Article(id=1320886748469642020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853541724, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853541724, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853541724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853541724, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=150, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886748738077477, articleId=1320886748469642020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigating the Correlation between Different Daqu Qualities and Brewing Performance Based on Metagenomics Technology, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically analyze the quality characteristics of different types of Daqu and their fermentation efficiency under the same brewing process, and to elucidate the intrinsic correlation between Daqu quality parameters and baijiu flavour characteristics, this study systematically compared and analyzed the physicochemical indices, microbial community structures, and brewing effects of medium-, medium-high-, and high-temperature Daqu. Furthermore, the internal relationships among these three aspects were examined. The analysis of physicochemical indices revealed that medium-temperature Daqu exhibited the highest moisture content, saccharifying power, and liquefaction power, while high-temperature Daqu showed the highest acidity. In terms of microbial community structure, the main dominant genera in medium-temperature Daqu were Aspergillus (70.90% abundance), Thermomyces (10.74% abundance), Bacillus (32.54% abundance), and Staphylococcus (15.56% abundance). In medium-high-temperature Daqu, the dominant genera included Aspergillus (75.52% abundance), Saccharomycetales (14.97% abundance), and Weissella (16.65% abundance). High-temperature Daqu was primarily characterized by the presence of Aspergillus (33.84% abundance), Thermomyces (33.67% abundance), Virgibacillus (25.52% abundance), and Kroppentedtia (24.10% abundance). The analysis of the brewing effect showed nine different flavour substances in the three kinds of Daqu baijiu. The sensory experience of medium-temperature Daqu baijiu was sweet and harmonious. Medium-high-temperature Daqu baijiu had a pleasing grain aroma, and high-temperature Daqu baijiui had a rich aroma and pure aftertaste. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that acidity was positively correlated with the abundance of Thermoascus and Virgibacillus. Liquefaction power positively correlated with Wallemia, Staphylococcus, and Saccharopolyspora abundance. Additionally, saccharifying power was positively correlated with Pantoea, while fermentation power was positively correlated with Weissella abundance. The physicochemical properties of Daqu significantly influenced its microbial community composition. Aspergillus showed a negative correlation with the content of methanol and isobutanol. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Saccharopolyspora abundance were positively correlated with ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate, whereas Lactobacillus abundance was negatively correlated with ethyl acetate content. The various flavour types of Daqu differed significantly in the physicochemical and microbial compositions among the various flavour types of Daqu. Within the same process, the style of different flavour types of Daqu baijiu was primarily determined by the processing style. The physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of Daqu were closely linked to the quality of baijiu. This study demonstrated the influence of Daqu and processing methods on baijiu style, explored the relationship between Daqu's physicochemical and microbial aspects and baijiu flavour, and provided a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality of different flavour baijiu and integrating various flavour types.

, authors=Ying ZHANG1, Jinghui HU2, 3, Jiaojiao ZHANG2, 3, Dingbo YAN4, Tao ZHOU2, 3, Jingyi ZHOU2, 3, Xinglin HAN2, 3, *, Jinsong ZHAO1, *, authorsList=Ying ZHANG, Jinghui HU, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Dingbo YAN, Tao ZHOU, Jingyi ZHOU, Xinglin HAN, Jinsong ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinglin HAN, Jinsong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886750445159224, articleId=1320886748469642020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于微生物组学技术探究不同大曲品质与酿造性能的相关性, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为系统解析不同香型大曲的品质特征差异及其在同一酿造工艺下的发酵效能,深入阐明大曲品质参数与白酒风味特征的内在关联机制,本研究从理化指标、微生物群落结构特征及其酿酒效果三个维度对中温、中高温和高温三种大曲进行系统性对比分析并解析三者间的内在联系。理化指标结果显示,中温大曲的水分含量、糖化力和液化力最高,高温大曲的酸度最高。微生物群落结构分析发现,曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比70.90%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,丰度占比10.74%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,丰度占比32.54%)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus,丰度占比15.56%)为中温大曲中的主要优势微生物菌属;曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比75.52%)、Saccharomycetales(丰度占比14.97%)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella,丰度占比16.65%)为中高温大曲的主要优势微生物菌属;曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比33.84%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,丰度占比33.67%)、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus,丰度占比25.52%)、Kroppentedtia(丰度占比24.10%)为高温大曲的优势微生物菌属。酿酒效果分析发现,三种大曲酒中存在9种差异性风味物质,感官上中温大曲酒果香甜美,协调爽净;中高温大曲酒粮香好;高温大曲酒香气丰富,回味纯厚。相关性分析结果表明,酸度与热子囊菌属、枝芽孢菌属丰度呈正相关,液化力与小尖霉属、葡萄球菌属、糖多孢菌属丰度呈正相关,糖化力与Pantoea丰度呈正相关,发酵力与魏斯氏菌属丰度呈正相关。大曲理化特性对大曲微生物群落组成具有显著影响。曲霉属丰度与甲醇、异丁醇含量呈负相关;芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、糖多孢菌属丰度与乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量呈正相关;乳酸杆菌属丰度与乙酸乙酯含量呈负相关。不同香型大曲理化和微生物组成存在差异,同一工艺下不同香型大曲酒样风格以工艺的风格为主,大曲理化性质及微生物多样性与白酒品质息息相关。研究揭示了大曲与工艺对白酒风格的影响、大曲理化及微生物与白酒风味的内在联系,为提高不同香型白酒品质及香型融合奠定理论基础。

