Article(id=1320888837618909402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854039816, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854039816, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854039816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854039816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888837878956251, articleId=1320888837618909402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characteristic Flavor Components and Microbial Community Composition of Traditional Egyptian Cheese, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional Egyptian cheese has a long history and holds an important place in the local culinary culture. However, systematic studies on the flavor compounds, microbial community structure, and their interrelationships in traditional Egyptian cheese remain limited. To ensure quality stability, this study systematically analyzed the characteristic flavor components and microbial community compositions of Mish and Karish cheeses by determining their physicochemical properties, organic acid content, and free amino acid content using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing techniques. The results showed that both were soft cheeses with high protein and low fat. Eight organic acids were detected, with lactic acid (70.54%) being the predominant component. Sixteen free amino acids were identified, of which essential amino acids accounted for 60.51%. Volatile compound analysis identified 86 volatile components, with 29 recognized as key aroma compounds (odor activity value ≥1). Among these, 2-nonanol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl hexanoate were common aroma compounds across all samples and formed the core aroma profile of traditional Egyptian cheeses. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the bacterial communities mainly consisted of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, while the fungal communities were dominated by Kodamaea, Dipodascaceae, Torulaspora, and Metschnikowia, of which Torulaspora exhibited higher abundance in Karish cheese. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Weissella and Kodamaea were closely associated with the development of cheese flavor, showing positive correlations with various amino acids, organic acids, and volatile compounds, and negative correlations with 2-dodecanol, 2-heptanol, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl acetate. Additionally, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Candida, and Kluyveromyces also contributed significantly to cheese flavor development by participating in the synthesis of tartaric acid and certain ethyl esters. These findings provide novel insights into the microbial-driven flavor formation mechanism and a theoretical basis for screening industrial starter cultures and flavor regulation in traditional Egyptian cheese.

, authors=San WANG1, 2, Qingyang LI1, 2, Jianquan KAN1, 2, Abdel SINGAB3, Sameh AWAD4, Amel IBRAHIM4, Hui SHI1, 2, Muying DU1, 2, *, authorsList=San WANG, Qingyang LI, Jianquan KAN, Abdel SINGAB, Sameh AWAD, Amel IBRAHIM, Hui SHI, Muying DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Muying DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888840634613988, articleId=1320888837618909402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=埃及传统奶酪特征风味成分与微生物群落组成研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

埃及传统奶酪历史悠久,在当地饮食文化中占据重要地位。然而,目前关于埃及传统奶酪的风味物质组成、微生物群落结构以及二者之间的相关性仍缺乏系统研究。为确保其品质稳定性,本研究通过测定Mish和Karish奶酪的理化性质、有机酸及游离氨基酸含量,并结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术与高通量测序技术,系统分析了两类奶酪的风味特征及微生物群落组成。结果表明,两类奶酪均为高蛋白、低脂肪的软奶酪。奶酪中含8种有机酸,以乳酸(70.54%)为主;另含16种游离氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占比60.51%。通过挥发性成分分析,共检出86种挥发性成分,有29种被确定为关键香气物质(OAV≥1),其中2-壬醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯和己酸乙酯为各样品所共有,构成埃及传统奶酪的香气基础。高通量测序结果显示,奶酪的细菌群落主要由乳杆菌属和链球菌属等构成。真菌群落则由柯达酵母属、双足囊菌属、有孢圆酵母属和梅奇酵母属等构成,其中有孢圆酵母属在Karish奶酪中丰度较高。Spearman相关性分析显示,魏斯氏菌属和柯达酵母属与奶酪风味发展关联密切,与多种氨基酸、有机酸及挥发性物质呈正相关,而与2-十二醇,2-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯呈负相关。此外,链球菌属、乳球菌属、假丝酵母属,以及克鲁维酵母属等同样对奶酪风味发展有显著贡献,参与合成酒石酸及部分乙酯类物质。这些发现为微生物驱动的风味形成机制提供了新的见解,并为工业发酵剂的筛选和埃及传统奶酪的风味调控提供了理论依据。

, authors=王三1, 2, 李青杨1, 2, 阚建全1, 2, Abdel SINGAB3, Sameh AWAD4, Amel IBRAHIM4, 石慧1, 2, 杜木英1, 2, *, authorsList=王三, 李青杨, 阚建全, Abdel SINGAB, Sameh AWAD, Amel IBRAHIM, 石慧, 杜木英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜木英, authorNote=

王三(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杜木英(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=B1rCfLPAlRcjKV1xUt3PAw==, magXml=B2EsgcXMDHeyAfNmAH4pfg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=F+4qW438lWUSmj/trO+c0A==, pdfFileSize=1951456, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NMEDEoeaEePGLxBwpcxIWw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CPhGrtofQmWP/as85n+EuA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888841221816562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangsan9797@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888841305702645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, authorId=1320888841221816562, language=EN, stringName=San WANG, firstName=San, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(3): 2581−2593., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888840873689317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888840882077926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888840873689317, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888840890466535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888840873689317, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆 400715)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888840961769704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888840970158313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888840961769704, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888840978546922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888840961769704, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆 400715)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888841041461483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888841049850092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888841041461483, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888841058238701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888841041461483, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3埃及艾因夏姆斯大学 药学院,埃及开罗 11566)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888841125347566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888841133736175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888841125347566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888841142124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, companyId=1320888841125347566, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4埃及亚历山大大学 农学院,埃及亚历山大 21545)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888843977474344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Types and contents of volatile compounds in traditional Egyptian cheese, figureFileSmall=TuOPXQZ0V4KKI8zyXYq1vA==, figureFileBig=NMEDEoeaEePGLxBwpcxIWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888844052971817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=图1, caption=埃及传统奶酪挥发性化合物种类及其含量

注:(A)挥发性物质种类;(B)挥发性物质含量。

, figureFileSmall=TuOPXQZ0V4KKI8zyXYq1vA==, figureFileBig=NMEDEoeaEePGLxBwpcxIWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888844262687018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of traditional Egyptian cheeses, figureFileSmall=zVNQlGhyq8+WVfupNxosNQ==, figureFileBig=hVg6klng2OHqHyk0UJDedQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888844363350315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=图2, caption=埃及传统奶酪的主坐标分析

注:(A)细菌;(B)真菌。

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注:(A)细菌门水平;(B)真菌门水平;(C)细菌属水平;(D)真菌属水平。

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Sample information of traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号地区名称奶酪类型
COCairoMish cheese
MOMonfyaMish cheese
QOKalyobiaMish cheese
CWCairoKarish cheese
MWMonfyaKarish cheese
QWKalyobiaKarish cheese
), ArticleFig(id=1320888844845695281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

埃及传统奶酪样本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本编号地区名称奶酪类型
COCairoMish cheese
MOMonfyaMish cheese
QOKalyobiaMish cheese
CWCairoKarish cheese
MWMonfyaKarish cheese
QWKalyobiaKarish cheese
), ArticleFig(id=1320888844912804146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical characteristics of traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号pH水分(%)脂肪(%)蛋白质(%)
CO4.72±0.02a70.12±3.63b−49.93±7.22bc
MO4.51±0.02b67.05±0.24bc−46.68±0.08bc
QO4.74±0.02a64.93±0.21d−45.53±0.72d
CW4.01±0.03d76.15±0.21a10.39±1.11a54.23±2.08ab
MW3.98±0.05d73.90±0.19a6.65±0.56b53.68±0.62ab
QW4.26±0.01c73.48±0.58a3.94±0.76c58.23±3.52a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888844992495923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

埃及传统奶酪的理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号pH水分(%)脂肪(%)蛋白质(%)
CO4.72±0.02a70.12±3.63b−49.93±7.22bc
MO4.51±0.02b67.05±0.24bc−46.68±0.08bc
QO4.74±0.02a64.93±0.21d−45.53±0.72d
CW4.01±0.03d76.15±0.21a10.39±1.11a54.23±2.08ab
MW3.98±0.05d73.90±0.19a6.65±0.56b53.68±0.62ab
QW4.26±0.01c73.48±0.58a3.94±0.76c58.23±3.52a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845059604788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of organic acids in traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸阈值(mg/g)[14]含量(mg/g)TAV
COMOQOCWMWQWCOMOQOCWMWQW
草酸50.35±0.02b0.76±0.72ab2.64±0.25a0.01±0.00b0.04±0.02b0.05±0.03b0.070.150.530.000.010.01
酒石酸0.41−−1.41±0.90a0.43±0.09a−−−−3.441.05−−
丙酮酸/1.12±0.14a0.87±0.04b0.27±0.03d0.50±0.05c0.55±0.05c0.13±0.01d−−−−−−
乳酸2.6038.29±0.74b33.37±1.30bc44.62±2.66a29.83±3.71c35.24±2.70b29.23±0.94c14.7312.8317.1611.4713.5511.24
乙酸1.203.56±0.11a3.51±0.12a3.84±0.33a0.63±0.05c1.04±0.01b0.73±0.01bc2.972.933.200.530.870.61
柠檬酸3.102.02±0.13a1.24±0.06b2.01±0.16a0.26±0.04c0.24±0.00c0.19±0.00c0.650.400.650.080.080.06
琥珀酸1.066.16±0.39ab5.25±0.36ab7.88±1.21a0.41±0.04c0.86±0.62c3.76±2.49b5.814.957.430.390.813.55
苹果酸0.418.91±0.84ab10.78±0.65a7.52±0.83bc4.00±0.52cd2.69±0.04cd1.31±0.15d21.7326.2918.349.766.563.20
总计60.4155.7870.1936.0740.6635.40−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845160268085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

