Article(id=1320888845994930263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854041812, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854041812, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854041812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854041812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888846183673944, articleId=1320888845994930263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Revealing the Effect of Different Sterilization Methods on the Quality of 'Hong yang' Kiwifruit Juice Based on OPLS-DA, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different sterilization methods on the quality of kiwifruit juice. In this study, 'Hong yang' kiwifruit was used as raw material, and significance analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to evaluate the impacts of various sterilization treatments on several quality attributes of kiwifruit juice, including conventional physicochemical properties, color, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C (VC) content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that thermal sterilization, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) sterilization and food irradiation (FI) exhibited significantly different effects on the quality of kiwifruit juice. Among them, HHP sterilization achieved the optimal sterilization effect, which exerted positive effects on maintaining color stability and VC content, improving the contents of functional active components and the antioxidant activity of kiwifruit juice. The three thermal sterilization methods had significant differences in their impacts on lactic acid content, citric acid content and VC content of kiwifruit juice, while no significant difference was found in the influence on malic acid content. Thermal sterilization treatments could increase the contents of sucrose, total polyphenols and total flavonoids in kiwifruit juice, whereas the high-temperature short-time (HTST) sterilization group showed a decrease in fructose content. Food irradiation had the most significant impact on juice quality, which caused obvious color deterioration and a significant loss of VC, the main active component, in kiwifruit juice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific selection of sterilization technologies for kiwifruit juice production.

, authors=Zhe HE1, Ke LI2, Cuiping PAN2, Huaiyu YUAN2, Yuhan YANG2, Kehan LI1, Fei YANG3, Ying LIU2, Yiyue WANG2, Huajia LI2, Qinqin MA1, *, authorsList=Zhe HE, Ke LI, Cuiping PAN, Huaiyu YUAN, Yuhan YANG, Kehan LI, Fei YANG, Ying LIU, Yiyue WANG, Huajia LI, Qinqin MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qinqin MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888848100470891, articleId=1320888845994930263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于OPLS-DA解析不同杀菌方式对‘红阳’猕猴桃果汁品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解不同杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁品质的影响。本文以‘红阳’猕猴桃为原料,采用显著性分析和OPLS-DA分析比较了不同杀菌方式处理对猕猴桃果汁常规理化、色泽、多酚、黄酮、VC及抗氧化活性等品质影响。结果表明:热杀菌、超高压灭菌(High hydrostatic pressure,HHP)与辐照杀菌(Food irradiation,FI)对猕猴桃果汁品质影响差异显著;其中,超高压灭菌猕猴桃果汁的灭菌效果最佳,对保持色泽稳定和VC含量,提高功能活性成分及抗氧化活性方面均有积极影响。三种热杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁的乳酸含量、柠檬酸含量、VC含量等影响具有显著性差异,对苹果酸影响没有显著差异,通过热杀菌处理可提高蔗糖、总多酚、总黄酮含量,HTST组降低了果糖含量。辐照杀菌对果汁品质影响最大,辐照杀菌导致猕猴桃果汁发生明显的色泽劣变和主要活性成分VC的损失。该研究为科学选择猕猴桃果汁灭菌工艺提供了理论依据。