, authors=张英1, 胡景辉2, 3, 张娇娇2, 3, 鄢定波4, 周涛2, 3, 周靖怡2, 3, 韩兴林2, 3, *, 赵金松1, *, authorsList=张英, 胡景辉, 张娇娇, 鄢定波, 周涛, 周靖怡, 韩兴林, 赵金松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩兴林, 赵金松, authorNote=

张英(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒过程分析与调控,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩兴林(1983−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
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DOI: 10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040518. [DING R Y, LI S, WEI Y. et al. Research progress on formation mechanism and characteristic differences of hightemperature Daqu of different colors[J/OL]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 1−11[2025-02-28]. DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040518.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886755608347539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING R Y, LI S, WEI Y. et al. Research progress on formation mechanism and characteristic differences of hightemperature Daqu of different colors[J/OL]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 1−11[2025-02-28]. 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China Brewing, 2024, 43(8): 61−73., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886759379026885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁二宏, 李金洋, 李微微, 等. 3种高温大曲功能特征与微生物群落结构差异性分析[J]. 食品科学, 2024, 45(21): 166−175. [LIANG E H, LI J Y, LI W W, et al. Differences in functional characteristics and microbial community structures of three types of high-temperature Daqu[J]. Food Science, 2024, 45(21): 166−175.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886759458718662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG E H, LI J Y, LI W W, et al. Differences in functional characteristics and microbial community structures of three types of high-temperature Daqu[J]. Food Science, 2024, 45(21): 166−175., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886750650680121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750659068730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750650680121, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Light Chemical Technology, Yibin 644000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750671651643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750650680121, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886750742954812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750755537725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750742954812, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750763926334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750742954812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886750831035199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750839423808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750831035199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3International Joint Research Center of Quality and Safety of Alcoholic Beverages, Beijing 100015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750852006721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750831035199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3国家酒类品质与安全国联合研究中心,北京 100015)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886750927504194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750935892803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750927504194, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Hubei Zhanglanhe Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Shiyan 442108, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886750944281412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, companyId=1320886750927504194, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4湖北漳兰河农业科技发展有限公司,湖北十堰 442108)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886753657996156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Analysis of eukaryotic microbial community structure of three kinds of Daqu, figureFileSmall=Nip2SdBK9zWvcUqv+shTvg==, figureFileBig=SSxHiZ2q+H7+sFes/evm8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886753767048061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图1, caption=三种大曲的真核微生物群落结构分析

注:a:基于属水平的Venn图,b:基于属水平的Chao1图,c:基于属水平的Shannon图,d:真核微生物群落分布规律。

, figureFileSmall=Nip2SdBK9zWvcUqv+shTvg==, figureFileBig=SSxHiZ2q+H7+sFes/evm8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886753993540478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of prokaryotic microbial community structure of three kinds of Daqu, figureFileSmall=bGJdYvJ3bLyaMFfCMSfHCg==, figureFileBig=KZcqV4f0Ca+4Li2LNXmYSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754069037951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三种大曲的原核微生物群落结构分析

