GPSGSSGSAGK)3条抗冻肽被选中,用于后续与冰晶的分子对接研究。结合能(Etotal)可用于评估受体与配体之间复合物的稳定性,较低的结合能值通常表示配体与受体之间的相互作用更为稳定[41]。氢键作为抗冻肽与冰晶结合的主要作用力,特异性地使其吸附在冰晶表面,并通过Kelvin效应有效抑制冰晶的生长[42−43]。抗冻肽AFP1、AFP2和AFP3与冰晶分子的Etotal值分别为−124.07、−130.45和−127.90 kcal/mol,与冰晶分子形成的氢键个数分别是2、7和2个。这表明,3条肽段与冰晶的相互作用是放热的,该过程是不可逆的,可以与冰晶之间形成稳定的相互作用。本研究综合结合能和与冰晶形成的氢键数,选择结合能最低和形成氢键最多的抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶进行作用机制分析。抗冻肽AFP2所在位置、AFP2分子模型及与冰晶对接结果见图3。
由图3可知,抗冻肽AFP2三维结构倾向于折叠成无规则卷曲。抗冻肽AFP2通过Gly、Ser、Pro多个氨基酸与冰晶形成7条氢键,其中Gly5、7、8与冰晶形成了5条氢键。Yang等[44]运用分子对接技术,深入探讨了抗冻肽与冰晶的相互作用机制,发现抗冻肽EGPRAGGAPG与冰晶形成的氢键中有一半是由Gly贡献的,而抗冻肽GEAGPAGPAG与冰晶形成的全部氢键均由Gly形成。由此可见,抗冻肽-冰晶体系中氢键主要由Gly贡献,Gly在抗冻肽与冰晶结合中起着重要作用。此外,Ser4与冰晶之间存在疏水作用力,即抗冻肽AFP2还可以通过疏水作用力与冰晶相互作用[45]。李军等[46]发现抗冻肽(KAADSFNHKAF)吸附到冰晶表面抑制其生长,通过疏水作用阻止周围的水分子靠近冰面,改变冰面的曲率从而抑制了水的结冰。由此可见,抗冻肽AFP2通过吸附-抑制机制实现其冷冻保护功能:抗冻肽AFP2通过氢键作用吸附于冰晶表面,并借助疏水作用力形成的空间位阻效应阻碍水分子向冰晶界面迁移,从而抑制冰晶的形成与生长,实现高效的抗冻保护作用。
本研究运用分子动力学模拟技术,模拟抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶的相互作用过程,并通过分析均方根偏差(root mean square deviation,RMSD)和回旋半径(radius of gyration,Rg)探究抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶的构象变化和结构的稳定性[47]。结果如图4所示。
RMSD值可衡量分子在动力学模拟过程中,相对于初始结构位置的平均原子位移,进而反映其整体构象的稳定性[48]。图4A所示,在50 ns模拟过程中,0~10 ns内RMSD值呈快速上升趋势,表明抗冻肽在与冰晶结合时进行了构象调整。随后,在10~50 ns内RMSD值在0.60~0.88 nm范围内波动,表明抗冻肽AFP2与冰晶的结合构象趋于动态平衡。RMSD值先上升后趋于稳定的趋势表明,抗冻肽AFP2在与冰晶结合后逐渐达到稳定状态,其构象调整主要集中在结合初期,而在结合后期表现出较高的结构稳定性。Rg是所有原子到分子质心距离的平方平均值的平方根,用于描述分子三维结构紧凑性程度,Rg值越小,表明分子结构越紧密[49]。由图4B可知,在模拟初期0~10 ns内,Rg值由1.01 nm快速下降至0.58 nm,表明抗冻肽AFP2在与冰晶的结合过程中,三维结构逐渐收缩。这可能是由于抗冻肽AFP2中Gly、Ser和Pro等残基与冰晶形成稳定的氢键,限制了分子链的伸展,同时疏水性残基向内部聚集,进而降低了Rg值。随后在10~50 ns内,Rg值逐渐稳定在0.60 nm左右,表明抗冻肽AFP2的空间结构折叠紧密,这使其更有利于其在狭小的冰晶缝隙中吸附。
