Article(id=1320888491848876722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030287, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742486400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853957377, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853957377, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853957377, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853957377, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=202, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888492075369139, articleId=1320888491848876722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Structural Properties and Functional Mechanism of the Extracellular Polysaccharide Flippase of Limosilactobacillus fermentum A51, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the structural and functional properties of the extracellular polysaccharide flippase (Wzx) from Lactobacillus fermentum A51, this paper systematically investigated the Wzx protein using bioinformatics technology. Firstly, the evolutionary characteristics of the Wzx protein were analyzed through multiple sequence alignment and the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, functional domains, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, signal peptides, transmembrane regions, phosphorylation modification sites, glycosylation modification sites, advanced structure, and mode of action were predicted and analyzed. The results indicated that Wzx was composed of 472 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 53.31 kDa and a total atom count of 7651. The theoretical isoelectric point was 9.50, and the instability coefficient was 33.79, and it was an alkaline stable hydrophobic protein. Wzx lacked a signal peptide and functioned as a flipping enzyme within the cell membrane. Following transmembrane domain prediction, it was determined that Wzx contained 14 transmembrane helix structures. A total of 33 significant phosphorylation sites were identified, comprising 14 serine (Ser) sites, 12 threonine (Thr) sites, and 7 tyrosine (Tyr) sites. Regarding subcellular localization and functional domain prediction, Wzx was predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (55.6%), indicating its membership in the Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion family. In terms of the secondary structure of Wzx, α-helix constituted 61.44%, random coil accounted for 22.25%, and extended chain represented 16.31%, Based on the “V” shape of the three-dimensional structure of Wzx, it was speculated that it realized the transport of extracellular polysaccharides through its own conformational reversal or its own conformational change. This study offers a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the functional characteristics and mechanisms of action of Wzx, which is crucial for comprehending the transport processes of extracellular polysaccharides.

, authors=Wenbin ZHANG, Teng WANG, Jindou SHI, Yuzhu WANG, Guangqiang WEI*, Aixiang HUANG*, authorsList=Wenbin ZHANG, Teng WANG, Jindou SHI, Yuzhu WANG, Guangqiang WEI, Aixiang HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangqiang WEI, Aixiang HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888495850242766, articleId=1320888491848876722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶的结构性质及功能特性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探讨发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶(polysaccharide flippase,Wzx)的结构性质和功能特性,本文综合运用生物信息学技术对Wzx蛋白展开系统研究,首先通过多序列比对和系统发育树构建分析其进化特征,随后对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、功能域、亲/疏水特性、信号肽、跨膜区域、磷酸化修饰位点、糖基化修饰位点、高级结构以及作用方式进行预测分析。结果表明,Wzx由472个氨基酸编码,分子量为53.31 kDa,原子总数为7651,理论等电点9.50,不稳定系数33.79,为碱性稳定疏水蛋白。Wzx无信号肽,在细胞膜上发挥翻转酶作用;经过跨膜域预测,发现存在14个跨膜螺旋结构;存在33个显著性磷酸化修饰位点,其中包含14 个丝氨酸(Ser)位点、12 个苏氨酸(Thr)位点以及7个酪氨酸(Tyr)位点;亚细胞定位及功能域预测中,Wzx主要定位在内质网(55.6%)上,属Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion family。Wzx的二级结构中α-螺旋占61.44%、无规则卷曲占22.25%、延伸链占16.31%,根据Wzx的三维结构呈“V”状,推测其通过自身构象翻转或者是自身构象的改变从而实现对胞外多糖的转运。本研究为深入理解Wzx的功能特性及作用方式提供理论依据,对理解胞外多糖的转运具有重要意义。

, authors=张文彬, 王藤, 施金豆, 王玉珠, 魏光强*, 黄艾祥*, authorsList=张文彬, 王藤, 施金豆, 王玉珠, 魏光强, 黄艾祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏光强, 黄艾祥, authorNote=

张文彬(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0001−1277−4412),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏光强(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6930−1002),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:益生菌资源与乳品科学,E-mail:。
黄艾祥(1963−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4148−8455),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