注: a:基于属水平的Venn图;b:基于属水平的Chao1图;c:基于属水平的Shannon图;d:原核微生物群落分布规律。

, figureFileSmall=bGJdYvJ3bLyaMFfCMSfHCg==, figureFileBig=KZcqV4f0Ca+4Li2LNXmYSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754144535424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of esters in different Daqu liquor samples, figureFileSmall=fZ1pYy5jS1fgqzHfIH3tYg==, figureFileBig=3cAxXTeGxwmyOVAyZ3FYIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754224227201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同大曲酒样酯类物质含量

注:同一物质在不同酒样下,字母不同表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),ns表示无显著性差异(其他对应样品标注省略);图4~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=fZ1pYy5jS1fgqzHfIH3tYg==, figureFileBig=3cAxXTeGxwmyOVAyZ3FYIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754291336066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Alcohol content of different Daqu liquor samples, figureFileSmall=1yDuhWylb4zOpyp1hE8gNQ==, figureFileBig=6NQqwZ8dyRWv1EN1b0r1HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754358444931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同大曲酒样醇类物质含量, figureFileSmall=1yDuhWylb4zOpyp1hE8gNQ==, figureFileBig=6NQqwZ8dyRWv1EN1b0r1HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754425553796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Aldehyde and ketone content in different Daqu liquor samples, figureFileSmall=ZoYzEvzEOIxOXVP87+4wMg==, figureFileBig=gzXhdRyJ8xhKliBODHfN6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754517828485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同大曲酒样醛类、酮类物质含量

注:A:醛类,B:酮类。

, figureFileSmall=ZoYzEvzEOIxOXVP87+4wMg==, figureFileBig=gzXhdRyJ8xhKliBODHfN6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754597520262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Radar chart of sensory evaluation of three kinds of Daqu liquor samples, figureFileSmall=tgkMyccTjazeFc+4SB0UmA==, figureFileBig=2dwpFLfL6V4h0tQAO/3r6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754673017735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三种大曲酒样感官品评雷达图, figureFileSmall=tgkMyccTjazeFc+4SB0UmA==, figureFileBig=2dwpFLfL6V4h0tQAO/3r6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754744320904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=PLS-DA analysis diagram of aroma components in different Daqu liquor samples, figureFileSmall=HGCdjseV7+ayi55diYt4tw==, figureFileBig=79RIUjJ9sCgZvIgpBELDbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754807235465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同大曲酒样香气成分PLS-DA分析图

注:a:得分图;b:200次置换检验图。

, figureFileSmall=HGCdjseV7+ayi55diYt4tw==, figureFileBig=79RIUjJ9sCgZvIgpBELDbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754874344330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=RDA of Physicochemical indexes of Daqu and dominant microbial community, figureFileSmall=rgEThuhqfW2c3B8BzRCVPg==, figureFileBig=jrffGSwDVKuK2yIA4OoqpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754945647499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图8, caption=大曲理化指标与优势微生物群落的RDA

注:a:真核微生物属;b:原核微生物属。

, figureFileSmall=rgEThuhqfW2c3B8BzRCVPg==, figureFileBig=jrffGSwDVKuK2yIA4OoqpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755021144972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Correlation heat map of differential aroma substances in liquor and Daqu quality, figureFileSmall=MvHCWJw5crE3MNIvKPburg==, figureFileBig=8lhuK8sN1RJJuIkXzyE1aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755096642445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=图9, caption=白酒差异香气物质与大曲品质的相关性热图

注:a:大曲理化指标,b:优势真核微生物属,c:优势原核微生物属。

, figureFileSmall=MvHCWJw5crE3MNIvKPburg==, figureFileBig=8lhuK8sN1RJJuIkXzyE1aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755155362702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical data of test Daqu samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标MTDMHTDHTD
水分含量(g/100 g)13.6±0.1a10.3±0.1c11.5±0.3b
酸度(mmol/10 g)0.70±0.03c0.81±0.01b1.67±0.02a
淀粉含量(g/100 g)62.1±2.5ns60.9±1.8ns62.2±0.5ns
糖化力(mg/g·h)1162±23a803±8b221±41c
液化力(g/g·h)1.69±0.18a0.09±0.01b0.06±0.02b
发酵力(g/0.5 g·72 h)0.22±0.04c0.77±0.12a0.60±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886755226665871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试大曲样品理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标MTDMHTDHTD
水分含量(g/100 g)13.6±0.1a10.3±0.1c11.5±0.3b
酸度(mmol/10 g)0.70±0.03c0.81±0.01b1.67±0.02a
淀粉含量(g/100 g)62.1±2.5ns60.9±1.8ns62.2±0.5ns
糖化力(mg/g·h)1162±23a803±8b221±41c
液化力(g/g·h)1.69±0.18a0.09±0.01b0.06±0.02b
发酵力(g/0.5 g·72 h)0.22±0.04c0.77±0.12a0.60±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886755318940560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Flavor difference markers of different Daqu liquor samples

