Article(id=1320888769406944105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030365, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854023552, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854023552, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854023552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854023552, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=239, endPage=250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888771051111274, articleId=1320888769406944105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Semi-bionic Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris L. and Analysis of Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using polysaccharide extraction yield as the indicator, this study investigated the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and semi-bionic extraction (SBE) on the extraction yield of Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharides. The extraction method with the highest polysaccharide yield was selected for process optimization. The structure of the polysaccharides was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The results showed that the polysaccharide yields obtained by the HWE, EAE, and SBE were 5.9%, 7.54%, and 9.87%, respectively. After optimization, the best extraction conditions for the SBE method were determined as follows: extraction temperature of 85 ℃, duration of 2.5 h, simulated gastric fluid (pH2.0) and intestinal fluid (pH8.5), and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30. Under these conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 11.69%. Structural analysis revealed that Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides were mainly composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose, the molar ratios were 8.89, 41.81, 17.53, 6.85, 14.32 and 7.21, respectively. Antioxidant activity tests showed that the IC50 values for scavenging DPPH·, ABTS+·, ·OH and O2−· were 0.049, 0.092, 0.085 and 0.062 mg/mL, respectively, while the maximum total reducing power was measured at 0.314 when the polysaccharide concentration was 1.1 mg/mL. The polysaccharide also exhibited inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 1.72 and 8.43 mg/mL, respectively. This study systematically optimized the extraction process of P. vulgaris L. polysaccharides, preliminarily clarified their structural characteristics, and confirmed their strong antioxidant activity. These findings provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and application of P. vulgaris L. polysaccharides.

, authors=Xinyu PENG, Yuxin SHAO, Yixuan SHA, Donglai LIU, Xingfu YIN*, authorsList=Xinyu PENG, Yuxin SHAO, Yixuan SHA, Donglai LIU, Xingfu YIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingfu YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888779909481359, articleId=1320888769406944105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=半仿生法提取夏枯草多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、酶抑制活性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以多糖得率为指标,研究热水浸提法(Hot water extraction,HWE)、酶辅助提取法(Enzyme-assisted extraction,EAE)、半仿生提取法(Semi-bionic extraction,SBE)对夏枯草多糖得率的影响,选取多糖得率最高方法进行工艺优化,通过高效液相色谱、凝胶渗透色谱、紫外光谱和傅里叶红外光谱法对其结构进行表征,并对其体外抗氧化活性和酶抑制活性进行研究。结果表明,三种方法提取的夏枯草多糖得率分别为:5.9%、7.54%、9.87%。半仿生法优化后的最佳提取条件为:提取温度85 ℃、时间2.5 h、模拟胃液(pH2)和肠液(pH8.5)、料液比1:30,在此条件下多糖得率达到11.69%。结构分析显示,夏枯草多糖主要由鼠李糖(Rham)、半乳糖醛酸(GalUA)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)及阿拉伯糖(Ara)构成,摩尔比为8.89、41.81、17.53、6.85、14.32、7.21。活性测试表明夏枯草多糖对四种自由基DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH、O2−·的IC50值分别为0.049、0.092、0.085、0.062 mg/mL,浓度为1.1 mg/mL时总还原力值最大为0.314。其对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶具有抑制效果,IC50值为1.72和8.43 mg/mL。本研究系统优化了夏枯草多糖的提取工艺,初步阐明了其结构特征,并证实了其具有较强的抗氧化活性,为夏枯草多糖的进一步开发和应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=彭欣宇, 邵予欣, 沙旖璇, 刘东来, 尹星福*, authorsList=彭欣宇, 邵予欣, 沙旖璇, 刘东来, 尹星福, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尹星福, authorNote=

彭欣宇(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然有效成分分离与功能性研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
尹星福(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向;天然有效成分分离与功能性研究,E-mail:。
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language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=酶抑制活性)], refs=[Reference(id=1320888798137925632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=简美玲, 郑基焕, 毛润乾. 夏枯草药材资源开发研究[J]. 广东农业科学, 2011, 38(5): 109−111. 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Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 2009, 18(19): 2243−2245., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888780312134544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888780320523153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, companyId=1320888780312134544, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Agriculture College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888780328911762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, companyId=1320888780312134544, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=延边大学农学院,吉林延吉 133002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888787710886861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Yield of PVP by different extraction methods, figureFileSmall=fMgbIH3EuARfX/3qyaBgXQ==, figureFileBig=/3f5nO4RSnt6SQMXXobMMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888788600079310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同提取方法的PVP得率

注:同一指标各组之间标注不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图6同。