埃及传统奶酪中有机酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸阈值(mg/g)[14]含量(mg/g)TAV
COMOQOCWMWQWCOMOQOCWMWQW
草酸50.35±0.02b0.76±0.72ab2.64±0.25a0.01±0.00b0.04±0.02b0.05±0.03b0.070.150.530.000.010.01
酒石酸0.41−−1.41±0.90a0.43±0.09a−−−−3.441.05−−
丙酮酸/1.12±0.14a0.87±0.04b0.27±0.03d0.50±0.05c0.55±0.05c0.13±0.01d−−−−−−
乳酸2.6038.29±0.74b33.37±1.30bc44.62±2.66a29.83±3.71c35.24±2.70b29.23±0.94c14.7312.8317.1611.4713.5511.24
乙酸1.203.56±0.11a3.51±0.12a3.84±0.33a0.63±0.05c1.04±0.01b0.73±0.01bc2.972.933.200.530.870.61
柠檬酸3.102.02±0.13a1.24±0.06b2.01±0.16a0.26±0.04c0.24±0.00c0.19±0.00c0.650.400.650.080.080.06
琥珀酸1.066.16±0.39ab5.25±0.36ab7.88±1.21a0.41±0.04c0.86±0.62c3.76±2.49b5.814.957.430.390.813.55
苹果酸0.418.91±0.84ab10.78±0.65a7.52±0.83bc4.00±0.52cd2.69±0.04cd1.31±0.15d21.7326.2918.349.766.563.20
总计60.4155.7870.1936.0740.6635.40−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845227376950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Content of free amino acids in traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸阈值
(mg/kg)[14]
含量(mg/kg)TAV
COMOQOCWMWQWCOMOQOCWMWQW
缬氨酸400608.52±18.18b615.20±12.54b1235.35±14.26a66.69±1.86d115.40±4.47c117.10±1.70c1.521.543.090.170.290.29
甲硫氨酸300387.92±12.70b373.00±8.29b702.01±6.28a42.85±1.68e59.88±2.95d137.84±3.52c1.291.242.340.140.200.46
异亮氨酸900511.53±15.12c531.64±9.49b1051.39±10.03a35.75±1.81f78.63±5.86e101.33±1.50d0.570.591.170.040.090.11
亮氨酸19001340.71±43.90b1267.96±26.65c1894.79±8.11a165.01±5.64f217.03±8.09e453.14±13.42d0.710.671.000.090.110.24
酪氨酸91082.78±3.19b−388.95±2.31a−13.98±0.52d26.82±1.67c0.09−0.43−0.020.03
苯丙氨酸900706.12±22.81b626.71±14.45c978.31±4.75a136.48±4.36f149.59±4.75e255.18±3.08d0.780.701.090.150.170.28
精氨酸50034.49±1.58a31.24±1.48a14.40±8.62b9.78±0.75b7.23±2.89b−0.070.060.030.020.01−
苦味3672.073445.766265.21456.56641.741091.41−−−−−−
苏氨酸260010.14±0.20f43.35±0.34e249.61±3.31a74.40±2.13c115.41±7.10b63.38±5.19d0.000.020.100.030.040.02
丝氨酸150021.67±0.35e61.99±1.46d280.62±4.88a123.91±4.07bc105.92±4.33c127.45±20.22b0.010.040.190.080.070.08
甘氨酸1300110.41±2.87c139.94±2.73b206.93±2.68a45.92±1.60f61.37±3.32e99.82±4.26d0.080.110.160.040.050.08
丙氨酸600935.54±26.97c1397.62±24.51b2104.01±25.38a156.40±4.75e137.18±6.26e216.10±5.83d1.562.333.510.260.230.36
甜味1077.761642.92841.17400.63419.88506.75−−−−−−
天冬氨酸10006.81±0.13c9.36±0.30c60.67±6.41b57.79±1.67b71.94±6.19b192.82±39.49a0.010.010.060.060.070.19
谷氨酸30047.02±0.77c48.18±0.61c150.12±4.70b49.82±0.43c338.55±11.59a49.89±0.30c0.160.160.500.171.130.17
鲜味53.8357.53210.79107.61410.49242.71−−−−−−
赖氨酸50052.34±1.81d46.86±0.80de571.23±3.78a208.65±5.94c231.48±10.15b36.04±1.27e0.100.091.140.420.460.07
脯氨酸3000340.52±8.72b227.13±2.84c534.37±6.11a116.88±2.01e145.33±5.20d64.17±1.51f0.110.080.180.040.050.02
半胱氨酸/378.71±12.76b385.44±7.51b596.18±7.33a6.91±0.23d7.01±0.82d47.01±1.16c−−−−−−
无味771.58659.431 701.79332.45383.83147.22−−−−−−
总计5575.245805.6311018.951297.241855.951988.09−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845298680119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

