Article(id=1320888808397198181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854032849, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854032849, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854032849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854032849, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888808619496294, articleId=1320888808397198181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Regulation of Whey Protein Digestion Properties and Digestion Products by Catechins, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the differential binding affinities of various catechins to whey proteins and their subsequent impact effects on the proteins' digestive properties by selecting four catechins with distinct structural characteristics. The strengths of these interactions were evaluated using molecular docking, interaction force analysis, group content evaluation, and physicochemical property assessment. Additionally, the influence of catechin structures on the digestive properties and digestion products of the complexes was examined using an in vitro digestion model. The results demonstrated that an increase in hydroxyl and galloyl groups enhanced the interaction strength between catechins and whey proteins. Notably, epigallocatechin gallate exhibited the strongest interaction, achieving a binding rate of 90.56%. The catechins induced unfolding of the whey protein structure, exposing internal groups through the enhancement of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby facilitating the formation of complexes with reduced particle sizes. The digestive properties of these complexes were closely associated with the structural attributes of the catechins. As the number of galloyl and hydroxyl groups increased, the complexes exhibited improved digestibility and hydrolysis. This enhancement was attributed to the unfolding of the whey protein structure and a reduction in particle size. Consequently, the digested products contained a higher proportion of small peptides, with the proportion of peptides having molecular weights less than 1000 Da in the digested product of the epigallocatechin gallate-whey protein complex reaching 43.4%. Antioxidant activity analysis further indicated that the generation of small peptides enhanced the antioxidant activity of the digestion products. Therefore, catechins with a greater number of hydroxyl and galloyl groups facilitated stronger interactions with whey proteins, thereby promoting their digestion. This study provides theoretical insights for the development of milk-based tea beverages and the digestion processes of complex foods.

, authors=Yang CHEN1, 2, Jinsong LI3, Guomin PEI3, Xiangzhou YI1, *, authorsList=Yang CHEN, Jinsong LI, Guomin PEI, Xiangzhou YI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangzhou YI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888811844916085, articleId=1320888808397198181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=儿茶素类化合物调控乳清蛋白消化特性与消化产物研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同结构儿茶素类化合物与乳清蛋白的结合差异及其对乳清蛋白消化特性的影响,本研究选取了四种结构不同的儿茶素类化合物,通过分子对接、相互作用力、基团含量和理化性质分析确定相互作用强度。进一步通过体外消化模型分析儿茶素类化合物结构对复合物消化特性和消化产物的影响。研究结果表明,羟基和没食子酰基的增加可提高儿茶素类化合物与乳清蛋白的相互作用强度,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与乳清蛋白的相互作用最强,其结合率为90.56%。儿茶素类化合物通过增强氢键和疏水相互作用,使乳清蛋白结构展开,内部基团暴露,促进形成了粒径较小的复合物。复合物的消化特性与儿茶素类化合物的结构密切相关。随着没食子酰基和羟基数量的增加,由于乳清蛋白结构的展开和粒径的减小,复合物表现出更高的消化率和水解度,同时消化产物中含有更高比例的小肽,其中表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯-乳清蛋白复合物的消化产物中分子量<1000 Da的小肽比例为43.4%。抗氧化活性分析也表明,小肽的产生提高了消化产物的抗氧化活性。因此,更多羟基和没食子酰基的儿茶素类化合物能够与乳清蛋白产生更强的相互作用并促进其消化。本研究能为乳基茶饮的开发和复杂食品的消化过程提供理论指导。

, authors=陈阳1, 2, 李劲松3, 裴国民3, 易湘洲1, *, authorsList=陈阳, 李劲松, 裴国民, 易湘洲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=易湘洲, authorNote=

陈阳(1995−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:热带特色蛋白加工,E-mail:

