Article(id=1320888831801406413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854038428, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854038428, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854038428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854038428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=151, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888832023704526, articleId=1320888831801406413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Rice Bran Protein Structure and Immune Activity of Its Digestion Products, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the structural changes of rice bran protein during gastrointestinal digestion and the immunomodulatory activity of its digestive products. Rice bran protein (RBP) was used as the raw material. Changes in molecular weight, microstructure, and amino acid composition were analyzed at different stages of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The immunomodulatory activity of RBP digestion products (RBPI) was evaluated using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells as a model. Most of the digestive products exhibited a molecular weight below 10 kDa after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The β-sheet content increased from 33.66% to 46.50%, while the α-helix content decreased from 22.38% to 15.80%. Essential amino acids (EAA) accounted for 40.33% of the total amino acid content, with an EAA to non-essential amino acid (NEAA) ratio of 0.68. Digestion changed the microstructural of the protein, and the surface of the digestive products appeared finely granular. RBPI, at concentrations of 50~600 μg/mL, significantly enhanced the viability of RAW264.7 cells and notably increased their phagocytic capacity and nitric oxide production. Furthermore, RBPI significantly stimulated the secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by macrophages, indicating strong immunoenhancing activity. These findings indicated that RBP, after in vitro simulated digestion, had good nutritional value and potential to activate macrophages and boost immune function, it was expected to provide data support for the application of gastrointestinal digestion products of rice bran protein in the functional food and health food industries.

, authors=Qiuxing CHEN1, Zhihao DONG1, Zhi ZHANG2, Feng ZUO1, 3, *, authorsList=Qiuxing CHEN, Zhihao DONG, Zhi ZHANG, Feng ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng ZUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888833558819805, articleId=1320888831801406413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=体外模拟消化米糠蛋白结构及其消化产物免疫活性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究米糠蛋白在胃肠消化过程中结构变化及其胃肠消化产物的免疫调节活性,本研究以米糠蛋白(rice bran protein,RBP)为原料,分析了在体外模拟胃肠道消化不同阶段过程中米糠蛋白的分子量、微观结构、氨基酸组成变化;以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为细胞模型评价米糠蛋白胃肠模拟消化产物(RBPI)的免疫调节活性。结果表明,米糠蛋白经胃肠模拟消化后绝大多数消化产物分子量小于10 kDa;β-折叠的含量由33.66%增加至46.50%,α-螺旋含量由22.38%减少至15.80%;必需氨基酸总量(EAA)占40.33%;必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的比值为0.68;胃肠模拟消化后蛋白微观结构改变,消化产物表面呈细密颗粒状;50~600 μg/mL的RBPI能够显著提高RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力,除此之外,还能显著提高RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力、一氧化氮(NO)分泌量,同时能显著刺激巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor -α,TNF-α),表现出良好的免疫增强活性。以上结果表明,米糠蛋白经体外模拟消化后,具有良好的营养价值,且具有激活巨噬细胞增强机体免疫力的潜在作用,为米糠蛋白胃肠消化产物在功能食品和保健食品行业的应用提供数据支撑。

, authors=陈秋杏1, 董志昊1, 张智2, 左锋1, 3, *, authorsList=陈秋杏, 董志昊, 张智, 左锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=左锋, authorNote=

陈秋杏(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
左锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白及农副产品加工利用,E-mail:。
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Food Research and Development, 2025, 46(8): 90−96., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888833776923614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833785312223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833776923614, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833793700832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833776923614, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888833873392609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833881781218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833873392609, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Bei Da Huang Heilongjiang Rice Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833885975523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833873392609, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2黑龙江省北大荒米业有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 150090)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888833974055908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833982444517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833974055908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Engineering Research Center of Grain By-product Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888833990833126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, companyId=1320888833974055908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888836415139845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis of rice bran protein and its gastrointestinal digestion products, figureFileSmall=pnZm8F5C2rk2AGMWUqoyMw==, figureFileBig=AIiGHB2qzxNi6UECnCirkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888836482248710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=图1, caption=米糠蛋白及其胃肠消化产物SDS-PAGE电泳分析

