Article(id=1320886777963987033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853548756, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853548756, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853548756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853548756, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886778337280090, articleId=1320886777963987033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Oleic Acid Modulates Gene Expression and Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Inonotus hispidus, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Terpenoids, as key secondary metabolites in Inonotus hispidus, possess significant medicinal value. However, their natural biosynthetic efficiency remains relatively low. The application of exogenous inducers was demonstrated to significantly enhance terpenoid production in this fungus. To elucidate the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of exogenous oleic acid on triterpene metabolism, Inonotus hispidus was treated with 3% oleic acid, and its effects on mycelial growth, triterpene accumulation, and gene expression were systematically analyzed. Through metabolomics profiling, 23 differentially expressed terpenoid metabolites were identified, including seven triterpenoids, five diterpenoids, eight sesquiterpenoids, two monoterpenoids, and one undefined terpenoid. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 35 differentially expressed genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis, consisting of one squalene oxygenase gene, nine terpene synthase (TPS) genes, and 25 cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes. Further q-PCR validation confirmed that the expression of TPS-6618 was significantly upregulated by oleic acid, whereas the expression of CYP450-7867 was inhibited. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of oleic acid on terpenoid biosynthesis in Inonotus hispidus at both metabolic and gene expression levels, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal terpenoid synthesis and the breeding of high-yield strains.

, authors=Qin YANG1, 2, Ao JING1, 2, Xiaofan SUN1, 2, Changyan SUN3, Dehai LI1, 2, *, Lin ZHOU1, 2, Jiameng XU1, 2, authorsList=Qin YANG, Ao JING, Xiaofan SUN, Changyan SUN, Dehai LI, Lin ZHOU, Jiameng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dehai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886781436870759, articleId=1320886777963987033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=油酸调控粗毛纤孔菌基因表达及萜类合成机制解析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

萜类作为粗毛纤孔菌的关键次生代谢产物,具有重要的药用价值。然而其自然合成效率较低,外源诱导剂的应用可显著提升其萜类合成能力。为探究外源油酸对粗毛纤孔菌萜类代谢的调控作用及其分子机制,本研究通过添加3%油酸处理粗毛纤孔菌,系统分析了油酸对菌丝生长、三萜物质积累及基因表达的影响。代谢组中共鉴定出23个差异萜类代谢物,包括7个三萜、5个二萜、8个倍半萜、2个单萜及1个未定义萜类物质。转录组分析显示,35个萜类合成相关基因表达显著差异,包括1个角鲨烯加氧酶基因、9个萜烯合酶(TPS)基因及25个细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因。q-PCR验证表明,油酸显著促进了TPS-6618基因的表达,而对CYP450-7867基因的表达则呈现抑制作用。本研究从代谢产物与基因表达水平揭示了油酸对粗毛纤孔菌萜类合成的调控机制,为真菌萜类合成分子机制的解析及高产菌株的选育提供了理论依据。

, authors=杨琴1, 2, 景傲1, 2, 孙孝帆1, 2, 孙常雁3, 李德海1, 2, *, 周麟1, 2, 徐佳梦1, 2, authorsList=杨琴, 景傲, 孙孝帆, 孙常雁, 李德海, 周麟, 徐佳梦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李德海, authorNote=

杨琴(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李德海(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品化学及植物功能成分研究,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ulQoFgefK0UQ+AQnOxkNUA==, magXml=zoMIsgk6S+wpqXmHi6Gj1g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=EN9CAziM0ShshNElnIv+dQ==, pdfFileSize=4326359, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8riSR/aiq6gBvoBFtqVCow==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=f4XD9OZi8izbyqQJQvWKZg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886782305091698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yqin6666@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886782468669557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, authorId=1320886782305091698, language=EN, stringName=Qin YANG, firstName=Qin, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Industrial Crops and Products, 2024, 207: 117781., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886792715354338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TILKAT E, SÜZERER V, ASAN H S, et al. Enhanced production of anticancer triterpenoids in optimized Pistacia lentiscus L. callus cultures via methyl jasmonate and silver nitrate elicitation[J]. 