埃及传统奶酪中游离氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸阈值
(mg/kg)[14]
含量(mg/kg)TAV
COMOQOCWMWQWCOMOQOCWMWQW
缬氨酸400608.52±18.18b615.20±12.54b1235.35±14.26a66.69±1.86d115.40±4.47c117.10±1.70c1.521.543.090.170.290.29
甲硫氨酸300387.92±12.70b373.00±8.29b702.01±6.28a42.85±1.68e59.88±2.95d137.84±3.52c1.291.242.340.140.200.46
异亮氨酸900511.53±15.12c531.64±9.49b1051.39±10.03a35.75±1.81f78.63±5.86e101.33±1.50d0.570.591.170.040.090.11
亮氨酸19001340.71±43.90b1267.96±26.65c1894.79±8.11a165.01±5.64f217.03±8.09e453.14±13.42d0.710.671.000.090.110.24
酪氨酸91082.78±3.19b−388.95±2.31a−13.98±0.52d26.82±1.67c0.09−0.43−0.020.03
苯丙氨酸900706.12±22.81b626.71±14.45c978.31±4.75a136.48±4.36f149.59±4.75e255.18±3.08d0.780.701.090.150.170.28
精氨酸50034.49±1.58a31.24±1.48a14.40±8.62b9.78±0.75b7.23±2.89b−0.070.060.030.020.01−
苦味3672.073445.766265.21456.56641.741091.41−−−−−−
苏氨酸260010.14±0.20f43.35±0.34e249.61±3.31a74.40±2.13c115.41±7.10b63.38±5.19d0.000.020.100.030.040.02
丝氨酸150021.67±0.35e61.99±1.46d280.62±4.88a123.91±4.07bc105.92±4.33c127.45±20.22b0.010.040.190.080.070.08
甘氨酸1300110.41±2.87c139.94±2.73b206.93±2.68a45.92±1.60f61.37±3.32e99.82±4.26d0.080.110.160.040.050.08
丙氨酸600935.54±26.97c1397.62±24.51b2104.01±25.38a156.40±4.75e137.18±6.26e216.10±5.83d1.562.333.510.260.230.36
甜味1077.761642.92841.17400.63419.88506.75−−−−−−
天冬氨酸10006.81±0.13c9.36±0.30c60.67±6.41b57.79±1.67b71.94±6.19b192.82±39.49a0.010.010.060.060.070.19
谷氨酸30047.02±0.77c48.18±0.61c150.12±4.70b49.82±0.43c338.55±11.59a49.89±0.30c0.160.160.500.171.130.17
鲜味53.8357.53210.79107.61410.49242.71−−−−−−
赖氨酸50052.34±1.81d46.86±0.80de571.23±3.78a208.65±5.94c231.48±10.15b36.04±1.27e0.100.091.140.420.460.07
脯氨酸3000340.52±8.72b227.13±2.84c534.37±6.11a116.88±2.01e145.33±5.20d64.17±1.51f0.110.080.180.040.050.02
半胱氨酸/378.71±12.76b385.44±7.51b596.18±7.33a6.91±0.23d7.01±0.82d47.01±1.16c−−−−−−
无味771.58659.431 701.79332.45383.83147.22−−−−−−
总计5575.245805.6311018.951297.241855.951988.09−−−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845378371896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Content of volatile compounds in traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS中文名称阈值
(μg/kg)[36]
含量(μg/kg)
COMOQOCWMWQW
110203-28-82-十二醇41−−−66.17±12.13−41.98±0.51
2108-82-72,6-二甲基-4-庚醇1300−20.15±1.63−−−−
3111-87-51-辛醇125.86.49±1.79−11.84±2.55−−−
4123-51-3异戊醇4174.82±42.6−232.84±34.2873.03±97.93913.65±56.611983.54±143.46
5143-8-81-壬醇50−−10.56±1.296.42±1.77−−
6513-85-92,3-丁二醇>100−42.53±31.29−−172.58±22.33−
7543-49-72-庚醇65.235−−−115.22±34.32−95.58±6.12
8562-74-34-萜烯醇1200120.00±31.8188.58±10.5683.36±9.50−−−
9628-99-92-壬醇5881.94±22.2838.85±1.1999.17±15.88741.48±103.9140.81±3.51271.18±30.30
1071-23-8丙醇8505.61121.67±681.94828.07±855.83877.97±141.52−2844.52±1788.03−
1177-53-2柏木脑0.5−12.98±3.31−−−−
1278-70-6芳樟醇0.22−−54.28±7.95−−−
1360-12-8苯乙醇564.23436.93±133.18289.11±25.5497.21±24.8460.61±4.9120.95±0.06729.57±72.65
醇类1941.851320.271467.231862.933992.513121.85
14107-92-6丁酸2400110.15±59.23265.00±81.19350.58±114.24−−−
15111-14-8庚酸64093.88±63.8763.77±65.14−−−−
16116-53-02-甲基丁酸5800−36.26±0.47−−−−
17124-7-2辛酸/127.98±16.93292.70±26.25398.94±117.1571.56±20.4098.82±41.4057.86±17.53
18142-62-1己酸890439.36±254.65996.34±282.931002.75±304.10−−−
19143-7-7月桂酸/43.06±1.1023.26±1.38−−−−
20334-48-5癸酸10000371.40±167.21379.58±98.53108.63±54.3420.23±7.0523.12±0.40−
213639-21-22-乙基-2-羟基丁酸/−−−19.03±2.3327.73±1.36−
22503-74-2异戊酸490−−94.02±59.36−−−
2364-19-7乙酸99000777.06±124.73−1565.59±613.34−−−
2479-14-1羟基乙酸/−−1003.69±173.11−−−
2557-10-3棕榈酸/119.02±32.58−−−−−
酸类2081.912056.914524.20110.82139.6757.86
26112-31-2癸醛36.97±1.36−−−−−
27122-78-1苯乙醛6.346.36±12.9338.96±2.9854.55±12.54−−−
28124-19-6壬醛1.1−−−−8.67±2.29−
29112-12-92-十一酮5.5−−−146.28±18.52−−
30119-61-9二苯甲酮/−18.38±1.77−−−−
31593-8-82-十三烷酮/−−13.16±1.2514.46±3.41−−
32821-55-62-壬酮41−−81.53±14.4249.66±4.42−8.43±0.72
醛酮类53.3357.34149.24210.408.678.43
33101-97-3苯乙酸乙酯155.5525.01±7.4218.77±2.07−−−−
34103-45-7乙酸苯乙酯249.5926.97±8.4129.74±3.93−163.21±27.491477.75±201.42109.36±33.18
3510348-47-7DL-2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸乙酯/−−−72.61±6.9451.93±3.11−
36103-52-6丁酸苯乙酯/16.18±5.6313.16±2.40−−−−
37105-37-3丙酸乙酯10261.73±59.77−−−−−
38105-54-4丁酸乙酯0.9333.75±31.44665.69±66.72435.11±36.44−40.21±18.49133.11±13.14
39105-66-8丁酸丙酯18290.41±58.81197.22±168.85577.15±79.91−−−
40105-68-0丙酸异戊酯8.630.54±2.7055.64±8.6192.20±7.74−−−
41105-79-3己酸异丁酯/37.95±11.3084.85±11.6748.77±7.58−−45.08±4.97
42106-27-4丁酸异戊酯15−190.16±19.8366.05±48.26−−132.43±13.46
43106-30-9庚酸乙酯1.9−10.47±0.85−11.03±2.13−14.51±2.00
44106-32-1辛酸乙酯19.32639.16±843.573930.54±424.65902.16±151.241027.76±94.47599.83±54.311424.14±166.06
45106-33-2月桂酸乙酯59001204.16±405.241104.56±163.1681.75±24.7619.29±1.8637.79±10.20191.52±39.73
46106-36-5丙酸丙酯440−875.44±92.96353.20±106.57−−−
47110-38-3癸酸乙酯53063.52±955.514106.65±234.31436.66±99.79195.82±18.82194.53±41.881031.78±200.98
48111-11-5辛酸甲酯20011.76±4.90−10.88±1.20−−−
49122-70-3丙酸苯乙酯/−10.6±0.02−−−7.01±0.82
50123-29-5壬酸乙酯37735.54±11.1757.92±5.5910.50±2.4712.24±0.816.63±0.7314.87±1.74
51123-66-0己酸乙酯52825.93±601.174069.51±512.742582.33±295350.21±26.89396.66±60.661072.22±128.19
52123-92-2乙酸异戊酯0.15−−−140.51±14.68198.79±23.55792.00±110.96
53141-78-6乙酸乙酯5−−−3 301.42±89.466 744.07±3327.496834.40±1731.42
54142-92-7乙酸己酯115−−33.13±2.74−−−
5514303-70-9肉豆蔻酸丙酯/25.45±11.1236.88±13.86−−−−
5618281-5-5二十酸乙酯/50.57±18.3834.66±2.51−−−−
5719329-89-6乳酸异戊酯/−−−35.32±6.4688.52±10.3538.07±4.73
582021-28-53-苯丙酸乙酯/65.04±20.72−14.82±1.78−−−
592035-99-6辛酸异戊酯7049.28±15.0760.49±3.2221.57±6.03−−21.01±3.15
602198-61-0己酸异戊酯32087.88±26.32142.34±18.22167.00±29.405.37±0.7510.87±1.7582.99±9.17
612306-91-4癸酸3-甲基丁酯/40.34±13.1128.2±4.985.61±0.75−−−
6225415-67-2异己酸乙酯0.00329.97±10.817.61±2.96−−−−
632601-13-02-甲基丁基己酸酯32029.94±8.4743.82±5.7819.42±3.58−−−
6428267-29-0十三烷酸乙酯/51.22±16.2453.95±20.64−−−−
6530673-38-2癸酸异丁酯/16.08±5.3115.06±1.57−−−−
6630673-60-0癸酸丙酯/348.84±110.681149.22±67.7874.26±20.123.84±1.158.67±2.645.91±0.82
673681-78-5月桂酸丙酯/95.29±32.05211.99±51.0311.05±3.97−−−
6841114-0-5十五酸乙酯/17.54±8.5214.03±1.06−−−−
6954546-22-49-十六碳烯酸乙酯/87.33±30.5448.7±12.03−−−3.68±0.07
705458-61-7丁-2-基辛酸酯/11.89±4.70−−−−6.18±1.07
715908-87-2山嵛酸乙酯/−16.58±6.98−−−4.70±0.37
72624-13-5辛酸丙酯/296.32±92.651376.03±163.75232.71±49.19−−−
73626-77-7己酸丙酯/512.47±133.962278.5±313.471071.28±148.8812.04±0.8460.75±8.4925.41±2.90
74626-82-4己酸丁酯10000521.79±54.57352.19±129.1−−−−
75627-90-7十一酸乙酯/45.92±32.8738.67±2.94−−−−
76628-97-7棕榈酸乙酯200067.96±33.1850.53±9.295.57±1.504.21±0.364.67±0.9210.59±1.30
7767121-39-52-甲基丁基辛酸酯/14.63±4.4115.28±0.7−−−6.42±0.71
7867233-91-49-癸烯酸乙酯/258.34±81.00268.55±13.1134.39±9.5616.09±1.5615.77±3.752.35±9.80
79687-47-8L(-)-乳酸乙酯/−−−295.17±29.03426.17±55.05−
807778-87-2庚酸丙酯/−195.28±0.88−−−−
8184-69-5邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯/−−6.84±1.635.18±0.154.92±0.816.59±1.19
8293-89-0苯甲酸乙酯55.56189.37±54.3119.52±2.9−−−−
835461-06-3辛酸异丁酯/−28.53±0.74.00±0.51−−8.65±2.82
酯类14228.5422917.537598.595671.3210368.5312074.98
84112-41-41-十二烯/−−−−−7.00±1.08
852785-89-94-乙基愈创木酚89.2514.03±2.00−−−−−
865989-27-5D-柠檬烯341024.17±218.761464.98±337.771409.53±224.11−−−
其他1038.201464.981409.53−−7.00
合计19343.8327817.0315148.797855.4714509.3815270.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845516783929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