, authors=何哲1, 李可2, 潘翠萍2, 袁怀瑜2, 杨雨函2, 李克韩1, 杨飞3, 刘莹2, 王艺月2, 李华佳2, 马沁沁1, *, authorsList=何哲, 李可, 潘翠萍, 袁怀瑜, 杨雨函, 李克韩, 杨飞, 刘莹, 王艺月, 李华佳, 马沁沁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马沁沁, authorNote=

何哲(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马沁沁(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:资源微生物学,E-mail:。
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 67(43): 12144−12152., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888869181043008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=111, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yicai, LIN Qinbao, ZHONG Huaining, et al. Identification and source analysis of volatile flavor compounds in paper packaged yogurt by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 34: 100947., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888869248151873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=112, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Juan, XU Yuxia, DU Wenbin, et al. Comparative analysis of aroma compounds in Chinese traditional dry-rendered fat by HS/GC-IMS, SPME/GC-MS, and SPME/GC-O[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2022, 107: 104378., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888869319455042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=113, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI C, AL-DALALI S, WANG Z P, et al. Investigation of volatile flavor compounds and characterization of aroma-active compounds of water-boiled salted duck using GC-MS-O, GC-IMS, and E-nose[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图6同。

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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Different sterilization treatment conditions of kiwifruit juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号杀菌条件
PA62 ℃,30 min
PB80 ℃,15 min
HTST100 ℃,5 min
LI低剂量辐照,0.75 kGy
MI中剂量辐照,1.5 kGy
HI高剂量辐照,3.0 kGy
LHP100 MPa,5 min
MHP300 MPa,5 min
HHP500 MPa,5 min
CK未杀菌,空白对照
), ArticleFig(id=1320888858686894282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

猕猴桃果汁不同杀菌处理条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号杀菌条件
PA62 ℃,30 min
PB80 ℃,15 min
HTST100 ℃,5 min
LI低剂量辐照,0.75 kGy
MI中剂量辐照,1.5 kGy
HI高剂量辐照,3.0 kGy
LHP100 MPa,5 min
MHP300 MPa,5 min
HHP500 MPa,5 min
CK未杀菌,空白对照
), ArticleFig(id=1320888858762391755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curve equation for organic acid references

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸回归方程决定系数(R²)
酒石酸(Tartaric acid)y=1393x−3.560.9994
奎尼酸(Quinic acid)y=58.7x−0.470.9998
柠檬酸(Citric acid)y=1020.5x−1.430.9992