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张文彬(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0001−1277−4412),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=taYUJnLfFONDBppDj8SVjg==, figureFileBig=TOWH0c5cNCS6106Edn9D0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500224901889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Wzx的功能域, figureFileSmall=taYUJnLfFONDBppDj8SVjg==, figureFileBig=TOWH0c5cNCS6106Edn9D0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500287816450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of Wzx, figureFileSmall=QJpwHG5sOG2B7yazohrE9g==, figureFileBig=YCkFoGkvS3R6OdkryAXuQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500354925315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Wzx的亲水性及疏水性, figureFileSmall=QJpwHG5sOG2B7yazohrE9g==, figureFileBig=YCkFoGkvS3R6OdkryAXuQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500413645572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Prediction of the signal peptide of Wzx, figureFileSmall=inig0JDiMxTN9HBFLGFBow==, figureFileBig=Q2o17vxmC7WqtZM8Nnqp6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500480754437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=图6, caption=翻转酶Wzx的信号肽预测, figureFileSmall=inig0JDiMxTN9HBFLGFBow==, figureFileBig=Q2o17vxmC7WqtZM8Nnqp6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500547863302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transmembrane structure of Wzx, figureFileSmall=IV7L8Gz8tLM2IHY23sr7YA==, figureFileBig=vs/9SbfIonI5lN+gXknyDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888500623360775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=图7, 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注:蓝线为α-螺旋,紫线为延伸链,绿线为β-转角,橙线为无规则卷曲。

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注:(a)Wzx通过构象翻转实现ESP的转运;(b)Wzx通过构象改变实现ESP的转运。

, figureFileSmall=XNdpIHq0MqFf1w4zD8jEng==, figureFileBig=wasX4Hbc+aUvx2SgjUDSiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888503093805844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid sequence of Wzx

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白蛋白编码氨基酸序列
WzxMKVIRNYLYNAGYQILLMIAPLVTTPYVSRALGAHASGINTYTNGWVTVFYLVGQMGIGLYGNREVAYHRDDKRERSRIFWGIEALQLCTISISLVAYLVAVFLFSTTFREYYLLQTLWIVACGIDVSWYFMGMEDFKKTVVRNTIVKLIMIVLIFTLVKTEADLWKYILLIGVAQLSGNLTLWPYLKSNIQWVSPKEWHPLRHLYPSLLLFIPTITTQIYLVVNKLMLGKIGQPTALGQFDYADRLVKLVLAIVTATGTVMLPHIANKFAKGDLKGVRESLYNSFDFVTAMAVPMMFGLMAISEKFAPWFLGNGYQDAGKIIFFEAPAIVFIAWSNVTGDQYLMPIDRVKEYTVSVSIGAVVNVIANILLIPFYSANGAALATVIAEFSVMAVQMNFVRSTIRRRQLFRSSWRYFLGGLVMFLVVNRICDVMTMNIVNMAIQIFVGTVIYVACLFILKAPVIEQAKQVLGK
), ArticleFig(id=1320888503156720405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Wzx的氨基酸序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白蛋白编码氨基酸序列
WzxMKVIRNYLYNAGYQILLMIAPLVTTPYVSRALGAHASGINTYTNGWVTVFYLVGQMGIGLYGNREVAYHRDDKRERSRIFWGIEALQLCTISISLVAYLVAVFLFSTTFREYYLLQTLWIVACGIDVSWYFMGMEDFKKTVVRNTIVKLIMIVLIFTLVKTEADLWKYILLIGVAQLSGNLTLWPYLKSNIQWVSPKEWHPLRHLYPSLLLFIPTITTQIYLVVNKLMLGKIGQPTALGQFDYADRLVKLVLAIVTATGTVMLPHIANKFAKGDLKGVRESLYNSFDFVTAMAVPMMFGLMAISEKFAPWFLGNGYQDAGKIIFFEAPAIVFIAWSNVTGDQYLMPIDRVKEYTVSVSIGAVVNVIANILLIPFYSANGAALATVIAEFSVMAVQMNFVRSTIRRRQLFRSSWRYFLGGLVMFLVVNRICDVMTMNIVNMAIQIFVGTVIYVACLFILKAPVIEQAKQVLGK
), ArticleFig(id=1320888503223829270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of Wzx

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质Wzx理化性质Wzx
氨基酸数目472总平均亲水性
(GRAVY)
0.584
分子式C2493H3890N610O635S23不稳定指数33.79
分子量(Da)53305.40脂肪族指数118.09
原子总数7651带正电荷氨基酸数量
比例(%)
41
等电点pI9.50带负电荷氨基酸数量
比例(%)
26
半衰期(大肠杆菌)(h)>10
), ArticleFig(id=1320888503299326743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Wzx的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化性质Wzx理化性质Wzx
氨基酸数目472总平均亲水性
(GRAVY)
0.584
分子式C2493H3890N610O635S23不稳定指数33.79
分子量(Da)53305.40脂肪族指数118.09
原子总数7651带正电荷氨基酸数量
比例(%)
41
等电点pI9.50带负电荷氨基酸数量
比例(%)
26
半衰期(大肠杆菌)(h)>10
), ArticleFig(id=1320888503366435608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888491848876722, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Amino acid composition and content of Wzx

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氨基酸数量占比(%)氨基酸数量占比(%)
半胱氨酸 Cys(C)40.8缬氨酸 Val(V)5010.6
天冬酰胺 Asn(N)204.2色氨酸 Trp(W)112.3
谷氨酰胺 Gln(Q)163.4赖氨酸 Lys(K)214.4
丝氨酸 Ser(S)224.7精氨酸 Arg(R)204.2
苏氨酸 Thr(T)285.9天冬氨酸 Asp(D)132.8
酪氨酸 Tyr(Y)245.1谷氨酸 Glu(E)132.8
丙氨酸 Ala(A)388.1甘氨酸 Gly(G)306.4
苯丙氨酸 Phe(F)275.7组氨酸 His(H)51.1
异亮氨酸 Ile(I)439.1蛋氨酸 Met(M)194.0
亮氨酸 Leu(L)5311.2脯氨酸 Pro(P)153.2
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Wzx的氨基酸组成与含量

