Article(id=1320888817729516310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030196, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854035073, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854035073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854035073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854035073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888817905677079, articleId=1320888817729516310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigation of Protein Changes and Quality Attributes in Gobi Red Camel Meat during Postmortem Aging, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the changes in quality attributes and protein characteristics of Gobi red camel meat during post-slaughter maturation (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d). Quality parameters including pH, meat color, shear force, cooking loss, texture profile, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. Protein characteristics were evaluated through SDS-PAGE, total carbonyl content, sulfhydryl content, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and myofibrillar protein secondary structure. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine relationships between maturation time and measured indices. The results showed that the pH exhibited a U-shaped trend, reaching its lowest point at 3 d. Shear force, hardness, and chewiness followed a similar pattern, peaking at 3 d. Cooking loss, L* (lightness), and a* (redness) initially increased before decreasing, while b* (yellowness) progressively increased to 14.36±1.29 at 7 d. Fatty acid composition showed dynamic changes. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) peaked at 5 d (47.08%±0.12%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) demonstrated a trough pattern. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased initially and then decreased, reaching 16.80%±0.13% by 5 d. Protein analysis revealed a progressive increased in total carbonyl content and MFI, along with a decline in sulfhydryl group content. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the appearance of new protein bands at 3 d, and the intensity of these bands became more pronounced as the maturation time increased. Secondary structure transitions from α-helix and β-sheet were observed, conventing into irregular coils and β-turns. Correlation analysis revealed that maturation time exhibited a strong positive correlation with both total carbonyl content and MFI (P<0.001), while showing a highly significant negative correlation with β-sheet content and shear force (P<0.001). Conclusion, the optimal maturation period for camel meat was determined to be 3~5 d, when the meat exhibited its most favorable quality characteristics.

, authors=Xiangwei ZHU1, Yuanyuan LI1, Gai HANG1, Rendalai SI1, Rimutu JI1, 2, Jianzhong LIANG3, Lizhao DA4, Yuqi LI4, Liang MING1, *, authorsList=Xiangwei ZHU, Yuanyuan LI, Gai HANG, Rendalai SI, Rimutu JI, Jianzhong LIANG, Lizhao DA, Yuqi LI, Liang MING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang MING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888819763753770, articleId=1320888817729516310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质及蛋白质变化研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质和蛋白质的变化规律,测定宰后成熟0、1、3、5、7 d品质指标(pH、肉色、剪切力、蒸煮损失、质构、脂肪酸含量)及蛋白质特性变化(十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、总羰基含量、巯基含量、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)及肌原纤维蛋白二级结构)。采用Pearson相关分析法解析成熟时间与各指标间的关联性。结果表明,随着成熟时间延长,驼肉pH先下降后上升,3 d时最低;剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性先升高后降低,3 d时最高;蒸煮损失、L*值、a*值先上升后下降;b*值逐渐上升,7 d时达到14.36±1.29;饱和脂肪酸(SFA)先升高后降低,5 d时最高,其相对含量为47.08%±0.12%;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)先下降后上升;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)先升高后下降,5 d时其相对含量降至16.80%±0.13%。蛋白质特性方面,总羰基含量和MFI持续上升,巯基含量下降,SDS-PAGE显示3 d时出现新蛋白条带,且成熟时间越长条带越明显;二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠向无规则卷曲和β-转角转化。相关性分析结果显示,成熟时间与总羰基含量、MFI等呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与β-折叠、剪切力等呈极显著负相关(P<0.001)。综上,驼肉适宜成熟时间为3~5 d,此时驼肉品质特性最佳。

, authors=朱向巍1, 李媛媛1, 航盖1, 斯仁达来1, 吉日木图1, 2, 梁建忠3, 达立朝4, 李昱奇4, 明亮1, *, authorsList=朱向巍, 李媛媛, 航盖, 斯仁达来, 吉日木图, 梁建忠, 达立朝, 李昱奇, 明亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=明亮, authorNote=

朱向巍(1989−),女,硕士,研究方向:驼肉研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
明亮(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:驼肉的开发与利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YrINp0owDOB7MDg1rJ//bw==, magXml=8+I9toeqpEyUqPwMOVyL2A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=nIuV0PP9ovbrod3dNY4AQQ==, pdfFileSize=6340184, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C2zKn1zvXMZidRbJZMG1eA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=i2sQT2V5COz6Vh0sbxtRFQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320888820451619640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhuxiangweiqiqi@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320888820531311418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, authorId=1320888820451619640, language=EN, stringName=Xiangwei ZHU, firstName=Xiangwei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320888820598420283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, authorId=1320888820451619640, language=CN, stringName=朱向巍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018, bio={"content":"

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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图4、图6、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=3xxOa0pZCT+ydG37lnaBbA==, figureFileBig=M7GzzW3aO3CU1pCgNwchbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888823828034419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of cooking loss during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=RsPqUelbT72rqyhTqtXn/g==, figureFileBig=NyIhU4gxblZZTsIktVpARg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888823899337588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图3, caption=宰后成熟过程中蒸煮损失的变化, figureFileSmall=RsPqUelbT72rqyhTqtXn/g==, figureFileBig=NyIhU4gxblZZTsIktVpARg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888823995806581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of shear force during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=OLXfk50+jpbx7ywg2QSSNA==, figureFileBig=vKZEyafG2hkkxH5WQlULPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824083886966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图4, caption=宰后成熟过程中剪切力的变化, figureFileSmall=OLXfk50+jpbx7ywg2QSSNA==, figureFileBig=vKZEyafG2hkkxH5WQlULPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824163578743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of protein profile during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=o8V9gx3bApL7PndRg07z6A==, figureFileBig=nwgHhX+0+IoVOMSygzspyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824234881912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图5, caption=宰后成熟过程中蛋白图谱的变化