苹果酸(Malic acid)y=792.97x−50.9999
琥珀酸(Succinic acid)y=578.63x−4.020.9992
乙酸(Acetic acid)y=540x−5.990.9995
乳酸(Lactic acid)y=737.54x−3.250.9992
), ArticleFig(id=1320888858846277836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有机酸对照品标准曲线方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸回归方程决定系数(R²)
酒石酸(Tartaric acid)y=1393x−3.560.9994
奎尼酸(Quinic acid)y=58.7x−0.470.9998
柠檬酸(Citric acid)y=1020.5x−1.430.9992
苹果酸(Malic acid)y=792.97x−50.9999
琥珀酸(Succinic acid)y=578.63x−4.020.9992
乙酸(Acetic acid)y=540x−5.990.9995
乳酸(Lactic acid)y=737.54x−3.250.9992
), ArticleFig(id=1320888859114713293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different modes of sterilization on the total number of colonies, mold and yeast counts of kiwifruit juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式微生物指标[lg(CFU/mL)]
菌落总数霉菌和酵母总数
CK3.58±0.093.21±0.04
PANDND
PBNDND
HTSTNDND
LI3.26±0.032.71±0.01
MI2.48±0.032.07±0.07
HINDND
LHP2.23±0.232.75±0.02
MHP1.85±0.36ND
HHPNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1320888859206987982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁菌落总数、霉菌和酵母总数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式微生物指标[lg(CFU/mL)]
菌落总数霉菌和酵母总数
CK3.58±0.093.21±0.04
PANDND
PBNDND
HTSTNDND
LI3.26±0.032.71±0.01
MI2.48±0.032.07±0.07
HINDND
LHP2.23±0.232.75±0.02
MHP1.85±0.36ND
HHPNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1320888859307651279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different sterilization methods on the color of kiwifruit juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式色泽
L*a*b*C*ΔE
CK35.521±0.004d17.456±0.018f16.523±.015f24.037±0.03e−
PA34.580±0.003b14.383±0.004d12.120±0.012b18.807±0.009c5.451±0.015b
PB34.571±0.011b14.329±0.012c12.193±0.007c18.807±0.003c5.433±0.005b
HTST34.375±0.014a13.694±0.023b12.046±0.003a18.247±0.012b5.947±0.019c
HI43.985±0.018e0.983±0.019a15.766±0.037e15.663±0.097a18.551±0.009d
HHP35.193±0.014c16.950±0.038e15.476±0.012d22.957±0.019d1.219±0.027a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888859378954448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845994930263, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式色泽
L*a*b*C*ΔE
CK35.521±0.004d17.456±0.018f16.523±.015f24.037±0.03e−
PA34.580±0.003b14.383±0.004d12.120±0.012b18.807±0.009c5.451±0.015b
PB34.571±0.011b14.329±0.012c12.193±0.007c18.807±0.003c5.433±0.005b
HTST34.375±0.014a13.694±0.023b12.046±0.003a18.247±0.012b5.947±0.019c
HI43.985±0.018e0.983±0.019a15.766±0.037e15.663±0.097a18.551±0.009d
HHP35.193±0.014c16.950±0.038e15.476±0.012d22.957±0.019d1.219±0.027a
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基于OPLS-DA解析不同杀菌方式对‘红阳’猕猴桃果汁品质的影响
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何哲 1 , 李可 2 , 潘翠萍 2 , 袁怀瑜 2 , 杨雨函 2 , 李克韩 1 , 杨飞 3 , 刘莹 2 , 王艺月 2 , 李华佳 2 , 马沁沁 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 61-71
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 61 -71
基于OPLS-DA解析不同杀菌方式对‘红阳’猕猴桃果汁品质的影响