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氨基酸数量占比(%)氨基酸数量占比(%)
半胱氨酸 Cys(C)40.8缬氨酸 Val(V)5010.6
天冬酰胺 Asn(N)204.2色氨酸 Trp(W)112.3
谷氨酰胺 Gln(Q)163.4赖氨酸 Lys(K)214.4
丝氨酸 Ser(S)224.7精氨酸 Arg(R)204.2
苏氨酸 Thr(T)285.9天冬氨酸 Asp(D)132.8
酪氨酸 Tyr(Y)245.1谷氨酸 Glu(E)132.8
丙氨酸 Ala(A)388.1甘氨酸 Gly(G)306.4
苯丙氨酸 Phe(F)275.7组氨酸 His(H)51.1
异亮氨酸 Ile(I)439.1蛋氨酸 Met(M)194.0
亮氨酸 Leu(L)5311.2脯氨酸 Pro(P)153.2
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发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶的结构性质及功能特性分析
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张文彬 , 王藤 , 施金豆 , 王玉珠 , 魏光强 * , 黄艾祥 *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(8): 202-211
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (8) : 202 -211
发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶的结构性质及功能特性分析
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张文彬 , 王藤, 施金豆, 王玉珠, 魏光强* , 黄艾祥*
作者信息
  • 云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
通讯作者:
魏光强(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6930−1002),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:益生菌资源与乳品科学,E-mail:。
黄艾祥(1963−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4148−8455),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张文彬(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0001−1277−4412),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Analysis of the Structural Properties and Functional Mechanism of the Extracellular Polysaccharide Flippase of Limosilactobacillus fermentum A51
Wenbin ZHANG , Teng WANG, Jindou SHI, Yuzhu WANG, Guangqiang WEI* , Aixiang HUANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030287
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为了探讨发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶(polysaccharide flippase,Wzx)的结构性质和功能特性,本文综合运用生物信息学技术对Wzx蛋白展开系统研究,首先通过多序列比对和系统发育树构建分析其进化特征,随后对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、功能域、亲/疏水特性、信号肽、跨膜区域、磷酸化修饰位点、糖基化修饰位点、高级结构以及作用方式进行预测分析。结果表明,Wzx由472个氨基酸编码,分子量为53.31 kDa,原子总数为7651,理论等电点9.50,不稳定系数33.79,为碱性稳定疏水蛋白。Wzx无信号肽,在细胞膜上发挥翻转酶作用;经过跨膜域预测,发现存在14个跨膜螺旋结构;存在33个显著性磷酸化修饰位点,其中包含14 个丝氨酸(Ser)位点、12 个苏氨酸(Thr)位点以及7个酪氨酸(Tyr)位点;亚细胞定位及功能域预测中,Wzx主要定位在内质网(55.6%)上,属Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion family。Wzx的二级结构中α-螺旋占61.44%、无规则卷曲占22.25%、延伸链占16.31%,根据Wzx的三维结构呈“V”状,推测其通过自身构象翻转或者是自身构象的改变从而实现对胞外多糖的转运。本研究为深入理解Wzx的功能特性及作用方式提供理论依据,对理解胞外多糖的转运具有重要意义。

胞外多糖  /  翻转酶  /  结构性质  /  功能特性  /  生物信息学

In order to explore the structural and functional properties of the extracellular polysaccharide flippase (Wzx) from Lactobacillus fermentum A51, this paper systematically investigated the Wzx protein using bioinformatics technology. Firstly, the evolutionary characteristics of the Wzx protein were analyzed through multiple sequence alignment and the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, functional domains, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, signal peptides, transmembrane regions, phosphorylation modification sites, glycosylation modification sites, advanced structure, and mode of action were predicted and analyzed. The results indicated that Wzx was composed of 472 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 53.31 kDa and a total atom count of 7651. The theoretical isoelectric point was 9.50, and the instability coefficient was 33.79, and it was an alkaline stable hydrophobic protein. Wzx lacked a signal peptide and functioned as a flipping enzyme within the cell membrane. Following transmembrane domain prediction, it was determined that Wzx contained 14 transmembrane helix structures. A total of 33 significant phosphorylation sites were identified, comprising 14 serine (Ser) sites, 12 threonine (Thr) sites, and 7 tyrosine (Tyr) sites. Regarding subcellular localization and functional domain prediction, Wzx was predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (55.6%), indicating its membership in the Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion family. In terms of the secondary structure of Wzx, α-helix constituted 61.44%, random coil accounted for 22.25%, and extended chain represented 16.31%, Based on the “V” shape of the three-dimensional structure of Wzx, it was speculated that it realized the transport of extracellular polysaccharides through its own conformational reversal or its own conformational change. This study offers a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the functional characteristics and mechanisms of action of Wzx, which is crucial for comprehending the transport processes of extracellular polysaccharides.