注:A为肌原纤维蛋白电泳图;B为肌浆蛋白电泳图。

, figureFileSmall=o8V9gx3bApL7PndRg07z6A==, figureFileBig=nwgHhX+0+IoVOMSygzspyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824297796473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of MFI during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=s5apJht2kqNnti9XsZhUkA==, figureFileBig=zD9eahk9EUMiZ8LKFZXVDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824364905338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图6, caption=宰后成熟过程中MFI的变化, figureFileSmall=s5apJht2kqNnti9XsZhUkA==, figureFileBig=zD9eahk9EUMiZ8LKFZXVDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824432014203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of total carbonyl content and sulfhydryl content during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=6/Rp72ALZURNDla57C8Ulg==, figureFileBig=QTbs39GvyqdMm411HKxKGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824503317372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图7, caption=宰后成熟过程中总羰基含量、巯基含量的变化

注:A为总羰基含量;B为巯基含量。

, figureFileSmall=6/Rp72ALZURNDla57C8Ulg==, figureFileBig=QTbs39GvyqdMm411HKxKGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824595592061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes of myofibrillar protein secondary structure during postmortem aging, figureFileSmall=DJbfIJLj3lKELvGD71/X+w==, figureFileBig=0tygA2BeFushCTtzRj8zKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824654312318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图8, caption=宰后成熟过程中肌原纤维蛋白质二级结构的变化

注:A为二级结构红外光谱图;B为二级结构相对含量。

, figureFileSmall=DJbfIJLj3lKELvGD71/X+w==, figureFileBig=0tygA2BeFushCTtzRj8zKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824742392703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Correlation heat map, figureFileSmall=L4z1yaoW+a50LU37IVE9KA==, figureFileBig=6aFFhHZqWnL0PYqfQmI4lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824809501568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=图9, caption=相关性热图, figureFileSmall=L4z1yaoW+a50LU37IVE9KA==, figureFileBig=6aFFhHZqWnL0PYqfQmI4lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888824889193345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of meat color during postmortem aging

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成熟时间(d)
01357
L*32.17±0.33c34.25±0.58b35.45±0.83a34.61±0.82ab32.63±1.58c
a*13.79±0.49c14.82±0.64b16.02±0.91a13.50±0.63c11.78±0.77d
b*10.07±0.25e11.29±0.57d12.25±0.5c13.10±0.38b14.36±1.29a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888824964690818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宰后成熟过程中肉色的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成熟时间(d)
01357
L*32.17±0.33c34.25±0.58b35.45±0.83a34.61±0.82ab32.63±1.58c
a*13.79±0.49c14.82±0.64b16.02±0.91a13.50±0.63c11.78±0.77d
b*10.07±0.25e11.29±0.57d12.25±0.5c13.10±0.38b14.36±1.29a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888825052771203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes of textural properties during postmortem aging

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成熟时间(d)
01357
硬度(gf)3628.55±305.9cd5157.77±536.41b6277.23±682.85a4143.19±672.75bc2923.37±691.11d
弹性0.63±0.32a0.64±0.03a0.55±0.06a0.52±0.06a0.41±0.05a
咀嚼性(gf)1000.73±807.63ab1580.99±248.56a1613.44±427.27a1134.87±304.78ab643.18±120.85b
内聚性0.39±0.09b0.48±0.09ab0.52±0.06a0.52±0.04a0.54±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888825124074372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

宰后成熟过程中质构特性的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标成熟时间(d)
01357
硬度(gf)3628.55±305.9cd5157.77±536.41b6277.23±682.85a4143.19±672.75bc2923.37±691.11d
弹性0.63±0.32a0.64±0.03a0.55±0.06a0.52±0.06a0.41±0.05a
咀嚼性(gf)1000.73±807.63ab1580.99±248.56a1613.44±427.27a1134.87±304.78ab643.18±120.85b
内聚性0.39±0.09b0.48±0.09ab0.52±0.06a0.52±0.04a0.54±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888825212154757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in relative content of fatty acid content during postmortem aging (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸种类成熟时间(d)
01357
月桂酸(C12:0)0.34±0.01a0.44±0.01b0.53±0.01c0.32±0.05a−
肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)3.47±0.03e2.58±0.04c1.41±0.11a3.30±0.02d1.70±0.01b
十五碳酸(C15:0)0.59±0.06c0.45±0.01a0.44±0.01a0.51±0.04b2.02±0.02d
棕榈酸(C16:0)19.43±0.08e16.62±0.04c12.54±0.05a18.38±0.10d14.01±0.44b
十七碳酸(C17:0)0.63±0.01a0.69±0.05b1.02±0.02c0.64±0.01a1.17±0.03d
硬脂酸(C18:0)10.95±0.01c13.31±0.03e9.22±0.10b12.66±0.09d8.75±0.38a
花生酸(C20:0)0.40±0.01b0.34±0.03ab5.63±0.10c0.29±0.03a−
二十一碳酸(C21:0)0.52±0.08a0.40±0.05a0.69±0.22b0.43±0.01a−
榆树酸(C22:0)1.51±0.22a1.57±0.09a2.00±0.24b1.63±0.03a1.65±0.05a
二十三碳酸(C23:0)2.58±0.11a3.64±0.14b4.68±0.08d3.93±0.01c5.24±0.10e
肉豆烯蔻酸(C14:1)0.47±0.01a0.46±0.01a0.55±0.04b0.51±0.02ab0.57±0.10b
十五碳一烯酸(C15:1)0.42±0.08c0.28±0.02a0.72±0.10d0.32±0.01ab0.40±0.02bc
棕榈烯酸(C16:1)3.42±0.13d2.45±0.02bc1.96±0.13a2.52±0.02c2.33±0.02b
十七碳一烯酸(C17:1)0.91±0.03d0.77±0.01c0.55±0.01a0.57±0.01b1.00±0.01e
反油酸(C18:1n9t)1.20±0.15b1.20±0.07b1.04±0.05a1.09±0.01ab1.12±0.06ab
油酸(C18:1n9c)26.73±0.59e22.61±0.06c17.84±0.18a24.06±0.06d18.66±0.20b
顺芥子酸(C22:1n9)0.42±0.06a0.46±0.02a0.98±0.06b0.48±0.03a−
神经酸(C24:1)1.86±0.02ab1.91±0.05ab2.05±0.67ab1.65±0.25a2.23±0.30b
反亚油酸(C18:2n6t)0.50±0.03a0.73±0.32a0.94±0.56a0.64±0.12a2.44±0.35b
亚油酸(C18:2n6c)10.01±0.03a15.72±0.06c15.96±0.27d12.6±0.04b12.56±0.16b
γ-亚麻酸(C18:3n6)0.42±0.05b−0.69±0.13c0.23±0.05a−
α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)1.30±0.02a2.08±0.01d1.82±0.04c1.51±0.03b−
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n6)0.16±0.01a0.25±0.01b0.4±0.03d0.29±0.02c−
二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n3)EPA0.44±0.03a0.51±0.01b0.89±0.02d0.51±0.01b0.75±0.07c
二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6n3)DHA0.84±0.01a0.98±0.01b1.25±0.05c1.02±0.04b1.40±0.01d
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)40.39±0.10a41.04±0.28b41.17±0.22b47.08±0.12d41.54±0.06c
单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)35.43±0.69d30.14±0.05b25.68±0.57a31.20±0.28c26.31±0.53a
多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)13.67±0.01a20.27±0.23c21.94±0.99d16.80±0.13b17.15±0.13b
n-32.58±0.06b3.56±0.02d3.95±0.01e3.04±0.02c2.15±0.06a
n-611.10±0.06a16.71±0.25d17.99±0.99e13.76±0.11b15.00±0.19c
n-6/n34.31±0.12a4.69±0.10b4.55±0.24ab4.52±0.01ab6.99±0.29c
), ArticleFig(id=1320888825296040838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888817729516310, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