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易湘洲(1995−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母代表样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05),图3~图7同。

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儿茶素类化合物调控乳清蛋白消化特性与消化产物研究
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陈阳 1, 2 , 李劲松 3 , 裴国民 3 , 易湘洲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 83-92
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 83 -92
儿茶素类化合物调控乳清蛋白消化特性与消化产物研究
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陈阳1, 2 , 李劲松3, 裴国民3, 易湘洲1, *
作者信息
  • 1海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
  • 2海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
  • 3海南自由贸易港健康医学研究院,海南保亭 572300
通讯作者:
易湘洲(1995−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈阳(1995−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:热带特色蛋白加工,E-mail:

Regulation of Whey Protein Digestion Properties and Digestion Products by Catechins
Yang CHEN1, 2 , Jinsong LI3, Guomin PEI3, Xiangzhou YI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 3Hainan Free Trade Port Institute of Health Medicine, Baoting 572300, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030129
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为探究不同结构儿茶素类化合物与乳清蛋白的结合差异及其对乳清蛋白消化特性的影响,本研究选取了四种结构不同的儿茶素类化合物,通过分子对接、相互作用力、基团含量和理化性质分析确定相互作用强度。进一步通过体外消化模型分析儿茶素类化合物结构对复合物消化特性和消化产物的影响。研究结果表明,羟基和没食子酰基的增加可提高儿茶素类化合物与乳清蛋白的相互作用强度,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与乳清蛋白的相互作用最强,其结合率为90.56%。儿茶素类化合物通过增强氢键和疏水相互作用,使乳清蛋白结构展开,内部基团暴露,促进形成了粒径较小的复合物。复合物的消化特性与儿茶素类化合物的结构密切相关。随着没食子酰基和羟基数量的增加,由于乳清蛋白结构的展开和粒径的减小,复合物表现出更高的消化率和水解度,同时消化产物中含有更高比例的小肽,其中表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯-乳清蛋白复合物的消化产物中分子量<1000 Da的小肽比例为43.4%。抗氧化活性分析也表明,小肽的产生提高了消化产物的抗氧化活性。因此,更多羟基和没食子酰基的儿茶素类化合物能够与乳清蛋白产生更强的相互作用并促进其消化。本研究能为乳基茶饮的开发和复杂食品的消化过程提供理论指导。

儿茶素  /  乳清蛋白  /  非共价键  /  疏水基团  /  消化特性  /  抗氧化活性

This study aimed to investigate the differential binding affinities of various catechins to whey proteins and their subsequent impact effects on the proteins' digestive properties by selecting four catechins with distinct structural characteristics. The strengths of these interactions were evaluated using molecular docking, interaction force analysis, group content evaluation, and physicochemical property assessment. Additionally, the influence of catechin structures on the digestive properties and digestion products of the complexes was examined using an in vitro digestion model. The results demonstrated that an increase in hydroxyl and galloyl groups enhanced the interaction strength between catechins and whey proteins. Notably, epigallocatechin gallate exhibited the strongest interaction, achieving a binding rate of 90.56%. The catechins induced unfolding of the whey protein structure, exposing internal groups through the enhancement of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby facilitating the formation of complexes with reduced particle sizes. The digestive properties of these complexes were closely associated with the structural attributes of the catechins. As the number of galloyl and hydroxyl groups increased, the complexes exhibited improved digestibility and hydrolysis. This enhancement was attributed to the unfolding of the whey protein structure and a reduction in particle size. Consequently, the digested products contained a higher proportion of small peptides, with the proportion of peptides having molecular weights less than 1000 Da in the digested product of the epigallocatechin gallate-whey protein complex reaching 43.4%. Antioxidant activity analysis further indicated that the generation of small peptides enhanced the antioxidant activity of the digestion products. Therefore, catechins with a greater number of hydroxyl and galloyl groups facilitated stronger interactions with whey proteins, thereby promoting their digestion. This study provides theoretical insights for the development of milk-based tea beverages and the digestion processes of complex foods.