extracellular polysaccharides  /  flippase  /  structural properties  /  functional features  /  bioinformatics
张文彬, 王藤, 施金豆, 王玉珠, 魏光强, 黄艾祥. 发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖翻转酶的结构性质及功能特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 202 -211 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030287
Wenbin ZHANG, Teng WANG, Jindou SHI, Yuzhu WANG, Guangqiang WEI, Aixiang HUANG. Analysis of the Structural Properties and Functional Mechanism of the Extracellular Polysaccharide Flippase of Limosilactobacillus fermentum A51[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 202 -211 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030287
胞外多糖(Extracellular Polysaccharide,EPS)是指以碳源为基础[1],经过一系列酶促化学反应在细胞内产生并分泌到细胞壁外的高分子聚合物,属于微生物次生代谢的产物[2],是生物膜的重要组成部分[3]。胞外多糖因其独特的物理化学性质及生物活性,在食品工业中作为增稠剂、稳定剂和凝胶剂使用,用于改善食品的质地和口感[4]。
微生物合成胞外多糖主要通过四种途径:胞外合成、ABC转运体依赖、合酶依赖以及Wzx/Wzy依赖[5]。其中,Wzx/Wzy依赖途径在乳酸菌中尤为常见,它涉及到多糖链的合成与翻转,以及多糖与脂质载体的连接和转运过程[6]。Wzx/Wzy依赖途径具有独立的重复单元组装过程,合成途径大致分为五个主要步骤:a.单糖/双糖的转运及磷酸化;b.糖核苷酸形成;c.重复单元合成;d.重复单元由细胞膜内表面转运至膜外;e.重复单元聚合,长链释放[7]。Wzx在此过程中作为一种重要的翻转酶,主要负责将多糖重复单元从细胞内膜翻转至细胞外膜(图1),Wzx的这一功能特性使其成为研究胞外多糖合成和转运机制的重要靶点。了解Wzx的结构性质和作用方式,对于理解胞外多糖的生物合成机制、探索其在细菌生物学中的作用等具有重要意义。
课题组前期从牦牛酸奶中分离鉴定的Limosilactobacillus fermentum A51(L. fermentum A51)表现出较高EPS合成能力,并被用于改善酸奶的质地和口感[8]。随后通过全基因组测序分析揭示了L. fermentum A51含有EPS合成相关基因(glf,epsG,gtf,Wzz,Wzx,Wzy),并确定其胞外多糖合成路径为Wzx/Wzy依赖型。蛋白质组学分析进一步确认了Wzx在L. fermentum A51的胞外多糖合成中起着至关重要的作用,尤其是在多糖的翻转过程中扮演了核心角色。
为进一步了解Wzx在L. fermentum A51胞外多糖转运中的结构性质和功能特性,本研究通过综合利用生物信息学技术,通过多序列比对和系统发育树构建解析其进化关系,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、功能域、亲疏水性、信号肽、跨膜区域、磷酸化修饰位点、糖基化修饰位点、高级结构以及作用方式进行预测与分析,从而确定Wzx在L. fermentum A51胞外多糖合成路径中的关键作用,为深入理解Wzx在胞外多糖生物合成及转运中的作用机制提供理论依据。
发酵粘液乳杆菌A51 从香格里拉自然发酵的牦牛奶中提取,已完成形态学与分子生物学层面的鉴定,保存于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC(NO:M 2023861)。该菌株作为主要研究对象,用于后续的生物信息学分析。利用Illumina平台和PacBio平台对A51菌株进行全基因组测序分析,登录序列号:CP132542,相关基因组序列已上传至NCBI数据库。
将测序得到的Wzx核酸序列翻译成氨基酸序列,在NCBI蛋白质数据库中检索其他来源的Wzx序列。利用ESPript 3.0(https://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi)对不同种菌株的Wzx进行多重序列比对。利用NCBI的BLAST功能分析Wzx序列,并用MEGA 11软件构建系统发育树。Bootstrap分析的迭代次数设置为1000,以确保系统发育树拓扑结构的可靠性。