宰后成熟过程中脂肪酸相对含量的变化(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸种类成熟时间(d)
01357
月桂酸(C12:0)0.34±0.01a0.44±0.01b0.53±0.01c0.32±0.05a−
肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)3.47±0.03e2.58±0.04c1.41±0.11a3.30±0.02d1.70±0.01b
十五碳酸(C15:0)0.59±0.06c0.45±0.01a0.44±0.01a0.51±0.04b2.02±0.02d
棕榈酸(C16:0)19.43±0.08e16.62±0.04c12.54±0.05a18.38±0.10d14.01±0.44b
十七碳酸(C17:0)0.63±0.01a0.69±0.05b1.02±0.02c0.64±0.01a1.17±0.03d
硬脂酸(C18:0)10.95±0.01c13.31±0.03e9.22±0.10b12.66±0.09d8.75±0.38a
花生酸(C20:0)0.40±0.01b0.34±0.03ab5.63±0.10c0.29±0.03a−
二十一碳酸(C21:0)0.52±0.08a0.40±0.05a0.69±0.22b0.43±0.01a−
榆树酸(C22:0)1.51±0.22a1.57±0.09a2.00±0.24b1.63±0.03a1.65±0.05a
二十三碳酸(C23:0)2.58±0.11a3.64±0.14b4.68±0.08d3.93±0.01c5.24±0.10e
肉豆烯蔻酸(C14:1)0.47±0.01a0.46±0.01a0.55±0.04b0.51±0.02ab0.57±0.10b
十五碳一烯酸(C15:1)0.42±0.08c0.28±0.02a0.72±0.10d0.32±0.01ab0.40±0.02bc
棕榈烯酸(C16:1)3.42±0.13d2.45±0.02bc1.96±0.13a2.52±0.02c2.33±0.02b
十七碳一烯酸(C17:1)0.91±0.03d0.77±0.01c0.55±0.01a0.57±0.01b1.00±0.01e
反油酸(C18:1n9t)1.20±0.15b1.20±0.07b1.04±0.05a1.09±0.01ab1.12±0.06ab
油酸(C18:1n9c)26.73±0.59e22.61±0.06c17.84±0.18a24.06±0.06d18.66±0.20b
顺芥子酸(C22:1n9)0.42±0.06a0.46±0.02a0.98±0.06b0.48±0.03a−
神经酸(C24:1)1.86±0.02ab1.91±0.05ab2.05±0.67ab1.65±0.25a2.23±0.30b
反亚油酸(C18:2n6t)0.50±0.03a0.73±0.32a0.94±0.56a0.64±0.12a2.44±0.35b
亚油酸(C18:2n6c)10.01±0.03a15.72±0.06c15.96±0.27d12.6±0.04b12.56±0.16b
γ-亚麻酸(C18:3n6)0.42±0.05b−0.69±0.13c0.23±0.05a−
α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)1.30±0.02a2.08±0.01d1.82±0.04c1.51±0.03b−
二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n6)0.16±0.01a0.25±0.01b0.4±0.03d0.29±0.02c−
二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n3)EPA0.44±0.03a0.51±0.01b0.89±0.02d0.51±0.01b0.75±0.07c
二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6n3)DHA0.84±0.01a0.98±0.01b1.25±0.05c1.02±0.04b1.40±0.01d
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)40.39±0.10a41.04±0.28b41.17±0.22b47.08±0.12d41.54±0.06c
单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)35.43±0.69d30.14±0.05b25.68±0.57a31.20±0.28c26.31±0.53a
多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)13.67±0.01a20.27±0.23c21.94±0.99d16.80±0.13b17.15±0.13b
n-32.58±0.06b3.56±0.02d3.95±0.01e3.04±0.02c2.15±0.06a
n-611.10±0.06a16.71±0.25d17.99±0.99e13.76±0.11b15.00±0.19c
n-6/n34.31±0.12a4.69±0.10b4.55±0.24ab4.52±0.01ab6.99±0.29c
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戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质及蛋白质变化研究
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朱向巍 1 , 李媛媛 1 , 航盖 1 , 斯仁达来 1 , 吉日木图 1, 2 , 梁建忠 3 , 达立朝 4 , 李昱奇 4 , 明亮 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 122-131
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 122 -131
戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质及蛋白质变化研究
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朱向巍1 , 李媛媛1, 航盖1, 斯仁达来1, 吉日木图1, 2, 梁建忠3, 达立朝4, 李昱奇4, 明亮1, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
  • 2内蒙古中哈骆驼研究院,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
  • 3阿拉善右旗农业技术推广中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
  • 4阿拉善右旗骆驼产业发展中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
通讯作者:
明亮(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:驼肉的开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱向巍(1989−),女,硕士,研究方向:驼肉研究,E-mail:

Investigation of Protein Changes and Quality Attributes in Gobi Red Camel Meat during Postmortem Aging
Xiangwei ZHU1 , Yuanyuan LI1, Gai HANG1, Rendalai SI1, Rimutu JI1, 2, Jianzhong LIANG3, Lizhao DA4, Yuqi LI4, Liang MING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2CHN-KAZ Camel Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Alxa 737300, China
  • 3Alashan Right Banner Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Alxa 737300, China
  • 4Alashan Right Banner Camel Industry Development Center, Alxa 737300, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030196
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为探究戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质和蛋白质的变化规律,测定宰后成熟0、1、3、5、7 d品质指标(pH、肉色、剪切力、蒸煮损失、质构、脂肪酸含量)及蛋白质特性变化(十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、总羰基含量、巯基含量、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)及肌原纤维蛋白二级结构)。采用Pearson相关分析法解析成熟时间与各指标间的关联性。结果表明,随着成熟时间延长,驼肉pH先下降后上升,3 d时最低;剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性先升高后降低,3 d时最高;蒸煮损失、L*值、a*值先上升后下降;b*值逐渐上升,7 d时达到14.36±1.29;饱和脂肪酸(SFA)先升高后降低,5 d时最高,其相对含量为47.08%±0.12%;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)先下降后上升;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)先升高后下降,5 d时其相对含量降至16.80%±0.13%。蛋白质特性方面,总羰基含量和MFI持续上升,巯基含量下降,SDS-PAGE显示3 d时出现新蛋白条带,且成熟时间越长条带越明显;二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠向无规则卷曲和β-转角转化。相关性分析结果显示,成熟时间与总羰基含量、MFI等呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与β-折叠、剪切力等呈极显著负相关(P<0.001)。综上,驼肉适宜成熟时间为3~5 d,此时驼肉品质特性最佳。

宰后成熟  /  驼肉  /  品质变化  /  蛋白质特性  /  相关性分析

This study investigated the changes in quality attributes and protein characteristics of Gobi red camel meat during post-slaughter maturation (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d). Quality parameters including pH, meat color, shear force, cooking loss, texture profile, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. Protein characteristics were evaluated through SDS-PAGE, total carbonyl content, sulfhydryl content, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and myofibrillar protein secondary structure. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine relationships between maturation time and measured indices. The results showed that the pH exhibited a U-shaped trend, reaching its lowest point at 3 d. Shear force, hardness, and chewiness followed a similar pattern, peaking at 3 d. Cooking loss, L* (lightness), and a* (redness) initially increased before decreasing, while b* (yellowness) progressively increased to 14.36±1.29 at 7 d. Fatty acid composition showed dynamic changes. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) peaked at 5 d (47.08%±0.12%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) demonstrated a trough pattern. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased initially and then decreased, reaching 16.80%±0.13% by 5 d. Protein analysis revealed a progressive increased in total carbonyl content and MFI, along with a decline in sulfhydryl group content. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the appearance of new protein bands at 3 d, and the intensity of these bands became more pronounced as the maturation time increased. Secondary structure transitions from α-helix and β-sheet were observed, conventing into irregular coils and β-turns. Correlation analysis revealed that maturation time exhibited a strong positive correlation with both total carbonyl content and MFI (P<0.001), while showing a highly significant negative correlation with β-sheet content and shear force (P<0.001). Conclusion, the optimal maturation period for camel meat was determined to be 3~5 d, when the meat exhibited its most favorable quality characteristics.