catechin  /  whey protein  /  non-covalent bonding  /  hydrophobic group  /  digestive properties  /  antioxidant activity
陈阳, 李劲松, 裴国民, 易湘洲. 儿茶素类化合物调控乳清蛋白消化特性与消化产物研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 83 -92 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030129
Yang CHEN, Jinsong LI, Guomin PEI, Xiangzhou YI. Regulation of Whey Protein Digestion Properties and Digestion Products by Catechins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 83 -92 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030129
茶饮作为全球消费量第二大的饮品(仅次于水),其消费群体已覆盖全球30亿人口,日消耗量达180~200亿杯。根据市场预测,至2025年全球茶叶消费量将攀升至740万吨,市场估值超过3180亿美元[1]。这种跨越文化的饮品偏好不仅源于茶叶独特的风味特征,更与其丰富的生物活性物质密切相关。茶多酚作为茶叶的核心功能成分,占干物质总量的18%~36%,其中以表儿茶素类化合物,表儿茶素(epicatechin,EC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,ECG)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin,EGC)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)最具生物活性[2−3]。这类儿茶素类化合物可通过清除自由基、螯合金属离子等机制,展现出显著的抗氧化、抗炎及代谢调节功能,其摄入量与心血管疾病、Ⅱ型糖尿病等慢性病的发病率呈显著负相关[4−6]。
现代饮食文化中普遍存在的“茶乳共饮”现象引发了学界对多酚-蛋白质相互作用的关注。消费者在茶饮中添加乳制品的习惯不仅通过分子间相互作用改善茶汤的感官特性,更重要的是形成的复合体系可能通过界面效应显著改变营养物质的递送效率[7]。乳清蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)作为乳清中的主要功能组分(占乳清蛋白总量的20%),其核心组分α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-LA)和β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)具有独特的结构特征[8−9]。β-LG通过8条反平行β-折叠构成疏水空腔[10],而α-LA在钙结合域聚集大量带电残基[11],这些拓扑结构特征使其成为多酚分子特异性结合的潜在靶点。
近年研究揭示,多酚-蛋白质相互作用存在显著的结构依赖性。以EGCG为例,其特有的三个相邻酚羟基和没食子酰基可形成多点结合模式,相较其他儿茶素具有更强的蛋白结合能力[12]。这种分子间作用不仅诱导蛋白质构象重排,还可能通过空间位阻效应改变酶切位点的可及性,进而调控消化进程[13]。然而现有研究存在三个关键局限:其一多聚焦于单一多酚组分,缺乏对儿茶素结构差异(羟基数目、没食子酰化程度)的系统性比较;其二对复合体系消化产物的抗氧化活性动态变化机制阐释不足;其三关于多酚结合对WPI二硫键网络、游离氨基等结构参数的影响尚不明确。
因此,本研究探讨了WPI与儿茶素类化合物之间的结合行为差异及其对蛋白质的消化特性的影响。通过分子对接模拟与实验验证相结合的策略,系统解析EGCG、ECG、EGC、EC四种特征儿茶素与WPI的结合模式差异,定量表征不同结构多酚对WPI巯基/氨基暴露、粒径电位及多酚结合率的影响规律。进一步通过体外动态消化模型,阐明多酚结合对WPI水解度、多肽释放及消化产物抗氧化活性的调控机制。通过多尺度表征揭示儿茶素没食子酰化程度与羟基分布对WPI消化特性的构效关系,旨在为乳基茶饮的开发提供理论依据与设计策略。