Wzx的氨基酸序列如表1所示。利用生物信息学方法对Wzx的结构和功能进行分析。
采用ExPASy平台的ProtParam在线分析工具(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)对Wzx的理化特性进行表征,包括:分子式、分子量、原子总数、脂肪族指数、不稳定性指数(II)、半衰期、亲水性总平均值(grand average of hydropathicity,GRAVY)、理论等电点值、带负电荷的残基总数(Asp+Glu)、带正电荷的残基总数(Arg+Lys)等。
通过NCBI数据库中的Consered Domains(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)对Wzx的功能结构域进行预测,使用PSORTII在线分析软件(https://www.genscript.com/psort.html)对Wzx的亚细胞定位进行预测。
综合运用生物信息学在线工具对Wzx蛋白的亲/疏水区域、信号肽及蛋白质跨膜区域进行分析。通过ProtScale(https://web.expasy.org/protscale/)对Wzx蛋白的亲疏水性进行分析;利用SignalP-6.0(http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)对Wzx蛋白的信号肽进行预测;通过TMHMM Server v. 2.0对Wzx蛋白的跨膜区域进行预测。
采用生物信息学方法分析Wzx的翻译后修饰位点:分别利用NetPhos3.1 Server(http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/)和NetNGlyc 1.0(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc-1.0/)对Wzx的磷酸化位点和N-糖基化位点进行分析预测。
采用生物信息学工具对Wzx蛋白的空间结构进行预测分析:通过SOPMA在线服务器(https://npsa.lyon.inserm.fr/cgi-bin/secpred_sopma.pl)对其二级结构进行预测;通过SWISS-MODEL同源建模平台(https://swissmodel.Expasy.org)构建三级结构模型,并通过Saves v6.0在线评估系统(https://saves.mbi.ucla.edu/)对三级结构模型的质量进行验证和评估。
通过NCBI数据库检索获得与发酵粘液乳杆菌A51的Wzx同源性较高的菌株的Wzx氨基酸序列进行多序列比对分析,结果如图2所示。从比对结果中可知Wzx在不同菌株间存在高度保守的氨基酸序列区域,并且其进化历程相对独立,未受到明显的水平基因转移事件的影响。这些保守区域可能对维持Wzx的功能至关重要。通过Clustal Omega算法,进一步分析了这些序列的相似性,发现关键功能位点在不同物种间保持了一致性。
基于Wzx氨基酸序列的同源性分析结果,利用MEGA 11构建Wzx的系统进化树,如图3所示。由图3可知,在系统进化树中,Wzx被清晰地分为几个主要的进化分支,这些分支与不同物种的分类相一致。通过深入分析发现Wzx在进化树上呈现出较为紧密的亲缘关系,表明A51菌株的Wzx和与其同源性较高菌株的Wzx之间在功能上具有相似性。进化树分析揭示了Wzx与其他相关蛋白的进化关系,表明Wzx可能属于一个古老的蛋白家族,且在进化过程中保持了其结构和功能的稳定性。图中分支长度反映了蛋白间的进化距离,短分支表明亲缘关系较近,而长分支则暗示了较远的进化距离。综上所述,多序列比对和进化关系分析不仅揭示了Wzx的进化历程,支持了Wzx在胞外多糖翻转过程中的关键作用,还为其结构和功能的深入研究奠定了基础。
Wzx作为一种关键的翻转酶,在发酵粘液乳杆菌A51中扮演着重要角色。其理化性质的分析对于理解其功能及作用机制至关重要。利用ProtParam工具对Wzx的理化参数及氨基酸组成进行了系统分析,理化参数详见表2、氨基酸组成详见表3。结果表明,Wzx是由472个氨基酸编码的蛋白质,分子式为C2493H3890N610O635S23,分子量为53.31 kDa,原子总数为7651;理论等电点pI为9.50,高于7.0,表明该蛋白在生理pH(约7.4)下带正电荷,属于碱性蛋白;带正电荷的残基数(Arg+Lys)为41个,带负电荷的残基数(Asp+Glu)为26个,正电荷残基多于负电荷残基,进一步支持其为碱性蛋白;该蛋白在大肠杆菌表达系统中的半衰期>10 h,不稳定指数为33.79,低于40的稳定性阈值,说明Wzx稳定性较好;脂肪族指数为118.09,说明Wzx具有较高的热稳定性。总平均亲水性是用于衡量蛋白质整体亲水性或疏水性的指标。GRAVY值为正表明蛋白质整体偏向疏水性,GRAVY值为负表明蛋白质整体偏向亲水性。Wzx总平均亲水性为0.584,表明Wzx属于疏水性蛋白,这可能与其在细胞膜上的翻转酶活性功能有关。研究表明,Wzx是一种多跨膜结构域蛋白,其序列多样性极为显著,可以以不同程度的偏好翻转寡糖底物[9]。了解Wzx的疏水性对于进一步解析其在细胞中的功能和作用机制具有重要意义。