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Industrial Crops and Products, 2020, 156: 112857., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886792841183460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yiyang, LI Dongyang, LIU Yue, et al. Genome-wide identification and evolution-profiling analysis of TPS gene family in Triticum Plants[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(15): 8546., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886792908292325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Xiaonan, ZHU Xiaoxi, WANG Hui, et al. Discovery and modification of cytochrome P450 for plant natural products biosynthesis[J]. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 2020, 5(3): 187−199., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886781814358120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886781831135337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886781814358120, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886781852106858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886781814358120, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东北林业大学木本油料资源利用全国重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886781990518891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886782015684716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886781990518891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886782040850541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886781990518891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东北林业大学生命科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886782133125230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886782145708143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886782133125230, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886782175068272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, companyId=1320886782133125230, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3哈尔滨理工大学材料科学与化学工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886786440675492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dry weight, triterpenoid content, and microscopic morphology of Inonotus hispidus mycelium, figureFileSmall=QA2J+sd61HqN35VPmcgA7w==, figureFileBig=8riSR/aiq6gBvoBFtqVCow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786516172965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=CN, label=图1, caption=粗毛纤孔菌菌丝体干重、三萜含量及显微形态观察

注:A. 粗毛纤孔菌菌丝体干重及三萜含量柱状图;B~C分别为空白组、油酸组显微形态观察;不同小写字母表示组间数据差异显著,P<0.05。

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注:A. 粗毛纤孔菌代谢组样本相关热图及相应散点图;B. PCA图;C. 差异代谢物热图;D. OPLS-DA图(OA表示油酸组,CK表示空白组)。

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注:A. GO分类柱状图;B. KEGG富集气泡图。

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注:A、B和a、b表示同一基因空白组与油酸组之间的差异性(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=AOn83TDP0NAUT1JBaIG+DA==, figureFileBig=u8Vkxg+PwHVtQEHGaHQ6YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886787396976816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differential metabolites identified in Inonotus hispidus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质物质分类模式
Hmqp00541212-羟基松香酸二萜上调
Hmqp00665612-羟基氢化松香酸甲酯二萜上调
pmn00170024,30-二羟基-12(13)烯-羽扇豆醇三萜上调
Wbmn0141613-乙酰氧基齐墩果烷-12-烯-27-酸三萜上调
Zjxp1103013-羟基-3,7,11-三甲基十二碳-1,6E,10-三烯-9-异丁酸酯倍半萜上调
Lmmn0089713-羟基环木菠萝烷-24-烯-26-酸
(异杧果醇酸)
三萜上调
MWSmce0523-羟基熊果-12-烯-28-酸 (3-表熊果酸)三萜上调
Qmjp080607菖蒲大根老鹳草酮倍半萜上调
Cmmn012461脱氢松香酸二萜上调
Zmfp008481去氢依布里酸三萜下调
Xmln005368去氢催吐萝芙木醇倍萜上调
Lcmp123017Dihydrohinokitiol倍萜上调
Lmsp013116对映-16α,17-二羟基-贝壳杉-2-酮二萜上调
Lhfp110340雅槛藍蜂斗菜酮倍半萜上调
MWSmce564吉马酮;杜鹃酮倍半萜下调
pmp000970夏罗草酮二萜上调
Lmlp002205异黑麦草内酯萜类上调
Qmyp101334江西白英素I倍半萜上调
Lmtp005226檀香醇倍半萜上调
Zmcp102205匙叶桉油烯醇倍半萜上调
mws4053熊果酸三萜上调
Ylyn016043dulcioic acid三萜下调
Lhmp122224rel-(3S,6R,7S)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3,6-epoxy-1-dodecen-7,11-diol倍半萜上调
), ArticleFig(id=1320886787464085681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粗毛纤孔菌中差异代谢物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质物质分类模式
Hmqp00541212-羟基松香酸二萜上调
Hmqp00665612-羟基氢化松香酸甲酯二萜上调
pmn00170024,30-二羟基-12(13)烯-羽扇豆醇三萜上调
Wbmn0141613-乙酰氧基齐墩果烷-12-烯-27-酸三萜上调
Zjxp1103013-羟基-3,7,11-三甲基十二碳-1,6E,10-三烯-9-异丁酸酯倍半萜上调
Lmmn0089713-羟基环木菠萝烷-24-烯-26-酸
(异杧果醇酸)
三萜上调
MWSmce0523-羟基熊果-12-烯-28-酸 (3-表熊果酸)三萜上调
Qmjp080607菖蒲大根老鹳草酮倍半萜上调
Cmmn012461脱氢松香酸二萜上调
Zmfp008481去氢依布里酸三萜下调
Xmln005368去氢催吐萝芙木醇倍萜上调
Lcmp123017Dihydrohinokitiol倍萜上调
Lmsp013116对映-16α,17-二羟基-贝壳杉-2-酮二萜上调