埃及传统奶酪挥发性成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS中文名称阈值
(μg/kg)[36]
含量(μg/kg)
COMOQOCWMWQW
110203-28-82-十二醇41−−−66.17±12.13−41.98±0.51
2108-82-72,6-二甲基-4-庚醇1300−20.15±1.63−−−−
3111-87-51-辛醇125.86.49±1.79−11.84±2.55−−−
4123-51-3异戊醇4174.82±42.6−232.84±34.2873.03±97.93913.65±56.611983.54±143.46
5143-8-81-壬醇50−−10.56±1.296.42±1.77−−
6513-85-92,3-丁二醇>100−42.53±31.29−−172.58±22.33−
7543-49-72-庚醇65.235−−−115.22±34.32−95.58±6.12
8562-74-34-萜烯醇1200120.00±31.8188.58±10.5683.36±9.50−−−
9628-99-92-壬醇5881.94±22.2838.85±1.1999.17±15.88741.48±103.9140.81±3.51271.18±30.30
1071-23-8丙醇8505.61121.67±681.94828.07±855.83877.97±141.52−2844.52±1788.03−
1177-53-2柏木脑0.5−12.98±3.31−−−−
1278-70-6芳樟醇0.22−−54.28±7.95−−−
1360-12-8苯乙醇564.23436.93±133.18289.11±25.5497.21±24.8460.61±4.9120.95±0.06729.57±72.65
醇类1941.851320.271467.231862.933992.513121.85
14107-92-6丁酸2400110.15±59.23265.00±81.19350.58±114.24−−−
15111-14-8庚酸64093.88±63.8763.77±65.14−−−−
16116-53-02-甲基丁酸5800−36.26±0.47−−−−
17124-7-2辛酸/127.98±16.93292.70±26.25398.94±117.1571.56±20.4098.82±41.4057.86±17.53
18142-62-1己酸890439.36±254.65996.34±282.931002.75±304.10−−−
19143-7-7月桂酸/43.06±1.1023.26±1.38−−−−
20334-48-5癸酸10000371.40±167.21379.58±98.53108.63±54.3420.23±7.0523.12±0.40−
213639-21-22-乙基-2-羟基丁酸/−−−19.03±2.3327.73±1.36−
22503-74-2异戊酸490−−94.02±59.36−−−
2364-19-7乙酸99000777.06±124.73−1565.59±613.34−−−
2479-14-1羟基乙酸/−−1003.69±173.11−−−
2557-10-3棕榈酸/119.02±32.58−−−−−
酸类2081.912056.914524.20110.82139.6757.86
26112-31-2癸醛36.97±1.36−−−−−
27122-78-1苯乙醛6.346.36±12.9338.96±2.9854.55±12.54−−−
28124-19-6壬醛1.1−−−−8.67±2.29−
29112-12-92-十一酮5.5−−−146.28±18.52−−
30119-61-9二苯甲酮/−18.38±1.77−−−−
31593-8-82-十三烷酮/−−13.16±1.2514.46±3.41−−
32821-55-62-壬酮41−−81.53±14.4249.66±4.42−8.43±0.72
醛酮类53.3357.34149.24210.408.678.43
33101-97-3苯乙酸乙酯155.5525.01±7.4218.77±2.07−−−−
34103-45-7乙酸苯乙酯249.5926.97±8.4129.74±3.93−163.21±27.491477.75±201.42109.36±33.18
3510348-47-7DL-2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸乙酯/−−−72.61±6.9451.93±3.11−
36103-52-6丁酸苯乙酯/16.18±5.6313.16±2.40−−−−
37105-37-3丙酸乙酯10261.73±59.77−−−−−
38105-54-4丁酸乙酯0.9333.75±31.44665.69±66.72435.11±36.44−40.21±18.49133.11±13.14
39105-66-8丁酸丙酯18290.41±58.81197.22±168.85577.15±79.91−−−
40105-68-0丙酸异戊酯8.630.54±2.7055.64±8.6192.20±7.74−−−
41105-79-3己酸异丁酯/37.95±11.3084.85±11.6748.77±7.58−−45.08±4.97
42106-27-4丁酸异戊酯15−190.16±19.8366.05±48.26−−132.43±13.46
43106-30-9庚酸乙酯1.9−10.47±0.85−11.03±2.13−14.51±2.00
44106-32-1辛酸乙酯19.32639.16±843.573930.54±424.65902.16±151.241027.76±94.47599.83±54.311424.14±166.06
45106-33-2月桂酸乙酯59001204.16±405.241104.56±163.1681.75±24.7619.29±1.8637.79±10.20191.52±39.73
46106-36-5丙酸丙酯440−875.44±92.96353.20±106.57−−−
47110-38-3癸酸乙酯53063.52±955.514106.65±234.31436.66±99.79195.82±18.82194.53±41.881031.78±200.98
48111-11-5辛酸甲酯20011.76±4.90−10.88±1.20−−−
49122-70-3丙酸苯乙酯/−10.6±0.02−−−7.01±0.82
50123-29-5壬酸乙酯37735.54±11.1757.92±5.5910.50±2.4712.24±0.816.63±0.7314.87±1.74
51123-66-0己酸乙酯52825.93±601.174069.51±512.742582.33±295350.21±26.89396.66±60.661072.22±128.19
52123-92-2乙酸异戊酯0.15−−−140.51±14.68198.79±23.55792.00±110.96
53141-78-6乙酸乙酯5−−−3 301.42±89.466 744.07±3327.496834.40±1731.42
54142-92-7乙酸己酯115−−33.13±2.74−−−
5514303-70-9肉豆蔻酸丙酯/25.45±11.1236.88±13.86−−−−
5618281-5-5二十酸乙酯/50.57±18.3834.66±2.51−−−−
5719329-89-6乳酸异戊酯/−−−35.32±6.4688.52±10.3538.07±4.73
582021-28-53-苯丙酸乙酯/65.04±20.72−14.82±1.78−−−
592035-99-6辛酸异戊酯7049.28±15.0760.49±3.2221.57±6.03−−21.01±3.15
602198-61-0己酸异戊酯32087.88±26.32142.34±18.22167.00±29.405.37±0.7510.87±1.7582.99±9.17
612306-91-4癸酸3-甲基丁酯/40.34±13.1128.2±4.985.61±0.75−−−
6225415-67-2异己酸乙酯0.00329.97±10.817.61±2.96−−−−
632601-13-02-甲基丁基己酸酯32029.94±8.4743.82±5.7819.42±3.58−−−
6428267-29-0十三烷酸乙酯/51.22±16.2453.95±20.64−−−−
6530673-38-2癸酸异丁酯/16.08±5.3115.06±1.57−−−−
6630673-60-0癸酸丙酯/348.84±110.681149.22±67.7874.26±20.123.84±1.158.67±2.645.91±0.82
673681-78-5月桂酸丙酯/95.29±32.05211.99±51.0311.05±3.97−−−
6841114-0-5十五酸乙酯/17.54±8.5214.03±1.06−−−−
6954546-22-49-十六碳烯酸乙酯/87.33±30.5448.7±12.03−−−3.68±0.07
705458-61-7丁-2-基辛酸酯/11.89±4.70−−−−6.18±1.07
715908-87-2山嵛酸乙酯/−16.58±6.98−−−4.70±0.37
72624-13-5辛酸丙酯/296.32±92.651376.03±163.75232.71±49.19−−−
73626-77-7己酸丙酯/512.47±133.962278.5±313.471071.28±148.8812.04±0.8460.75±8.4925.41±2.90
74626-82-4己酸丁酯10000521.79±54.57352.19±129.1−−−−
75627-90-7十一酸乙酯/45.92±32.8738.67±2.94−−−−
76628-97-7棕榈酸乙酯200067.96±33.1850.53±9.295.57±1.504.21±0.364.67±0.9210.59±1.30
7767121-39-52-甲基丁基辛酸酯/14.63±4.4115.28±0.7−−−6.42±0.71
7867233-91-49-癸烯酸乙酯/258.34±81.00268.55±13.1134.39±9.5616.09±1.5615.77±3.752.35±9.80
79687-47-8L(-)-乳酸乙酯/−−−295.17±29.03426.17±55.05−
807778-87-2庚酸丙酯/−195.28±0.88−−−−
8184-69-5邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯/−−6.84±1.635.18±0.154.92±0.816.59±1.19
8293-89-0苯甲酸乙酯55.56189.37±54.3119.52±2.9−−−−
835461-06-3辛酸异丁酯/−28.53±0.74.00±0.51−−8.65±2.82
酯类14228.5422917.537598.595671.3210368.5312074.98
84112-41-41-十二烯/−−−−−7.00±1.08
852785-89-94-乙基愈创木酚89.2514.03±2.00−−−−−
865989-27-5D-柠檬烯341024.17±218.761464.98±337.771409.53±224.11−−−
其他1038.201464.981409.53−−7.00
合计19343.8327817.0315148.797855.4714509.3815270.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845596475706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Key aroma compounds in traditional Egyptian cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质阈值(μg/kg)气味描述OAV
COMOQOCWMWQW
2-十二醇41/−−−1.61−1.02
异戊醇4花香、焦糖味43.71−58.21218.26228.41495.89
2-庚醇65.235柑橘味、油炸味、蘑菇味−−−1.77−1.47
2-壬醇58黄瓜味1.410.671.7112.780.704.68
柏木脑0.5轻微的雪松木味−25.96−−−−
芳樟醇0.22花香、柠檬味、玫瑰香−−246.73−−−
苯乙醇564.23果香、蜂蜜味、花香、酒味0.770.510.170.110.041.29
己酸890奶酪味、油味、辣味、酸味0.491.121.13−−−
癸醛3花香、橙皮味2.32−−−−−
苯乙醛6.3花香、蜂蜜味、甜味7.366.188.66−−−
壬醛1.1脂肪味、花香、柠檬味−−−−7.88−
2-十一酮5.5柑橘味、玫瑰香−−−26.60−−
2-壬酮41果香、牛奶味−−1.991.21−0.21
乙酸苯乙酯249.59花香、蜂蜜味、玫瑰香0.110.12−0.655.920.44
丙酸乙酯10苹果、菠萝、朗姆酒、草莓26.17−−−−−
丁酸乙酯0.9苹果、黄油、奶酪、菠萝370.83739.66483.46−44.68147.90
丁酸丙酯18杏子味、果香、菠萝味16.1366.5132.06−−−
丙酸异戊酯8.6苹果、杏、菠萝3.556.4710.72−−−
丁酸异戊酯15果香、甜味−12.6824.40−−8.83
庚酸乙酯1.9果香、酒味−5.51−5.81−7.64
辛酸乙酯19.3酒味、脂肪味、花香、菠萝味136.74203.6646.7453.2531.0873.79
丙酸丙酯440苹果、香蕉、菠萝−1.990.80−−−
癸酸乙酯5酒味、葡萄味、梨味612.70821.3387.3339.1638.91206.36
己酸乙酯5果香、酒味565.19813.90516.4770.0479.33214.44
乙酸异戊酯0.15苹果味、香蕉味、梨味−−−936.731325.275280.00
乙酸乙酯5芳香味、酒味−−−660.281348.811366.88
异己酸乙酯0.003果香99905870−−−−
苯甲酸乙酯55.56洋甘菊、脂肪味、花香、果味3.410.35−−−−
D-柠檬烯34柑橘味、薄荷味30.1243.0941.46−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845676167483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