Wzx的氨基酸组成分析结果表明,极性氨基酸(C、N、Q、S、T、Y)共含有114个,占比约24.1%;疏水性氨基酸(A、F、I、L、V、W)222个,占比约47%;强碱性氨基酸(K、R)和强酸性氨基酸(D、E)分别占比约8.6%(41个)和5.6%(26个)。疏水性氨基酸是膜蛋白的典型特征,高比例的疏水性氨基酸表明Wzx蛋白可能具有跨膜结构域或与膜结合的能力。此外,Wzx还含有一定数量的甘氨酸(G)和脯氨酸(P),它们在蛋白质的结构和功能中发挥着重要作用。甘氨酸因其侧链较小,有助于增加蛋白质的柔性和促进转角结构的形成,而脯氨酸则因其独特的环状结构,对蛋白质的折叠和稳定性具有重要影响[10]。氨基酸的不同组合和分布,共同决定了Wzx的溶解性、等电点、热稳定性等理化特性,从而影响了其作为翻转酶在生物体内的功能和作用方式。
PSORTII在线预测结果显示,Wzx主要定位在内质网(55.6%),其次可能为线粒体22.2%,小概率分布在分泌系统的囊泡和细胞核,占比分别为11.1%和11.1%,这一预测结果说明Wzx最有可能是内质网蛋白并在内质网中进行折叠和组装等过程。进一步的功能域分析显示,Wzx包含多个保守的结构域,其中,最显著的结构域是位于N端的糖基转移酶结构域[11],该结构域是Wzx执行其糖基转移酶功能的关键区域,负责催化多糖链的合成和翻转。
Wzx已在革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌以及古细菌中被鉴定出来,并被归类为多糖转运蛋白(Polysaccharide Transport Protein,PST)家族的一部分,被认为起着翻转酶的作用[12]。通过Conserved Domain数据库分析可知Wzx属于Multidrug andToxic Compound Extrusion family(MATE)的一个亚家族,如图4所示,MATE家族的蛋白质参与代谢物的跨膜转运,通常是导致多药耐药性(Multidrug Resistance,MDR)的原因[13]。通过对这些功能域的分析,可以更准确地预测Wzx的生物学功能,并为其在发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖转运中的具体作用机制提供理论依据。
亲疏水性是蛋白质的一个重要物理化学性质,它决定了蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用方式,以及蛋白质在生物体内的功能和稳定性[14]。采用ProtScale工具对Wzx进行亲/疏水性预测,确定各氨基酸残基的亲/疏水值分布特征及其在序列中的具体位置。
在蛋白质亲水性分析图谱中,负值区域表征亲水性,正值区域反映疏水性。分析结果显示(图5),Wzx蛋白在第152和153位氨基酸(异亮氨酸Ile、缬氨酸Val)处呈现最强疏水性,其最大值为3.256;而第73位氨基酸(赖氨酸Lys)表现出最强的亲水特性,其最大值为-3.689。整体分析结果表明,Wzx的氨基酸序列中多数氨基酸呈现正值分布,表明其疏水区域显著多于亲水区域,这一特征与总平均亲水性指数0.584的测定结果相一致,表明该蛋白属于疏水性蛋白。这一特性可能与Wzx在细胞膜上的定位和功能有关[15]。进一步分析发现,Wzx的亲疏水区域在序列上呈现出特定的模式,这可能与蛋白质的空间结构和功能域分布有关。观察图谱发现,Wzx的亲水性区域主要分布在其N端和C端部分,而疏水性区域则相对集中在其序列中部。这种分布模式可能与Wzx的生物学功能及其与其他分子的相互作用有关。例如,疏水核心区域可能参与蛋白质的稳定折叠、跨膜转运或与其他疏水性分子的相互作用[16]。而亲水性区域则可能涉及与水分子的相互作用、酶催化活性位点的形成或与亲水性配体的结合。Wzx的亲疏水性分析揭示了Wzx作为疏水性蛋白与细胞膜或细胞器的膜结构紧密结合,参与多种生物学过程,如物质转运、信号传导和细胞识别等,为深入理解Wzx在胞外多糖翻转过程中的作用方式提供了重要依据。
信号肽是引导蛋白质进入内质网进行进一步加工的短肽序列[17]。通过对Wzx的信号肽进行分析,可以预测其可能的转运路径和定位。利用SignalP-6.0信号肽预测软件进行信号肽分析,如图6所示,结果表明,Wzx不存在明显的信号肽序列。这意味着Wzx可能不通过典型的内质网-高尔基体途径进行分泌。这进一步支持了Wzx作为翻转酶在细胞膜上发挥作用,参与胞外多糖的合成与转运过程,而不依赖于传统的信号肽介导的分泌路径。这一发现对于理解Wzx的功能机制及其在细菌胞外多糖合成中的作用具有重要意义。