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序号差异标志物VIP值
1乙酸乙酯4.11093
2乳酸乙酯2.24589
3丁酸乙酯1.24903
42,3-丁二醇(内消旋)1.8798
5甲醇1.43711
6异丁醇1.11895
72,3-丁二醇(左消旋)1.09439
8正丁醇1.04480
9乙醛1.20352
), ArticleFig(id=1320886755411215249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886748469642020, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同大曲酒样风味差异标志物

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序号差异标志物VIP值
1乙酸乙酯4.11093
2乳酸乙酯2.24589
3丁酸乙酯1.24903
42,3-丁二醇(内消旋)1.8798
5甲醇1.43711
6异丁醇1.11895
72,3-丁二醇(左消旋)1.09439
8正丁醇1.04480
9乙醛1.20352
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基于微生物组学技术探究不同大曲品质与酿造性能的相关性
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张英 1 , 胡景辉 2, 3 , 张娇娇 2, 3 , 鄢定波 4 , 周涛 2, 3 , 周靖怡 2, 3 , 韩兴林 2, 3, * , 赵金松 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(6): 150-159
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (6) : 150 -159
基于微生物组学技术探究不同大曲品质与酿造性能的相关性
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张英1 , 胡景辉2, 3, 张娇娇2, 3, 鄢定波4, 周涛2, 3, 周靖怡2, 3, 韩兴林2, 3, * , 赵金松1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644000
  • 2中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015
  • 3国家酒类品质与安全国联合研究中心,北京 100015
  • 4湖北漳兰河农业科技发展有限公司,湖北十堰 442108
通讯作者:
韩兴林(1983−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张英(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒过程分析与调控,E-mail:

Investigating the Correlation between Different Daqu Qualities and Brewing Performance Based on Metagenomics Technology
Ying ZHANG1 , Jinghui HU2, 3, Jiaojiao ZHANG2, 3, Dingbo YAN4, Tao ZHOU2, 3, Jingyi ZHOU2, 3, Xinglin HAN2, 3, * , Jinsong ZHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Light Chemical Technology, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
  • 3International Joint Research Center of Quality and Safety of Alcoholic Beverages, Beijing 100015, China
  • 4Hubei Zhanglanhe Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Shiyan 442108, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030091
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为系统解析不同香型大曲的品质特征差异及其在同一酿造工艺下的发酵效能,深入阐明大曲品质参数与白酒风味特征的内在关联机制,本研究从理化指标、微生物群落结构特征及其酿酒效果三个维度对中温、中高温和高温三种大曲进行系统性对比分析并解析三者间的内在联系。理化指标结果显示,中温大曲的水分含量、糖化力和液化力最高,高温大曲的酸度最高。微生物群落结构分析发现,曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比70.90%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,丰度占比10.74%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,丰度占比32.54%)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus,丰度占比15.56%)为中温大曲中的主要优势微生物菌属;曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比75.52%)、Saccharomycetales(丰度占比14.97%)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella,丰度占比16.65%)为中高温大曲的主要优势微生物菌属;曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比33.84%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,丰度占比33.67%)、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus,丰度占比25.52%)、Kroppentedtia(丰度占比24.10%)为高温大曲的优势微生物菌属。酿酒效果分析发现,三种大曲酒中存在9种差异性风味物质,感官上中温大曲酒果香甜美,协调爽净;中高温大曲酒粮香好;高温大曲酒香气丰富,回味纯厚。相关性分析结果表明,酸度与热子囊菌属、枝芽孢菌属丰度呈正相关,液化力与小尖霉属、葡萄球菌属、糖多孢菌属丰度呈正相关,糖化力与Pantoea丰度呈正相关,发酵力与魏斯氏菌属丰度呈正相关。大曲理化特性对大曲微生物群落组成具有显著影响。曲霉属丰度与甲醇、异丁醇含量呈负相关;芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、糖多孢菌属丰度与乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量呈正相关;乳酸杆菌属丰度与乙酸乙酯含量呈负相关。不同香型大曲理化和微生物组成存在差异,同一工艺下不同香型大曲酒样风格以工艺的风格为主,大曲理化性质及微生物多样性与白酒品质息息相关。研究揭示了大曲与工艺对白酒风格的影响、大曲理化及微生物与白酒风味的内在联系,为提高不同香型白酒品质及香型融合奠定理论基础。