埃及传统奶酪关键呈香物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质阈值(μg/kg)气味描述OAV
COMOQOCWMWQW
2-十二醇41/−−−1.61−1.02
异戊醇4花香、焦糖味43.71−58.21218.26228.41495.89
2-庚醇65.235柑橘味、油炸味、蘑菇味−−−1.77−1.47
2-壬醇58黄瓜味1.410.671.7112.780.704.68
柏木脑0.5轻微的雪松木味−25.96−−−−
芳樟醇0.22花香、柠檬味、玫瑰香−−246.73−−−
苯乙醇564.23果香、蜂蜜味、花香、酒味0.770.510.170.110.041.29
己酸890奶酪味、油味、辣味、酸味0.491.121.13−−−
癸醛3花香、橙皮味2.32−−−−−
苯乙醛6.3花香、蜂蜜味、甜味7.366.188.66−−−
壬醛1.1脂肪味、花香、柠檬味−−−−7.88−
2-十一酮5.5柑橘味、玫瑰香−−−26.60−−
2-壬酮41果香、牛奶味−−1.991.21−0.21
乙酸苯乙酯249.59花香、蜂蜜味、玫瑰香0.110.12−0.655.920.44
丙酸乙酯10苹果、菠萝、朗姆酒、草莓26.17−−−−−
丁酸乙酯0.9苹果、黄油、奶酪、菠萝370.83739.66483.46−44.68147.90
丁酸丙酯18杏子味、果香、菠萝味16.1366.5132.06−−−
丙酸异戊酯8.6苹果、杏、菠萝3.556.4710.72−−−
丁酸异戊酯15果香、甜味−12.6824.40−−8.83
庚酸乙酯1.9果香、酒味−5.51−5.81−7.64
辛酸乙酯19.3酒味、脂肪味、花香、菠萝味136.74203.6646.7453.2531.0873.79
丙酸丙酯440苹果、香蕉、菠萝−1.990.80−−−
癸酸乙酯5酒味、葡萄味、梨味612.70821.3387.3339.1638.91206.36
己酸乙酯5果香、酒味565.19813.90516.4770.0479.33214.44
乙酸异戊酯0.15苹果味、香蕉味、梨味−−−936.731325.275280.00
乙酸乙酯5芳香味、酒味−−−660.281348.811366.88
异己酸乙酯0.003果香99905870−−−−
苯甲酸乙酯55.56洋甘菊、脂肪味、花香、果味3.410.35−−−−
D-柠檬烯34柑橘味、薄荷味30.1243.0941.46−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845760053564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Alpha diversity of traditional Egyptian cheeses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Chao1指数Shannon指数覆盖率(%)
细菌真菌细菌真菌细菌真菌
CO238.10±62.3a121.80±24.07a3.43±0.39a2.65±0.42a99.9399.97
MO177.80±42.29ab100.60±14.23ab2.65±0.34ab2.94±0.13a99.9799.97
QO83.28±22.19c38.13±9.96d1.80±0.51c0.32±0.17c99.9799.98
CW32.19±3.66d52.11±6.11c1.46±0.03d1.29±0.52b99.9999.99
MW127.90±22.60bc66.40±1.15c2.36±0.26bc2.69±0.18a99.9899.98
QW78.58±20.66c78.58±20.66bc1.80±0.12c2.67±0.15a99.9999.99
), ArticleFig(id=1320888845835551037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888837618909402, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

埃及传统奶酪Alpha多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Chao1指数Shannon指数覆盖率(%)
细菌真菌细菌真菌细菌真菌
CO238.10±62.3a121.80±24.07a3.43±0.39a2.65±0.42a99.9399.97
MO177.80±42.29ab100.60±14.23ab2.65±0.34ab2.94±0.13a99.9799.97
QO83.28±22.19c38.13±9.96d1.80±0.51c0.32±0.17c99.9799.98
CW32.19±3.66d52.11±6.11c1.46±0.03d1.29±0.52b99.9999.99
MW127.90±22.60bc66.40±1.15c2.36±0.26bc2.69±0.18a99.9899.98
QW78.58±20.66c78.58±20.66bc1.80±0.12c2.67±0.15a99.9999.99
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埃及传统奶酪特征风味成分与微生物群落组成研究
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王三 1, 2 , 李青杨 1, 2 , 阚建全 1, 2 , Abdel SINGAB 3 , Sameh AWAD 4 , Amel IBRAHIM 4 , 石慧 1, 2 , 杜木英 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(7): 10-21
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (7) : 10 -21
埃及传统奶酪特征风味成分与微生物群落组成研究
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王三1, 2 , 李青杨1, 2, 阚建全1, 2, Abdel SINGAB3, Sameh AWAD4, Amel IBRAHIM4, 石慧1, 2, 杜木英1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆 400715
  • 2中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆 400715
  • 3埃及艾因夏姆斯大学 药学院,埃及开罗 11566
  • 4埃及亚历山大大学 农学院,埃及亚历山大 21545
通讯作者:
杜木英(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王三(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Characteristic Flavor Components and Microbial Community Composition of Traditional Egyptian Cheese
San WANG1, 2 , Qingyang LI1, 2, Jianquan KAN1, 2, Abdel SINGAB3, Sameh AWAD4, Amel IBRAHIM4, Hui SHI1, 2, Muying DU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
  • 4Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050167
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埃及传统奶酪历史悠久,在当地饮食文化中占据重要地位。然而,目前关于埃及传统奶酪的风味物质组成、微生物群落结构以及二者之间的相关性仍缺乏系统研究。为确保其品质稳定性,本研究通过测定Mish和Karish奶酪的理化性质、有机酸及游离氨基酸含量,并结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术与高通量测序技术,系统分析了两类奶酪的风味特征及微生物群落组成。结果表明,两类奶酪均为高蛋白、低脂肪的软奶酪。奶酪中含8种有机酸,以乳酸(70.54%)为主;另含16种游离氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占比60.51%。通过挥发性成分分析,共检出86种挥发性成分,有29种被确定为关键香气物质(OAV≥1),其中2-壬醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯和己酸乙酯为各样品所共有,构成埃及传统奶酪的香气基础。高通量测序结果显示,奶酪的细菌群落主要由乳杆菌属和链球菌属等构成。真菌群落则由柯达酵母属、双足囊菌属、有孢圆酵母属和梅奇酵母属等构成,其中有孢圆酵母属在Karish奶酪中丰度较高。Spearman相关性分析显示,魏斯氏菌属和柯达酵母属与奶酪风味发展关联密切,与多种氨基酸、有机酸及挥发性物质呈正相关,而与2-十二醇,2-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯呈负相关。此外,链球菌属、乳球菌属、假丝酵母属,以及克鲁维酵母属等同样对奶酪风味发展有显著贡献,参与合成酒石酸及部分乙酯类物质。这些发现为微生物驱动的风味形成机制提供了新的见解,并为工业发酵剂的筛选和埃及传统奶酪的风味调控提供了理论依据。

Mish奶酪  /  Karish奶酪  /  挥发性成分  /  微生物群落组成  /  Spearman相关性

Traditional Egyptian cheese has a long history and holds an important place in the local culinary culture. However, systematic studies on the flavor compounds, microbial community structure, and their interrelationships in traditional Egyptian cheese remain limited. To ensure quality stability, this study systematically analyzed the characteristic flavor components and microbial community compositions of Mish and Karish cheeses by determining their physicochemical properties, organic acid content, and free amino acid content using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing techniques. The results showed that both were soft cheeses with high protein and low fat. Eight organic acids were detected, with lactic acid (70.54%) being the predominant component. Sixteen free amino acids were identified, of which essential amino acids accounted for 60.51%. Volatile compound analysis identified 86 volatile components, with 29 recognized as key aroma compounds (odor activity value ≥1). Among these, 2-nonanol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl hexanoate were common aroma compounds across all samples and formed the core aroma profile of traditional Egyptian cheeses. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the bacterial communities mainly consisted of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, while the fungal communities were dominated by Kodamaea, Dipodascaceae, Torulaspora, and Metschnikowia, of which Torulaspora exhibited higher abundance in Karish cheese. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Weissella and Kodamaea were closely associated with the development of cheese flavor, showing positive correlations with various amino acids, organic acids, and volatile compounds, and negative correlations with 2-dodecanol, 2-heptanol, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl acetate. Additionally, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Candida, and Kluyveromyces also contributed significantly to cheese flavor development by participating in the synthesis of tartaric acid and certain ethyl esters. These findings provide novel insights into the microbial-driven flavor formation mechanism and a theoretical basis for screening industrial starter cultures and flavor regulation in traditional Egyptian cheese.