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何哲1 , 李可2, 潘翠萍2, 袁怀瑜2, 杨雨函2, 李克韩1, 杨飞3, 刘莹2, 王艺月2, 李华佳2, 马沁沁1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101
  • 2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610000
  • 3沃丰生态农业有限责任公司,四川雅安 625400
通讯作者:
马沁沁(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:资源微生物学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

何哲(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Revealing the Effect of Different Sterilization Methods on the Quality of 'Hong yang' Kiwifruit Juice Based on OPLS-DA
Zhe HE1 , Ke LI2, Cuiping PAN2, Huaiyu YUAN2, Yuhan YANG2, Kehan LI1, Fei YANG3, Ying LIU2, Yiyue WANG2, Huajia LI2, Qinqin MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Chengdu 610000, China
  • 3Wofeng Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd., Ya'an 625400, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020122
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为了解不同杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁品质的影响。本文以‘红阳’猕猴桃为原料,采用显著性分析和OPLS-DA分析比较了不同杀菌方式处理对猕猴桃果汁常规理化、色泽、多酚、黄酮、VC及抗氧化活性等品质影响。结果表明:热杀菌、超高压灭菌(High hydrostatic pressure,HHP)与辐照杀菌(Food irradiation,FI)对猕猴桃果汁品质影响差异显著;其中,超高压灭菌猕猴桃果汁的灭菌效果最佳,对保持色泽稳定和VC含量,提高功能活性成分及抗氧化活性方面均有积极影响。三种热杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁的乳酸含量、柠檬酸含量、VC含量等影响具有显著性差异,对苹果酸影响没有显著差异,通过热杀菌处理可提高蔗糖、总多酚、总黄酮含量,HTST组降低了果糖含量。辐照杀菌对果汁品质影响最大,辐照杀菌导致猕猴桃果汁发生明显的色泽劣变和主要活性成分VC的损失。该研究为科学选择猕猴桃果汁灭菌工艺提供了理论依据。

‘红阳’猕猴桃  /  果汁  /  杀菌方式  /  品质  /  OPLS-DA

To investigate the effects of different sterilization methods on the quality of kiwifruit juice. In this study, 'Hong yang' kiwifruit was used as raw material, and significance analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to evaluate the impacts of various sterilization treatments on several quality attributes of kiwifruit juice, including conventional physicochemical properties, color, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C (VC) content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that thermal sterilization, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) sterilization and food irradiation (FI) exhibited significantly different effects on the quality of kiwifruit juice. Among them, HHP sterilization achieved the optimal sterilization effect, which exerted positive effects on maintaining color stability and VC content, improving the contents of functional active components and the antioxidant activity of kiwifruit juice. The three thermal sterilization methods had significant differences in their impacts on lactic acid content, citric acid content and VC content of kiwifruit juice, while no significant difference was found in the influence on malic acid content. Thermal sterilization treatments could increase the contents of sucrose, total polyphenols and total flavonoids in kiwifruit juice, whereas the high-temperature short-time (HTST) sterilization group showed a decrease in fructose content. Food irradiation had the most significant impact on juice quality, which caused obvious color deterioration and a significant loss of VC, the main active component, in kiwifruit juice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific selection of sterilization technologies for kiwifruit juice production.