大曲  /  理化性质  /  微生物群落  /  风味物质  /  相关性分析

To systematically analyze the quality characteristics of different types of Daqu and their fermentation efficiency under the same brewing process, and to elucidate the intrinsic correlation between Daqu quality parameters and baijiu flavour characteristics, this study systematically compared and analyzed the physicochemical indices, microbial community structures, and brewing effects of medium-, medium-high-, and high-temperature Daqu. Furthermore, the internal relationships among these three aspects were examined. The analysis of physicochemical indices revealed that medium-temperature Daqu exhibited the highest moisture content, saccharifying power, and liquefaction power, while high-temperature Daqu showed the highest acidity. In terms of microbial community structure, the main dominant genera in medium-temperature Daqu were Aspergillus (70.90% abundance), Thermomyces (10.74% abundance), Bacillus (32.54% abundance), and Staphylococcus (15.56% abundance). In medium-high-temperature Daqu, the dominant genera included Aspergillus (75.52% abundance), Saccharomycetales (14.97% abundance), and Weissella (16.65% abundance). High-temperature Daqu was primarily characterized by the presence of Aspergillus (33.84% abundance), Thermomyces (33.67% abundance), Virgibacillus (25.52% abundance), and Kroppentedtia (24.10% abundance). The analysis of the brewing effect showed nine different flavour substances in the three kinds of Daqu baijiu. The sensory experience of medium-temperature Daqu baijiu was sweet and harmonious. Medium-high-temperature Daqu baijiu had a pleasing grain aroma, and high-temperature Daqu baijiui had a rich aroma and pure aftertaste. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that acidity was positively correlated with the abundance of Thermoascus and Virgibacillus. Liquefaction power positively correlated with Wallemia, Staphylococcus, and Saccharopolyspora abundance. Additionally, saccharifying power was positively correlated with Pantoea, while fermentation power was positively correlated with Weissella abundance. The physicochemical properties of Daqu significantly influenced its microbial community composition. Aspergillus showed a negative correlation with the content of methanol and isobutanol. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Saccharopolyspora abundance were positively correlated with ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate, whereas Lactobacillus abundance was negatively correlated with ethyl acetate content. The various flavour types of Daqu differed significantly in the physicochemical and microbial compositions among the various flavour types of Daqu. Within the same process, the style of different flavour types of Daqu baijiu was primarily determined by the processing style. The physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of Daqu were closely linked to the quality of baijiu. This study demonstrated the influence of Daqu and processing methods on baijiu style, explored the relationship between Daqu's physicochemical and microbial aspects and baijiu flavour, and provided a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality of different flavour baijiu and integrating various flavour types.