注:M为Maker蛋白,1为米糠蛋白,2为米糠蛋白胃部消化2 h产物,3为米糠蛋白胃肠模拟消化3 h产物。

, figureFileSmall=pnZm8F5C2rk2AGMWUqoyMw==, figureFileBig=AIiGHB2qzxNi6UECnCirkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888836729712648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FITR of rice bran protein and its gastrointestinal digestion products, figureFileSmall=8d1E7v2OMi9xFux8Oksk2w==, figureFileBig=FQSy/t3o+LgLIAVnZUDW9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888836805210121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=图2, caption=米糠蛋白及其胃肠消化产物傅里叶红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=8d1E7v2OMi9xFux8Oksk2w==, figureFileBig=FQSy/t3o+LgLIAVnZUDW9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888836872318986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Scanning electron micrographs of rice bran protein and simulated gastrointestinal digestion products at different stages, figureFileSmall=juBteQSxf2mUDnd0cnhUtA==, figureFileBig=HTGT+OWHff4lttM540R3iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888836993953803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=图3, caption=米糠蛋白及不同阶段胃肠模拟消化产物扫描电镜图

注:米糠蛋白(A:5000×,D:3000×),模拟胃部消化2 h(B:5000×,E:3000×),模拟肠道消化3 h(C:5000×,F:3000×)。

, figureFileSmall=juBteQSxf2mUDnd0cnhUtA==, figureFileBig=HTGT+OWHff4lttM540R3iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888837316915212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different concentrations of RBPI on the viability of RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=zRAEcHs2zWsxOj8SUYUvNg==, figureFileBig=vN8jMFtxHv3NiNV6j45gGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888837379829773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度RBPI对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响

注:相同字母表示差异不显著,不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图5~图7同。

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注:A:IL-10;B:TNF-α;C:IL-1β。

, figureFileSmall=bO0P5DXFvW19NraGt/NxDQ==, figureFileBig=r2F80TOWhVCtC6Azo1hz7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888838067695636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of the simulated digestive solution[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消化液成分(mol/L)SGF(pH2)SIF(pH7)
mLmL
0.5 KCl6.96.8
0.5 KH2PO40.90.8
1 NaHCO312.542.5
2 NaCl11.89.6
0.15 MgCl2·6H2O0.41.1
0.5 (NH4)2CO30.5−
6 HCl1.30.7
H2O365.7375.74
0.3 CaCl20.01250.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320888838147387413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟消化液的化学成分[15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消化液成分(mol/L)SGF(pH2)SIF(pH7)
mLmL
0.5 KCl6.96.8
0.5 KH2PO40.90.8
1 NaHCO312.542.5
2 NaCl11.89.6
0.15 MgCl2·6H2O0.41.1
0.5 (NH4)2CO30.5−
6 HCl1.30.7
H2O365.7375.74
0.3 CaCl20.01250.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320888838243856406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Percentage of secondary structure composition of rice bran protein and digestion products (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白种类α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
米糠蛋白(RBP)22.38±0.03b33.66±0.04b16.63±0.03a27.33±0.02b
RBP模拟胃部消化
(2 h)
23.62±0.01a32.53±0.01c13.44±0.05c30.41±0.03a
RBP模拟肠道消化
(3 h)
15.80±0.03c46.50±0.02a13.89±0.01b23.81±0.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1320888838344519703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

米糠蛋白及消化产物二级结构组成百分比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白种类α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
米糠蛋白(RBP)22.38±0.03b33.66±0.04b16.63±0.03a27.33±0.02b
RBP模拟胃部消化
(2 h)
23.62±0.01a32.53±0.01c13.44±0.05c30.41±0.03a
RBP模拟肠道消化
(3 h)
15.80±0.03c46.50±0.02a13.89±0.01b23.81±0.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1320888838638120984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition of free amino acids in rice bran protein and its gastrointestinal simulated digestion products (mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类RBPRBP模拟胃部
消化(2 h)
RBP模拟肠道
消化(3 h)
天冬氨酸Asp21.18±0.22c39.61±0.26b64.10±0.24a
谷氨酸Glu14.72±0.23c16.09±0.29b54.76±0.24a
天冬酰胺Asn8.10±0.15c12.86±0.20b17.32±0.16a
丝氨酸Ser33.39±0.31a32.51±0.61b26.78±0.21c
谷氨酰胺Gln14.07±0.19c39.12±0.71b49.30±0.28a
甘氨酸Gly2.97±0.06c12.30±0.20b14.28±0.21a
组氨酸His14.04±0.16c26.37±0.65b29.20±0.25a
精氨酸Arg25.95±0.33c70.98±0.80b97.83±0.32a
苏氨酸Thr*6.04±0.12c24.77±0.65b51.60±0.24a
丙氨酸Ala17.02±0.20b14.66±0.25c97.02±0.90a
脯氨酸Pro18.84±0.22b48.86±0.35a20.63±0.22b
茶氨酸The70.96±0.68c172.35±2.03b190.57±0.71a
酪氨酸Tyr18.88±0.23c55.50±0.65b81.41±0.30a
缬氨酸Val*10.61±0.17c28.21±0.50b39.69±0.24a
甲硫氨酸Met*43.72±1.46b66.08±1.06a40.08±0.21c
胱氨酸Cys73.07±2.58a32.02±0.60c45.89±0.24b
异亮氨酸Ile*22.33±0.28c35.94±0.45b42.41±0.23a
亮氨酸Leu*69.95±1.63a62.19±1.21b53.15±0.25c
苯丙氨酸Phe*40.21±0.33c68.57±2.60b181.78±1.63a
赖氨酸Lys*65.47±0.42c68.48±1.00b87.68±0.26a
总氨基酸551.52±9.88c927.47±15.07b1255.48±7.38a
总必需氨基酸212.86±4.41c364.24±7.47b506.39±3.06a
必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸0.630.650.68
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(%)38.5939.2740.33
), ArticleFig(id=1320888838986248217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888831801406413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