WPI(80%)、尿素(98%)、二硫苏糖醇(98%)、没食子酸(99%)、邻苯二甲醛(98%)、四硼酸钠(99%)、L-亮氨酸(99%)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)(98%)、2,2'-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS)(98%)、亚铁氰化钾(99%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;EC(99%)、ECG(99%)、EGC(99%)、EGCG(99%)、磷酸二氢钠(99%)、磷酸氢二钠(99%)、十二烷基硫酸钠(99%)、Tris-Glycine-SDS 缓冲液、三氯乙酸(98%)、氯化钙(99%)、盐酸(37%)、氯化钠(99%)、氢氧化钠(99%)、碳酸钠(98%)、福林酚试剂、无水乙醇(99%)、细胞色素C(95%)、过硫酸钾(98%) 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司;胃蛋白酶(来源于猪胃黏膜,≥250 U/mg)、胰酶(来源于猪胰,胰脂肪酶≥16 U/mg,胰蛋白酶≥200 U/mg,胰淀粉酶≥200 U/mg)、胆盐、芽孢杆菌酶 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;β-巯基乙醇(98%)、Ellman试剂(98%)、乙腈(99%)、三氟乙酸(98%) 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;二喹啉甲酸试剂盒 上海碧云天生物科技有限公司;乙氨酸-乙氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(98%)、乙氨酸-乙氨酸-乙氨酸(98%) 北京沃凯生物科技有限公司。
TU-1901紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限公司;Nano ZS-90粒径电位仪 英国马尔文公司;ST 16R高速冷冻离心机 美国Sigma公司;SHA-B恒温震荡水浴摇床 上海力辰科技有限公司;1260 Infinity凝胶渗透液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
WPI、EGCG、ECG、EGC、EC粉末在磷酸盐缓冲液中(PBS,pH6.0,0.01 mol/L)充分搅拌溶解,然后等体积混合蛋白和儿茶素类化合物以制备复合物,搅拌均匀。最终体系中蛋白质浓度为1 mg/mL,儿茶素类化合物的浓度为0.5 mg/mL。
在RCSB蛋白质数据库(http://www.rcsb.org/)中获得α-LA(ID:1A4V)和β-LG(ID:1BSY)的3D分子模型,在ChemSpider数据库(https://www.chemspider.com/)中获得EGCG、ECG、EGC和EC的分子结构。在MOE 2019软件中对α-LA、β-LG及儿茶素类化合物结构进行快速优化,分别以α-LA和β-LG作为受体,4种儿茶素类化合物作为配体进行半柔性对接。以最低结合能的对接结果表示为最优构象,根据2D相互作用结果分析非共价键。
相互作用力根据Chen等[14]的方法进行测定。向复合物溶液中分别加入十二烷基硫酸钠(0.5%)、尿素(6 mol/L)和二硫苏糖醇(30 mmol/L)分别破坏分子间的疏水相互作用、氢键和二硫键。充分混合均匀并静置30 min后使用粒径电位仪测定复合物的粒径大小。根据以下公式对相互作用力进行量化:
$\rm \text{相互作用力}(\text{%}) =\frac{{S}_{1}-{S}_{0}}{{S}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,S1和S0分别代表样品初始粒径和在溶剂中的粒径。
将复合物样品溶液用纯水透析24 h(截留分子量8000 Da)后,将透析液与福林酚试剂混合反应5 min。随后,将反应液与20%的碳酸钠溶液混合,避光孵育2 h后,在765 nm处测定吸光度。利用没食子酸建立标准曲线,根据吸光值计算透析后溶液中多酚浓度。多酚结合程度通过以下公式计算:
$\rm \text{多酚结合率}(\text{%}) =\frac{{C}_{0}-{C}_{1}}{{C}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,C0和C1分别代表最初多酚浓度和透析后多酚浓度。
根据Yin等[15]的方法测定游离巯基和二硫键含量。将1 mL的复合物样品溶液与Tris-Glycine-SDS缓冲液(2 mL,0.1 mg/mL)和Ellman试剂(0.5 mL)混合孵育1 h,使用分光光度计在412 nm处测定其吸光度。游离巯基的含量根据以下公式进行计算:
$\rm \text{巯基含量}(\mathrm{nmol}/\mathrm{mg}\;\mathrm{protein})=\frac{{A}_{412}\times {10}^{6}}{\varepsilon \times \mathrm{L}\times \mathrm{C}} $
式中,A412为样品在412 nm下的吸光值,ε为摩尔消光系数(13600 L·mol−1·cm−1),L为光程(1 cm),C为样品中蛋白质浓度(mg/mL)。