Daqu  /  physicochemical property  /  microbiological population  /  flavor compounds  /  correlation analysis
张英, 胡景辉, 张娇娇, 鄢定波, 周涛, 周靖怡, 韩兴林, 赵金松. 基于微生物组学技术探究不同大曲品质与酿造性能的相关性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 150 -159 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030091
Ying ZHANG, Jinghui HU, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Dingbo YAN, Tao ZHOU, Jingyi ZHOU, Xinglin HAN, Jinsong ZHAO. Investigating the Correlation between Different Daqu Qualities and Brewing Performance Based on Metagenomics Technology[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 150 -159 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030091
大曲是中国酿酒的传统糖化发酵剂,是白酒发酵过程中微生物主要来源,对白酒品质和风格形成起着重要作用[1]。根据传统制曲顶火温度,浓、清、酱三种白酒酿造大曲分别是中高温大曲、中温大曲和高温大曲,由于原料、制曲工艺、制曲条件等的差异,不同香型的大曲在理化特性和微生态群落上存在明显不同,这使得酿造出的白酒各具特色[2]。大曲理化指标、微生物群落结构以及酒中风味物质之间存在一定的联系。
王清龙等[3]对河南不同地区浓香型大曲理化性质和微生物多样性进行分析,发现不同大曲在糖化力、酸度和酯化力上存在显著差异,大曲理化对微生物群落结构影响显著。徐锦等[4]对不同香型大曲微生态结构及发酵特性进行相关性分析,发现芽孢杆菌属与糖化力、液化力、发酵力、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇呈正相关;嗜热霉菌属与己酸乙酯、异戊醇、乳酸乙酯、乙酸、川芎嗪呈正相关。ZHANG等[5]研究不同地区低温大曲微生物多样性及功能特性,发现乳酸菌和产乙酸盐的细菌分别在随州低温大曲和太原低温大曲中贡献高。YU等[6]对南北地区清香大曲理化指标、微生物群落及挥发性成分进行相关性分析,发现南方地区清香大曲水分含量、酸度、淀粉和糖化力高,北方地区清香大曲发酵、酯化和液化力高;南方清香大曲以芽孢杆菌属、Kroppenstedtia、酵母菌属和热囊菌属为主,而北方清香大曲则以芽孢杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属和酵母菌属为主;吡嗪的挥发性成分在南方大曲中显著高于北方大曲,而醇类化合物在北方大曲中比在南方大曲中更显著。现有研究对大曲的理化特性和微生物群落结构进行了较为系统的探讨,并揭示了微生物对发酵过程和白酒风味的影响。然而,研究仍存在微生物群落功能性分析不足以及不同香型大曲之间差异研究不足等问题。大曲特性与白酒品质相关,现有研究主要分析不同香型大曲与各自香型白酒的关联性,跨香型大曲在相同发酵体系中的性能比较研究亟待加强,这对完善大曲质量评价体系和实现风味定向调控具有重要意义。
本研究以三种香型大曲为糖化发酵剂,采用同一工艺酿造白酒,揭示同一工艺下不同香型大曲酿酒风味及感观差异,表明工艺对白酒的重要性。通过分析不同大曲理化性质、微生物群落结构及酒中风味物质的差异,并通过统计学分析技术探究三者之间的关联性,解析与大曲品质相关的重要指标,为提高不同香型白酒品质以及香型融合奠定基础。
中温大曲(MTD) 湖北省某酒厂提供;中高温大曲(MHTD) 四川省某酒厂提供;高温大曲(HTD) 贵州省某酒厂提供。各企业将成品曲块通过顺丰快递运送到实验室,实验室对曲块进行粉碎并充分混匀后使用;氢氧化钠、盐酸、次甲基蓝、葡萄糖、硫酸铜、酒石酸钾钠、碘、无水乙酸钠、可溶性淀粉等 分析纯,天津市福晨化学试剂厂;乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、油酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、己酸乙酯、十四酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、甲醇、仲丁醇、正丙醇、异戊醇、2,3-丁二醇、活性戊醇、1,2-丙二醇、正丁醇、β-苯乙醇、正己醇、苯甲醇、乙醛、乙缩醛、异戊醛、异丁醛、丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮等标准品 纯度均>99.0%,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;Fast DNA® Spin Kit for Soil试剂盒、TruSeq® DNA PCR Free Sample Preparation Kit建库试剂盒 美国Illumina公司。