为深入理解Wzx的转运和定位机制,进一步分析了其蛋白质跨膜域。跨膜域是蛋白质中能够穿越细胞膜的区域,通常与蛋白质的膜定位和功能紧密相关[18]。通过TMHMM Sever v. 2.0跨膜域软件对Wzx进行跨膜区域预测,结果如图7所示。由图7可知,Wzx中存在14个跨膜螺旋结构,这些跨膜螺旋结构均匀地分布在蛋白质序列中,暗示了Wzx与细胞膜的紧密结合。跨膜螺旋作为蛋白质与膜相互作用的关键结构,对于Wzx在细胞膜上的定位和功能发挥起着决定性作用[19]。此外,跨膜螺旋的数量和分布也进一步支持了Wzx作为翻转酶的可能性,表明其在胞外多糖合成与转运过程中可能通过穿越细胞膜来实现多糖的翻转和转运。这一发现为深入理解Wzx的转运机制及其在细菌胞外多糖合成中的作用提供了理论依据。
磷酸化是一种常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰过程,涉及将磷酸基团共价连接到蛋白质分子的氨基酸残基上,特别是丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基[20]。磷酸化修饰对蛋白质的功能调控具有重要影响[21],包括酶活性、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用、亚细胞定位和信号转导等。通过NetPhos 3.1 Server在线分析Wzx的磷酸化修饰位点,结果如图8所示。分析数据显示,Wzx共有33个达到显著性阈值的潜在磷酸化修饰位点,这些修饰位点分布在蛋白质的不同区域,暗示着Wzx可能通过多种磷酸化修饰来调节其功能和活性,进而影响其参与ESP的合成与转运过程。在这些显著性磷酸化位点中,包含14个丝氨酸(Ser)残基,12个苏氨酸(Thr)残基以及7个酪氨酸(Tyr)残基。丝氨酸和苏氨酸位点的数量较多,表明这些残基在磷酸化过程中更为常见,这与它们在细胞信号传导中的普遍作用一致[22]。尽管酪氨酸磷酸化位点较少,但它在细胞信号传导中同样关键[23],尤其是在生长因子受体和激酶调控中[24]。进一步观察发现,Wzx的磷酸化修饰位点主要集中在与蛋白质的酶活性、底物结合有关的功能域和结构域的关键区域,磷酸化修饰可能通过改变这些区域的电荷状态、构象或与其他分子的相互作用,从而精细调控Wzx的功能,从而影响其参与ESP合成与转运的过程。
糖基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,涉及将糖类分子连接到蛋白质的特定氨基酸残基上[25]。为了深入探究Wzx的糖基化修饰情况,利用NetNGlyc 1.0在线分析Wzx的糖基化位点,如图9所示。由图9可知,Wzx中存在若干潜在的糖基化位点,这些糖基化位点可能通过影响蛋白质的折叠、稳定性和与其他分子的相互作用,从而调控Wzx的功能和活性。但由于Wzx序列不包含信号肽,没有信号肽的蛋白质不太可能暴露于N-糖基化机制[26],因此即使Wzx含有潜在的基序,也不会被糖基化(在体内)。这一发现说明Wzx的功能和活性调控可能不依赖于传统的N-糖基化修饰机制,而可能通过其他的机制来实现。因此,有必要进一步探索Wzx的结构性质和作用方式,以更全面地理解其在发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖合成和转运中的作用。
利用SOPMA在线网站对Wzx的二级结构进行预测,以期理解其在发酵粘液乳杆菌A51胞外多糖转运中的具体作用方式。如图10所示,Wzx的二级结构含量由61.44%的α-螺旋、22.25%的无规则卷曲和16.31%的延伸链组成。结果表明,Wzx的二级结构的主要成分为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲,其中α-螺旋占比最高,无规则卷曲次之,延伸链最后,与跨膜域分析结果一致。α-螺旋作为蛋白质二级结构的主要成分,对于维持蛋白质的稳定性和功能具有重要作用。此外,高比例的α-螺旋可能有助于维持其结构的稳定性和翻转酶活性的发挥,无规则卷曲和延伸链则可能参与蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用,以及蛋白质在细胞内的定位和功能实现。
为了更深入地了解翻转酶Wzx的结构与功能关系,进一步利用SWISS-MODEL在线网站对翻转酶Wzx单体进行三级结构的预测同源建模,结果如图11所示。结果显示,Wzx的三级结构中GMQE(Global Model Quality Estimation,GMQE)值为0.91,反映了模型全局质量的估计,接近1的值表示模型质量高[27]。QMEAN(Qualitative Model Energy Analysis,QMEAN)值为0.61,高于0.5,说明得出的模型具有较好的质量[28]。序列相似度为71.40%,说明目标序列与模板序列有较高的相似性,确保了模型结构的准确性。值得注意的是,α-螺旋在三级结构中的排列和分布与二级结构预测结果相一致,进一步证实了α-螺旋在Wzx结构中的重要性。此外,三级结构预测还揭示了可能的功能域和结合位点,这些区域可能参与与其他分子的相互作用,从而调节Wzx的翻转酶活性及其在细胞内的功能实现。通过同源建模获得的三级结构为理解Wzx的结构与功能关系提供了重要的线索,也为后续的功能验证和改造奠定了基础。