'Hong yang' kiwifruit  /  fruit juice  /  sterilization method  /  quality  /  OPLS-DA
何哲, 李可, 潘翠萍, 袁怀瑜, 杨雨函, 李克韩, 杨飞, 刘莹, 王艺月, 李华佳, 马沁沁. 基于OPLS-DA解析不同杀菌方式对‘红阳’猕猴桃果汁品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020122
Zhe HE, Ke LI, Cuiping PAN, Huaiyu YUAN, Yuhan YANG, Kehan LI, Fei YANG, Ying LIU, Yiyue WANG, Huajia LI, Qinqin MA. Revealing the Effect of Different Sterilization Methods on the Quality of 'Hong yang' Kiwifruit Juice Based on OPLS-DA[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020122
猕猴桃属于猕猴桃科、猕猴桃属多年生落叶藤本植物,果肉细腻多汁,酸甜可口,且含有丰富的矿物质、维生素等营养物质以及VC、多酚、花青素、多糖等功能活性成分[1−3],具有促进消化、增强免疫力和提高代谢等多种生理功能[2,4−7]。我国是猕猴桃原产国,栽培面积和产量均居世界第一。近年来,随着栽培和管理技术的改进,我国猕猴桃产量得到较大提升,2022年总产量高达238万吨。猕猴桃产业的发展也带动了精深加工产业的发展,精深加工水平还需进一步提升[8−9]。其中,猕猴桃果汁由于其加工便捷、口感好、营养丰富,成为猕猴桃精深加工的主要方向之一[10−11]。猕猴桃果汁营养丰富,在加工和贮藏过程中会受到内源酶、微生物等的影响,使其感官、营养发生劣变以及安全性受到威胁[12−14],因此杀菌处理成为果蔬汁加工的必需环节。
果汁灭菌方式主要分为热杀菌和非热杀菌两大类[15−16],热杀菌包括巴氏杀菌、高温杀菌和超高温瞬时杀菌[17−18]等,是目前使用最为普遍的灭菌方式。然而,猕猴桃果汁中含有热敏性物质,许多研究均表明受热过程会造成果汁色泽、营养物质、功能活性成分及香气感官等发生劣变[19−23]。随着人们对果汁类产品新鲜感官和营养要求不断提高,人们更倾向于采用非热杀菌技术如超高压杀菌、辐射杀菌、紫外杀菌、高压电场脉冲杀菌、臭氧杀菌等[24−27],达到灭菌保鲜效果。非热杀菌技术能够使果蔬汁具有较好的色泽、稳定性和安全性,还能够较好地保持甚至改善其风味及营养价值。牛慧慧等[28]分析比较了超高压灭菌、巴氏杀菌和高温短时杀菌对百香果汁感官和营养品质影响,结果表明,热杀菌对百香果中热敏物质VC、类胡萝卜素及抗氧化活性等均有显著影响,同时还会对风味带来不良影响,而超高压灭菌则可最大限度保留百香果的风味、色泽和抗氧化活性物质。此外,超高压灭菌还可促进果汁中风味物质的释放,改善果汁的香气特征。方亮[29]研究表明,400 MPa超高压处理在达到灭菌效果的同时可使猕猴桃果汁中过氧化物酶活力显著下降,有效抑制猕猴桃果汁氧化褐变,保持猕猴桃果汁中的天然营养成分如还原糖、VC、氨基酸等稳定。黄若涵等[30]比较了热杀菌和辐照杀菌对高浓度CO2胁迫预处理苹果汁营养品质、感官品质和抑菌效果的影响,结果表明相较于巴氏杀菌,电子束辐照更有利于酚类物质的保留,可以有效保持果汁色泽,降低其褐变度,同时更有利于香气的保留。但由于不同灭菌技术作用机制不同,根据果汁样品的类型及其生物活性成分,不同的加工方法具有不同的效果。然而,不同灭菌方式对猕猴桃果汁影响尚不清晰。
因此,本研究以四川省特色猕猴桃品种‘红阳’为试材,分析比较三种热杀菌处理(PA:62 ℃,30 min;PB:80 ℃,15 min;HTST:100 ℃,5 min)及辐照杀菌、超高压灭菌对猕猴桃果汁品质的影响,以期为猕猴桃果汁加工提供科学参考。
‘红阳’猕猴桃 2020年9月中旬采摘自四川省成都市浦江产区;总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)试剂盒、总抗氧化能力(ABTS法)试剂盒、总抗氧化能力(DPPH法)试剂盒 苏州科铭生物技术有限公司;酚酞、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、偏磷酸、甲醇、乙醇 均为分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;琥珀酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、奎尼酸、苹果酸、乙酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、没食子酸、芦丁 色谱纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;MRS培养基、MRS肉汤培养基、孟加拉红培养基 北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司。
GGI100DS型高压蒸汽杀菌锅 致微(厦门)仪器有限公司;MDF-86V340E型医用低温保存箱 安徽中科都菱商用电器股份有限公司;SW-CJ-2FD双人单面净化工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;TD5A型低速离心机 河南北宏实业有限公司;DHP-9082型电热恒温培养箱 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;Synergy HTX型多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;FA2014N型电子天平 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;HH-8型数显恒温水浴锅 江苏金坛市金城国胜实验仪器厂;CHROMA METEA CR-400型色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;PHS-3C型pH计 上海雷磁公司;安捷伦1260 HPLC 系统 美国安捷伦技术公司;60Co-γ射线辐照装置 四川省农业科学院生物技术核技术研究所辐照中心。