Mish cheese  /  Karish cheese  /  volatile components  /  microbial community composition  /  Spearman correlation
王三, 李青杨, 阚建全, Abdel SINGAB, Sameh AWAD, Amel IBRAHIM, 石慧, 杜木英. 埃及传统奶酪特征风味成分与微生物群落组成研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 10 -21 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050167
San WANG, Qingyang LI, Jianquan KAN, Abdel SINGAB, Sameh AWAD, Amel IBRAHIM, Hui SHI, Muying DU. Characteristic Flavor Components and Microbial Community Composition of Traditional Egyptian Cheese[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 10 -21 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050167
奶酪作为一种全球广泛消费的乳制品,其风味特征因原料、加工工艺和微生物群落的差异而具有鲜明的地域特色。埃及及其周边中东地区拥有丰富的传统奶酪品种,Karish奶酪和Mish奶酪便是其典型代表[1]。Karish奶酪是埃及最受欢迎的传统奶酪之一,具有低脂肪、高蛋白的特点,通常由水牛乳或牛乳经脱脂、巴氏杀菌和凝乳后短期发酵制得[2]。该奶酪价格低廉、风味温和,产品质地紧密且富有弹性,但保质期相对较短[3]。相比之下,Mish奶酪属于腌制成熟型奶酪,制作工艺也更为复杂。其生产首先需制备Karish奶酪,随后将其切块装入洁净陶罐中,并添加脱脂乳、食用盐及植物源香料等进行长达一年的发酵[4]。这一过程通常在微需氧条件下进行,最终形成具有浓郁风味的特色产品。
从营养学角度看,奶酪不仅提供优质蛋白,更富含必需脂肪酸、维生素及钙镁等矿物质,对人体,尤其是儿童生长发育具有重要营养支持[5]。然而,奶酪的消费接受度在很大程度上取决于其感官特性,尤其是风味特征,而风味的形成又与微生物群落结构及其代谢活动密切相关[6]。研究表明,奶酪风味的形成机制主要涉及酶促反应过程中多种成分之间的动态平衡[7]。其中,成熟奶酪的风味特征主要受酪蛋白水解作用调控,部分品种还同时受脂肪水解作用的影响,这一生物转化过程主要由参与发酵的微生物通过氨基酸代谢途径介导[8−9]。生成的小肽和游离氨基酸在胞内肽酶的作用下会被进一步降解,进而转化为各种风味物质,包括酸类、酯类、醇类、醛类和含硫化物等[10]。
埃及传统奶酪制作工艺源远流长,这些工艺大多起源于农村,并且至今仍主要保留在农村生产[2]。在这种传统生产模式下,发酵过程高度依赖于原料乳和周围环境中的微生物。然而,由于传统发酵环境相对开放,生产中涉及的微生物种类和数量波动较大,导致奶酪质量很不稳定。同时,目前缺乏对埃及传统奶酪风味物质组成、微生物群落结构以及二者相关性的系统研究。因此,本研究以Karish奶酪和Mish奶酪为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术分析微生物群落组成,并结合有机酸、游离氨基酸及挥发性物质检测,揭示微生物与风味的潜在关联。研究结果不仅有助于保障埃及传统奶酪的品质稳定性,还将为其工业化、标准化生产提供科学依据。
硫酸铜 分析纯,上海毕得医药科技股份有限公司;硫酸钾、硼酸、溴甲酚绿、甲基红、石油醚 分析纯,上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司;硫酸、氢氧化钠、盐酸 分析纯,重庆川东化工集团有限公司;有机酸标准品(色谱级)、磺基水杨酸(分析纯) 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;磷酸二氢钾 分析纯,重庆跃翔化工有限公司;甲醇 色谱级,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;2-辛醇标准品 纯度>99%,成都科龙化工试剂厂;E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit试剂盒 美国Omega 公司;建库试剂盒 美国Bioo Scientific 公司。
DHG-9240A型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;pHS-3C型pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;G210型全自动滤袋式脂肪仪 上海晟声自动化分析仪器有限公司;K1100F型全自动凯氏定氮仪 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;L-8900型全自动氨基酸分析仪 日本日立公司;LC-20A型高效液相色谱仪、GCMS-QP 2010 Plus型气相色谱-质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司。
本研究于2023年10月在埃及三个地区采集了6份传统奶酪样品,包括3份Mish奶酪和3份Karish奶酪。样品采集后置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存以确保样品稳定性,详细信息见表1。
水分的测定参考GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》;蛋白质含量的测定参考GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》;脂肪含量的测定参考GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的测定》;pH的测定参考Xu等[11]的方法,将奶酪和蒸馏水以1:10(g/mL)的比例混合均匀后用pH计测定。
准确称取0.3 g奶酪样品,加入4 mL 0.01 mol/L的硫酸溶液并涡旋混匀,8000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样。色谱条件:Agilent Zorbax SB-AQ柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);柱温:35 ℃;流动相:V(0.06 mol/L KH2PO4): V(甲醇)= 97:3,磷酸调pH2.8;流速:0.8 mL/min;进样量:20 μL;紫外检测器,检测波长210 nm[12]。草酸、丙酮酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸及琥珀酸标准品配制成系列浓度梯度的标准溶液,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样,线性范围0.005~0.5 mg/mL。
准确称取0.2 g样品,加入2 mL 50 g/L的磺基水杨酸溶液沉淀蛋白质和肽,涡旋混匀后4 ℃静置过夜。8000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样。采用全自动氨基酸分析仪在440 nm(脯氨酸)和570 nm处进行检测[13]。通过比对样品的游离氨基酸峰谱和18种标准氨基酸峰谱,对样品中的游离氨基酸进行定性和定量分析。
利用滋味活度值(Taste Activity Values,TAV)评价有机酸和游离氨基酸对埃及传统奶酪滋味的影响[14]。当TAV≥1时,认为该物质对样品的滋味有贡献,根据公式(1)计算TAV。
$ \mathrm{TAV}=\frac{\text{滋味物质含量}}{\text{滋味物质阈值}} $
采用顶空固相微萃取(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对样品中挥发性成分进行测定。
样品处理[15]:准确称取2.0 g样品于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入20 μL 2-辛醇(100 mg/L)内标,并用聚四氟乙烯盖密封。样品经60 ℃水浴平衡30 min后,插入SPME纤维萃取针于60 ℃下吸附30 min,随后立即转移至GC-MS进样口分析。
GC条件:色谱柱:DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);载气:高纯度氦气,流速1 mL/min;进样口温度:250 ℃;进样方式:不分流进样;升温程序:初始温度40 ℃保持4 min,以4 ℃/min升温至100 ℃保持2 min,再以3 ℃/min升温至180 ℃,最后以10 ℃/min升温至230 ℃保持2 min。
MS条件:电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源温度230 ℃,电离能量70 eV,传输线温度250 ℃,质量扫描范围m/z 30~500。
定性定量分析:化合物通过NIST17标准谱库(匹配度>80%)比对定性,内标法定量,根据公式(2)计算挥发性成分含量。
$ \begin{split}&\mathrm{挥发性成分含量}\left({\text{μg/kg}}\right)=\\&\frac{\text{化合物峰面积}}{\text{内标物峰面积}}\times \frac{\text{内标物含量}({\text{μg}})}{\text{样品质量}(\mathrm{kg})}\end{split} $
香气活度值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)计算[16]:OAV用于反映化合物对香气的贡献程度,根据公式(3)计算OAV。
$ \mathrm{OAV}=\frac{\text{挥发性化合物含量}(\mu \mathrm{g}/\text{kg})}{\text{挥发性化合物气味阈值}(\mu \mathrm{g}/\text{kg})} $