Lhfp110340雅槛藍蜂斗菜酮倍半萜上调
MWSmce564吉马酮;杜鹃酮倍半萜下调
pmp000970夏罗草酮二萜上调
Lmlp002205异黑麦草内酯萜类上调
Qmyp101334江西白英素I倍半萜上调
Lmtp005226檀香醇倍半萜上调
Zmcp102205匙叶桉油烯醇倍半萜上调
mws4053熊果酸三萜上调
Ylyn016043dulcioic acid三萜下调
Lhmp122224rel-(3S,6R,7S)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3,6-epoxy-1-dodecen-7,11-diol倍半萜上调
), ArticleFig(id=1320886787539583154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Transcriptomic data of Inonotus hispidus

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样本有效数据(Gb)错误率(%)Q20(%)Q30(%)GC含量(%)
CK-17.560.0298.2194.7751.99
CK-27.990.0298.1994.6952.04
CK-36.90.0298.2694.8952.02
OA-17.70.0298.2994.9851.83
OA-270.0397.994.2851.86
OA-37.070.0397.8594.1551.82
), ArticleFig(id=1320886787606692019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886777963987033, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

粗毛纤孔菌的转录组数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本有效数据(Gb)错误率(%)Q20(%)Q30(%)GC含量(%)
CK-17.560.0298.2194.7751.99
CK-27.990.0298.1994.6952.04
CK-36.90.0298.2694.8952.02
OA-17.70.0298.2994.9851.83
OA-270.0397.994.2851.86
OA-37.070.0397.8594.1551.82
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油酸调控粗毛纤孔菌基因表达及萜类合成机制解析
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杨琴 1, 2 , 景傲 1, 2 , 孙孝帆 1, 2 , 孙常雁 3 , 李德海 1, 2, * , 周麟 1, 2 , 徐佳梦 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(6): 122-130
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (6) : 122 -130
油酸调控粗毛纤孔菌基因表达及萜类合成机制解析
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杨琴1, 2 , 景傲1, 2, 孙孝帆1, 2, 孙常雁3, 李德海1, 2, * , 周麟1, 2, 徐佳梦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1东北林业大学木本油料资源利用全国重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 2东北林业大学生命科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 3哈尔滨理工大学材料科学与化学工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150080
通讯作者:
李德海(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品化学及植物功能成分研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨琴(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Oleic Acid Modulates Gene Expression and Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Inonotus hispidus
Qin YANG1, 2 , Ao JING1, 2, Xiaofan SUN1, 2, Changyan SUN3, Dehai LI1, 2, * , Lin ZHOU1, 2, Jiameng XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 2School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 3School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040168
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萜类作为粗毛纤孔菌的关键次生代谢产物,具有重要的药用价值。然而其自然合成效率较低,外源诱导剂的应用可显著提升其萜类合成能力。为探究外源油酸对粗毛纤孔菌萜类代谢的调控作用及其分子机制,本研究通过添加3%油酸处理粗毛纤孔菌,系统分析了油酸对菌丝生长、三萜物质积累及基因表达的影响。代谢组中共鉴定出23个差异萜类代谢物,包括7个三萜、5个二萜、8个倍半萜、2个单萜及1个未定义萜类物质。转录组分析显示,35个萜类合成相关基因表达显著差异,包括1个角鲨烯加氧酶基因、9个萜烯合酶(TPS)基因及25个细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因。q-PCR验证表明,油酸显著促进了TPS-6618基因的表达,而对CYP450-7867基因的表达则呈现抑制作用。本研究从代谢产物与基因表达水平揭示了油酸对粗毛纤孔菌萜类合成的调控机制,为真菌萜类合成分子机制的解析及高产菌株的选育提供了理论依据。

粗毛纤孔菌  /  油酸  /  萜类合成  /  转录组  /  代谢组

Terpenoids, as key secondary metabolites in Inonotus hispidus, possess significant medicinal value. However, their natural biosynthetic efficiency remains relatively low. The application of exogenous inducers was demonstrated to significantly enhance terpenoid production in this fungus. To elucidate the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of exogenous oleic acid on triterpene metabolism, Inonotus hispidus was treated with 3% oleic acid, and its effects on mycelial growth, triterpene accumulation, and gene expression were systematically analyzed. Through metabolomics profiling, 23 differentially expressed terpenoid metabolites were identified, including seven triterpenoids, five diterpenoids, eight sesquiterpenoids, two monoterpenoids, and one undefined terpenoid. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 35 differentially expressed genes associated with terpenoid biosynthesis, consisting of one squalene oxygenase gene, nine terpene synthase (TPS) genes, and 25 cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes. Further q-PCR validation confirmed that the expression of TPS-6618 was significantly upregulated by oleic acid, whereas the expression of CYP450-7867 was inhibited. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of oleic acid on terpenoid biosynthesis in Inonotus hispidus at both metabolic and gene expression levels, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal terpenoid synthesis and the breeding of high-yield strains.