将软熟的‘红阳’猕猴桃果子置于−20 ℃冷冻24 h,沸水热激后去除果皮。冰温条件下手工破碎制浆,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液备用。根据前期预实验结果,按照表1条件对猕猴桃果汁进行杀菌处理[12,29,31−33],每个处理做3次平行。
猕猴桃果汁灭菌后的微生物计数方法参考GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》进行。
pH采用PHS-3C型pH计测定。
取果实两端制备果汁,混合均匀后移取1 mL果汁,加入50 mL蒸馏水稀释,使用全自动电位滴定仪进行测定,以浓度为1 mol/L的NaOH标准溶液进行滴定,滴定终点为pH8.2。最终,总酸含量以柠檬酸当量计,结果表示为%[34]。
L*、a*、b*颜色参数使用CR-400色差仪进行测定。各组之间的差异以色差(ΔE)来说明。彩度值C*值和ΔE计算公式如下:
$ C^* =\sqrt{(a^{*2}+b^{*2})}$
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{(\Delta L)^{\text{2}}+(\Delta a)^{\text{2}}+(\Delta b)^{\text{2}}} $
式中:ΔL=L*样品−L*CK(明度差异),ΔL为正表示偏白,为负表示偏黑;Δa=a*样品−a*CK(红绿差异),Δa为正表示偏红,为负表示偏绿;Δb=b*样品−b*CK(黄蓝差异),Δb为正表示偏黄,为负表示偏蓝。
采用HPLC测定[35],猕猴桃果汁取0.2 g,稀释200倍后过0.22 µm微孔滤膜后备用。标准溶液的配制:分别称取0.1000 g葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖,用超纯水定容至100 mL,配制成1 mg/mL的混合糖标准储备液,再依次稀释成5、10、20、50、100 µg/mL的标准使用液,经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后备用。
葡萄糖标曲:y=2727.4x1.569,R2=0.9999
蔗糖标曲:y=0.003x0.6913,R2=0.9998
果糖标曲:y=0.011x0.578,R2=0.9998
HPLC条件:色谱柱:Aminex/Hiplex-Ca分析柱(300×7.8 mm);流动相:超纯水;流速:0.6 mL/min;进样量:20 µL;柱温80 ℃。蒸发光检测器条件:氮气流速:2 mL/min;漂移管温度:60 ℃;蒸发管温度:80 ℃。
有机酸采用HPLC测定[35],猕猴桃果汁取0.2 g,稀释20倍后过0.22 µm微孔滤膜后备用。标准溶液的配制:分别称取0.1000 g琥珀酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、奎尼酸、苹果酸和乙酸,用超纯水定容至100 mL,配制成1 mg/mL的混合酸标准储备液,再依次稀释成5、10、20、50、100 µg/mL的标准使用液,经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后备用。HPLC条件:色谱柱:美国伯乐 Aminex HPX-87H(300 mm×7.8 mm);流动相:0.005 mol/L H2SO4;流速:0.6 mL/min;紫外检测波长:210 nm;进样量:10 µL;柱温30 ℃。标准曲线方程见表2。
采用HPLC测定[19],每组样品取200 µL果汁,加入1.8 mL 0.1%偏磷酸,振荡5 min,8000 r/min离心5 min后取上清液经0.22 µm微孔滤膜过滤后备用。HPLC条件:ZORBAX-SB C18型色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 µm);流动相:0.1%偏磷酸:甲醇=96:4(V/V);流速:1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长:243 nm;柱温:30 ℃;进样量:10 µL。
猕猴桃果汁总酚含量采用福林酚法测定[20]。取200 µL果汁样品,加入2 mL福林酚试剂,再加入2 mL 75 g/L的无水碳酸钠混匀,25 ℃保温40 min,760 nm处测定吸光度。以没食子酸为标品绘制标准曲线(y=0.083x+0.0717,R2=0.9994),总酚含量通过标准曲线计算得出。
黄酮含量采用AlCl3显色法测定,在王华等[36]方法的基础上略作修改。1 mL样品加入300 µL亚硝酸钠(5 g/100 mL)和4 mL蒸馏水混匀,5 min后加入1 mL三氯化铝(10 g/100 mL),混匀放置5 min,加入2 mL(4 g/100 mL)的NaOH和2.4 mL的蒸馏水,25 ℃条件下振荡混匀2 min,10 min后在510 nm处测定吸光度,以芦丁为标品绘制标准曲线(y=0.0451x+0.0902,R2=0.9999),通过标准曲线计算出黄酮含量。
猕猴桃果汁总抗氧化活性按照抗氧化试剂盒(DPPH法、ABTS法、FRAP法)说明书进行测定。
每个样品做三个平行,使用SPPS 12.0软件进行数据分析,结果以平均值±标准差表示。图片使用Origin 8.5软件和SIMCA 14.1绘制。
评价灭菌方式能否达到有效灭菌效果通常用菌落数来表示。本实验选用不同杀菌条件巴氏杀菌法、60Co-γ射线辐照杀菌法、超高压杀菌法处理猕猴桃果汁,其微生物指标变化实验结果见表3。由表可知,通过统计样品中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数量发现,PA、PB、HTST、HI、HHP五种杀菌方式的微生物致死效果显著,达到了100%杀灭率。因此,后续实验只针对PA、PB、HTST、HI、HHP和CK组进行分析。
pH和总酸是反映红阳猕猴桃果汁品质重要的理化指标,不仅影响果汁的口感,同时也因其对花青素稳定性有较大影响从而影响果汁的色泽品质[37]。五种杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁pH和总酸含量的影响见图1。不同灭菌方式灭菌后果汁中总酸含量均有所降低,但与CK相比无显著差异(P>0.05),说明以上五种灭菌方式对猕猴桃果汁总酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。张欣等[12]研究表明巴氏杀菌和超高压灭菌对刺梨汁总酸含量无显著影响,其结果与本文研究一致。热杀菌和超高压杀菌能够破坏果肉细胞壁,导致细胞内多种物质被释放到果汁中(如多种有机酸和水解酶等),这些物质都能够影响果汁的pH。在本研究中热杀菌和超高压杀菌均会降低果汁的pH,其中,HHP灭菌对猕猴桃果汁pH无显著影响(P>0.05),研究结果与方亮等[38]一致。热处理显著降低了果汁pH,而高瑞萍等[22]、刘志成等[39]发现热杀菌对橙汁和猴头菇山药复合饮料的pH无显著影响(P>0.05),由此可以看出,这种不同的灭菌方式可能与果汁基质有关。本文发现辐照杀菌能够提升猕猴桃果汁的pH,有研究表明相较于CK处理,辐照杀菌导致pH升高,推测是因为电离辐射会破坏有机酸(如柠檬酸)的分子结构,导致其水解为中性或碱性物质,使得pH升高,该研究与黄若涵等[30]研究一致。