postmortem aging  /  camel meat  /  quality changes  /  protein characteristic  /  correlation analysis
朱向巍, 李媛媛, 航盖, 斯仁达来, 吉日木图, 梁建忠, 达立朝, 李昱奇, 明亮. 戈壁红驼肉宰后成熟过程中品质及蛋白质变化研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030196
Xiangwei ZHU, Yuanyuan LI, Gai HANG, Rendalai SI, Rimutu JI, Jianzhong LIANG, Lizhao DA, Yuqi LI, Liang MING. Investigation of Protein Changes and Quality Attributes in Gobi Red Camel Meat during Postmortem Aging[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030196
肉类是人类饮食中不可或缺的一部分,提供了丰富的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质。研究发现,与其他肉类相比,驼肉具有较高的水分、矿物质、维生素和氨基酸含量,较低的总脂肪、胆固醇和灰分含量,且驼肉的总微生物数(TBC)较低,表明驼肉是一种低脂、高蛋白、营养且安全的肉类[1]。驼肉被认为是绿色、健康、营养均衡的理想食品,市场前景越来越好[2]。
宰后成熟过程是动物胴体经过一系列复杂的生理生化反应后转变为食用肉的过程,这些反应能导致肌肉的理化性质和食用品质的改变,是改善畜禽肉质的有效途径[3]。但由于宰后处于缺氧缺血的环境,使得胴体肌肉内氧化应激水平上升,促进了肌肉的氧化,最终导致肉食用品质的下降[4]。Yang等[5]研究发现宰后成熟使羊肉的氧化稳定性发生变化,从而影响肉质和风味的形成。随着冷藏时间的延长,脂质亚类浓度发生了不同程度的下降,且驼肉品质的变化与其有关[6]。Suliman等[7]研究发现,三个品种(沙特、巴基斯坦、索马里)不同部位骆驼肉的化学(水分、蛋白、脂肪、灰分)和结构特征存在显著差异,且经过成熟后,骆驼肉的品质属性(如色差、质构特性、保水性等)得到改善。李文博等[8]通过测定苏尼特羊肉宰后成熟0至3 d时蒸煮损失、剪切力、色泽等指标,发现在成熟2 d时,苏尼特羊肉的pH、蒸煮损失、剪切力等指标达到可食用肉的品质状态。舒一梅等[9]研究了不同排酸时间对凉山牛肉品质的影响,在排酸3至7 d时凉山黄牛肉中肌肉蛋白发生降解,硬度、失水率等均显著下降(P<0.05),MFI值显著增加(P<0.05),凉山牛肉的嫩度得到改善,保水性升高;而排酸4至7 d凉山黄牛肉肌球蛋白的热变性温度下降(P<0.05),肌肉热稳定性降低。因此,在宰后排酸4至7 d凉山黄牛肉具有较好的食用品质。蛋白质氧化能够显著改变蛋白质的结构、蛋白水解敏感性及酶活性等多种理化特性。这些氧化诱导的修饰不仅参与调控生鲜肉的品质特性,还会直接影响肉制品的加工性能[10]。此外,研究发现,尽管宰后成熟会有效提高肉的品质,但过度的成熟会对肉的品质造成影响[11]。因此,确定不同畜禽肉的最佳成熟时间是有效控制肉品质的关键。目前,对于驼肉成熟过程中发生的生化过程和蛋白质的变化研究较少。
因此,本研究以戈壁红驼为研究对象,分析其在成熟过程中肉品质指标的变化以及蛋白质氧化和降解情况,有助于确定驼肉最适宜的成熟时间,为提高驼肉品质提供数据支持。
戈壁红驼肉 采自内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗;2,4-二硝基苯肼(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,DNPH)、5,5’-二硫代双2-硝基苯甲酸(5,5’-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoicacid,DTNB)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠 分析纯,北京酷莱搏科技有限公司;尿素、无水乙醚 分析纯,福晨化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇、K2HPO4、KCl、KH2PO4、MgCl2·6H2O、氯仿、三氯乙酸 分析纯,北京索莱宝公司;彩虹245广谱蛋白Marker、蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂混合物、5×Loding Buffer 北京索莱宝公司;氢氧化钠、冰醋酸、无水硫酸钠(分析纯)、甲醇(色谱纯) 天津科茂化学试剂有限公司;正庚烷 色谱纯,上海易恩公司;三氟化硼-甲醇、十一碳酸甘油三酯标品、37种脂肪酸甲酯混标 色谱纯,SIGMA公司。
Centrifuge5810R冷冻离心机 德国eppendorf公司;T6新悦可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;SYNERGY H1MF酶标仪 美国BioTek公司;Mini-PROTEAN Tetra cell 165-8001电泳仪 伯乐生命医学产品(上海)有限公司;TA.XTC-18质构仪 保圣实业发展有限公司;CR-10色差仪 广东三恩时智能科技有限公司;FE28 pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;C-LM3B肌肉嫩度仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;XHF-D高速分散器 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;IRSpirit-T傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 日本岛津SHIMADZU;PiLot2-4LD冷冻干燥机 博医康(北京)仪器有限公司;FL9720气相色谱仪(氢火焰离子检测器,FID) 浙江福立分析仪器有限公司;GRX-9053A型真空干燥箱 上海一恒科技有限公司。
选取6峰4岁龄体况相似且发育良好的戈壁红驼半腱肌约1000~1500 g/峰,剔除表面筋膜、脂肪,一部分切小块放入冻存管(用于蛋白提取试验),并迅速放入液氮罐中,然后将全部驼肉样本转移至实验室−80 ℃超低温保存、备用。将驼肉样本分为5组,分别置于4 ℃冰箱中成熟,并在成熟0、1、3、5和7 d时取出(从−80 ℃冰箱取出4 ℃冰箱成熟1 h记为成熟第0 d),待后续检测分析使用。每个成熟时间各取3份肉样。