米糠蛋白及其胃肠模拟消化产物游离氨基酸组成(mg/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类RBPRBP模拟胃部
消化(2 h)
RBP模拟肠道
消化(3 h)
天冬氨酸Asp21.18±0.22c39.61±0.26b64.10±0.24a
谷氨酸Glu14.72±0.23c16.09±0.29b54.76±0.24a
天冬酰胺Asn8.10±0.15c12.86±0.20b17.32±0.16a
丝氨酸Ser33.39±0.31a32.51±0.61b26.78±0.21c
谷氨酰胺Gln14.07±0.19c39.12±0.71b49.30±0.28a
甘氨酸Gly2.97±0.06c12.30±0.20b14.28±0.21a
组氨酸His14.04±0.16c26.37±0.65b29.20±0.25a
精氨酸Arg25.95±0.33c70.98±0.80b97.83±0.32a
苏氨酸Thr*6.04±0.12c24.77±0.65b51.60±0.24a
丙氨酸Ala17.02±0.20b14.66±0.25c97.02±0.90a
脯氨酸Pro18.84±0.22b48.86±0.35a20.63±0.22b
茶氨酸The70.96±0.68c172.35±2.03b190.57±0.71a
酪氨酸Tyr18.88±0.23c55.50±0.65b81.41±0.30a
缬氨酸Val*10.61±0.17c28.21±0.50b39.69±0.24a
甲硫氨酸Met*43.72±1.46b66.08±1.06a40.08±0.21c
胱氨酸Cys73.07±2.58a32.02±0.60c45.89±0.24b
异亮氨酸Ile*22.33±0.28c35.94±0.45b42.41±0.23a
亮氨酸Leu*69.95±1.63a62.19±1.21b53.15±0.25c
苯丙氨酸Phe*40.21±0.33c68.57±2.60b181.78±1.63a
赖氨酸Lys*65.47±0.42c68.48±1.00b87.68±0.26a
总氨基酸551.52±9.88c927.47±15.07b1255.48±7.38a
总必需氨基酸212.86±4.41c364.24±7.47b506.39±3.06a
必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸0.630.650.68
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(%)38.5939.2740.33
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体外模拟消化米糠蛋白结构及其消化产物免疫活性的影响
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陈秋杏 1 , 董志昊 1 , 张智 2 , 左锋 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 151-158
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 151 -158
体外模拟消化米糠蛋白结构及其消化产物免疫活性的影响
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陈秋杏1 , 董志昊1, 张智2, 左锋1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2黑龙江省北大荒米业有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 150090
  • 3粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
左锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白及农副产品加工利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈秋杏(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

Effect of in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Rice Bran Protein Structure and Immune Activity of Its Digestion Products
Qiuxing CHEN1 , Zhihao DONG1, Zhi ZHANG2, Feng ZUO1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2Bei Da Huang Heilongjiang Rice Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, China
  • 3Engineering Research Center of Grain By-product Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040050
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为研究米糠蛋白在胃肠消化过程中结构变化及其胃肠消化产物的免疫调节活性,本研究以米糠蛋白(rice bran protein,RBP)为原料,分析了在体外模拟胃肠道消化不同阶段过程中米糠蛋白的分子量、微观结构、氨基酸组成变化;以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为细胞模型评价米糠蛋白胃肠模拟消化产物(RBPI)的免疫调节活性。结果表明,米糠蛋白经胃肠模拟消化后绝大多数消化产物分子量小于10 kDa;β-折叠的含量由33.66%增加至46.50%,α-螺旋含量由22.38%减少至15.80%;必需氨基酸总量(EAA)占40.33%;必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的比值为0.68;胃肠模拟消化后蛋白微观结构改变,消化产物表面呈细密颗粒状;50~600 μg/mL的RBPI能够显著提高RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力,除此之外,还能显著提高RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力、一氧化氮(NO)分泌量,同时能显著刺激巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor -α,TNF-α),表现出良好的免疫增强活性。以上结果表明,米糠蛋白经体外模拟消化后,具有良好的营养价值,且具有激活巨噬细胞增强机体免疫力的潜在作用,为米糠蛋白胃肠消化产物在功能食品和保健食品行业的应用提供数据支撑。