色泽是果汁感官评价的重要指标[40]。色泽一般用L*、a*、b*表示,L*值表示明亮度,范围在0~100之间,值越大说明偏向白色,越小表示偏向黑色。a*值表示红绿色值,正数表示红色,值越大红色越深,负数表示绿色,值越小绿色越深。b*表示黄蓝色值,正数表示黄色,值越大黄色越深,负数表示蓝色,值越小蓝色越深。‘红阳’猕猴桃为黄肉红心品种,果肉中因富含花青素使果汁呈现出诱人的红色。但花青素是一种不稳定的物质,加工过程中高温、辐照以及强光等外部因素均会导致其发生氧化或分解,影响猕猴桃果汁的色泽。本实验比较了三种热杀菌方式、辐照和超高压灭菌方式对猕猴桃果汁色泽的影响。从表4可以看出:不同杀菌方式与CK相比,其L*、a*、b*值均呈现显著性差异(P<0.05)。除了HI组L*显著高于CK组以外,其它处理组的L*、a*和b*值均显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。产生这种差异的原因可能是辐照处理加剧果汁中的非酶促褐变反应,从而导致a*和b*低于CK组[41]。在热杀菌处理中花青素受热不稳定而分解,影响果汁色泽;或发生美拉德反应、焦糖化反应生成类黑精等深色物质,降低明度。说明不同灭菌方式都使得‘红阳’猕猴桃果汁颜色发生变化,其中HI处理的颜色变化最为显著。C*值是彩度值,用于定量描述样品颜色的纯度、鲜艳度或饱和度,它代表了颜色点在a*-b*色度平面上距离中心原点(中性灰点,a*=0,b*=0)的径向距离,C*值越高,代表该样品的颜色越鲜艳、越纯正、饱和度越高,C*值越低,代表颜色越暗淡、越浑浊、越接近灰色。不同杀菌方式处理组中,HI组C*值最小,HHP组最大。ΔE表示颜色总体的差异,在0~2之间表示色差基本不能被肉眼分辨清楚,ΔE在5以上则表示两种物质的色差非常明显且可以通过肉眼分辨出来,在视觉上可以认为是两种颜色。结果表示,HHP组的ΔE值最小为1.219±0.027,从感官上与CK组之间无区别,三种热杀菌方式对色泽影响居中,ΔE值均在5~6之间,彼此之间颜色较为接近,在感官上难以很好区分。而HI组ΔE值最大为18.551±0.009,属于不同色调范围,已转变为绿色色调。辐照杀菌对猕猴桃果汁色泽的影响主要是由于高能辐照导致果汁中的花青素等天然色素发生降解,使得HI组的a*值发生明显的降低,感官上表现为辐照灭菌的果汁颜色呈现黄褐色。
糖是影响猕猴桃果汁味道的重要呈味物质,对猕猴桃果汁的最终风味起很大作用[42]。水果中的糖不仅作为风味成分,同时是维生素、色素和芳香化合物等物质合成的前体或基础,也是植物生命活动包括果实生长发育的基础物质[43]。通过HPLC法对不同杀菌方式处理后的果汁进行分析。根据图2可知,猕猴桃果实中的糖主要是蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,其中果糖在猕猴桃果实中的含量最多,其次为葡萄糖。PA、PB、HTST、HI、HHP五组与对照组CK相比,PA、PB处理可显著提高果汁中蔗糖含量(P<0.05),HI组蔗糖含量则显著降低(P<0.05),HHP处理组主要表现为可显著提高果汁中葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),其余各组蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖均与CK组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),说明以上不同灭菌方式可在一定程度上影响果汁中糖的组成,但整体影响不大。分析其原因,可能是热杀菌会使蔗糖水解酶失活,从而导致蔗糖消耗降低;电离辐射会导致羟基醛酮氧化,导致糖类物质减少[41];超高压处理会破碎细胞,大量葡萄糖或多糖流出,多糖又会被水解酶分解成葡萄糖,导致葡萄糖含量上升。张欣等[12]和王凤玲等[32]研究结果也表明,不同灭菌方式对刺梨汁、鲜榨复配果汁中甜味物质影响均较小。
有机酸是猕猴桃果实中主要的呈酸物质,不同种类有机酸的酸度和口感也各不相同[31,44–45]。从图3中可以看出,PA、PB、HTST热杀菌组与对照组CK相比柠檬酸、乳酸和酒石酸含量有显著性差异(P<0.05),呈下降趋势;奎尼酸含量显著性上升(P<0.05)(HTST除外,其灭菌时间短,对果汁有机酸含量影响较小),对苹果酸含量没有影响。在热杀菌处理方式中,乳酸含量随温度的升高而降低,是因为在热杀菌的过程中,乳酸会受热分解成乙醛、乙酸、丙酮等小分子物质。HI组与对照组CK相比柠檬酸、酒石酸、乳酸含量呈显著性下降趋势(P<0.05),苹果酸、奎尼酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。辐照灭菌的影响主要是其产生的羟基自由基直接攻击有机酸分子,使其发生降解(如柠檬酸、酒石酸、乳酸),而苹果酸结构稳定、奎尼酸疏水性强,因此不会受到影响。与对照组CK相比,HHP组的柠檬酸、酒石酸、奎尼酸、乳酸含量均显著性下降(P<0.05),苹果酸含量则无显著差异(P>0.05)。朱奕婷等[33]、张琦婧[46]研究发现热杀菌可导致胡柚汁和诺丽果汁总酸和有机酸的降低,吕欣然等[41]也发现辐照杀菌可降低黑果腺肋花楸果汁总酸的含量。
维生素C具有很强的还原性,能有效地清除自由基,抑制猕猴桃果汁褐变且与猕猴桃果汁的抗氧化活性密切相关,是评价猕猴桃果汁营养价值的一个重要指标[47]。不同杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁维生素C的影响如图4所示,PA、PB、HHP处理对猕猴桃果汁维生素含量的影响均不显著(P>0.05),HTST处理组中的VC含量显著增加(P<0.05)。张琦婧[46]、任书凝等[48]研究发现HHP对果汁中VC无显著影响,而热处理会导致果汁中VC含量减少。但本研究中,只有HTST组VC含量上升,是因为猕猴桃中天然存在的抗坏血酸氧化酶受高温迅速失活,切断了VC的酶促降解途径。辐照杀菌对猕猴桃果汁中VC影响最为显著(P<0.05),分析其原因是VC在有氧条件下可转化为脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA),DHA进一步降解为二酮古洛酸(DKGA),辐照可以加快VC向DHA的转化速度[49–50]。张欣等[12]研究发现辐照灭菌会使果汁VC含量降低而超高压处理对果汁VC含量的影响不大,与本文研究结果一致。