Inonotus hispidus  /  oleic acid  /  terpenoid synthesis  /  transcriptomics  /  metabolomics
杨琴, 景傲, 孙孝帆, 孙常雁, 李德海, 周麟, 徐佳梦. 油酸调控粗毛纤孔菌基因表达及萜类合成机制解析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 122 -130 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040168
Qin YANG, Ao JING, Xiaofan SUN, Changyan SUN, Dehai LI, Lin ZHOU, Jiameng XU. Oleic Acid Modulates Gene Expression and Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Inonotus hispidus[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 122 -130 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040168
萜类化合物,又称类异戊二烯,是一类在真菌、微生物、高等植物及海洋生物中广泛存在的高度多样化天然产物[1],可分为多种类型,包括单萜、倍半萜、二萜、二倍半萜、三萜、四萜以及多萜等[2]。其中,三萜类化合物由角鲨烯或相关的C30前体衍生而来[3],因其独特的结构和广泛的生物活性而备受关注,由六个异戊二烯单元组成,形成各种环状和非环状结构[4],具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗氧化及调节肠道菌群等多种药理活性。例如,人参皂苷Rb1能够通过调控NF-κB和MAPK信号通路抑制促炎因子(如TNF-α和IL-6)的释放[5],灵芝酸衍生物通过抑制JNK通路诱导宫颈癌细胞凋亡,并阻滞细胞周期从G1期向S期转变[6]。甘草酸作为一种三萜皂苷,能够通过调节细胞通路,对SARS-CoV-2和COVID-19均表现出抑制作用,5 mmol/L的甘草酸可阻断超过95%的S蛋白结合,含有甘草酸的中药试剂治疗组比对照组COVID-19患者的死亡率降低63.9%[7−8]。大豆皂甙可调节禽类肠道菌群,促进双歧杆菌等有益菌增殖,增强母体免疫与繁殖性能,助力雏鸡肠道发育[9]。此外,三萜化合物的抗氧化作用也被广泛应用于功能性食品和化妆品中,以延缓衰老和改善皮肤健康。目前,三萜的提取主要来源于植物,但植物的生长周期长、三萜类化合物含量较低[10],大规模提取易导致资源枯竭。而真菌因其代谢多样性和再生效率高等优势,成为萜类化合物生产的理想替代资源。
粗毛纤孔菌(Inonotus hispidus),属于担子菌门,伞菌纲,锈革孔菌目,锈革孔菌科,纤孔菌属[11],主要分布于中国、韩国和其他亚洲地区,在国内主要分布在辽宁、黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、山西、宁夏、新疆、甘肃等地。粗毛纤孔菌子实体形态独特,呈无柄半圆形,外观与马蹄相似。新鲜状态下,其质地柔软且富含汁液,而干燥后则变得坚硬易碎。整体色泽呈现黄褐色,略带黑色,表面覆盖着明显的粗毛[12]。大量研究表明,粗毛纤孔菌具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、降血脂、活血化瘀等生物活性[13−14],使其成为药用真菌领域的研究热点。粗毛纤孔菌中富含多种次生代谢产物,包括黄酮[15]、三萜[16]、多糖[17]、黑色素[12]等物质,三萜是粗毛纤孔菌萜类物质中的重要组成部分。由于粗毛纤孔菌的子实体为一年生,生长速度较慢[18],且在生长过程中出现大量虫子啃食的情况,导致其三萜的富集受阻、提取率低。目前,大量的研究者已经将粗毛纤孔菌进行液体培养,大大缩短了其培养时间,同时通过添加外源诱导剂、生物合成等方法增加了粗毛纤孔菌三萜的合成[19−20]。
诱导剂能够通过调节真菌细胞内的代谢途径、激活相关基因的表达以及改变细胞内外的环境条件等机制,促进真菌产生更多的次生代谢产物。油酸作为一种重要的单不饱和脂肪酸,也在次生代谢产物的生物合成中发挥重要作用,能够通过调控细胞膜的流动性和信号转导,促进次生代谢产物的合成。外源添加1%的油酸能够显著增加灵芝中三萜的含量,同时MVA途径中的关键基因ACAT、HMGS、HMGR、IDI、FPS,CYP450等均显著上调[21]。冯杰等[22]在灵芝液态深层发酵的同时加入1.21%的油酸,发现羊毛甾醇的代谢通量提高了45.29%,副产物麦角甾醇的含量减少,提高了羊毛甾醇的积累。此外,油酸与茉莉酸甲酯复配诱导粗毛纤孔菌,能够使粗毛纤孔菌菌丝产生氧化应激反应,防御酶的活性三萜含量均显著提高[23]。众多研究表明,油酸参与真菌代谢调控的机制复杂多样,其中ROS(活性氧)信号通路备受关注。ROS在真菌细胞内处于动态平衡状态,油酸的加入可影响这一平衡从而改变真菌中的代谢物和基因表达。目前对于油酸在粗毛纤孔菌中诱导萜类合成的具体分子机制尚不清楚,这在很大程度上限制了对这一过程的深入理解和精准调控。因此,本研究以油酸诱导粗毛纤孔菌为切入点,通过转录组和代谢组技术解析油酸对粗毛纤孔菌中萜类物质合成的调控机制,以期为真菌次生代谢产物的诱导提供理论基础。