米糠蛋白  /  体外模拟消化  /  氨基酸组成  /  免疫调节  /  巨噬细胞RAW264.7

This study aimed to investigate the structural changes of rice bran protein during gastrointestinal digestion and the immunomodulatory activity of its digestive products. Rice bran protein (RBP) was used as the raw material. Changes in molecular weight, microstructure, and amino acid composition were analyzed at different stages of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The immunomodulatory activity of RBP digestion products (RBPI) was evaluated using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells as a model. Most of the digestive products exhibited a molecular weight below 10 kDa after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The β-sheet content increased from 33.66% to 46.50%, while the α-helix content decreased from 22.38% to 15.80%. Essential amino acids (EAA) accounted for 40.33% of the total amino acid content, with an EAA to non-essential amino acid (NEAA) ratio of 0.68. Digestion changed the microstructural of the protein, and the surface of the digestive products appeared finely granular. RBPI, at concentrations of 50~600 μg/mL, significantly enhanced the viability of RAW264.7 cells and notably increased their phagocytic capacity and nitric oxide production. Furthermore, RBPI significantly stimulated the secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by macrophages, indicating strong immunoenhancing activity. These findings indicated that RBP, after in vitro simulated digestion, had good nutritional value and potential to activate macrophages and boost immune function, it was expected to provide data support for the application of gastrointestinal digestion products of rice bran protein in the functional food and health food industries.