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注:1.L-古洛糖醛酸;2.D-甘露糖醛酸;3.Man;4.GlcN;5.Rib;6.Rham;7.GlcUA;8.GalUA;9.GalN;10.Glc;11.Gla;12.Xyl;13.Ara;14.Fuc。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图10, caption=夏枯草多糖的紫外扫描图, figureFileSmall=guQitqLBcjjcB9JGacOsnQ==, figureFileBig=r9E+ZdnFBDTUH7T6uwYlBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794212058089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Infrared scan diagram of PVP, figureFileSmall=C9Qe7PmFKKiW9uuTQ1UoFQ==, figureFileBig=j8suFyFCMVlEBrnM1iKvMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794430161898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图11, caption=夏枯草多糖红外扫描图, figureFileSmall=C9Qe7PmFKKiW9uuTQ1UoFQ==, figureFileBig=j8suFyFCMVlEBrnM1iKvMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794493076459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Scavenging capacity of DPPH·, figureFileSmall=YTW2xT9MxEl8Uj2o74enxA==, figureFileBig=AY028SY3AeWt/b1XbXH5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794555991020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图12, caption=DPPH·清除能力, figureFileSmall=YTW2xT9MxEl8Uj2o74enxA==, figureFileBig=AY028SY3AeWt/b1XbXH5/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794639877101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Scavenging capacity of ABTS+·, figureFileSmall=FSksA6Av0BnaYWsODKSYTg==, figureFileBig=ZGT6XECbEiNckeuAmGdoBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794849592302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图13, caption=ABTS+·清除能力, figureFileSmall=FSksA6Av0BnaYWsODKSYTg==, figureFileBig=ZGT6XECbEiNckeuAmGdoBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888794946061295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Scavenging capacity of ·OH, figureFileSmall=OwrCoI1thzvLC3YMh56TMQ==, figureFileBig=1HJmaT52Mo97pDnVB/uwiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795013170160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图14, caption=·OH清除能力, figureFileSmall=OwrCoI1thzvLC3YMh56TMQ==, figureFileBig=1HJmaT52Mo97pDnVB/uwiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795084473329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Scavenging capacity of O2−·, figureFileSmall=5wRRX7vUJPbT86lDFNWhEQ==, figureFileBig=UgKlNkGy729h9EufurxdjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795256439794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图15, caption=O2−·清除能力, figureFileSmall=5wRRX7vUJPbT86lDFNWhEQ==, figureFileBig=UgKlNkGy729h9EufurxdjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795327742963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Total reducing power, figureFileSmall=HCNnTeqIG+5bjbomVGqLTg==, figureFileBig=PTCuNnY+x3/KIbHOhh4C5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795386463220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图16, caption=总还原能力, figureFileSmall=HCNnTeqIG+5bjbomVGqLTg==, figureFileBig=PTCuNnY+x3/KIbHOhh4C5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795470349301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Inhibitory rate on α-glucosidase, figureFileSmall=LNSFyqneedv6oNfb5TggkA==, figureFileBig=zylZRDlGdr52ID7CJolOjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795684258806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图17, caption=α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率, figureFileSmall=LNSFyqneedv6oNfb5TggkA==, figureFileBig=zylZRDlGdr52ID7CJolOjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795747173367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Inhibitory rate on α-amylase, figureFileSmall=K/XQ2/6BzY6TrJ3izGynqQ==, figureFileBig=k3Rs4Wxll8wYc11cRP+eCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888795814282232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=图18, caption=α-淀粉酶抑制率, figureFileSmall=K/XQ2/6BzY6TrJ3izGynqQ==, figureFileBig=k3Rs4Wxll8wYc11cRP+eCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888797454255097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of the response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A 料液比(g/mL)B 提取温度(℃)C 提取时间(min)
−11:207090
01:3085120
11:40100150
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797546529786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验的因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A 料液比(g/mL)B 提取温度(℃)C 提取时间(min)
−11:207090
01:3085120
11:40100150
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797626221563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface design test scheme and test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素多糖得率
(%)
A料液比(g/mL)B提取温度(℃)C提取时间(min)
11:20701209.35
21:407012010.21
31:201001209.77
41:401001209.83
51:2085907.87
61:4085909.35
71:208515011.42
81:408515010.38
91:3070909.85
101:30100908.86
111:307015011.02
121:3010015011.66
131:308512011.35
141:308512010.82
151:308512010.94
161:308512011.19
171:308512011.09
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797710107644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面设计试验方案及试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素多糖得率
(%)
A料液比(g/mL)B提取温度(℃)C提取时间(min)
11:20701209.35
21:407012010.21
31:201001209.77
41:401001209.83
51:2085907.87
61:4085909.35
71:208515011.42
81:408515010.38
91:3070909.85
101:30100908.86
111:307015011.02
121:3010015011.66
131:308512011.35
141:308512010.82
151:308512010.94
161:308512011.19
171:308512011.09
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797781410813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA for regression models

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F 值P 值显著性
模型17.0691.9049.76<0.0001**
A0.231210.23126.070.0432*
B0.012010.01200.31540.5919
C9.1419.14239.92<0.0001**
AB0.160010.16004.200.0796
AC1.5911.5941.680.0003**
BC0.664210.664217.440.0042**
A23.7213.7297.74<0.0001**
B20.509210.509213.370.0081**
C20.616810.616816.200.0050**
残差0.266670.0381
失拟项0.094330.03140.73000.5856
纯误差0.172340.0431
总变异17.3216
R2=0.9846 R2adj=0.9648 R2pre=0.8973 Adeq Precision=26.0474 C.V.%=1.90%
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797861102590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F 值P 值显著性
模型17.0691.9049.76<0.0001**
A0.231210.23126.070.0432*
B0.012010.01200.31540.5919