粗毛纤孔菌子实体 采摘于东北林业大学林场;葡萄糖 分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂厂;蛋白胨 分析纯,北京奥博星生物技术有限公司;磷酸二氢钾 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;硫酸镁 分析纯,天津市化学试剂有限公司;油酸(分析纯)、齐墩果酸(标准品)、甲酸(色谱纯) 阿拉丁试剂有限公司;冰乙酸、香草醛 分析纯,天津市光复精细化工研究所;乙酸乙酯 分析纯,天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;甲醇、乙腈 色谱纯,德国Merck公司;三氯甲烷、异戊醇、无水乙醇 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
Scientz-100F真空冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;MM 400研磨仪 弗尔德仪器设备有限公司;UPLC ExionLC™ AD液相色谱、QTRAP 6500质谱 美国SCIEX公司;SB-C18色谱柱 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;Qubit 4.0荧光定量仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;SpectraMax多功能酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices公司;Thermal Cycler PCR仪 Bio-Rad Laboratories公司;Step One Plus荧光定量基因扩增仪 Applied Biosystems公司。
从东北林业大学林场水曲柳中获得粗毛纤孔菌子实体,并从子实体中分离出粗毛纤孔菌菌丝在PDA平板上传代培养。参照文献[23]稍作修改,待传代稳定后,用手术刀片切菌丝片并接种于查氏液体培养基中,培养条件固定为26 ℃、125 r/min。每隔5 d进行液体传代培养,将第二代的菌种进行诱导试验。
基于课题组之前的研究,3%的油酸能够极大程度促进粗毛纤孔菌三萜合成,因此选用该浓度油酸诱导粗毛纤孔菌[24]。在粗毛纤孔菌发酵的第0 d添加3%的灭菌油酸,同时进行不添加油酸的空白对照实验,粗毛纤孔菌接种量为8%(v/v)、26 ℃、125 r/min培养6 d。油酸加入的第0 d为空白组,发酵第6 d的为油酸组,对其分别进行取样测定菌丝体干重及三萜含量。
将空白组和油酸组液体培养基中菌丝体过滤后,用蒸馏水冲洗3~5遍,洗净后的粗毛纤孔菌放置于培养皿中并在45 ℃鼓风干燥箱中烘干,称取其干重。
风干的粗毛纤孔菌碾磨成粉末,称取适量放置于锥形瓶中进行三萜的提取。1:70加入乙醇溶液,300 W超声10 min,静置30 min后5000 r/min离心10 min,并将上清液分离用于后续试验。采用香草醛—高氯酸法[25]稍作修改,于波长551 nm处测定吸光值并计算粗毛纤孔菌三萜含量。以齐墩果酸标品绘制标准曲线,根据公式(1)计算三萜含量:
$三萜含量(\text{mg}/\text{g})=\frac{(\mathrm{Y}-0.4472)\mathrm{N}}{10.8\mathrm{m}}$
公式中:Y为吸光值;N为待测液的稀释倍数;m为称取粉末的重量,g。
为了观察油酸处理后粗毛纤孔菌的形态变化,分别空白组与油酸组进行取样并观察。制备若干干净的载玻片,在每个载玻片上滴一滴生理盐水,并从不同的样本中用手术刀片切取少量菌丝,放入生理盐水中并将菌丝分开,在光学显微镜下观察菌丝的微观形态。
将空白组和油酸组的样本取样并真空冷冻干燥,碾磨成粉末状。取50 mg粉末样本,加入1.2 mL 70%甲醇内标提取液[26],涡旋15 min,冰水浴超声10 min,−20 ℃冰箱中静置30 min后,使用离心机在12000 r/min,4 ℃条件下离心3 min。移取上清液,用微孔滤膜(0.22 μm)过滤后,保存于进样瓶中,用于后续UPLC-MS/MS检测[27]。
由武汉迈特维尔生物科技有限公司进行代谢组检测。液相条件主要包括:色谱柱:Agilent SB-C18( 1.8 µm,2.1 mm×100 mm);流动相:A相为超纯水(加入0.1%的甲酸),B相为乙腈(加入0.1%的甲酸);洗脱梯度:0.00 min B相比例为5%,9.00 min内B相比例线性增加到95%,并维持在95% 1 min,10.00~11.10 min,B相比例降为5%,并以5%平衡至14 min;流速0.35 mL/min;柱温40 ℃;进样量2 μL。