综上所述,通过对RMSD和Rg的动态分析可知,抗冻肽AFP2在与冰晶作用过程中,通过调节自身构象紧凑性以提升与冰晶结合的稳定性,促使其更有效地吸附于冰晶表面。抗冻肽AFP2通过这种稳定的吸附,改变周围冰面的曲率,使得局部冰点温度降低,达到抑制冰晶重结晶的目的。
随后,对抗冻肽AFP2(AGSSGPGGER)进行了固相合成,结果见图5和图6。HPLC图谱显示,主峰尖锐且基线分离良好,峰面积为95.29%,即合成肽的纯度大于95%。质谱图显示,双电荷离子峰的质核比为437.85 Da,即其实际相对分子质量为873.70 Da,与该肽段的理论分子量873.88 Da高度吻合。综上,通过固相合成成功获得高纯度的抗冻肽AFP2。
THA反映的是抗冻肽在不改变熔点的情况下,显著降低溶液凝固点的能力,可作为评价抗冻肽活性强弱的指标[50]。本研究以BSA为对照,采用差示扫描量热法对抗冻肽AFP2的THA及其在冻融过程中冰晶的含量进行分析。
DSC热流曲线分析显示(图7),BSA和抗冻肽AFP2分别在−4.2 ℃和−5.4 ℃处呈现结晶峰,而抗冻肽AFP2表现出更明显的相变温度滞后现象,可知抗冻肽AFP2体系的凝固点被延迟,经计算BSA的THA为0.2 ℃,而抗冻肽AFP2的THA达到0.9 ℃(表2)。根据抗冻活性特性,抗冻肽的THA大于0.6 ℃则具有高抗冻活性[51],因此抗冻肽AFP2可被归类为高活性抗冻肽。此外,抗冻肽AFP2仍展现出良好的抑制冰晶生长特性,由表2可知,含有抗冻肽AFP2的体系中冰晶含量($ \varphi $)为12.29%,仅为BSA体系中冰晶含量(43.04%)的1/3,抗冻肽AFP2的体系中的冰晶含量较BSA体系中明显偏低。这可能与抗冻肽AFP2中Gly-X1-X2三肽重复序列有关,三肽重复序列赋予其高柔性分子结构,增强其与冰晶界面的结合能力,从而利于破坏冰核中水分子的有序结构,进而减少冰晶的形成和生长。可知,抗冻肽AFP2是一条高活性的抗冻肽,可作为一种优良的抗冻剂。
本研究通过计算机辅助模拟酶解鳕鱼胶原蛋白,首先,从模拟Peptide Cutter提供的39种蛋白酶中确定了胰蛋白酶是产生活性肽最适的蛋白酶。并进一步借助CryoProtect、Toxin Pred等多个数据库,从37条活性肽中筛选出11条无毒、无过敏性且水溶性良好的抗冻肽。接着,基于肽段的稳定性、长度指标及分子对接结果,选择探究抗冻肽AFP2(AGSSGPGGER)与冰晶的作用机制。分子对接和分子动力学模拟结果显示:抗冻肽AFP2主要由Gly与冰晶形成氢键,并调整自身构象增强与冰晶结合;利用疏水作用力改变冰面的曲率,降低水的结晶温度,实现抑制冰晶重结晶目的。最后,热滞活性实验证实,抗冻肽AFP2 THA达0.9 ℃,其冻融过程中冰晶含量仅为12.29%,与无抗冻活性的牛血清蛋白冻融体系相比,冰晶含量减少30.75%,表明抗冻肽AFP2是一条高活性的抗冻肽。综上,本研究利用分子模拟技术从鳕鱼胶原蛋白中成功获得一条抗冻肽,为实现鱼源废弃物高值化利用及天然抗冻剂的开发提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030342
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1天津科技大学海洋与环境学院,天津 300457
    2海洋资源化学与食品技术教育部重点实验室,天津 300457

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刘洪艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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