C9.1419.14239.92<0.0001**
AB0.160010.16004.200.0796
AC1.5911.5941.680.0003**
BC0.664210.664217.440.0042**
A23.7213.7297.74<0.0001**
B20.509210.509213.370.0081**
C20.616810.616816.200.0050**
残差0.266670.0381
失拟项0.094330.03140.73000.5856
纯误差0.172340.0431
总变异17.3216
R2=0.9846 R2adj=0.9648 R2pre=0.8973 Adeq Precision=26.0474 C.V.%=1.90%
), ArticleFig(id=1320888797957571583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monosaccharide composition and liquid chromatography retention time of PVP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
还原性单糖标准曲线相关性保留时间(min)摩尔百分比(%)
L-古洛糖醛酸y=9.20509 x+15.210080.9946311.140.14
D-甘露糖醛酸y=8.51694x+18.342390.9940111.940.20
D-甘露糖y=5.23410x+13.127790.9906113.011.58
D-氨基葡萄糖y=11.70794x+20.339930.9946614.790.32
D-核糖y=5.34370x+8.286680.9959615.630.45
L-鼠李糖y=12.27376x+22.46970.9939716.048.89
D-葡萄糖醛酸y=6.88387x+12.388550.9942317.581.16
D-半乳糖醛酸y=12.55296x+17.470960.9963119.0541.81
D-氨基半乳糖y=8.76168x+17.780570.9945820.370.43
D-葡萄糖y=11.26089x+1.497010.9944621.0117.53
D-半乳糖y=7.61458x+15.86020.9942422.436.85
D-木糖y=6.83493x+14.353060.9935522.9514.32
L-阿拉伯糖y=6.01494x+10.458090.9954823.427.21
L-岩藻糖y=5.13040x+13.737830.9921924.760.84
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798024680448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888769406944105, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

夏枯草多糖液相色谱保留时间及单糖组成摩尔百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
还原性单糖标准曲线相关性保留时间(min)摩尔百分比(%)
L-古洛糖醛酸y=9.20509 x+15.210080.9946311.140.14
D-甘露糖醛酸y=8.51694x+18.342390.9940111.940.20
D-甘露糖y=5.23410x+13.127790.9906113.011.58
D-氨基葡萄糖y=11.70794x+20.339930.9946614.790.32
D-核糖y=5.34370x+8.286680.9959615.630.45
L-鼠李糖y=12.27376x+22.46970.9939716.048.89
D-葡萄糖醛酸y=6.88387x+12.388550.9942317.581.16
D-半乳糖醛酸y=12.55296x+17.470960.9963119.0541.81
D-氨基半乳糖y=8.76168x+17.780570.9945820.370.43
D-葡萄糖y=11.26089x+1.497010.9944621.0117.53
D-半乳糖y=7.61458x+15.86020.9942422.436.85
D-木糖y=6.83493x+14.353060.9935522.9514.32
L-阿拉伯糖y=6.01494x+10.458090.9954823.427.21
L-岩藻糖y=5.13040x+13.737830.9921924.760.84
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半仿生法提取夏枯草多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、酶抑制活性研究
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彭欣宇 , 邵予欣 , 沙旖璇 , 刘东来 , 尹星福 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(7): 239-250
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (7) : 239 -250
半仿生法提取夏枯草多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、酶抑制活性研究
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彭欣宇 , 邵予欣, 沙旖璇, 刘东来, 尹星福*
作者信息
  • 延边大学农学院,吉林延吉 133002
通讯作者:
尹星福(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向;天然有效成分分离与功能性研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

彭欣宇(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然有效成分分离与功能性研究,E-mail:

Optimization of Semi-bionic Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris L. and Analysis of Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
Xinyu PENG , Yuxin SHAO, Yixuan SHA, Donglai LIU, Xingfu YIN*
Affiliations
  • Agriculture College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030365
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以多糖得率为指标,研究热水浸提法(Hot water extraction,HWE)、酶辅助提取法(Enzyme-assisted extraction,EAE)、半仿生提取法(Semi-bionic extraction,SBE)对夏枯草多糖得率的影响,选取多糖得率最高方法进行工艺优化,通过高效液相色谱、凝胶渗透色谱、紫外光谱和傅里叶红外光谱法对其结构进行表征,并对其体外抗氧化活性和酶抑制活性进行研究。结果表明,三种方法提取的夏枯草多糖得率分别为:5.9%、7.54%、9.87%。半仿生法优化后的最佳提取条件为:提取温度85 ℃、时间2.5 h、模拟胃液(pH2)和肠液(pH8.5)、料液比1:30,在此条件下多糖得率达到11.69%。结构分析显示,夏枯草多糖主要由鼠李糖(Rham)、半乳糖醛酸(GalUA)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、木糖(Xyl)及阿拉伯糖(Ara)构成,摩尔比为8.89、41.81、17.53、6.85、14.32、7.21。活性测试表明夏枯草多糖对四种自由基DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH、O2−·的IC50值分别为0.049、0.092、0.085、0.062 mg/mL,浓度为1.1 mg/mL时总还原力值最大为0.314。其对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶具有抑制效果,IC50值为1.72和8.43 mg/mL。本研究系统优化了夏枯草多糖的提取工艺,初步阐明了其结构特征,并证实了其具有较强的抗氧化活性,为夏枯草多糖的进一步开发和应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

夏枯草多糖  /  半仿生提取法  /  结构表征  /  抗氧化活性  /  酶抑制活性

Using polysaccharide extraction yield as the indicator, this study investigated the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and semi-bionic extraction (SBE) on the extraction yield of Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharides. The extraction method with the highest polysaccharide yield was selected for process optimization. The structure of the polysaccharides was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The results showed that the polysaccharide yields obtained by the HWE, EAE, and SBE were 5.9%, 7.54%, and 9.87%, respectively. After optimization, the best extraction conditions for the SBE method were determined as follows: extraction temperature of 85 ℃, duration of 2.5 h, simulated gastric fluid (pH2.0) and intestinal fluid (pH8.5), and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30. Under these conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 11.69%. Structural analysis revealed that Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides were mainly composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose, the molar ratios were 8.89, 41.81, 17.53, 6.85, 14.32 and 7.21, respectively. Antioxidant activity tests showed that the IC50 values for scavenging DPPH·, ABTS+·, ·OH and O2−· were 0.049, 0.092, 0.085 and 0.062 mg/mL, respectively, while the maximum total reducing power was measured at 0.314 when the polysaccharide concentration was 1.1 mg/mL. The polysaccharide also exhibited inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 1.72 and 8.43 mg/mL, respectively. This study systematically optimized the extraction process of P. vulgaris L. polysaccharides, preliminarily clarified their structural characteristics, and confirmed their strong antioxidant activity. These findings provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and application of P. vulgaris L. polysaccharides.

Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharide  /  semi-bionic extraction  /  structural characterization  /  antioxidant activity  /  enzyme inhibitory activity
彭欣宇, 邵予欣, 沙旖璇, 刘东来, 尹星福. 半仿生法提取夏枯草多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、酶抑制活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 239 -250 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030365
Xinyu PENG, Yuxin SHAO, Yixuan SHA, Donglai LIU, Xingfu YIN. Optimization of Semi-bionic Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris L. and Analysis of Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 239 -250 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030365
夏枯草(Prunella vulgaris L.),是一种分布广泛、资源丰富的药食同源植物,其名称来源于夏季结束时自然枯萎的特性,通常在夏季采收,并以其干燥的果穗食用或入药。该植物主要分布于温带和热带山区,包括欧洲、亚洲、非洲西北部及北美洲,在中国则集中于淮河流域和长江中下游地区,拥有数千年药用历史[1]。其重要活性成分夏枯草多糖(Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharides,PVP)通常占干重的5%~11%,其中常规水提法得率约5%~8%,而超声辅助提取得率可提升至10%以上[2]。研究表明,PVP具有显著的抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节等生物活性[3−5],同时在清热解毒、抗菌、抗病毒、调控代谢(降血压、降血糖及血脂)等方面表现出潜在应用价值[6−8]。因此,开发高效且最大限度保留PVP天然活性的提取工艺,是实现其深度开发和价值转化的关键前提。
目前,夏枯草多糖的提取方法主要包括热水提取法[9]、酶解提取法[10]、超声辅助法[11]等,但这些方法普遍存在提取效率低、活性成分易破坏等问题。半仿生提取法(Semi-bionic extraction,SBE)是一种模拟人体胃肠消化环境的提取技术,通过交替使用近似胃肠道pH的酸性和碱性溶剂,依次连续提取目标成分[12−13]。由于该方法契合夏枯草药食同源的特性及其在体内的作用途径,理论上能够更高效地释放并保留其天然活性成分,真实反映其营养与功效的转化关系。目前,SBE已在人参、黄芪等药用植物的多糖提取中展现出优势[14−16]。但在夏枯草多糖提取中的应用仍局限于初步探索,其工艺参数的优化、提取机制及对PVP结构-活性的影响尚未系统研究。
基于此,本研究优化半仿生法提取夏枯草多糖的工艺参数,结合现代分析技术对所得多糖进行结构表征,并系统评价其抗氧化、降血糖等生物活性,以期为夏枯草多糖的高效利用和功能产品开发提供理论依据与技术支撑。
夏枯草 广西贺州,烘干粉碎后备用;葡萄糖、水杨酸、VC 上海迈瑞尔生化科技有限公司;浓硫酸、Tris-HCl 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;苯酚、丙酮、石油醚、铁氰化钾、无水乙醇、三氯乙酸、三氧化铁、硫酸亚铁、过氧化氢、邻苯三酚 天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司;DPPH、ABTS、DNS试剂、pNPG、纤维素酶(酶活≥50000 U/g)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(酶活≥50000 U/g)、α-淀粉酶(酶活 4000 U/g) 源叶生物科技有限公司。
LC-FA2004型电子天平 上海力辰科学仪器有限公司;HM-SY96型酶标仪、E-201-C型pH计 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;FDU-2110型冰冻干燥机 东京理化器械株式会社;TDZ5-WS型离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器有限公司;HH-S21-4S型恒温水浴锅 上海新苗医疗器械有限公司;Agilent1100型高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;Waters 1525型凝胶色谱仪 美国Waters公司;UV-2550型紫外可见光谱仪 上海菁华仪器有限公司;IRTracer-100型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 日本岛津公司;SU8010型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司。
将夏枯草实体晒干至恒重,并用高速粉碎机碎成粉末,过60目筛得到预处理样品,干燥后储存在−4 ℃冰箱中用于后续研究。
称取1 g夏枯草干粉置于烧杯,按料液比1:30加入蒸馏水,90 ℃提取1 h后以4000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液。将残渣再次按料液比1:30加水,90 ℃二次提取1 h,离心后合并两次上清液。向混合液中加入3倍体积95%乙醇,4 ℃醇沉过夜。离心收集多糖沉淀,依次用无水乙醇、丙酮、石油醚洗涤,弃去洗涤液后冷冻干燥,获得夏枯草粗多糖[17]。
称取1 g夏枯草干粉置于烧杯,加入料液比1:30的蒸馏水和5%的纤维素酶,55 ℃下提取1 h后于4000 r/min下离心10 min,保留上清液[18]。将残渣按上述步骤再次提取,收集上清液;合并两次上清液,后续步骤同上。