多酚、黄酮类化合物广泛存在于天然植物中,具有抗癌、抗炎、保肝、抗菌、神经保护、抗肥胖等多种功能[51],果蔬中的多酚和黄酮类物质具有一定的抗氧化能力,有助于维护果蔬汁原本的色泽和风味[5,52]。本实验探讨了多酚、黄酮类化合物在不同灭菌方式灭菌之后的变化情况。结果如图5所示,热杀菌和超高压杀菌处理的猕猴桃果汁较CK组总酚含量显著上升(P<0.05),辐照灭菌组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。PA、PB、HIST组总黄酮含量上升显著(P<0.05),HI组和HHP组总黄酮含量相较于CK组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。结果显示,热杀菌组的多酚、黄酮含量高于冷杀菌组,分析其原因可能是热杀菌使得猕猴桃果肉细胞中的多酚、黄酮类物质释放出来,造成其含量的上升[53];另外高温将导致多酚氧化酶失活和不耐热的多聚化合物受热水解成单体[54–55]。有研究表明,巴氏杀菌会造成多种果汁(杨桃、西瓜、荔枝等)中抗氧化物质的上升[19]。孙曙光等[56]、张琦婧[46]研究也表明热杀菌可提高冬枣汁和诺丽果汁中黄酮类物质含量,增加冬枣汁中酚类物质的含量。
果汁的抗氧化能力是其抵抗氧化反应、清除自由基的能力,本文通过DPPH、ABTS、FRAP这3种体外抗氧化方法来比较不同杀菌方式处理猕猴桃果汁样品的总抗氧化能力,结果如图6所示。综合比较可知,PA、PB、HTST三组与对照组CK相比ABTS、DPPH和FRAP抗氧化活性均显著提高(P<0.05),与热杀菌处理提高果汁中多酚、黄酮等抗氧化活性成分有关[57–58]。究其原因,可能是热杀菌使得猕猴桃果汁中多种具有抗氧化能力物质由结合态转变为游离态;或在热杀菌过程中,通过密封隔绝氧气,能够在灭菌后维持较高的抗氧化能力,这些将造成热杀菌后的猕猴桃果汁总体的抗氧化能力提升。王丹等[59]研究也表明,高温灭菌可提高荔枝汁中抗氧化活性成分含量从而提高其抗氧化活性,也有研究认为热杀菌处理会对果汁抗氧化活性产生消极影响,如李根等[60]、牛慧慧等[28]研究则认为热杀菌处理可导致冬枣汁和百香果汁中抗氧化活性成分损失而降低其抗氧化活性,这种差异可能与原料基质及抗氧化活性成分的组成等有关。HI组的三项指标的抗氧化能力相较CK组均有显著上升(P<0.05),而大多数研究均表明HI处理会导致果汁抗氧化活性降低[30],由于抗氧化活性除受以上物质含量影响外,还与果汁中其它物质如过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、多糖等有关[61],因此具体原因仍需进一步探究。HHP组与CK组相比ABTS+、DPPH自由基清除能力提高,将Fe3+还原为Fe2+的能力提高,该研究结果与许文文等[62]研究结果较为一致,认为HHP对多酚、黄酮类物质含量提高有积极影响,从而增强其抗氧化活性。
通过以上分析可知,不同灭菌方式对猕猴桃果汁品质有着不同的影响,为了更好地确定不同灭菌方式所造成的差异以及具体的差异指标,运用SIMCA 14.1软件,基于多种理化指标应用偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)方法分析不同灭菌方式对样品影响的差异性。OPLS-DA是一种有监督的统计分析方法,可以用来建模综合表达各样品之间的关系,为区分不同特征的样品提供了有力的方法[63]。从图7可以看出,PA、PB和HTST三种热杀菌方式聚集在一起,HI、HHP与CK各自聚成一组。表明PA、PB和HTST处理对猕猴桃果汁的影响较为接近,热杀菌各组之间差异较小。辐照灭菌(HI)对猕猴桃果汁的影响最大,由图7可以看出,HI组距离CK组最远。超高压灭菌(HHP)与CK各自呈现单独聚类,说明二者彼此之间差异较大。并且HHP与三种热杀菌距离较为接近,说明超高压灭菌和热杀菌对猕猴桃果汁造成的影响较为接近。
进一步根据OPLS-DA分析的模型计算出变量重要性投影值(Variable importance in projection,VIP),VIP值主要用于评估每个自变量对模型预测能力的贡献,VIP值越高,表示该变量对模型的重要性越大[64−66]。结果如图8所示,为了获得PLS-DA模型下区分两个样品的关键差异性指标,筛选出VIP>1的重要差异化合物11种,从大到小依次是奎尼酸、果糖、乳酸、DPPH、柠檬酸、酒石酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖、b*、FRAP、C*。根据物质载荷图(图9)分析可知:辐照杀菌(HI)主要是影响猕猴桃果汁的色差值b*,使得HI处理的猕猴桃果汁黄色程度更大,对其余的理化指标影响较小。三种热杀菌主要对猕猴桃果汁中的糖尤其是葡萄糖和果糖含量影响最大。超高压灭菌(HHP)主要对猕猴桃果汁中奎尼酸等酸含量影响较大。
本实验探讨了热杀菌、辐照杀菌和超高压杀菌对红阳猕猴桃果汁的pH、总酸、色泽、甜味物质、酸味物质、VC含量、多酚和黄酮类以及抗氧化能力的影响。发现三种热杀菌降低了猕猴桃果汁的pH,略微减少有机酸含量,显著提升果汁中多酚、黄酮类物质的含量,进而提升果汁的抗氧化能力。辐照杀菌对果汁色泽的改变最大,使得果汁呈现黄褐色,降低果汁VC的含量。超高压灭菌对果汁色泽的影响最小,能够较好保持果汁中VC含量,提高多酚类物质含量,提高抗氧化活性。
综上可知,超高压灭菌最适宜于猕猴桃果汁灭菌,但由于其设备昂贵,仅适宜于高端产品开发,三种热杀菌方式对猕猴桃果汁品质影响差异较小且对猕猴桃果汁有一定影响,同时三种热杀菌方式还具有技术成熟度高、设施设备投入较小等优点,因此仍作为常规猕猴桃加工的首推方式。辐照杀菌由于会引起色泽劣变、严重的VC流失等原因而不适合猕猴桃果汁的灭菌。本研究明确了非热杀菌方式与传统热杀菌对红阳猕猴桃果汁品质影响的差异,可为猕猴桃果汁的加工提供科学理论指导。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020122
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    1四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101
    2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610000
    3沃丰生态农业有限责任公司,四川雅安 625400

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马沁沁(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:资源微生物学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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