测定二硫键含量时,将2 mL样品溶液与0.1 mL β-巯基乙醇和4.0 mL尿素-盐酸胍溶液(1:1,6 mol/L)的试剂混合,孵育15 min。加入10 mL 12%(v/v)三氯乙酸,反应1 h后,10000×g离心10 min,所得沉淀溶于10 mL Tris-Glycine-SDS缓冲液(0.1 mg/mL)中,加入0.5 mL的Ellman试剂,在412 nm下测定样品吸光度,根据公式(3)计算总巯基含量。样品中二硫键含量根据以下公式进行计算:
$ { \text{二硫键含量}(\mathrm{nmol}/\mathrm{mg}\;\text{protein})=\dfrac{\text{总巯基含量}-\text{游离巯基含量}}{2} }$
根据Chen等[16]的方法,采用邻苯二甲醛法测定游离氨基的含量。制备邻苯二甲醛溶液时,使用甲醇(1 mL)、四硼酸钠(0.95 g)和十二烷基硫酸钠(0.5 g)的混合物溶解邻苯二甲醛(40 mg),然后将其悬浮在50 mL水中。将复合物溶液稀释至1 mg/mL,然后与邻苯二甲醛溶液(1:0.75,v/v)混合,在黑暗条件下反应2 min。使用分光光度计测定混合溶液在340 nm处的吸光度。以L-亮氨酸制作校准曲线计算游离氨基的含量。
根据Yi等[17]的方法,采用动态光散射法测定复合物的粒径。测定前样品用PBS缓冲液(pH6.0,0.01 mol/L)稀释至蛋白浓度为0.1 mg/mL。将样品加入粒径池或电位槽中,排去气泡。仪器平衡时间设定为120 s,测定重复次数为3次。
复合物在体外的消化模拟根据INFOGEST方法进行[18]。将蛋白质溶液(20 mL)与15 mL模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid,SGF)混合。向混合溶液中加入3.2 mL新鲜胃蛋白酶溶液(溶于SGF,使胃液中最终浓度为2000 U/mL)、10 μL 氯化钙(0.3 mol/L)和蒸馏水,使体系最终体积为40 mL,用1 mol/L盐酸调至3.0。胃消化在37 ℃、200 r/min的振荡水浴中进行。在消化120 min后,煮沸5 min以终止胃蛋白酶作用。将剩余的消化液(20 mL)与12.5 mL模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid,SIF)、2.5 mL含有胆盐的SIF(胆盐最终浓度为0.01 mol/L)和5 mL含有胰酶的SIF(脂肪酶的最终活性为200 U/mL)混合。加入去离子水和40 μL 氯化钙(0.3 mol/L),使体系最终体积为40 mL,用1 mol/L 氢氧化钠调节至pH7.0。肠消化在37 ℃、200 r/min的振荡水浴中进行。在消化120 min时,煮沸5 min以终止胰蛋白酶的作用。将制备好的胃和胃肠消化物储存在−80 ℃下以供进一步分析。
将消化2 h的胃或肠消化液与无水乙醇混合(1:1,v/v),在4 ℃下放置12 h,离心(12000×g,4 ℃,10 min)后将沉淀物悬浮在氯化钠溶液中,使用二喹啉甲酸试剂盒测定溶液中蛋白质含量。消化率根据以下公式计算[19]:
$\rm \text{消化率}(\text{%}) =\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}-{\mathrm{W}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,W0和W1代表消化前、后样品的蛋白质含量。
邻苯二甲醛溶液的配制参考1.2.6。将消化后的溶液与邻苯二甲醛溶液混合(1:0.75,v/v),在黑暗条件下反应2 min后,在340 nm处测定其吸光度。另取消化前溶液用6 mol/L盐酸水解6 h后与邻苯二甲醛溶液反应,测定吸光度。使用L-亮氨酸(0~0.06 mol/L)制作校准曲线计算氨基酸浓度。水解程度按以下公式计算[20]:
$ \text{水解度}(\text{%}) =\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{1}-{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{2}-{\mathrm{C}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,C0和C1分别表示消化前、后游离氨基酸的浓度,C2表示酸水解后总游离氨基酸的浓度。
参考Qiao等[21]的方法对消化产物的肽段分布进行测定。将浓度为1 mg/mL的样品用流动相稀释后用0.45 μm微孔滤膜除去不溶物。用凝胶渗透液相色谱仪对肽段分布进行测定。色谱条件:色谱柱:TSKgel® SuperSW2000(300×4.6 mm);流动相:乙腈-水-三氟乙酸(45:55:0.1);流速:0.5 mL/min;柱温:30 ℃;进样量:20 μL,检测波长:220 nm。用流动相以0.5 mL/min的流速洗脱。用细胞色素C(12400 u)、芽孢杆菌酶(1450 u)、乙氨酸-乙氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(451 u)和乙氨酸-乙氨酸-乙氨酸(189 u)制作标准曲线。