rice bran protein  /  in vitro simulated digestion  /  amino acid composition  /  immunomodulation  /  RAW264.7 macrophages
陈秋杏, 董志昊, 张智, 左锋. 体外模拟消化米糠蛋白结构及其消化产物免疫活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040050
Qiuxing CHEN, Zhihao DONG, Zhi ZHANG, Feng ZUO. Effect of in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Rice Bran Protein Structure and Immune Activity of Its Digestion Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040050
米糠是稻米加工的主要副产物,我国每年米糠产量超1200万吨[1],米糠蛋白质含量为12%~18%,必需氨基酸分类齐全且组成接近FAO/WHO推荐的氨基酸最佳配比模式[2]。米糠蛋白经过酶水解、体外模拟消化等方式可获得小分子肽,这些小分子肽具有抗氧化、抗癌、降血压、降血糖以及免疫调节等多重生理功能[3]。例如,代国信等[4]通过优化酶解工艺制备米糠蛋白肽,证实其水解产物能通过清除自由基和螯合金属离子显著提升抗氧化活性。HATANAKA等[5]发现米糠蛋白酶解物能有效抑制二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-Ⅳ)活性,具备调控餐后血糖的潜力;邹智鹏等[6]通过超滤膜分级米糠蛋白肽发现,分子量小于3 kDa的组分对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制率高达82.6%,具有血压调节的功能活性。KANNAN等[7]从米糠中分离出特异性五肽,该成分可通过诱导细胞周期阻滞选择性抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖活性。近年来,植物来源免疫调节肽因具有增强机体免疫、预防癌症等功能且具有原料来源广、安全性高等优点而得到国内外学者的广泛研究[8]。
体外胃肠模拟消化是一种评估食源性蛋白功能特性的酶水解系统,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶两步消化比商业水解酶更接近人体消化情况,体外模拟消化得到的水解物的生物活性也具有更好的适应性[9]。傅秋云等[10]研究表明燕麦蛋白经体外模拟消化后,产物中含有刺激胆囊收缩素分泌的功能肽,且消化产物的氨基酸组成优于未消化的燕麦蛋白;韩荣欣等[11]研究发现酸枣仁蛋白经模拟消化的消化液同样具有良好的氨基酸组成和抗氧化活性;CHO[12]研究显示经胃肠消化后的米糠蛋白可分离出高抗氧化活性组分;已有研究揭示了米糠蛋白水解物具有一定的免疫调节作用[13−14],但是对于消化过程中水解产物结构变化规律以及消化产物的免疫活性仍有待进一步的研究。
因此本研究将胃肠消化模型与细胞评价体系相结合:首先通过体外模拟消化系统解析米糠蛋白的结构演变规律,并以RAW264.7巨噬细胞为模型,系统评估米糠蛋白消化产物(RBPI)对细胞因子分泌的影响进而评价米糠蛋白消化产物的免疫调节活性。研究以期为米糠蛋白胃肠消化产物在功能食品和保健食品行业的应用提供依据。
米糠蛋白(蛋白含量78%) 黑龙江省北大荒米业有限公司;胃蛋白酶(30000 U/g)、胰蛋白酶(2500 U/mg) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、噻唑兰(MTT) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7 中国科学院上海细胞库;青/链霉素、脂多糖(LPS) 美国西格玛奥德里奇公司;DMEM培养基、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 广州硕谱生物技术有限公司;胎牛血清 美国克拉克生物科技有限公司;NO试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司;细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-α)试剂盒 上海朗顿生物技术有限公司;氢氧化钠、盐酸等 辽宁泉瑞试剂有限公司;氯化钾、氯化钠、磷酸二氢钾等其他试剂均为分析纯。
U-2019型紫外-可见分光光度计 日本HITACHI公司;1-4LDplus冷冻干燥机 德国CHRIST公司;U3000高效液相色谱仪 美国赛默飞公司;SHA-B数显恒温振荡器 常州智博仪器制造有限公司;Nicoletis10傅里叶红外光谱 德国Matthaus公司;5417R离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;DYCZ-24K型电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;S4800场发射电子扫描显微镜 日本Koizumi公司;CBS-170CO2培养箱 德国Binder公司;DM750光学显微镜 德国徕卡有限公司。
参考MINEKUS等[15]的方法略作修改,将RBP溶解在pH7.0的K2HPO4-KH2PO4磷酸盐缓冲液中,配制成50 mg/mL的RBP缓冲溶液,将RPB缓冲溶液与模拟胃液(SGF)1:1等体积混合(模拟消化液具体配方见表1),用1 mol/L HCl将溶液pH调至3.0后加入胃蛋白酶,浓度达到2000 U/mL,将混合液置于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡器转速180 r/min反应120 min以模拟胃消化,反应结束后置于100 ℃水浴中10 min灭酶处理,胃部消化结束将消化液pH调至7.0。离心(12000 r/min、4 ℃、20 min)取上清液冷冻干燥,样品置于−20℃保存备用。