取3 g肉样,然后把肉样切成均匀的肉粒,铺成硬币大小,用色差仪测定肉色。测定前先将仪器进行黑白板校准,测定时将探头完全覆盖在平整的样品上,每个肉样选取3处测定,并取平均值。测定肉色的参数为亮度值L*、红绿值a*和黄蓝值b*。
按照GB 5009.237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》中规定的方法[12]进行检测。每个肉样分别测3次,并取平均值。
通过全质构测定法对驼肉质构特性进行检测。将驼肉切成长×宽×高为2 cm×2 cm×2 cm的块状,选用T36探头,测前速度为3.0 mm/s,测试过程中速度为1.0 mm/s,测试后速度为1.0 mm/s,目标参数为变形量50%,触发力8 gf。重复测定6次,取平均值。
对加热前的肉样进行称重记为W1,在80 ℃恒温水浴锅中加热至中心温度70 ℃,称量记为W2,计算公式如下:
$ \rm{蒸}煮损失(\text{%})=(W_1-W_2)/W_1\times100 $
式中:W1为加热前驼肉样本重量,g;W2为加热后驼肉样本重量,g。
参照NY/T 1180-2006《肉嫩度的测定剪切力测定法》中的方法[13],稍加改动。将驼肉切成长×宽×高为6 cm×3 cm×3 cm的大小,置于蒸煮袋中恒温水浴加热,待肉样中心温度达到70 ℃时,取出冷却,吸水纸吸干样品表面液体,将切好的肉柱置于嫩度仪上测定,多次测定并取平均值,作为肉样的剪切力值,进而判定肉样嫩度。
按照GB 5009.168-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》中内标法[14]进行测定。
肌原纤维蛋白的提取:参考Chen等[15]的方法,稍作修改。取2 g肉样至离心管中,加入16 mL蛋白提取液(100 mmol/L KCl,2 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠,2 mmol/L Na4P2O7·10H2O,2 mmol/L MgCl2·6H2O,10 mmol/L Tris-maleate,1 mmol/L NaN3,pH6.8),以15000 r/min在4 ℃下匀浆30 s(每次10 s,共3次,之间有10 s冷却时间间隔),离心(4 ℃,10000×g,10 min)弃上清液取沉淀。按上述步骤再重复6次(前4次为不含Na4P2O7·10H2O的上述蛋白提取液;后2次用5 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液,pH8.0),弃上清液,沉淀即为肌原纤维蛋白。用BCA蛋白含量检测试剂盒测定样品的浓度。用PBS溶液将蛋白样品浓度调至2 mg/mL,并以4:1的比例与Loding Buffer混合,100 ℃金属浴5 min,室温冷却后分装,备用。
肌浆蛋白的提取:参考张爽[16]的方法,稍作修改。取1 g肉样放至10 mL离心管中,加入3 mL肌浆蛋白提取液(25 mmol/L Tris,150 mmol/L NaCl,5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸,1 mmol/L DTT,5 mmol/L NaF,1 mmol/L PMSF,1% TritonX-100和蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂混合物,pH7.6);用匀浆机以15000 r/min在4 ℃条件下匀浆30 s(每次10 s,共3次,之间有10 s冷却时间间隔),并离心30 min(15000×g,4 ℃)后收集上清液即为提取的肌浆蛋白。用BCA试剂盒测定样品的蛋白浓度。用PBS溶液将蛋白样品浓度调至2 mg/mL,并4:1的比例与Loding Buffer混合,100 ℃水浴5 min,室温冷却后分装,备用。
驼肉肌原纤维蛋白分离胶浓度为12%,肌浆蛋白分离胶浓度为10%,浓缩胶浓度均为5%。样品上样量为15 μL,Marker上样量为5 μL。以80 V电压 40 min(电泳指示条带至浓缩胶与分离胶分界处),然后以120 V电压电泳条带至电泳槽架绿线处(距底端1 cm)结束,用考马斯亮蓝染色,脱色液脱色,最后用凝胶成像系统拍照记录。
参考罗辉等[17]的方法并稍作调整。称取3 g驼肉样品至匀浆器中,然后加30 mL预冷(4 ℃)的缓冲液(100 mmol/L KCl,11.2 mmol/L K2HPO4,8.8 mmol/L KH2PO4,1 mmol/L EGTA,1 mmol/L MgCl2,1 mmol/L NaN3),匀浆机匀浆3次,每次30 s,然后离心(4 ℃,1200 r/min,15 min),弃上清液,取沉淀。取5 mL缓冲液(预冷)将沉淀充分悬浮,然后过滤(200目尼龙布),再取5 mL缓冲液冲洗离心管,再过滤(200目尼龙布)。用双缩脲试剂盒测蛋白浓度,并用缓冲液调至浓度为0.5 mg/mL,在595 nm处测吸光度,吸光值与200的乘积即为所测MFI值。
参考张莉等[18]的方法,略有改动。将肌原纤维蛋白浓度用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(20 mmol/L,pH6.0)调整至5 mg/mL,并取0.5 mL溶液,加入2 mL 2 mol/L HCl溶液(含0.02 mol/L DNPH),空白对照组为不含DNPH的溶液。混匀后室温避光反应40 min,每个样品中加入2 mL 20%的三氯乙酸溶液,混匀,离心(8000 r/min,5 min),弃去上清液,沉淀用V(乙酸乙酯):V(乙醇)=1:1洗涤3次,然后加入3 mL 6 mol/L盐酸胍溶液,水浴30 min(37 ℃)后离心(8000 r/min,5 min),取上清液在370 nm处测定吸光度。总羰基含量计算公式如下:
$ \rm 总羰基含量=A_{370}\times {10}^{6}/22000\times C $
式中:A370为370 nm下的吸光度;106为摩尔基础单位;C为测得的蛋白浓度,mg/mL;22000为摩尔吸收率,L/(mol·cm)。
参考Yang等[19]方法稍加修改。利用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(20 mmol/L,pH6.0)将肌原纤维蛋白质量浓度调整为5 mg/mL,取0.1 mL,加入1 mL 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(含1 mmol/L EDTA,6 mol/L盐酸胍,pH8.3),再加入10 μL 10 mmol/L DTNB,混匀,避光(30 min),在412 nm处测定吸光度。巯基含量计算公式如下:
$\rm 巯基含量={A}_{412}\times {10}^{6}/13600\times C $
式中:A412为412 nm下的吸光度;106为摩尔基础单位;C为测得的蛋白浓度,mg/mL;13600为摩尔吸收率,L/(mol·cm)。