根据半仿生法的原理,为模拟人体胃肠道环境条件,用HCl和NaOH分别配制模拟胃液(pH1.5)和模拟肠液(pH8)。准确称取夏枯草粉样品1 g,加入料液比1:30的模拟胃液,在90 ℃条件下提取1 h,在4000 r/min条件下离心10 min,保留上清液,残渣溶于料液比1:30的模拟肠液,重复上述步骤,保留上清液;合并两次上清液,向其加入3倍体积的95%乙醇,醇沉过夜;醇沉后收集多糖沉淀,用无水乙醇、丙酮、石油醚分别洗涤,弃去上清收集沉淀,冷冻干燥后即得夏枯草粗多糖[19]。夏枯草粗多糖得率计算公式如下:
$ \rm {粗多糖得率}({\text{%}})=\frac{{V}_{1}}{{V}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:V1 为样品中多糖质量(g);V2为样品质量(g)。
标准曲线的绘制:向试管中分别加入0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2、1.5和1.8 mL的100 μg/mL葡萄糖标准液,去离子水补总体积至2 mL,加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液,混匀后加入5 mL浓硫酸,室温下反应20 min,于490 nm处测定吸光值。横坐标为葡萄糖浓度,纵坐标为吸光值,绘制回归方程为:y=0.0164x−0.0443,R2=0.9996。
吸取2 mL夏枯草粗多糖溶液、1 mL 5%苯酚溶液混合均匀,迅速加入5 mL浓硫酸,充分摇匀后室温条件下显色反应 20 min,在490 nm处检测其吸光度值。
$ \rm 总糖含量({\text{%}})=\frac{C\times V\times N}{m}\times 100 $
式中: C为根据吸光度值计算出的溶液质量浓度(mg/mL);V为多糖溶液总体积(mL);N为溶液稀释倍数;m为PVP取样量(mg)。
准确称取一定量夏枯草粉末,在固定其中4个因素水平的条件下,对余下1个因素设计5个不同水平的实验,固定条件为:料液比1:30(g/mL),提取温度85 ℃,提取时间120 min,胃液pH2,肠液pH8。分别选取料液比1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50 g/mL,提取温度40、55、70、85、100 ℃,提取时间60、90、120、150、180 min,胃液pH1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0,肠液pH7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0 进行单因素实验。
以单因素实验结果为基础,为了探究PVP得率(%)作为响应值(Y)的影响,采用Box-Behnken设计原理,运用软件Design Expert 13.0.6进行了3因素3水平的响应面分析试验,如表1所示。
通过Sevage法去除蛋白质,配制适当浓度的夏枯草粗多糖溶液,加入1/3体积的Sevage试剂(正丁醇:氯仿=1:4),混合并振荡10 min,静置30 min。随后在4000 r/min下离心5 min,收集上清液,去除交界处的变性蛋白质。重复操作直至交界处无白色沉淀后,用旋转蒸发仪浓缩,供后续试验使用。
活性炭脱色:向除蛋白后的多糖溶液中加入1.5%(w/v)的活性炭,在58 ℃水浴条件下搅拌20 min,抽滤,重复以上操作,直至溶液颜色变为淡黄色[20]。
透析:将上述处理过的多糖上清液装入3500 Da透析袋中,流水透析48 h,除去有机试剂及其他小分子物质。每12 h换一次水。透析完成后的精多糖溶液进行真空冷冻干燥,得夏枯草精制多糖。
参考何坤明等[21]的方法,采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)柱前衍生化结合反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,建立了14种常见还原性单糖的分离分析方法,并通过PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法进行检测。
多糖纯度鉴定和分子量测定采用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC),参考黄春花[22]的方法并稍作改动。水相仪器为Waters 1525,检测器为2414,色谱柱为PL aquqgel-OH MIXED 8 μm。流动相为0.2 mol/L NaNO3和0.01 mol/L NaH2PO4(pH7),流速为1 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃。
配制浓度为1 mg/mL的夏枯草多糖溶液,用去离子水稀释约30倍,以纯净水为空白,使用紫外可见光分光光度仪在200~400 nm波长范围内进行全波长扫描[23]。
取2 mg干燥的夏枯草多糖与200 mg KBr粉末混合后研磨10 min,取适量混合物压片。将薄片置于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中,扫描并分析4000~500 cm−1范围内的光谱图[23]。
参考周元龙等[24]方法并改进。将PVP和VC配制成不同浓度样品溶液。取100 μL各浓度PVP溶液与等体积DPPH工作液混匀(A1);取100 μL无水乙醇与等体积DPPH工作液混匀(A0);取100 μL无水乙醇与等体积PVP溶液混匀(A2)。避光反应30 min,517 nm测吸光值。以VC为标准品,DPPH·清除率公式为:
$ \rm DPPH\cdot 清除率({\text{%}})=\left({1-}\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组,A1为样品组,A2为对照组。
将PVP和VC配制成不同浓度样品溶液。取50 μL各浓度PVP溶液与150 μL ABTS+·工作液混匀(A1);取50 μL无水乙醇与150 μL ABTS+·工作液混匀(A0);取50 μL无水乙醇与150 μL PVP溶液混匀(A2)。避光反应10 min,734 nm测吸光值[24]。以VC为标准品,ABTS+·清除率公式为:
$ \rm {ABTS^+\cdot 清除率}({\text{%}})=\left({1-}\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组,A1为样品组,A2为对照组。