该部分工作委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。采用E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit试剂盒,按照操作手册提取样品总DNA。通过1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的DNA质量,使用NanoDrop2000测定DNA浓度和纯度。对于细菌,选用338F(5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R(5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对16S rRNA基因的V3-V4可变区进行扩增。对于真菌,采用ITS1F(5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R(5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)对ITS1 rDNA区域进行扩增。PCR扩增条件如下:95 ℃预变性3 min;随后进行35个循环的扩增反应(95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s);最后72 ℃稳定延伸10 min。使用建库试剂盒NEXTFLEX® Rapid DNA-Seq Kit进行文库构建,利用Illumina Nextseq2000测序平台对DNA片段进行双端测序。根据Overlap关系对双端原始测序序列进行拼接,同时对序列质量进行质控和过滤,区分样本后进行多样性分析和群落结构分析。
实验均设3个重复,结果以均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并通过Duncan多重比较法检验显著性(P<0.05)。数据可视化由Origin 2021实现,微生物多样性分析在美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)上进行,Spearman相关性分析在联川生物云平台(https://www.omicstudio.cn/tool)上完成。
埃及传统奶酪的理化测定结果如表2所示。奶酪的平均pH为4.37,水分含量70.94%,蛋白含量51.38%,与文献报道一致[17−18]。Mish奶酪的pH显著高于Karish奶酪(P<0.05),该差异归因于长期成熟过程中氨基酸的脱氨基作用和脂肪酸裂解作用,产生氨及甲基酮等碱性物质,从而导致pH水平升高[19]。在水分含量方面,两类奶酪均属于软质奶酪,但Karish奶酪的持水性更高。蛋白含量分析显示,Karish奶酪的蛋白含量显著高于Mish奶酪(P<0.05),二者分别为53.68%±0.62%~58.23%±3.52%和45.53%±0.72%~49.93%±7.22%。Mish奶酪更长的成熟期,导致蛋白质在蛋白酶的作用下被分解为肽和氨基酸[20],所以其含量相对较低。脂肪含量分析显示,Mish奶酪中未检出脂肪,而Karish奶酪中的脂肪含量也相对较低,为3.94%±0.76%~10.39%±1.11%。这一现象与使用脱脂乳为原料有关,其次还与奶酪成熟过程中发生的脂肪降解有关,乳脂在微生物和酶的作用下被分解为脂肪酸和甘油,进而被转化为醇、酸、酯等风味物质[21]。
奶酪中的有机酸主要由乳酸菌和酵母菌代谢产生,是重要的风味调节因子,在改善食品感官特性方面具有多重功能,包括降低苦味、增强风味和提升香气[22]。如表3所示,Mish奶酪中有机酸总量(55.78~70.19 mg/g)明显高于Karish奶酪(35.40~40.66 mg/g)。乳酸占比70.54%,是两类奶酪中的主要有机酸。乳酸的酸度较弱,略带乳香,由乳酸菌通过糖酵解途径代谢乳糖产生,在奶酪生产初期可抑制不良微生物生长[23]。苹果酸和琥珀酸次之,含量分别为(1.31±0.15)~(10.78±0.65)mg/g和(0.41±0.04)~(7.88±1.21)mg/g。苹果酸的酸味刺激爽快,琥珀酸的酸味鲜酸爽口,可由丙酮酸经苹果酸、富马酸及部分氨基酸分解形成,且易与其他分子反应生成酯[24]。乙酸是食品中常见的增味剂,但在本研究中含量较低,仅(0.63±0.05)~(3.84±0.33) mg/g。草酸、丙酮酸和柠檬酸的含量同样较低,而酒石酸的含量最少,在CO、MO、MW和QW等样品中均未检出。通过计算滋味活度值(TAV),得出5种TAV≥1的关键有机酸,分别是乳酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸和酒石酸。这5种酸对两类奶酪的滋味贡献差异显著:Mish奶酪以苹果酸(22.12)、乳酸(14.91)、琥珀酸(6.06)和乙酸(3.03)为主要呈味成分;而Karish奶酪则以乳酸(12.09)和苹果酸(6.51)为其呈味主体。
游离氨基酸是奶酪风味形成中的关键角色,可作为重要前体物质,参与合成多种风味化合物[25]。具体而言,氨基酸在转氨基作用下会生成α-酮酸,α-酮酸通过脱羧反应可转化为醛,而醛能进一步被还原为醇,醇则通过酯化反应形成酯[26]。如表4所示,两类奶酪共检出16种游离氨基酸,其中Mish奶酪的游离氨基酸总量(5575.24~11018.95 mg/kg)明显高于Karish奶酪(1297.24~1988.09 mg/kg)。这种现象与Mish奶酪成熟过程中,蛋白质在微生物和酶的作用下发生持续水解有关[27],这与其2.1节中较低的蛋白含量相符。在呈味特性方面,Mish奶酪中苦味氨基酸占比60.69%,高于Karish的41.56%。Karish奶酪中甜味和鲜味氨基酸分别占比26.33%和14.21%,高于Mish奶酪的24.47%和1.29%,可带来更多的甜鲜味。在营养学方面,两类奶酪共检出甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸和苏氨酸等7种必需氨基酸,平均占比60.51%,具有较高的营养价值。此外,不同样品中氨基酸种类存在差异,在样品MO和CW中未检出酪氨酸,QW中未检出精氨酸。
奶酪的风味不仅受氨基酸含量的影响,还与氨基酸的种类及其呈味阈值密切相关。如表4所示,Mish奶酪中检出7种TAV≥1的关键呈味氨基酸,分别是缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丙氨酸和赖氨酸。相比之下,Karish奶酪仅检出1种关键呈味氨基酸,即谷氨酸。值得注意的是,除Mish奶酪中的缬氨酸(1.52、1.54、3.09)、甲硫氨酸(1.29、1.24、2.34)和丙氨酸(1.56、2.33、3.51)外,其余5种氨基酸仅在一个样本中检出TAV大于1。Mish奶酪中缬氨酸与甲硫氨酸呈苦味,通过与丙氨酸的甜味相互作用,有效掩盖了其不良滋味。综上所述,两类奶酪在关键呈味氨基酸的种类及分布上存在显著差异,这是导致其风味特征不同的重要原因。
如表5所示,两类奶酪共检出86种挥发性成分,包括13种醇、12种酸、7种醛酮、51种酯以及3种其他类。结合图1可知,Mish奶酪中挥发性物质种类明显高于Karish奶酪,二者分别含有75种和44种。各样品共有挥发性物质13种,包括2-壬醇、苯乙醇、辛酸、辛酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、己酸异戊酯、癸酸丙酯、己酸丙酯、棕榈酸乙酯和9-癸烯酸乙酯,酯类物质在其中占主导地位。
醇类物质分析显示,Mish奶酪含有11种醇,平均含量1576.45 μg/kg;Karish奶酪含有8种醇,平均含量2992.43 μg/kg。推测Karish奶酪中醇类含量高与其短期发酵有关,使得醇类物质未被进一步转化。2-壬醇和苯乙醇为各样品共有醇,其含量分别为(38.85±1.19)~(741.48±103.91)μg/kg和(20.95±0.06)~(729.57±72.65)μg/kg。可赋予奶酪强烈的花香和果香,后者主要由酵母菌通过苯丙氨酸代谢途径产生[28]。
奶酪中的酸类物质主要来源于乳酸代谢、蛋白水解和脂肪分解[19]。本研究检出的丁酸、庚酸、辛酸、己酸、月桂酸、癸酸和棕榈酸等,均源自脂肪分解过程[11]。酸类物质的组成差异会显著影响奶酪的风味轮廓,Mish奶酪单独含有乙酸、丁酸、己酸和庚酸,可为其带来一定的刺激性气味。据报道,乙酸呈辛辣味和酸味,丁酸具有腐臭味,己酸在低浓度时可表现为浓郁奶油味,丁酸与己酸的协同作用会导致脚臭和汗臭味[29−30]。此外,两类奶酪还检出辛酸和癸酸,其含量分别为(57.86±17.53)~(398.94±117.15)μg/kg和0~(379.58±98.53)μg/kg,但由于其气味阈值较大,这两种酸对奶酪风味贡献较小。
酯类物质是奶酪中的主要风味物质,可贡献花香和果香。Mish奶酪含有46种酯,平均含量14914.89 μg/kg;Karish奶酪含有28种,平均含量9371.67 μg/kg。二者在种类和含量上有所差异,这是因为Mish奶酪成熟期更长,持续的微生物代谢促进了酯类物质积累。据文献报道,酵母是影响酯类合成的重要因素,克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces)是酯类和醇类的良好生产者[31]。进一步分析显示,各样品含10种共有挥发性酯,包括辛酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、己酸异戊酯、癸酸正丙酯、己酸丙酯、棕榈酸乙酯和9-癸烯酸乙酯。乙酯类物质占主导地位,主要是由于游离脂肪酸与醇,特别是乙醇发生酯化反应所致[7]。
醛酮类物质可通过游离氨基酸的脱羧、脱氨、转氨作用以及Strecker降解反应形成,同时不饱和脂肪酸的β-氧化也是其重要来源[32]。本研究共检出3种醛(壬醛、苯乙醛和癸醛)和4种酮(2-壬酮、二苯甲酮、2-十一酮和2-十三烷酮)。在醛类物质中,苯乙醛呈典型的玫瑰香,壬醛呈现花香和柑橘香[33],癸醛带有油脂味和青草味[34]。在酮类物质中,2-壬酮赋予奶酪花香和果香,2-十一酮和2-十三烷酮带有柑橘味和玫瑰香,此类物质曾在木桶奶酪和切达奶酪中检出[35]。最后,本研究还检出1-十二烯、4-乙基愈创木酚和D-柠檬烯等风味物质。4-乙基愈创木酚带有大豆般的芳香,D-柠檬烯呈现柑橘和薄荷清香,这两种物质主要存在于Mish奶酪。