质谱条件主要包括:电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization,ESI)温度500 ℃;离子喷雾电压(IS)5500 V(正离子模式)/−4500 V(负离子模式);离子源气体I(GSI),气体II(GSII)和气帘气(CUR)分别设置为50、60和25 psi,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高。
代谢物的定量分析采用三重四极杆质谱的多反应监测模式(MRM)。在MRM模式下,质谱仪先选择目标代谢物的母离子,通过碰撞诱导解离生成子离子,并在第三个四极杆中选择并监测这些子离子的信号,可以同时监测多个目标代谢物的母离子和其对应的子离子对。通过母离子和子离子的两次选择,去除干扰离子,降低化学背景,提高灵敏度。获得不同样本的质谱数据后,对所有代谢物的色谱峰进行峰面积积分定量,并对同一代谢物在不同样本中的质谱峰进行积分校正。
油酸组与空白组的样本用液氮迅速研磨后,采用TRIzol试剂提取总RNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估RNA的完整性及潜在DNA污染,Qubit 4.0荧光仪结合MD微孔板读取器高精度测量RNA浓度[28],并利用Qsep 400生物分析仪对RNA完整性进行精确评估,确保RNA质量符合后续实验要求。
得到高质量的RNA后,采用Illumina Novaseq6000进行测序。原始测序数据过滤后得到高质量的序列,使用Trinity对序列进行组装,生成物种转录本序列[29]。随后,利用Corset对组装转录本进行去冗余处理,获得Unigene序列。将高质量序列与去冗余转录本进行比对,并计算基因表达水平。使用DIAMOND BLASTX软件将Unigene序列与KEGG、NR、Swiss-Prot、GO、COG/KOG和Trembl数据库比对并注释[30],筛选差异表达基因并进行KEGG和GO富集分析。
每次实验均进行3次生物重复,以平均数表示,数据使用Excel2019进行统计,并在IBM SPSS Statistics 20中通过t检验对数据进行分析,以P<0.05作为显著性差异的判断标准,使用Origin 2021软件进行图形绘制。
菌丝体干重是衡量菌体生长状况的关键指标,能够反映菌体的生理状态。实验结果表明,油酸处理显著促进了粗毛纤孔菌的生长,油酸组菌丝体干重(0.86 g)较空白组(0.077 g)提高了11.17倍(图1A)。这一差异的产生可能归因于两方面:粗毛纤孔菌在培养过程中吸收了培养基中的营养物质,增加了自身生物量;油酸对粗毛纤孔菌生长有着促进作用,增加了其分支或长度,从而导致其干重的增加。显微形态观察进一步验证了这一结果,空白组菌丝体透亮,而油酸组菌丝中可见明显油滴,且菌丝横膈膜清晰,形态更为茂盛(图1B~图1C)。
三萜类化合物作为粗毛纤孔菌重要的次生代谢产物,其含量变化直接反映了菌丝体代谢活性的强弱。三萜测量结果显示,油酸处理显著提升了三萜类化合物的积累。油酸组的三萜含量为256.80 mg/g,是空白组的3.07倍(图1A)。油酸可能被粗毛纤孔菌吸收并代谢成某些中间产物,参与了三萜的合成途径,推动三萜含量的增加[20];油酸也可能激活了粗毛纤孔菌中某些信号通路,进而调控了三萜合成的相关酶活性或基因表达,促进了三萜的积累。
由图2所示,相关性分析表明,组内样本间具有高度相关性(Pearson’s r>0.99),油酸组与空白组间的相关性较低(0.68<r<0.79)。主成分分析(PCA)进一步揭示了组内及组间代谢物的差异情况,其中PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为95.59%和1.99%,总贡献率达97.58%,能够充分解释数据中的主要变异。两组样本在PC1轴上呈现显著分离,表明油酸诱导后粗毛纤孔菌的代谢物谱发生了显著变化。此外,正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)进一步验证了油酸组与空白组间的代谢差异,与PCA结果一致。
油酸组和空白组中的差异代谢萜类物质共23个,其中7个三萜,5个二萜,8个倍半萜,2个倍萜,1个未被定义萜类。其中三萜类物质为:24,30-二羟基-12(13)烯-羽扇豆醇,3-乙酰氧基齐墩果烷-12-烯-27-酸,3-羟基环木菠萝烷-24-烯-26-酸(异杧果醇酸),3-羟基熊果-12-烯-28-酸(3-表熊果酸),去氢依布里酸,熊果酸,dulcioic acid。二萜类物质为:12-羟基松香酸,12-羟基氢化松香酸甲酯,脱氢松香酸,对映-16α,17-二羟基-贝壳杉-2-酮,夏罗草酮。倍半萜类物质包括:3-羟基-3,7,11-三甲基十二碳-1,6E,10-三烯-9-异丁酸酯,菖蒲大根老鹳草酮,雅槛蓝蜂斗菜酮,杜鹃酮,江西白英素I,檀香醇,匙叶桉油烯醇,rel-(3S,6R,7S)-3,7,11-trimethyl-3,6-epoxy-1-dodecen-7,11-diol。差异表达的倍萜为去氢催吐萝芙木醇和Dihydrohinokitiol,未定义萜类为异黑麦草内酯。此外,在油酸诱导下,粗毛纤孔菌中仅去氢依布里酸、杜鹃酮及dulcioic acid三种物质表达下调,其余萜类物质均上调(表1)。