将1.2.1中模拟胃部消化米糠蛋白消化液与模拟肠液(SIF)1:1等体积混合,并将pH调节至7.0后加入胰蛋白酶,浓度达到1500 U/mL,将混合液置于37 ℃恒温水浴振荡器转速180 r/min反应180 min以模拟肠消化,反应结束后置于100℃水浴中10 min灭酶处理,肠部消化结束将消化液pH调至7.0,离心(12000 r/min、4 ℃、20 min)取上清液冷冻干燥,样品置于−20 ℃保存备用。
参照VERA等[16]的方法并略作修改。样品制备:将米糠蛋白及其消化产物样品制成质量浓度为10 mg/mL的溶液,按说明书比例加入十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)样品缓冲液(0.125 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液),煮沸3 min后进行电泳。上样量为20 μL,凝胶电泳于恒压模式下进行,浓缩胶质量分数为5%,电压保持在80 V,分离胶质量分数为12%,进入分离胶后电压增至120 V。凝胶染色液采用质量分数为0.25%的考马斯亮蓝R-250溶液,使用乙醇-冰乙酸-水配制的脱色液进行脱色。
称量蛋白及其消化产物冻干后样品,使用混样器与溴化钾1:50(质量比)混均匀,置于压片模具中压片。将测试样品放入样品舱,参数设置为4 cm−1的分辨率和32次扫描(4000~500 cm−1),间隔0.1 s。
用牙签蘸取少量米糠蛋白及消化产物冻干后样品固定在电镜进样台上,真空条件下电镀喷金,固定在载物台上,调整好适宜位置并调整放大倍数(3000×、5000×)后扫描观察。
参考刘少华[17]的方法进行前处理,称取0.1 g米糠蛋白及消化产物冻干后样品于50 mL离心管中,加入10 mL 50%乙醇后超声30 min,将滤液在80 ℃下旋干,最后用蒸馏水复溶并定容至1 mL。吸取200 μL样品溶液置于2 mL离心管中,加入衍生试剂(A:1:4(v/v)的三乙胺-乙腈溶液、B:1:80(v/v)的异硫氰酸苯酯-1%乙腈溶液,各100 μL),摇匀,室温静置1 h,加入正己烷400 μL,充分振摇后静置10 min使其分层。取下层溶液,用0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样到高效液相色谱仪中进行测定。高效液相色谱仪流动相分别为:A.乙酸铵、B.甲醇、C.乙腈;洗脱梯度程序:0 min时,流动相A:B:C=93:6:1;10 min时,流动相A:B:C=90:2:8;25 min时,流动相A:B:C=88:2:10;31 min时,流动相A:B:C=84:0:16;32 min时,流动相A:B:C=82:0:18;47 min时,流动相A:B:C=68:0:32;50 min时,流动相A:B:C=42:0:58;53 min时,流动相A:B:C=42:0:58;55 min时,流动相A:B:C=93:6:1。色谱柱为AcclaimTM 120 C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);柱温为40±2 ℃;检测波长为254 nm;流速为1.0 mL/min;进样量为2 μL。
选取小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7进行免疫调节分析,将RAW264.7细胞进行复苏,于DEME完全培养基(10%胎牛血清,1%青链霉素)中培养传代,取生长至对数期细胞进行后续实验。
基于经济成本考虑,细胞活力检测常选择MTT法[18],选取对数生长期的细胞接种至96孔板,每孔加入100 μL的细胞悬液,于37 ℃,5% CO2饱和湿度条件下过夜培养,弃去上清液,分别加入100 μL用培养基配制的浓度为50、100、200、400、600、800、1200 μg/mL的RBPI溶液,同时设置空白组(不接种细胞)和对照组(接种细胞只加入培养基),设4个复孔,于相同培养条件下过夜培养,加入100 μL 1 mg/mL的MTT工作液,于培养箱继续培养4 h,弃去上清,加入100 μL DMSO轻微振荡于室温下放置10 min,使用酶标仪测定其在570 nm波长处的吸光度,并按下式计算细胞活力:
$ \text{细胞活力}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{样品组}{\mathrm{A}}_{570}\mathrm{值}-\text{空白组}{\mathrm{A}}_{570}\mathrm{值}}{\text{对照组}{\mathrm{A}}_{570}\mathrm{值}-\text{空白组}{\mathrm{A}}_{570}\mathrm{值}}\times 100 $
将RAW264.7细胞接种在96孔板中过夜培养,弃培养基,每孔中加入100 μL样品继续培养24 h,之后每孔中加入20 μL 0.1%中性红溶剂培养30 min后弃除,用无菌PBS洗涤三次后继续加入100 μL细胞裂解液(乙醇:冰乙酸=1:1,v/v)振荡,室温下静置120 min,同时设置空白组(不接种细胞)、对照组(接种细胞只加入培养基),1 μg/mL LPS脂多糖组为阳性对照组。使用酶标仪测定其在540 nm波长处的吸光度,并按如下公式计算吞噬率:
$ \mathrm{中性红吞噬率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{样品组}{\mathrm{A}}_{540}\mathrm{值}-\text{空白组}{\mathrm{A}}_{540}\mathrm{值}}{\text{对照组}{\mathrm{A}}_{540}\mathrm{值}-\text{空白组}{\mathrm{A}}_{540}\mathrm{值}}\times 100 $