DPPH自由基清除率的测定参考Wang等[22]的方法。将消化液与DPPH溶液(0.2 mmol/L,溶于乙醇)混合(1:3,v/v),剧烈摇动并避光孵育30 min后,在517 nm处测定溶液的吸光度。样品的DPPH自由基清除能力通过以下公式计算:
$ \text{DPPH自由基清除能力}(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A0为DPPH溶液加PBS的吸光度,A1为DPPH溶液加样品溶液的吸光度,A2为乙醇加样品溶液的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率的测定参考Wu等[23]的方法。ABTS+自由基溶液由7.0 mmol/L的ABTS和2.45 mmol/L的过硫酸钾避光孵育14 h制备。使用前,用5 mmol/L的PBS(0.02 mol/L,pH7.4)稀释溶液,直到734 nm处的吸光度为0.70±0.02。将样品溶液和稀释后的ABTS溶液(1:10,v/v)混合避光反应10 min,在734 nm处测定溶液的吸光度。以不含样品的溶液作为对照。
$ {\text{ABTS}}^+\text{自由基清除能力}(\text{%}) =\left(\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A0代表不含样品空白溶液的吸光度,A1代表含样品溶液的吸光度。
还原力根据Qing等[24]的方法进行测定,将样品溶液(1 mg/mL,1 mL)、PBS(0.2 mol/L,pH6.6,1 mL)和亚铁氰化钾溶液(1%,1 mL)在50 ℃水浴中孵育20 min。随后,加入1 mL三氯乙酸溶液,5000×g、4 ℃下离心5 min。取上清液与氯化铁(0.1%,m/v)溶液充分混匀(3:1,v/v),在700 nm处测定吸光度表示样品的还原力。
所有实验都至少重复测定3次,数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,所有结果以平均值±标准差进行表示。比较采用单因素方差分析和Duncan分析进行差异比较,显著性水平P<0.05时,数据间的差异被认为具有显著性。采用Origin pro 2024b软件进行作图。
WPI主要是由β-LG(50%~55%)和α-LA(20%~25%)组成[25],因此利用分子对接模拟了WPI中β-LG和α-LA与四种儿茶素类化合物之间的相互作用,从而对WPI与儿茶素类化合物之间的相互作用强度进行表征。图1为β-LG和α-LA与EC、EGC、ECG和EGCG之间形成复合物的最佳对接模型,在此模型下复合物具有最低的能量。在与α-LA的对接中,ECG、EGC和EC都对接到同一口袋中,而EGCG由于分子较大对接到了不同的口袋。在与β-LG的对接中,所有的分子都对接到了同一口袋。进一步通过2D相互作用图观察了分子间相互作用力。EGCG与α-LA(Asp37、Asp37、Gln39)和β-LG(Lys69、Asp85、Asn88)侧链之间均形成了3个氢键。氢键强度与羟基数量有关,羟基数量越多,氢键越强,复合物的稳定性也越高。同时,ECG与α-LA(Gln2、Asp37、Gln39)和β-LG(Glu44、Glu45、Gln159)侧链之间也形成了3个氢键。这表明由于结构的差异较小,EGCG与ECG与β-LG和α-LA结合时具有相似的相互作用强度。与EGCG和ECG相比,由于羟基数量的减少,EGC与β-LG和α-LA之间的相互作用强度下降,分别与α-LA的Asp78主链和侧链和β-LG的Trp19主链和Glu44侧链形成了2个氢键。EC与β-LG和α-LA的相互作用强度进一步下降,分别仅观察到1个氢键的形成。这些结果表明没食子酰形式和非没食子酰形式显著影响了儿茶素类化合物与WPI之间的相互作用,非没食子酰化的儿茶素类化合物(EC和EGC)具有较少的结合功能基团,导致复合物的相互作用较弱,这会进一步导致复合物的稳定性下降。相反,没食子酰基提供了更多的氢键供体和受体,以及其他的相互作用力(疏水和π-π相互作用等)使儿茶素类化合物能够与蛋白质表面产生更强的结合,从而提高复合物的稳定性[26]。
蛋白质构象的稳定性主要由氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键决定[27]。尿素、十二烷基硫酸钠和二硫苏糖醇作为变性剂能够分别破坏复合物中氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键,降低分子间相互作用,使复合物粒径下降[28]。图2a为各相互作用力的贡献程度,即复合物在不同溶剂中粒径下降的百分比。尿素处理对WPI-儿茶素复合物的相互作用力影响最显著,表明氢键在维持该复合物稳定性方面起关键作用。其中,EGCG-WPI复合物的变化尤为明显,原因在于EGCG含有丰富的羟基,可与WPI分子侧链中的氨基、羧基和羟基形成氢键[29]。儿茶素类化合物与WPI结合后,会扰乱蛋白质的分子构象,导致内部疏水基团暴露,并促成新的二硫键形成[29]。此外,十二烷基硫酸钠和二硫苏糖醇对EGCG-WPI复合物的影响最大,而对EC-WPI复合物的影响最小。这是由于EGCG与WPI之间的相互作用更强,通过试剂破坏相互作用后对蛋白质结构的影响也更大。因此,分子间相互作用力进一步证明,在pH6.0条件下,WPI与儿茶素类化合物主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用形成非共价结合。这一结论与Chen等[30]在酸性条件下研究牛血清白蛋白与EGCG、ECG、EGC、EC之间主要存在氢键和疏水性相互作用的结果一致。