GP-1502型分析天平 上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司;Clarus 580 气相色谱仪(GC):配备氢火焰离子检测器(flame ion-ization detector,FID) 美国热点公司;5 L304食品级不锈钢发酵罐 购自淘宝;HH S6A型电热恒温水浴锅 北京利伟永兴仪器有限公司;DHG-9030 烘箱 上海恒科技有限公司;MiSeq测序平台 美国Illumina公司。
本研究的酿造实验是采用清香型白酒酿造工艺实行的小型固态发酵实验。采用容量为5 L的陶坛作为发酵罐,投粮量为1 kg/坛,原料粉碎度为4、6、8瓣,润粮22~24 h后蒸粮80 min,打量水为投粮量的30%,加曲量为投粮量的12%,每种大曲进行三轮重复实验,每轮次三种大曲同时投粮,轮次间投粮时间不超过3 d。具体流程如下:
原料→粉碎→润粮→蒸粮→打量水、摊晾→加曲→入坛发酵→蒸馏取酒。
大曲水分、酸度、淀粉、糖化力、液化力和发酵力的测定均参照QB/T 4257-2011 酿酒大曲通用分析方法。
采用Fast DNA® Spin Kit for Soil试剂盒提取大曲的总DNA,提取后的DNA采用 Nanodrop进行定量,并通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA提取质量。细菌使用细菌引物515和806R,扩增V4高变区,真菌使用真菌引物ITS1F/ITS2R,扩增区域为ITS1-1F区。利用建库试剂盒TruSeq® DNA PCR Free Sample Preparation Kit进行文库构建。然后送往生物科技有限公司,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对DNA片段进行双端测序。测序得到的序列先根据overlap关系进行拼接,同时对序列质量进行质控和过滤,区分样本后进行多样性指数分析和群落结构的统计分析。
采用气相色谱法对酒体中挥发性风味物质进行定性定量分析。 酒样预处理:取10 mL酒样,加入1%内标(叔戊醇、乙酸正丁酯、2-乙基丁酸质量浓度分别为103 mg/L、106 mg/L、101 mg/L)100 μL,混匀后进行GC分析。GC条件:CP-Wax 57 CB(50 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm)毛细管色谱柱;进样口温度240 ℃,进样量1 μL;载气为高纯氮气(N2)(纯度>99.999%),流速1 mL/min,分流比20:1;氢气流速45 mL/min,空气流速450 mL/min;升温程序为起始温度35 ℃,恒温3 min,以3 ℃/min程序升温至100 ℃,以8 ℃/min程序升温至150 ℃,随即以15 ℃/min程序升温至200 ℃,恒温20 min。检测器温度250 ℃;参考NIST数据库结合出峰时间对风味物质定性,根据内标物峰面积与风味物质峰面积的比值计算出白酒挥发性风味物质的相对浓度。
由3名国家品酒师和经过筛选、培训的5名研究生组成感官品评小组,品评员对每个酒样样品进行品尝,对酒样的风格特征进行评价。评分要求:0—没有察觉;1—刚能察觉,难以 辨识;2—非常轻;3—较轻;4~5—中等;6~7—较强;8~9—主导[7]。
重复三次实验,以平均值±标准差的形式呈现。利用excel 2010对数据进行初步处理分析;Origin 2022软件绘制柱状图和热图;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 22对实验数据进行比较平均值单因素方差分析(ANVOA),P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 22对实验数据进行Pearson相关性分析,P<0.05为显著相关,P<0.01为极显著相关。SIMCA 14.1软件进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析,利用VIP>1为条件筛选差异香气物质,冗余分析(RDA)使用在线数据分析平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)进行。
大曲的水分含量和酸度对发酵过程以及白酒的质量有重要影响。适中的水分能确保微生物活性和发酵效率,释放恰当的香气和风味,而水分过多或过少则可能影响发酵效果和酒体的风味[8]。酸度则对微生物环境和酒体稳定性至关重要[9]。适中的酸度有助于抑制有害微生物,促进有益微生物的活跃,同时避免过强的酸味或涩味,使酒体风味更加圆润和谐[10]。不同大曲样品的理化数据见表1。三种大曲的水分和酸度差异较大,MTD的水分含量最高,HTD的酸度最高。三种大曲水分含量为10~14 g/100 g,酸度为0.7~1.7 mmol/10 g。MTD的水分含量较陈佩等[11]研究的清香型大曲水分含量高,这可能与不同企业制曲和储存环境有关。MHTD的水分和酸度符合标准QB/T 4259 浓香大曲中规定的范围:水分≤14%、酸度在0.3~1.5 mmol/10 g。HTD的酸度较唐佳代等[12]研究的酱香型大曲低,但与HOU等[13]的研究结果一致。三种大曲的淀粉含量无显著差异,可能是大曲均选用淀粉含量较高的小麦做原料导致的,且淀粉含量不是限制性指标[14]。