参考韩秋菊等[25]的方法,采用水杨酸法测定PVP的·OH清除能力。将PVP和VC配制成不同浓度样品溶液。依次加入1 mL各浓度PVP溶液、1 mL 6 mmol/L硫酸亚铁和1 mL 6 mmol/L水杨酸,混匀后静置5 min,再加入1 mL 6 mmol/L过氧化氢,37 ℃水浴反应30 min,510 nm测吸光值(A1)。以VC为标准品,蒸馏水代替样品为空白组(A0),蒸馏水代替过氧化氢为阴性对照组(A2)。羟基自由基清除率公式为:
$ \rm {\cdot OH清除率}({\text{%}})=\left({1-}\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组,A1为样品组,A2为对照组。
将PVP和VC配制成不同浓度样品溶液。取5 mL 0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液,加入4 mL各浓度PVP溶液,25 ℃水浴预热20 min,再加入1 mL 3 mmol/L邻苯三酚溶液(预热20 min),混匀后25 ℃反应5 min,加入1 mL 10 mol/L HCl终止反应,320 nm测吸光值(A1)[26]。以蒸馏水替代邻苯三酚溶液为对照组(A2),蒸馏水代替样品为空白组(A0),VC为标准品。超氧阴离子自由基清除率公式为:
$ \rm {{O_2}^-\cdot 清除率}({\text{%}})=\left({1-}\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组,A1为样品组,A2为对照组。
参考文献方法[27]并作适当修改,将PVP和VC配制为不同浓度样品溶液。取0.2 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.6)2 mL、各浓度PVP供试液2 mL和1%的铁氰化钾 2 mL摇匀,在50 ℃环境下水浴20 min,然后加入10%三氯乙酸(TCA)2 mL。经4000 r/min离心10 min后,吸取2 mL上清液、2 mL蒸馏水和1mL 0.1% FeCl3,室温下静置10 min后测定700 nm处的吸光度,以吸光值表示总还原能力。以VC为标准品。
参考文献方法[28],将PVP配制成1、3、5、7、9 mg/mL溶液。试验组加入PVP溶液和1 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液各50 μL;试验空白组加入PBS和PVP溶液各50 μL;对照组加入PBS和α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液各50 μL;空白组加入100 μL PBS溶液。37 ℃水浴10 min,加入100 μL 6 mmol/L pNPG,37 ℃反应10 min,最后加入1000 μL 1 mol/L的Na2CO3终止反应,400 nm处测吸光度。抑制率公式:
$\rm \alpha {\text-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率({\text{%}})=\left({1-}\frac{{OD}_{A}-{OD}_{a}}{{OD}_{B}-{OD}_{b}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:ODA:试验组;ODa:试验空白组;ODB:对照组;ODb:空白组。
参考文献方法[29],将PVP配制成1、3、5、7、9 mg/mL溶液。试验组加入PVP溶液和1 U/mL的α-淀粉酶溶液各50 μL;试验空白组加入PBS和PVP溶液各50 μL;对照组加入PBS和α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液各50 μL;空白组加入100 μL PBS溶液。37 ℃水浴10 min,加入100 μL 1%淀粉溶液,37 ℃反应5 min,加入500 μL DNS显色剂,100 ℃水浴10 min,定容至3 mL,540 nm测吸光度。抑制率计算公式同上。
所有实验步骤重复三次,采用 IBM SPSS Statistics 27 软件进行单因素方差分析,结果以平均值±标准差表示。利用软件 Origin 2021 进行绘图。采用 Design-Expert 13 软件进行响应面试验设计、回归拟合分析,并对所建立的二次多项式回归模型进行方差分析与显著性检验。
以PVP得率为评价指标,比较不同提取方法对PVP得率的影响,结果如图1所示。半仿生提取法的PVP得率最高(9.87%±0.72%),显著高于酶辅助提取法(7.54%±0.36%)和传统水提法(5.9%±0.37%)(P<0.05),这一差异主要源于不同提取方法的机理差异:半仿生提取法通过模拟人体消化环境的酸碱交替处理,能够更充分地破坏植物细胞结构,从而释放更多的多糖活性成分。相比之下,酶辅助提取法虽然能有效降解细胞壁,但由于其使用的纤维素酶、果胶酶等仅针对特定细胞壁组分发挥作用,且需要严格控制酶解条件,导致其提取效果受到限制。传统水提法则采用高温长时间处理,不仅提取效果有限,还可能导致部分多糖降解。基于上述实验结果和分析,本研究最终选择多糖得率最高的半仿生提取法进行后续工艺优化研究。
由图2可得,料液比对多糖得率的影响呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。当料液比从1:10增至1:30时,多糖得率由5.43%显著提升至9.81%±0.23%(P<0.05),达到最大值。这一变化趋势可归因于溶剂用量的适当增加扩大了料液接触面积,增强溶液传质动力,从而促进多糖分子由植物组织向提取液的扩散转移[30]。然而,当料液比超过1:30后,多糖得率反而呈现下降趋势。可能是因为在恒定加热条件下,过量的溶剂会导致更多水溶性杂质溶出,同时单位体积内多糖浓度降低,不利于多糖的有效提取。基于上述实验结果和分析,选择1:30作为PVP的最优提取料液比。
根据图3所示,在40~85 ℃温度范围内,PVP得率与提取温度呈现显著的正相关关系。当提取温度达到85 ℃时,多糖得率达到最高值10.55%±0.24%。温度升高能够增强糖类分子与水分子之间的扩散作用,从而促进多糖的溶出。当温度超过一定阈值时,糖苷键的稳定性会受到破坏,导致多糖分解和氧化[31−33]。因此选择85 ℃作为PVP的最优提取温度。