在pH6.0条件下(显著高于WPI等电点),WPI因表面携带净负电荷而发生构象舒展,其三级结构松散化暴露出更多疏水微区及极性氨基酸结合位点,从而显著增强儿茶素类化合物的结合倾向[31]。结合率实验(图2b)表明,四种儿茶素类化合物与WPI的结合率呈现明显梯度特征:EGCG(90.56%)>ECG(86.48%)>EGC(80.32%)>EC(76.45%)。这种递变规律与其分子结构特征高度相关:EGCG凭借8个羟基及疏水性没食子酰基的双重优势,通过多羟基氢键网络、疏水空腔包埋及π-π共轭协同作用实现最高结合效率;ECG虽保留没食子酰基但羟基数量减少至7个,导致其结合效率降低约4%;而EGC和EC因缺乏关键疏水基团(没食子酰基),主要依赖羟基的极性作用(EGC含6个羟基,EC仅5个),其结合率分别下降10%和14%[32]。该结果揭示儿茶素类化合物与WPI的结合强度由羟基密度和疏水基团的协同效应共同决定。
蛋白质中的游离巯基和二硫键含量变化可反映儿茶素类化合物对蛋白质构象的影响,这些基团的变化也与相互作用强度有关[33]。如图3a所示,在pH6.0条件下,不同儿茶素类化合物与WPI复合物的游离巯基和二硫键含量呈现规律性变化。其中,EGCG-WPI复合物显示最低的游离巯基含量(6.24 nmol/mg protein)和最高的二硫键含量(15.46 nmol/mg protein),表明EGCG与WPI的相互作用最为显著。这可能与EGCG分子结构中特有的没食子酰基有关,该基团可能通过空间位阻效应促进巯基氧化,或直接参与巯基的共价结合[34]。随着儿茶素分子结构的简化(EGCG→ECG→EGC→EC),游离巯基含量呈递增趋势,而二硫键含量则递减。这种梯度变化表明,儿茶素的羟基取代模式和分子大小显著影响其与乳清蛋白的相互作用能力。特别是没食子酰基的存在,可能通过疏水相互作用和氢键网络增强蛋白质构象变化,促使更多巯基参与二硫键形成[35]。
进一步通过游离氨基定量分析发现(图3b),复合体系中游离氨基含量与结合效率呈显著负相关:EGCG-WPI复合物游离氨基最少(97.04 μmol/g),其后依次为ECG(99.68 μmol/g)、EGC(114.76 μmol/g)和EC(117.13 μmol/g)。与前述结合率的大小顺序完全相反,从分子互作层面印证了多酚结合对蛋白质表面氨基的掩蔽效应,即结合越紧密的复合物,其游离氨基残留量越少。这个结果再次印证了儿茶素类化合物与WPI的结合强度为EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC。
如图4a所示,WPI与不同儿茶素类化合物形成的复合物粒径分别为:319.6 nm(EGCG-WPI)、324.5 nm(ECG-WPI)、362.4 nm(EGC-WPI)和372.0 nm(EC-WPI),其中EGCG-WPI的粒径最小。在pH6.0条件下,WPI分子表面带负电荷,所有样品的Zeta电位均为负值(图4b)。随着多酚羟基数量的增加,WPI-儿茶素复合物的Zeta电位绝对值显著增加(P<0.05),EGCG-WPI达到最大值(23.83 mV)。这些结果表明,WPI与儿茶素类化合物结合后,带负电荷的氨基酸残基更多地暴露出来,影响了复合物的稳定性。与其他复合物相比,EC-WPI的Zeta电位较高,为−17.41 mV,说明含有较少羟基的多酚不足以显著改变WPI的结构并暴露其内部带电基团。排斥力较小的胶体粒子由于粒子间相互作用容易发生聚集,导致复合体系不稳定[36]。
如图5所示,WPI-儿茶素复合物在胃肠消化过程中表现出显著差异。在胃蛋白酶消化阶段,EGCG-WPI复合物显示出最高的消化率(42.92%)和水解程度(27.04%)。随着儿茶素结构的简化(EGCG→ECG→EGC→EC),复合物的消化率逐渐降低,EC-WPI复合物的消化率仅为38.41%。这种趋势可能归因于EGCG与WPI之间形成的强氢键网络和疏水相互作用,导致WPI分子结构展开,增加了胃蛋白酶对特定酶切位点(如苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸残基)的识别效率[37]。