将RAW264.7巨噬细胞接种至96孔板过夜培养;弃培养基,同时设置对照组(接种细胞只加入培养基),1 μg/mL LPS脂多糖组为阳性对照组,每孔中加入100 μL样品继续培养24 h,每个样品设4个复孔,吸取上清液,按照NO检测试剂盒说明进行检测。
细胞按2×105细胞/mL的密度接种至96孔板过夜培养,同时设置对照组(接种细胞只加入培养基),1 μg/mL LPS脂多糖组为阳性对照组,按组别加样预孵12 h,取100 μL培养基上清液,按照试剂盒说明书测定上清中细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10)分泌水平。
所有样品均重复实验三次,数据以均数±标准差表示,采用SPSS 26进行方差分析,组间差异显著性采用Duncan’s ANONA进行多重比较(P<0.05),利用Origin 2022绘图。
SDS-PAGE电泳分析可以观察到米糠蛋白在模拟消化过程中不同消化阶段的分子质量变化。由图1可见,经胃部消化阶段后,35 kDa亚基条带强度降低,并在25~15 kDa及15~10 kDa区间出现弥散条带,可能是由于胃部酸性环境激活胃蛋白酶,能够特异性切割米糠蛋白特定区域,使大分子蛋白结构展开,部分降解为小分子肽段。在胃肠联合消化阶段,高分子量条带(>15 kDa)几乎完全消失,而10 kDa附近的条带强度明显增加,表明胰蛋白酶通过特异性切割精氨酸和赖氨酸残基[19],进一步降解胃消化产物。最终消化液中大部分组分分子量低于10 kDa,这与PHONGTHAI等[20]采用HPLC-MS检测到的米糠消化肽段分子量分布(主要集中于0.5~8 kDa)形成相互印证。
使用Feakfit4.2对FTIR的酰胺Ⅰ区域进行二阶拟合,酰胺Ⅰ带内所对应的二级结构分别为1610~1640 cm−1对应于β-折叠、1640~1650 cm−1对应于无规卷曲、1650~1660 cm−1对应于α-螺旋和1660~1700 cm−1对应于β-转角[21]。图2为米糠蛋白及其胃肠消化产物傅里叶红外光谱图。表2显示了米糠蛋白二级结构相对含量在消化前后发生的变化,各指标间差异显著(P<0.05)。α-螺旋含量由消化前的22.38%先增加至23.62%后在肠部消化阶段减少至15.80%,这可能是因为在胃部消化过程中,胃蛋白酶作用下暴露内部α-螺旋结构或形成临时螺旋构象[22];经过肠道消化后,胰蛋白酶对螺旋结构的彻底切割,导致其解旋并转化为其他构象[23];β-折叠在胃部消化2 h时由33.66%先减少至32.53%后经历肠部消化阶段增加至46.50%,可能是因为米糠蛋白在胃部酸性环境下破坏了部分氢键网络,导致部分β-折叠解离;在肠道消化过程中一些无序区域或其他结构转变为β-折叠,以形成更稳定的构象;在胃肠消化过程中,无规则卷曲结构先增加后减少,可能是由于在胃部消化过程中酶切导致大分子蛋白断裂,暴露出更多无序区域导致无规则卷曲结构增加。经过胃肠连续消化后产生的部分肽段可能由于疏水作用[23]、静电作用,发生聚集或重新折叠形成新的有序结构,从而使无规则卷曲结构减少[24]。
如图3所示,通过3000倍和5000倍的扫描电镜观察,直观反映米糠蛋白及其消化产物的微观结构和消化程度。在未消化状态下,米糠蛋白(图3A、D)呈现较为规则的颗粒形态,具有相对光滑的表面和一定的聚集状态。经过模拟胃部消化,由于胃酸环境的影响,蛋白表面的微观结构(图3B、E)发生了显著变化。原本较为规则的絮状结构被破坏,表面出现细小的凸起,这是由于胃蛋白酶对米糠蛋白的肽键进行了水解作用[25],将大分子蛋白切割成较小的多肽片段。当模拟消化进入肠部阶段,由于胰蛋白酶的作用,消化产物的表面(图3C、F)颗粒被进一步水解成更小的碎片、多肽甚至氨基酸等小分子物质,原本相对聚集的蛋白颗粒结构变得松散,出现更多细小、不规则的颗粒和絮状物。
米糠蛋白及其胃肠模拟消化产物游离氨基酸含量测定结果见表3,米糠蛋白经胃肠消化后消化产物氨基酸种类齐全,除色氨酸外,其他必需氨基酸均能检出。总氨基酸含量较未消化的米糠蛋白增加1.34倍,必需氨基酸含量增加1.38倍,RBPI的必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸为0.68,必需氨基酸/总氨基酸达到40.33%;其中与抗氧化、免疫调节活性密切相关的芳香族氨基酸(Phe+Tyr)、含硫氨基酸(Met+Cys)的含量分别达到263.19和85.97 mg/100 g,根据YOU等[26]研究发现,胃肠模拟消化中,胃蛋白酶破坏肽键释放疏水氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸,在抗氧化性能以及免疫调节活性中发挥一定的作用,这与本文研究结果相同。并且米糠蛋白胃肠模拟消化产物游离Arg含量由25.95 mg/100 g显著增加到97.83 mg/100 g(P<0.05),已有研究发现精氨酸在免疫调节中发挥关键的作用[27−28]。
不同浓度梯度RBPI对巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞活力的影响如图4所示。与对照组相比,RAW264.7细胞活力随RBPI浓度的升高整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在RBPI浓度600 μg/mL时,细胞活力达到最高,当RBPI浓度达到800 μg/mL时,细胞活力显著降低(P<0.05),这可能是因为RBPI浓度增加会对巨噬细胞产生一定的抑制作用,导致细胞增殖活力降低[29],因此基于细胞增殖效果及安全性考虑,本研究选择50、100、200、400、600 μg/mL质量浓度梯度的RBPI溶液,在确保对细胞活力没有影响的情况下进行后续实验。