如图4所示,PVP得率随提取时间增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当提取时间为120 min时,多糖得率达到峰值11.06%±0.26%。从动力学角度分析,提取初期,随着时间延长,PVP不断从原料中溶出;当达到120 min时,PVP的溶出接近饱和状态,继续延长提取时间并不能提高得率。相反,过长的提取时间可能导致多糖分子发生降解、氧化等副反应,使得率降低[34]。综上,选择120 min作为PVP的最优提取时间进行后续优化。
模拟胃液pH对PVP得率的影响表现为先升高后降低的趋势(图5)。当在pH2时,得率最高(9.18%±0.17%),表明适度的酸性环境可通过增强多糖溶解性提高提取效率。然而,过强的酸性可能导致糖苷键断裂,从而限制得率的进一步提升[35]。此外,酸性条件(pH2)更有利于后续纯化工艺中蛋白质的沉淀,从而简化分离步骤。因此,在综合考虑提取效率与后续工艺的基础上,选择pH2作为响应面试验的固定水平。后续研究可进一步探讨时间与pH的交互作用,以优化整体提取工艺。
由图6可得,PVP得率随模拟肠液pH增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当模拟肠液pH为8.5时,多糖得率达到峰值10.38%±0.25%,显著高于其他pH条件下的得率(P<0.05)。在碱性环境下,随着pH的升高,夏枯草细胞壁逐渐破裂,从而促进多糖的溶出。但当pH超过一定范围后,过强的碱性条件可能导致部分多糖分子发生降解或结构破坏[35],进而导致得率下降,综上,选择pH8.5作为响应面试验中模拟肠液的pH进行试验。
在单因素实验基础上,根据BBD试验原理,设计三因素三水平试验,见表2。数据通过Design Expert 13响应面回归分析,得到响应值和各因素间的二次多项式回归方程为:Y=−20.9636+0.946483A+0.191494B+0.123719C−0.00133333AB−0.0021AC+0.000905556BC−0.0094025A2−0.00154556B2−0.000425278C2。显著性和多元回归模型方差分析结果见表3。对回归方程进行方差分析:该模型P<0.0001,表明该拟合方程具有极强的显著性和较好的回归效果。回归系数R2=0.9846,校正系数R2adj=0.9648,预测R2pre=0.8973,变异系数C.V.=1.90%<10%,说明该模型回归方程有较高的可信度,能够较好地反映真实值。根据F检验结果显示,各因素对多糖得率的影响顺序为C>A>B。一次项A对结果的影响程度达到显著水平(P<0.05),一次项C、交互项AC、BC以及二次项A2、B2、C2的结果对多糖得率的影响程度均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。精密度ADP=26.0474>4,一般认为当ADP超过4.0时,模型与试验值拟合度匹配较好,响应面二次回归方程的拟合度效果较好,说明该模型适用于预测和分析PVP的提取工艺条件。
线的形状可以反映因素间交互作用的强弱,椭圆形与圆形表示交互作用的显著与否[36],三维图越陡峭,表明相应因素对响应值影响越大[37]。图7显示,多糖得率随料液比(A)的增加呈先升后降趋势,而提取温度(B)的影响不明显,方差分析显示P(AB)>0.05,表明两者交互作用不显著。当提取时间(C)处于低水平或高水平时,多糖得率随料液比(A)的变化趋势不同,且料液比(A)在低水平和高水平时,多糖得率随提取时间(C)的变化规律相似,说明两者交互作用显著。方差分析显示P(AC)<0.01,影响较大。等高线图显示,当料液比A为1:20~1:35 g/mL、提取时间C为130~150 min时,多糖得率较高。当提取温度(B)处于低水平时,多糖得率随提取时间(C)的增加而逐步升高;当提取温度(B)升至较高水平后,随提取时间(C)的增加,得率仍呈上升趋势,但增幅趋于平缓,两者表现出显著的交互作用。综上所述,交互项AC和BC对多糖得率的影响显著,而AB的影响较小。交互项的影响顺序为AC>BC>AB。
经过Design-Expert 13软件计算得到优化后各因素参数值为料液比1:29.549 g/mL、提取温度83.512 ℃、提取时间148.904 min,预测在此条件下多糖得率为11.731%。实际操作中适当调整为料液比1:30 g/mL、提取温度85 ℃、提取时间150 min,进行三次复性实验,得到平均多糖得率为11.69%±0.12%,与预测值基本一致,与熊双丽等[38]通过水提醇沉得到的夏枯草多糖得率(5.39%)和张华等[39]通过微波提取得到的夏枯草多糖得率(5.28%)比较,本试验得到夏枯草多糖得率明显提高。
如图8可得,夏枯草多糖由古洛糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖、核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、氨基半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖构成,其摩尔百分比(%)为0.14、0.2、1.58、0.32、0.45、8.89、1.16、41.81、0.43、17.53、6.85、14.32、7.21、0.84。即夏枯草多糖主要由单糖鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖及阿拉伯糖构成。与金辰光[40]的研究结果基本一致。由表4可得,半乳糖醛酸含量最高为41.81%,其次为葡萄糖和木糖为17.53%、14.32%。
如图9所示,夏枯草多糖的GPC测试结果只有一个单峰,无明显的杂质峰出现。对峰进行积分计算,得到样品数均分子量(Mn)为27811 Da,重均分子量(Mw)为52180 Da。数均分子量和重均分子量反映了夏枯草多糖中分子大小、分子数量和分子量的分布情况。重均分子量(Mw)与数均分子量(Mn)的比值,分散系数(PDI)为1.88,小于2,表明多糖样品分子量分布较窄,分子质量较为一致,结果符合预期。
260 nm处为核酸吸收峰,280 nm处为蛋白吸收峰。如图10所示,在波长200~400 nm范围内夏枯草多糖吸光值整体呈下降趋势。260 nm以及280 nm处特征吸收峰不明显,表明多糖样品基本不含核酸和蛋白质等杂质。
红外光谱分析可用于确定多糖的单糖种类、糖苷键连接方式及官能团结构。夏枯草多糖的红外光谱图如图11所示:3417 cm−1处的宽强吸收峰为O-H伸缩振动,2937 cm−1处为C-H伸缩振动,表明存在有机物质[41];1744 cm−1处的C=O伸缩振动峰提示含糖醛酸;1617 cm−1处为O-H弯曲振动,1417 cm−1处为C-H弯曲振动,可能来自甲基基团;1250 cm−1处为C-O伸缩振动,1099 cm−1处为C-O-C伸缩振动,表明存在醚键[42];894 cm−1处可能是β构型糖苷键的特征吸收峰,这种吸收峰被认为是与糖苷键的β构型相关的特征之一;767 cm−1处可能与C-C骨架振动有关。综上,夏枯草多糖含有羟基、羰基、甲基、C-O键、C-O-C键、α-构型和β构型糖苷键等官能团,表明其结构复杂,为进一步研究其化学性质及生物活性提供了重要信息。