与胃消化阶段相比,在肠道消化阶段所有复合物的消化率均显著提升(超过80%),这表明胰蛋白酶对WPI具有更高的水解效率。其中,EGCG-WPI复合物在肠道阶段仍保持最高的消化率(91.53%)和水解程度(68.02%),而EC-WPI复合物的水解程度最低(58.02%)。这种差异可能与儿茶素的空间位阻效应有关:EGCG的D环没食子酰基可能在肠道pH环境下发生构象调整,暴露出更多的蛋白酶作用位点;而EC的小分子结构可能通过更强的疏水相互作用维持复合物核心区域的稳定性,降低胰蛋白酶对WPI作用位点的可及性[38]。
综上所述,儿茶素的结构特征,特别是没食子酰基的存在与否,显著影响其与WPI复合物在胃肠道中的消化特性。
进一步通过凝胶渗透色谱对WPI-儿茶素复合物消化后产物的分子量分布进行了测定,结果如图6所示。可以观察到,所有样品大部分肽段分布在<1000 Da和1000~2000 Da区间,这表明所有复合物有较好的消化率。通常分子量<1000 Da的肽段代表蛋白质的水解程度较高,产生了8肽及以下的片段,这些小肽能够更好地被肠道吸收和利用[39]。由于EGCG-WPI结构的展开,更多的小肽(<1000 Da)在消化过程中产生,从而表现出最高的肽段比例(43.4%)。相比而言,ECG、EGC和EC产生小肽的数量随着羟基的减少而逐渐下降。同时,更多的大分子肽段(2000~3000 Da和3000~4000 Da)在EGC-WPI和EC-WPI的水解产物中检测到。这些结果进一步表明,儿茶素类化合物中没食子酰基的存在促进了WPI的水解,形成了更多的小分子肽,这将会产生潜在的营养和健康益处[40]。
如图7a~c所示,EGCG-WPI水解产物的抗氧化活性显著优于其他三种复合物,其DPPH自由基清除率(74.02%)、ABTS+自由基清除率(18.53%)及还原力(0.816)均最高,且与结合强度(EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC)和消化能力顺序完全一致。这种正相关关系可从以下两方面解释,一是非共价相互作用促进蛋白质的水解。EGCG与WPI之间的强相互作用(如疏水相互作用、氢键)改变了蛋白质的构象,使其在消化过程中更有效地释放具有抗氧化活性的小分子肽段[41];二是活性羟基增强电子供体能力[42]。EGCG本身具有较多的酚羟基,赋予其优越的电子供体能力。水解后,这些特性可能通过协同效应增强肽段的自由基清除能力。
不同抗氧化指标的梯度差异具有明显特征:DPPH自由基清除率(EGCG>ECG>EGC≈EC)与还原力(EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC)均呈现显著差异(P<0.05),而ABTS+自由基清除率虽趋势相同但整体偏低。这可能反映了不同抗氧化机制的敏感性差异—DPPH实验主要检测氢原子转移能力,对亲脂性抗氧化剂更敏感;ABTS则依赖单电子转移机制,更易受水溶性抗氧化成分的影响[43]。EGCG复合物在两类体系中均保持优势,提示其水解产物兼具脂溶性与水溶性抗氧化成分。此外,ECG与EGCG的抗氧化指标差距较小(如DPPH差值仅3%),可能与其共有的没食子酰基结构相关,该基团作为强供电子体在自由基清除中起关键作用。这些结果进一步证明,没食子酰结构的存在促进了WPI-儿茶素复合物在消化过程中释放更多具有高抗氧化活性的小肽。
不同结构儿茶素类化合物与WPI中β-LG和α-LA结合模式存在显著差异。随着羟基数量的增加和没食子酰基的存在,儿茶素类化合物与β-LG和α-LA的结合强度显著增加,表现为氢键数量的增多和疏水相互作用的加强,尤其是EGCG与WPI具有最高的结合率。同时,相互作用的增强也导致蛋白质结构展开,伴随着二硫键的形成和内部基团的暴露,这进一步减小了复合物的粒径。经过体外模拟消化后,随着羟基数量的增多,WPI-儿茶素复合物内部基团更多暴露,使其更容易被酶水解,表现出更高的消化率和水解度。其中,EGCG-WPI具有最高的消化率,并在消化后产生了更多小分子肽。复合物的消化产物表现出良好的抗氧化活性,尤其是EGCG-WPI,这与其消化后释放更多的小分子肽密切相关。本研究的结果明确了儿茶素类化合物结构与蛋白质结合之间的联系,能为茶饮的开发提供指导。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030129
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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    1海南热带海洋学院食品科学与工程学院,海南三亚 572022
    2海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
    3海南自由贸易港健康医学研究院,海南保亭 572300

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易湘洲(1995−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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