香气活度值(OAV)是评估挥发性化合物对食品香气贡献度的重要指标。当OAV≥1时,表明该化合物对产品香气特征具有显著贡献,且OAV与其贡献度呈正相关[16]。如表6所示,本研究共检出29种OAV≥1的关键香气化合物,包括7种醇、1种酸、3种醛、2种酮、15种酯以及1种烯烃。从样品类型来看,Mish奶酪含21种关键香气物质,Karish奶酪含17种。两类奶酪共有关键香气物质9种,但仅4种在所有样品中检出,包括2-壬醇(黄瓜味)、辛酸乙酯(酒味、脂肪味、花香、菠萝味)、癸酸乙酯(酒味、葡萄味、梨味)和己酸乙酯(果香、酒味)。从香气贡献度来看,Mish奶酪和Karish奶酪中均存在6种OAV≥100的核心香气成分,这部分物质对两类奶酪的香气贡献最大,是其主体呈香物质。此外,Mish奶酪还单独含有己酸、苯乙醛、丁酸丙酯、丙酸异戊酯和D-柠檬烯等香气成分;而Karish奶酪则单独含有2-十二醇、2-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯等香气成分,这些特征香气物质可作为区分两类奶酪的标志性成分。
如表7所示,为样本微生物群落的Alpha多样性分析结果,包括物种丰富度Chao1指数、物种多样性Shannon指数以及测序覆盖率。由表7可知,所有样本的测序覆盖率均超过99.9%,表明本研究获得的测序数据能够准确反映样品中细菌和真菌等微生物群落的真实组成,具有较高的数据可靠性。此外,从整体上看,Mish奶酪的平均Chao1指数和Shannon指数较Karish奶酪更高,表明Mish奶酪的物种丰富度和多样性更高。
如图2所示,为不同样本间微生物群落的主坐标分析。对于细菌群落(图2A),PC1和PC2的方差贡献率分别为78.37%和9.67%,累计方差贡献率88.04%。具体而言,样品MO和QW在第一象限内形成明显的空间聚类,表明这两者在细菌群落中具有较高的相似性。与此同时,样品CO和CW的空间距离同样较近,而样品MW和QO相较于其它样本则距离较远,表明其细菌群落组成存在一定差异。对于真菌群落(图2B),PC1和PC2的方差贡献率分别为37.03%和28.93%,累计方差贡献率为69.56%。样本间呈现相对离散的分布模式,反映了不同样本间真菌群落结构的差异。具体而言,样品CW与MW均位于第一象限内,而样品CO、QO和QW则分别独立分布于第三象限、第二象限和第四象限。综上所述,这些结果表明在埃及传统奶酪中细菌群落结构较真菌群落更相似。
本研究系统分析了两类奶酪的微生物群落组成。如图3A和3B所示,细菌门种类显著高于真菌,分别鉴定出9个细菌门和4个真菌门。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,95.50%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,4.26%)是其中的优势细菌门,相对丰度累计达99.76%。子囊菌门(Ascomycota,96.52%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,3.46%)是优势真菌门,相对丰度累计达99.98%,这些结果与Chen等[37]一致。
如图3C所示,Mish奶酪和Karish奶酪的细菌群落组成相似。以乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus,49.19%)的丰度最高,链球菌属(Streptococcus,38.87%)次之、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella,3.69%)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus,2.48%)少量分布。值得注意的是,四种菌属均为乳酸菌,其中魏斯氏菌属为Mish奶酪所特有,仅在CO(0.02%)、MO(0.01%)和QO(22.09%)样本中检出。乳酸菌是一类公认的益生菌,常被用作发酵剂培养物,在奶酪生产初期通过产酸促使酪蛋白凝固从而达到凝乳效果。相比于细菌,两类奶酪在真菌群落构成上差异更大。如图3D所示,优势真菌属包含柯达酵母属(Kodamaea)、双足囊菌属(Dipodascaceae)、有孢圆酵母属(Torulaspora)、梅奇酵母属(Metschnikowiaceae)、伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)、假丝酵母属(Candida)、棒孢酵母属(Clavispora),以及克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces)等。与霉菌型奶酪不同,酵母菌是埃及传统奶酪中的核心真菌,主要来源于奶酪生产环境和生产过程。酵母菌通过乳糖发酵、脂肪分解和蛋白质水解等途径分解乳底物,从而有助于奶酪香气发展。两类奶酪真菌群落组成相似,但丰度不同,Mish奶酪以柯达酵母属(41.79%)为主、双足囊菌属(23.08%)和假丝酵母属(15.36%)次之。Karish奶酪则以有孢圆酵母属(29.47%)为主、伊萨酵母属(13.98%)和双足囊菌属(13.75%)次之。值得注意的是,有孢圆酵母属在Mish奶酪的CO样本中检出,但相对丰度较低。
为阐明埃及传统奶酪中优势菌属与关键风味物质的潜在关联,基于平均相对丰度≥1%的标准,筛选出4个细菌属和10个真菌属。并采用Spearman相关分析法对13种TAV≥1的关键滋味物质,29种OAV≥1的关键香气物质进行关联性检验。选取|r|>0.8且P<0.05的显著关联菌属与关键风味物质进行可视化。如图4所示,为优势菌属与关键风味成分的相关性网络图。其中粉点代表优势菌属,绿点代表关键风味物质,实线和虚线分别表示正相关和负相关,线条粗细反映相关性强弱。结果表明,链球菌属(Streptococcus)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus)与酒石酸显著负相关。魏斯氏菌属(Weissella),柯达酵母属(Kodamaea)是连接数最多的细菌和真菌属,与5种氨基酸(缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸)、3种有机酸(乳酸、乙酸、琥珀酸)以及3种挥发性物质(己酸、苯乙醛、丙酸异戊酯)显著正相关,而与2-十二醇,2-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯显著负相关。这些结果表明魏斯氏菌属和柯达酵母属是埃及传统奶酪中风味物质形成的主要贡献者。与此同时,有孢圆酵母属(Torulaspora)、假丝酵母属(Candida)以及克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces)等同样显示出较高的连接度。有孢圆酵母属与绝大部分风味物质均呈负相关关系,包括6种氨基酸、6种挥发性成分以及2种有机酸,这说明有孢圆酵母属可能不直接参与氨基酸等风味物质的生物合成。假丝酵母属与异己酸乙酯和苯甲酸乙酯正相关,而与2-庚醇及2-壬酮负相关。克鲁维酵母属与乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯正相关,但与己酸、苯乙醛及丁酸丙酯等风味成分负相关。这些结果揭示了优势菌属与关键风味物质之间的潜在代谢关联,为进一步解析埃及传统奶酪风味形成机制提供了科学依据。
本研究系统分析了Mish奶酪和Karish奶酪的风味特征及微生物群落组成。结果表明,二者均为软质奶酪,具有高蛋白、低脂肪的营养特点。Mish奶酪中有机酸、游离氨基酸及挥发性物质的含量均显著高于Karish奶酪,这主要与其长期成熟过程中物质的持续转化有关。两类奶酪共检出86种挥发性化合物,其中29种被确定为关键香气物质(OAV≥1),整体呈现花香和果香的特征。2-壬醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯和己酸乙酯为各样品共有关键香气成分,构成埃及传统奶酪的香气基础。微生物群落分析显示,两类奶酪的细菌群落组成相似,主要由乳杆菌属、链球菌属、魏斯氏菌属和乳球菌属构成。真菌群落的相对丰度差异较大,以柯达酵母属、双足囊菌属、有孢圆酵母属、梅奇酵母属、伊萨酵母属和假丝酵母属为主。相关性分析表明,魏斯氏菌属和柯达酵母属是埃及传统奶酪中风味物质形成的主要贡献者。与5种氨基酸、3种有机酸以及3种挥发性物质的形成显著正相关,而与2-十二醇,2-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯及乙酸乙酯显著负相关。此外,链球菌属、乳球菌属、假丝酵母属,以及克鲁维酵母属等同样参与埃及传统奶酪中多种关键风味物质合成,有助于丰富奶酪风味的复杂性和层次感。本研究建立了埃及传统奶酪的微生物风味关联网络,并为微生物驱动的香气发展机制提供了基本见解,但尚未阐明微生物代谢途径对风味物质形成机制的影响。后续研究将重点解析微生物代谢网络与风味物质合成的内在关联,从而为定向调控风味物质形成提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050167
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
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    1西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆 400715
    2中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆 400715
    3埃及艾因夏姆斯大学 药学院,埃及开罗 11566
    4埃及亚历山大大学 农学院,埃及亚历山大 21545

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杜木英(1972−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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