不同浓度梯度RBPI对巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞吞噬功能影响见图5。巨噬细胞的吞噬作用是评价巨噬细胞免疫活性的一个重要指标[30],中性红吞噬实验是评价细胞吞噬活性的常用实验方法[31]。吞噬实验结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS阳性对照组刺激后,巨噬细胞的中性红吞噬率显著增强(P<0.05)。50~400 μg/mL浓度样品对细胞吞噬作用的影响随浓度的增加而呈现剂量依赖性关系,除50 μg/mL样品浓度外均对吞噬活性有显著的改善作用(P<0.05)。当RBPI浓度为400 μg/mL时,细胞的吞噬作用最高,样品浓度达到600 μg/mL时吞噬率略有降低但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05),这可能是因为LPS通过激活巨噬细胞成熟分化,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,但也可能使吞噬功能性细胞产生过度活化,导致炎症发生,吞噬率下降[32]。前人研究发现从米糠中提取的Oryzatensin多功能肽具有免疫调节活性,且对细胞吞噬作用明显,吞噬率为空白对照组的1.5倍[33]。
NO分泌水平是反映巨噬细胞免疫调节活性的有效指标[34]。不同浓度RBPI对RAW264.7细胞NO分泌水平的影响结果如图6所示。结果显示,LPS阳性对照组刺激后的巨噬细胞NO释放量显著增加(P<0.05),说明阳性对照组使RAW264.7细胞产生了炎症反应[35]。与对照组比较,不同浓度RBPI的处理使细胞NO分泌量显著增加(P<0.05),且在600 μg/mL时达到最大,RBPI可以促进巨噬细胞分泌NO杀死有害物质并且具有一定剂量依赖性[36]。王亚非等[37]的研究发现,不同质量浓度鹰嘴豆多肽作用巨噬细胞后,NO释放量与多肽的浓度存在剂量效应关系,且浓度在400 µg/mL时,生成的NO水平接近LPS阳性对照组。
IL-10、TNF-α、IL-1β是巨噬细胞常见的免疫指标,这些细胞因子的表达和调控是相互作用、相互协调的。不同浓度RBPI对RAW264.7细胞炎症因子分泌水平的影响如图7(A~C)所示。与对照组相比,LPS阳性对照组刺激后的巨噬细胞因子分泌水平显著提升(P<0.05);IL-10、TNF-α、IL-1β的分泌量在RBPI浓度为100~600 μg/mL范围内显著增加(P<0.05)且呈剂量依赖,50 μg/mL低剂量刺激时无显著变化,在600 μg/mL高质量浓度时达到细胞因子分泌水平最大值,这说明RBPI溶液能够显著促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞分泌细胞因子(P<0.05),进而起到免疫调节作用,当受到病理刺激或损伤的刺激时,被激活的巨噬细胞通过分泌细胞因子,进而起到免疫调节作用[38]。葛婧仪等[39]研究发现汉麻活性肽在无LPS刺激下,能够激活RAW264.7细胞并提高IL-10、IL-1β、TNF-α细胞因子的分泌水平,显著改善巨噬细胞的免疫功能。本实验得到了类似的研究结果。
本研究以米糠蛋白为原料,分析了在体外模拟胃肠道消化不同阶段过程中米糠蛋白的分子量、微观结构、氨基酸组成并以小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为细胞模型评价米糠蛋白及其胃肠模拟消化产物的免疫调节活性,电泳分析显示,米糠蛋白经胃肠模拟消化后,消化产物分子量降至10 kDa以下,同时蛋白酶作用于二级结构,β-折叠含量增加、α-螺旋含量减少,微观结构改变,表面形成更利于吸收的细密颗粒状结构;消化后的米糠蛋白必需氨基酸总量为40.33%,且必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值达0.68,其中具有免疫活性的精氨酸含量显著提升。细胞实验结果表明50~600 μg/mL的RBPI能够显著提高RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力,除此之外,还能显著提高RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力、一氧化氮(NO)分泌量,同时能显著刺激巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子(IL-10、TNF-α、IL-1β),表现出良好的免疫调节活性。这一研究结果表明,米糠蛋白经模拟胃肠消化后,未损失其营养价值,且消化产物表现出良好的免疫调节功效。本研究为开发基于米糠蛋白的功能性食品和免疫调节剂提供了理论依据,对米糠蛋白高值化利用具有重要实践意义。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040050
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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    1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2黑龙江省北大荒米业有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 150090
    3粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319

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左锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物蛋白及农副产品加工利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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