将粗毛纤孔菌空白组与油酸组6个样本进行转录组测序分析,经过原始数据过滤、测序错误率检查、GC含量分布检查,获得高质量测序数据。其中样本测序错误率低于0.03%,Q20与Q30分别高于97%和94%,GC含量均超过51%,表明测序数据质量可靠,满足后续基因表达量分析、差异基因筛选及生物信息学分析要求。RNA测序(RNA-seq)共获得44.22 Gb有效数据(表2)。如图3所示,油酸组与空白组相比,共鉴定出7510个差异表达基因(DEGs),其中3261个基因表达上调,4249个基因表达下调。火山图直观展示了两组间DEGs的分布情况,进一步验证了油酸处理对粗毛纤孔菌基因表达的显著调控作用。
Gene Ontology(GO)是基因功能国际标准分类体系,将DEGs分为生物过程(BP)、细胞组成(CC)和分子功能(MF)三大类。BP中主要富集到细胞过程、代谢过程、对刺激的响应、生物调节、生物过程的调控等;CC中富集在细胞解剖实体、蛋白复合体过程中;MF则主要富集在催化活性、结合、转运蛋白活性、ATP依赖性活性等功能(图4A)。这些结果表明,油酸通过多维度机制调控粗毛纤孔菌的基因表达及代谢活动。具体而言,油酸可能通过激活特定信号通路,调节转录因子或其他调控蛋白的活性,进而影响相关基因的表达。这些基因可能编码代谢酶、转运蛋白或其他功能蛋白,从而协同促进萜类化合物的生物合成。
KEGG通路富集分析通过气泡图(图4B)展示了油酸组与空白组差异基因的富集情况。分析结果显示,差异基因主要富集于代谢通路,次生代谢产物的生物合成,脂肪酸降解,脂肪酸代谢,不饱和脂肪酸的合成,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的降解,赖氨酸生物合成及过氧物酶体等通路,此外代谢通路、次生代谢产物的生物合成通路富集的基因数量较多,表明油酸通过调控这些关键代谢途径显著影响粗毛纤孔菌的代谢活动。
为探究油酸处理对萜类代谢相关基因表达的影响,本研究通过转录组分析筛选了与萜类合成相关的差异表达基因。结果表明,油酸处理后共鉴定出35个差异表达的萜类相关基因,其中1个为角鲨烯加氧酶基因,9个为萜烯合酶(TPS)基因,25个为细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因(图5)。萜烯合酶基因是萜类合成途径中的关键酶,负责催化萜类骨架的形成。本研究发现,9个TPS基因在油酸处理后差异表达,表明油酸可能通过调控这些基因的活性影响萜类化合物的合成。进一步分析显示,大部分TPS基因在油酸处理后显著上调,这可能与油酸诱导的次生代谢调控机制相关。此外,细胞色素P450(CYP450)在萜类化合物的氧化修饰中起重要作用,热图中显示23个CYP450基因在油酸处理后高表达,而CYP-6583.8和CYP7867则受到抑制。这些基因的表达变化可能进一步影响萜类化合物的结构多样性,揭示了油酸对萜类代谢的复杂调控机制。
为验证转录组测序结果的可靠性并进一步解析目标基因在不同培养时间下的表达模式,本研究选取萜类基因中差异表达显著的两个基因Cluster-7867.0(CYP450-7867)和Cluster-6618.0(TPS-6618),通过实时荧光定量PCR(q-PCR)分析其在空白组与油酸组中的相对表达量,结果如图6所示。萜类合成关键基因TPS-6618与细胞色素P450酶编码基因CYP450-7867在油酸处理中表现出显著的表达调控特性。TPS-6618在空白组中表达量较低,而油酸处理后其表达上调。相反,CYP450-7867基因在油酸处理后受到抑制。这一表达模式表明,油酸能够特异性调控粗毛纤孔菌中三萜类化合物的合成。TPS基因作为萜类合成途径的关键酶基因,其表达上调可能直接促进了萜类化合物的生物合成。然而,CYP450基因的表达受到抑制,可能是油酸对该基因的调控机制存在特异性,其具体作用机制仍需进一步研究。
油酸作为一种外源诱导剂被广泛应用。在本研究中,油酸处理后的粗毛纤孔菌菌丝体干重及三萜含量均升高,油酸组菌丝体干重和三萜含量分别是空白组的11.17倍、3.07倍,表明油酸对粗毛纤孔菌的生长及三萜积累均有促进作用。在灵芝的发酵培养过程中,加入油酸能够增加灵芝酸R,S和T的合成[31]。油酸还被设计开发成一种动态范围可调的诱导系统,用于控制嗜盐单胞菌、大肠杆菌、假单胞菌的基因表达和代谢[32]。这与本研究中油酸促进粗毛纤孔菌三萜积累的结果相似,表明油酸对不同真菌的三萜合成途径可能具有普遍的调控作用,且具有广泛的适用性和较强的调控能力。在基因层面上,油酸促进了粗毛纤孔菌中TPS-6618的基因,但抑制了CYP450-7867基因的表达。此外,冬虫夏草中添加油酸不仅能够增加冬虫夏草素的产量,而且提高了冬虫夏草素生物合成基因cns1和cns2的转录水平[33]。这表明油酸对真菌均有诱导作用,并能调控其代谢物和基因的合成。除了油酸,其余外源诱导剂如坏血酸和水杨酸均能调控生物体的代谢物合成。在苜蓿芽发酵过程中,添加外源抗坏血酸能够增加发酵代谢物对肥胖线虫消化酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制作用[34]。添加水杨酸诱导剂处理后,菠菜中黄酮类和酚类化合物含量显著增加,抗氧化活性增强[35]。