DPPH比色法基于自由基清除剂提供电子与DPPH自由基配对,使其紫色褪去导致517nm处吸光度降低,该降低程度与自由基清除能力成正比[43]。由图12可知,随着PVP质量浓度的增大,对DPPH·清除能力逐渐增强,具有明显的剂量依赖性。当浓度达到最大实验浓度0.7 mg/mL时,PVP的清除率为87.36%,与VC清除率相差不大。计算得到,阳性对照VC和 PVP 对 DPPH·的IC50值分别为0.023 mg/mL和0.049 mg/mL,PVP的清除效果较强但略逊于VC,与文献[10]报道的酶解多糖(IC50 0.062 mg/mL)和水解多糖(IC50 0.538 mg/mL)相比,本研究中PVP的IC50值显著更低,抗氧化效率更高。
ABTS+·清除法的原理是抗氧化剂能还原蓝绿色的ABTS+·使其褪色,通过测定吸光度变化来评价样品的抗氧化能力[44]。图13为PVP清除ABTS+·能力,PVP对ABTS+·清除率初期快速上升,随后逐渐趋于饱和,最高清除率达95.44%,对ABTS+·的清除效果与PVP浓度呈剂量依赖性。当浓度达到0.3 mg/mL时,清除率可达86.83%,接近阳性对照的水平,通过剂量-效应曲线分析得到IC50值为0.092 mg/mL。与席与斌等[45]醇提夏枯草残渣制备的夏枯草多糖对ABTS+·清除率的结果(IC50 0.231 mg/mL)相比,效果较好。
Fenton反应(Fe2++H2O2)产生·OH,利用抗氧化剂与显色探针水杨酸竞争结合·OH的特性,通过测定吸光度变化来定量样品的清除能力[46]。由图14可得,在一定浓度范围内随着PVP浓度的增大,对·OH的清除率呈逐渐上升的趋势。当浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,清除率为84.02%,经计算,PVP和VC的IC50值分别为0.085 mg/mL和0.053 mg/mL,实验结果优于施晓丹等[47]用Fenton试剂测得的夏枯草多糖的IC50值13.24 mg/mL。
O2−·作为生物体内半衰期最长的自由基,常作为氧化链式反应的起始因子,催化生成·OH等更高活性氧物种,加剧机体氧化损伤,邻苯三酚在碱性环境中通过自氧化作用释放O2−·,同时降解产生有色中间体[48],添加抗氧化剂可清除O2−·从而抑制显色,通过测定560 nm吸光度变化定量清除能力。由图15可得,PVP对O2−·的清除能力呈现显著的浓度依赖性。在1.1 mg/mL浓度下,其清除率高达88.86%,IC50值为0.062 mg/mL。尽管本研究所得样品的抗氧化活性与阳性对照 VC(IC50=0.053 mg/mL)相比仍存在一定差距,但其对超氧阴离子自由基(O2−·)的清除能力已显著优于施晓丹等[47]采用水提醇沉法制备的夏枯草多糖(IC50=1.33 mg/mL)。
通过物质将氧化态探针,如铁氰化钾中的Fe3+还原为还原态Fe2+,生成有色产物普鲁士蓝[49],测定吸光值,吸光值越高表明样品电子供给能力越强,综合抗氧化能力越优。试验结果如图16所示,PVP的总还原能力随着浓度的增加而逐渐增强,呈明显的剂量效应关系。当浓度为1.1 mg/mL时,总还原能力达到最大值0.314,是同等浓度下VC的11.72%,与金辰光[40]的研究结果一致。
如图17所示,PVP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性表现出显著的浓度依赖性。结果显示,当PVP浓度从1 mg/mL增加到9 mg/mL时,其抑制率呈现明显的剂量效应关系,在最高测试浓度(9 mg/mL)时抑制率高达93.5%。经计算,PVP的IC50值为1.72 mg/mL,显示出较强的抑制活性。与吴慧萍等[50]的实验中,夏枯草提取物(在9 mg/mL下抑制率为91.7%)相比,表现出更优的抑制效果。
PVP对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性呈现明显的浓度依赖性,如图18所示。实验结果表明,随着PVP浓度的增加,其对α-淀粉酶的抑制能力显著增强。当PVP浓度达到9 mg/mL时,抑制率为58.25%,其IC50值为8.43 mg/mL。与庄玲玲等[51]的实验相比,夏枯草水提物(在9 mg/mL下,抑制率45.71%)相比,表现出更强的抑制能力,抑制效率提升约28%。
本研究结果表明,半仿生提取法(9.87%±0.72%)较热水浸提和酶辅助提取法能更高效地提取夏枯草多糖。经响应面法优化后,在料液比1:30 g/mL、85 ℃、150 min条件下,采用模拟胃肠液(pH2~pH8.5)依次提取,多糖得率提升至11.69%±0.12%。结构表征显示该多糖分子量分布为27811~52180 Da,主要由6种单糖组成并含α/β-糖苷键。体外活性研究表明,该多糖具有显著的抗氧化能力(DPPH、ABTS+·,清除率峰值分别为87.36%和95.44%,IC50<0.1 mg/mL)和降血糖活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率最高为93.5%,IC50 1.72 mg/mL、α-淀粉酶抑制率最高为58.25%,IC50 8.43 mg/mL)。这些发现为夏枯草多糖在功能性食品中的应用提供了理论依据,后续研究可进一步探讨其构效关系及作用机制。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030365
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    延边大学农学院,吉林延吉 133002

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尹星福(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向;天然有效成分分离与功能性研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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