Wzx单体结构的Ramachandran plot模型结果显示,其最适二面角区域内的氨基酸残基占比为97.87%,表明Wzx单体结构中的氨基酸排列合理,具备良好的立体化学特性。由图12可知,PROCHECK检验结果显示,Wzx的单体三维构象中,氨基酸残基分布如下:96.0%位于有利区域,3.5%处于额外允许区域、0.2%位于一般允许区域,另有0.2%位于不允许区域,进一步观察发现,该模型中的甘氨酸、脯氨酸等特定氨基酸残基处于允许的二面角区域,这些氨基酸在维持蛋白质稳定性和功能方面起着重要作用,进一步证明了Wzx单体结构模型的可靠性。值得注意的是,Wzx中的α-螺旋结构可能与其作为翻转酶的功能密切相关,有助于蛋白在细胞膜上的定位和翻转过程的实现。Wzx的二级结构和空间结构特征为其在胞外多糖合成和转运中的功能提供了重要的结构基础。
根据Wzx三级结构预测结果可知,Wzx的单体结构呈“V”状结构,推测Wzx转运胞外多糖的方式可能与葡萄糖转运蛋白IICB Glc和溶酶体胱氨酸转运蛋白cystinosin作用方式一致,即通过构象翻转或构象改变实现物质的转运[29−31]。图13为Wzx转运胞外多糖的两种可能作用方式。一种方式是Wzx作为翻转酶,利用其α-螺旋结构在细胞膜上定位,并通过特定的门控残基与胞外多糖相互作用,从而实现胞外多糖的翻转和转运。另一种可能的方式是Wzx通过自身构型的转变,开口由向内逐步转为向外(开口向内状态→结合态→向外开放状态),实现对胞外多糖的识别、结合和转运,最终实现胞外多糖由胞内转运至细胞外。这种构型转变可能受到细胞内信号分子的调控,如特定的磷酸化或糖基化修饰,这些修饰可以改变Wzx的构象稳定性或与其他蛋白的相互作用,从而调节其翻转酶的活性。此外,Wzx的亚细胞定位和功能域分析也为其在胞外多糖合成和转运中的具体作用提供了线索。
本文运用多种生物信息学在线软件对Wzx的结构性质和功能特性进行深入分析,全面了解其性质和功能。结果表明,Wzx为由472 个氨基酸编码的具有高度稳定性的碱性疏水性蛋白,分子量约为53.31 kDa,含有7651 个原子,理论等电点为9.50,不稳定系数为33.79,不含信号肽,存在14 个跨膜螺旋结构;Wzx共有33 个达到显著性阈值的潜在磷酸化修饰位点,其中包含14 个丝氨酸(Ser)位点、12 个苏氨酸(Thr)位点以及7 个酪氨酸(Tyr)位点。翻转酶Wzx的二级结构以α-螺旋为主,占61.44%,三维结构被折叠成“V”状结构。Wzx可能通过构象翻转或构象改变两种作用方式实现胞外多糖的转运。研究为深入理解Wzx的结构性质及作用机制提供理论依据,对于理解胞外多糖的转运具有重要意义。然而,尽管本研究通过生物信息学方法对Wzx进行了较为全面的分析,揭示了Wzx的基本理化性质、结构特征以及可能的转运机制,但仍需通过实验验证来进一步确认这些预测结果的准确性。此外,Wzx与其他翻转酶之间的异同、在胞外多糖转运过程中的具体作用机制以及是否受到其他因素的调控等问题也有待进一步探究。因此,今后的研究方向将聚焦于通过实验手段揭示Wzx的构象变化机制,以及利用先进的蛋白质组学和代谢组学技术,深入解析Wzx在胞外多糖合成和转运过程中的作用,以期为全面理解胞外多糖的转运机制提供更为详尽的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030287
  • 接收时间:2025-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-21
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    云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201

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魏光强(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6930−1002),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:益生菌资源与乳品科学,E-mail:。
黄艾祥(1963−)(ORCID:0000−0003−4148−8455),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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