萜类是一种重要的次生代谢产物,同时也是粗毛纤孔菌的主要成分之一[36]。添加诱导剂能够增加植物和真菌中次生代谢产物的合成。在狼毒大戟细胞培养的过程中,添加100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA),在第4 d细胞中三萜的含量达到了对照组的四倍[37]。将硝酸银(AgNO3)和MeJA联合处理黄芪愈伤组织,显著促进了熊果酮酸、熊果酸、乳香二烯酸和齐墩果酸等抗癌三萜的合成[38]。本研究中,油酸作为诱导剂也显著改变了粗毛纤孔菌中萜类物质的表达。代谢组的数据表明,差异代谢萜类物质共23个,其中7个三萜,5个二萜,8个倍半萜,2个倍萜,1个未被定义萜类。在油酸诱导的作用下,粗毛纤孔菌中的萜类仅去氢依布里酸,杜鹃酮,dulcioic acid三个物质下调,其余萜类物质均上调。MeJA相比于水杨酸可以在更短的时间内增加蜂巢草三萜皂苷的合成,并且在合成的三萜皂苷中鉴定出齐墩果酸、熊果酸及其苷类,表明MeJA可以诱导蜂巢草合成齐墩果酸类和熊果酸类三萜[39]。在本研究中,油酸处理同样地增加了粗毛纤孔菌中熊果酸、3-表熊果酸的含量,这与前人的研究一致。然而,其他的三萜鲜少报道,这可能是由于种属的不同导致的次生代谢产物之间的差异。
在GO分析中,粗毛纤孔菌被油酸处理后主要富集到细胞过程、代谢过程、蛋白复合体、催化活性、ATP依赖性活性等过程中。KEGG则集中在代谢通路,次生代谢产物的生物合成,脂肪酸降解和合成,氨基酸降解和合成、过氧物酶体等通路中。这表明油酸可能被粗毛纤孔菌吸收后,触发了一系列的细胞反应,从而影响了基因表达,同时调控次生代谢途径来促进特定萜类化合物的合成。通过q-PCR验证发现,油酸促进了萜类合成基因TPS-6618的表达,而对CYP450-7867的表达呈现抑制作用。TPS基因在萜类化合物合成过程中起着关键作用[40],其表达量的增加可能意味着油酸刺激了粗毛纤孔菌萜类化合物的合成途径,从而促进了特定萜类化合物的生成。从现有研究来看,油酸作为一种重要的不饱和脂肪酸,可能通过细胞膜的流动性改变、激活特定的信号通路或与关键转录因子相互作用等方式来调控TPS-6618基因的表达,进而影响萜类合成。而CYP450基因通常参与代谢物的修饰和转化[41],CYP450-7867的抑制可能是油酸对粗毛纤孔菌代谢产物后续修饰过程的特异调控作用,并影响最终代谢产物的结构和功能。不同真菌的CYP450基因家族成员在数量和功能上存在差异,其对油酸等外界物质的响应也可能不同;此外,培养基成分、温度、pH等环境因素以及基因本身的启动子区域特征、与其他基因的相互作用模式等都会影响CYP450基因的表达调控。在今后的研究中,可进一步深入分析CYP450-7867基因的调控元件、探索其与其他基因的相互作用网络,以更全面地解析油酸调控CYP450基因表达的潜在原因。此外,本研究仅采用液体培养体系,未能分析子实体阶段的代谢调控差异,且仅检测了短期基因表达变化,缺乏对蛋白质水平及长期动态变化的探究,未来需结合子实体诱导体系和多组学技术进一步验证。
本文探究了油酸对粗毛纤孔菌萜类化合物及萜类合成基因的影响,发现油酸处理后粗毛纤孔菌中有23个萜类代谢物差异表达,其中仅去氢依布里酸,杜鹃酮,dulcioic acid三种物质下调,其余萜类物质均上调。不仅填补了粗毛纤孔菌中萜类物质种类和数量不清晰的空缺,还明确了萜类物质对油酸的响应特征。此外,35个萜类合成基因呈现差异表达,其中大部分基因表达上调。q-PCR进一步验证了基因的表达模式,油酸促进了对萜类合成基因TPS-6618的表达,而CYP450-7867的表达呈现抑制作用,这对今后萜类基因的研究提供了重要的参考。但本研究尚未对筛选出的两个萜类合成基因功能进行验证,这使得研究结果停留在基因表达水平,而未能深入到功能层面。未来研究应通过功能验证实验和多种分子生物学验证等方法,为油酸调控真菌的次生代谢产物合成提供更深入的理论依据和实践指导。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040168
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1东北林业大学木本油料资源利用全国重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    2东北林业大学生命科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    3哈尔滨理工大学材料科学与化学工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150080

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李德海(1976−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品化学及植物功能成分研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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