将肌原纤维蛋白进行真空冷冻干燥48 h,然后以1:100的比例与溴化钾混合,用石英研钵进行充分研磨,而后进行压片处理,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行检测分析,扫描范围650~4000 cm−1,扫描64次,最后用Peak fit 4软件分析肌原纤维蛋白二级结构的变化。
统计数据采用SPSS-26软件进行单因素分析,用邓肯检验进行显著性分析;借助Origin2021软件进行Pearson相关性分析和GraphPad Prism软件绘图;所有统计结果以3次平行测定结果的平均值±标准差表示。
肉色主要由肌红蛋白的绝对含量及其三种不同形式蛋白质(氧合肌红蛋白、肌红蛋白和高铁肌红蛋白)的相对含量决定[20−21]。驼肉成熟过程中肉色的变化如图1所示,与成熟0 d相比在7 d时驼肉的肉色发生明显变化。驼肉的L*值和a*值呈先升高后降低趋势(表1)。L*值从0 d的32.17±0.33增加到3 d的35.45±0.83,后下降至7 d的32.63±1.58。a*值在3 d时最高,为16.02±0.91。这是由于驼肉在成熟过程中蛋白质的氧化或者变性,结构蛋白中内源酶被激活,使肌肉渗出较多的汁液,聚集在驼肉表面,增大了光的反射率,使L*值升高[22];而成熟后期,肌肉中的肌红蛋白被氧化为高铁肌红蛋白,导致脱氧肌红蛋白数量减少,使a*值下降。b*值显著上升(P<0.05),在7 d时达到了14.36±1.29。此外,脂质氧化的初级代谢产物(如丙二醛等)能够促进肌红蛋白的氧化,影响肉色的稳定性[23]。
随着成熟时间的延长,驼肉pH先下降后上升(P<0.05)(图2),由0 d的5.74±0.01下降到5.61±0.01,在7 d时又上升至5.8±0.01。pH的变化是由于宰后肌肉中氧气供应中断,进而发生无氧糖酵解反应产生乳酸以及ATP分解产生磷酸,乳酸和磷酸不断地累积使肉的pH降低;3 d后pH上升,是因为Ca2+从肌质网中释放出来,钙激酶被激活,作用肌间蛋白分解,产生一些小分子的代谢产物呈碱性,使pH上升[24−25]。
随着成熟时间的延长,驼肉的硬度、咀嚼性呈先上升后下降趋势(表2)。在成熟过程中,硬度从3628.55±305.9 gf上升到6277.23±682.85 gf,后下降至2923.37±691.11 gf。驼肉的硬度和咀嚼性上升主要是由于屠宰后驼肉中的ATP酶减少,导致肌肉收缩;同时肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的结合加快,共同促使肉质变硬,从而较难咀嚼[17]。驼肉硬度和咀嚼性下降的主要原因是内源性蛋白酶(如钙蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶)的激活导致肌原纤维蛋白和结缔组织蛋白的降解,从而引起肌肉结构破坏和肌纤维间隙增大,最终使肉质软化并改善咀嚼性[26]。成熟过程中,驼肉的弹性变化不大,驼肉的内聚性逐渐上升,但在成熟3 d后无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这可能是由于驼肉中蛋白质内部结构发生变化,使保水性发生改变,进而影响弹性的变化[27]。内聚性的变化与ATP酶的活性有关,随着成熟时间的延长,ATP被分解使肌球蛋白细丝和肌动蛋白粗丝之间交联形成肌动球蛋白,从而引起肌肉连续性收缩,进而使得肌肉肌原纤维产生较高的紧张度,使肌肉内聚性增加[26,28]。
蒸煮损失可以反映保水性的好坏,而保水性常用来判断肌肉内部保留水分的能力。驼肉蒸煮损失随着成熟时间的延长先上升后下降(P<0.05)(图3),在1 d时达到了45.56%,7 d时下降至38.75%,说明随着成熟时间的延长,驼肉中的蛋白质和脂肪发生氧化,内部结构被破坏,导致保水能力下降,蒸煮损失升高;此外,由于肌原纤维蛋白与一些金属离子发生反应产生蛋白质自由基,使保水性逐渐升高,蒸煮损失逐渐降低[29]。因此,在成熟1 d后,蒸煮损失逐渐下降,说明驼肉的保水性逐渐升高,肉的嫩度发生改变。
剪切力是评价肉嫩度的重要指标,肉的嫩度是间接影响人们购买需求的关键因素[30]。驼肉的剪切力随成熟时间的延长,先上升后下降(P<0.05)(图4)。0 d时为73.81 N,在3 d时达到了93.89 N,说明在3 d时,达到最大僵直期,此时肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白结合,引起肌肉“超收缩”,使驼肉硬度增加,剪切力变大,嫩度变差;3 d后剪切力逐渐降低,在7 d时下降至65.70 N,表明在成熟3 d后,处于解僵期,驼肉中蛋白质降解及内源酶的作用,破坏了驼肉的内部结构,肌原纤维小片化程度增加,使驼肉的嫩度变嫩,剪切力下降[31]。本研究与李琳[32]的研究结果类似。同时本研究发现,驼肉剪切力与硬度、咀嚼性有相似的变化趋势,说明宰后成熟能够显著改善驼肉的嫩度,且影响驼肉剪切力的关键因素与其质构特性的主要影响因素具有高度一致性。
脂肪酸的含量和组成是评估肉类质量的关键因素之一[33]。驼肉中共检测到25种脂肪酸,其中SFA 10种、MUFA 8种、PUFA 7种(表3)。随成熟时间的延长,SFA的相对含量先升高后降低,5 d时达到最高,为47.08%±0.12%;MUFA相对含量整体呈下降趋势(P<0.05);PUFA相对含量呈先上升后下降趋势(P<0.05),且在3 d时达到最高21.94%±0.99%。表明随着宰后成熟时间的延长,多不饱和脂肪酸被活性氧侵袭引起一系列次级反应,导致脂质降解和氧化酸败,进而不饱和脂肪酸分解使SFA相对含量升高[34]。通常肌肉脂质和蛋白质氧化过程不太可能独立发生,脂质氧化发生得更快,且产生的过氧化氢自由基和次级产物更容易促进蛋白质氧化[35]。在SFA中相对含量较高的主要有棕榈酸和硬脂酸;MUFA中油酸相对含量最多,0 d时相对含量最高为26.73%±0.59%;PUFA中亚油酸相对含量最多,其次是α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6n3)DHA、反亚油酸(C18:2n6t)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n3)EPA,且这些多不饱和脂肪酸随成熟时间延长呈先上升后下降趋势,说明不饱和脂肪酸在脂肪酸氧化过程中具有重要作用[36]。α-亚麻酸是功能性长链脂肪酸,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老等重要的生理功能。α-亚麻酸在宰后1 d时相对含量达到最高。DHA和EPA属于ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,是一类重要的功能性高值脂肪酸。研究发现,ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸有利于降血压、维持能量平衡和糖代谢,还能抑制一些慢性病的发生[37]。在成熟3 d时,DHA和EPA的相对含量分别为1.25%±0.05%和0.89%±0.02%,这对人体的健康十分有益[37]。
由图5蛋白电泳图谱所示,驼肉中肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白分子量在11~245 kDa之间。在肌原纤维蛋白图谱中(图5A),肌球蛋白重链和肌间线蛋白在5 d时电泳条带变宽、颜色变深,肌动蛋白条带变浅,但变化不明显;而在成熟3 d时,分子量在25~30 kDa之间出现新的条带I,且此条带随时间的延长条带越明显。表明肌原纤维蛋白在成熟3 d时发生降解产生的肽或氨基酸等小分子物质,主要为肌钙蛋白T降解后产生的多肽,且降解的程度随时间的延长越来越大[38]。在肌浆蛋白图谱中(图5B),肌动蛋白条带(43 kDa)、肌钙蛋白T条带(37 kDa)、原肌球蛋白条带(35 kDa)随着成熟时间的延长电泳条带宽度变窄、颜色变浅。综上,在成熟过程中,驼肉中的蛋白质发生降解,Z线断裂,导致肌原纤维破裂并出现新的条带。
MFI可以反映肌原纤维蛋白和骨架蛋白的完整性,可直接反映肌原纤维的降解程度。通常MFI越高,表明肌原纤维蛋白结构破坏程度越大,肉的嫩度越好。在宰后成熟过程中,驼肉MFI呈逐渐上升趋势(P<0.05)(图6),由0 d时28.53±2.83 上升至 7 d 最高值 107±2.88,相较于 0 d增加了275.04%。这是因为在宰后成熟过程中,蛋白质发生降解,Z线断裂,导致肌原纤维蛋白结构被破坏,使MFI逐渐升高,驼肉的嫩度变好。同时由于与肌原纤维蛋白水解有关的内源酶的作用,使MFI逐渐积累,在MFI升高到一定程度后,肌纤维的骨架强度减弱,继而使肌肉的嫩度变好,从剪切力的数据也可以看出,MFI对嫩度的作用主要集中在3 d后,因此MFI的作用具有滞后性[17]。肌原纤维蛋白电泳图在3 d时出现新条带,也与MFI逐渐积累有关。
蛋白质氧化程度可由羰基含量的变化体现出来,而巯基含量的改变是衡量蛋白质降解程度的指标[39]。随着成熟期的延长,驼肉中总羰基含量显著上升(P<0.05)(图7A),由0 d的2.75 nmol/mg,升至7 d的10.89 nmol/mg。说明驼肉中的蛋白质发生了自由基链式反应,被活性氧攻击,使一些氨基酸被氧化生成羰基化合物或直接氧化成羰基,进而羰基含量不断增加。随着成熟期的延长,巯基含量呈下降趋势(图7B),在7 d时下降至25.53 nmol/mg,这是由于蛋白质中的巯基被活性氧自由基攻击形成二硫键等氧化产物,导致巯基含量逐渐减少。驼肉中总羰基含量增加和巯基含量的减少,说明成熟过程中,驼肉的抗氧化能力不断减弱。蛋白质的氧化改变了蛋白质的结构、酶的活性和蛋白的水解度等,进而对驼肉的品质产生影响[40]。
傅里叶变换红外光谱常被用于分析蛋白质中氨基酸基团变化情况,是探究蛋白质和多肽二级结构变化的重要手段[41]。蛋白质在红外区中酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)的变化,对研究二级结构最有意义[42]。随着宰后成熟时间的延长,驼肉中肌原纤维蛋白在波数1673.34 cm−1附近吸收峰明显变化(图8A),此吸收峰在酰胺Ⅰ带,主要是C=H伸缩振动在分子之间生成了更多的氢键,且发生偏移,说明肌原纤维蛋白中的氢键发生了变化,进而改变了蛋白质的二级结构,导致红外吸收光谱的差异[43]。驼肉肌原纤维蛋白二级结构中β-转角含量最多,其次是β-折叠、α-螺旋和无规则卷曲(图8B)。随着宰后成熟时间的延长,α-螺旋水平显著下降,从19%下降至12%;无规则卷曲含量显著增加,从12%上升至17%,说明肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构由有序向无序转变。驼肉在成熟过程中,大分子肽逐渐被分解为小分子肽,蛋白质由稳定向不稳定发展。α-螺旋向无规则卷曲的转化受pH的影响,随pH的逐渐降低,α-螺旋内氢键遭到破坏,无法形成螺旋结构,逐渐向无规则卷曲转化。β-折叠在3 d后逐渐降低,β-折叠是两条肽链之间通过氢键维持的一种结构,成熟过程中维持β-折叠稳定性的氢键断裂,导致β-转角在3 d后逐渐增加。
对成熟时间与各指标之间进行Pearson相关性分析,图9结果显示,成熟时间与总羰基含量、无规则卷曲、β-转角、内聚性、MFI、pH、b*值、SFA呈极显著正相关(P<0.001);成熟时间与巯基含量、β-折叠、α-螺旋、蒸煮损失、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、剪切力、a*值、MUFA呈极显著负相关(P<0.001)。此外,MFI与硬度、咀嚼性、弹性呈极显著负相关,与内聚性呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),说明蛋白质的降解能显著影响驼肉的质构特性。综上,成熟时间对驼肉的嫩度、质构特性、肉色、脂肪酸含量、蛋白质的氧化、蛋白质的结构与降解具有显著影响。
本研究以乌拉特戈壁红驼为研究对象,探究了宰后成熟过程中驼肉品质与蛋白质的变化规律。结果表明:随成熟时间延长,pH呈先降后升趋势,蒸煮损失、L*值、a*值先升后降,b*值持续上升;脂肪酸组成中SFA、PUFA先增后减,MUFA先减后增;内聚性和MFI持续上升,而剪切力、硬度及咀嚼性均在3 d时达到最大值。蛋白质分析显示,肌原纤维蛋白二级结构从有序向无序转化,其氧化降解过程显著影响驼肉的保水性、肉色和质构特性。综合表明,驼肉在宰后成熟3~5 d食用品质较好,建议作为驼肉产品开发的理想成熟时间。未来需加强驼肉嫩化技术的研究,以提升驼肉产品的适口性。本研究为驼肉加工及蛋白质研究提供数据参考。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030196
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
    2内蒙古中哈骆驼研究院,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
    3阿拉善右旗农业技术推广中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
    4阿拉善右旗骆驼产业发展中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300

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明亮(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:驼肉的开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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