大曲糖化力是指大曲中酶类物质在一定条件下,将淀粉或其他复杂糖类转化为可发酵糖的能力,液化力是指大曲中的酶对淀粉进行液化反应的能力,发酵力是指大曲中含有的微生物(如酵母菌、乳酸菌等)将糖类转化为酒精等发酵产物的能力[15]。大曲理化是大曲发酵是否成熟以及大曲质量的直接指标[16]。大曲糖化力、液化力和发酵力三者共同作用,决定了白酒的品质和风味。MTD的糖化力显著高于MHTD(P<0.05),MHTD的糖化力显著高于HTD(P<0.05),可见随着大曲温度的升高,大曲糖化力逐渐降低。MTD的液化力显著高于MHTD(P<0.05),MHTD和HTD的液化力无显著差异,但也表现出随着大曲温度的升高液化力逐渐降低的趋势。这与不同品温大曲是不同香型白酒酿造工艺有关,MTD是清香型白酒酿造大曲,清香型白酒酿造工艺是发酵二茬即结束,因此需要大曲促进原料糖化,提升原料利用率,提高出酒率。而MHTD、HTD分别是浓香型和酱香型白酒的酿造大曲,两种香型白酒酿造工艺复杂,如酱香有七个轮次,原料糖化太快不利于后几个轮次的发酵产酒,影响白酒品质。
通过高通量测序分析不同大曲微生物群落结构,以探究其内在差异。对3种大曲的真核微生物群落结构进行分析,见图1。由图1a可知,3种大曲共检出143个真核微生物属,其中63个真核微生物属为3种大曲共有,占真核微生物群落总量的44.06%。Chao1表示微生物的多样性,Shannon表示微生物的菌落丰度和均匀度[17]。由图1b可知,3种大曲中高温大曲的微生物物种最多样。由图1c可知,3种大曲Shannon指数的关系为MTD>HTD>MHTD,可见中温大曲的真核微生物群落丰度和均匀度最高。真核微生物群落分布规律(图1d)结果表明,MTD的主要优势真核微生物属为曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比70.90%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,10.74%)等;MHTD的主要优势真核微生物属为曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比75.52%)、Saccharomycetales(14.97%)等;HTD的主要优势真核微生物属为曲霉属(Aspergillus,丰度占比33.84%)、嗜热丝孢菌属(Thermomyces,33.67%)、Eurotiales(12.59%)等。有研究表明,曲霉属(Aspergillus)含量与己酸、己酸丁酯、癸酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯呈正相关[18],己酸和己酸乙酯是浓香型白酒的重要风味化合物,因此中高温大曲中曲霉属的含量相对较高;嗜热丝孢菌属具有编码与糖化和乙醇发酵相关酶的潜力,对白酒风味代谢具有促进作用[19]。3种大曲真核微生物属水平上共有的菌种多,但优势真核微生物属种类和数量间存在差异,这可能导致3种大曲酿造性能存在差异的原因。
对3种大曲的原核微生物群落结构进行分析,见图2。由图2a可知,3种大曲共检出202个原核微生物属,其中62个原核微生物属为3种大曲共有,占总细菌含量的30.69%。由图2b可知,随着大曲温度的升高原核微生物物种数逐渐增高。由图2c可知,中高温大曲的原核微生物群落丰度和均匀度最高。原核微生物群落分布规律(图2d)结果表明,3种大曲中主要的原核微生物优势菌属有22个,MTD的优势原核微生物属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,丰度占比32.54%)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus,15.56%)、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora,14.23%)等;MHTD的优势原核微生物属为魏斯氏菌(Weissella,丰度占比16.65%)、Limosilactobacillus(10.90%)、Kroppenstedtia(9.50%)等;HTD的优势原核微生物属为枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus,丰度占比25.52%)、Kroppenstedtia(24.10%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,11.97%)、海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus,10.11%)等。有研究表明,芽孢杆菌属的蛋白酶活和淀粉酶活较高,促进原料分解,为发酵积累丰富的前体物质。MTD中芽孢杆菌属丰度最高,这可能是其糖化力和液化力较MHTD和HTD高的原因。高温大曲优势微生物的结果与DENG等[20]的研究结果Kroppenstedtia、芽孢杆菌属为主要优势微生物一致。中温大曲以芽孢杆菌属为主,高温大曲表现出比中温大曲更高的微生物复杂性和稳定性与CUI等[21]的研究结果一致。
为研究不同大曲酿造白酒风味物质含量差异,采用气相色谱对三种大曲酿造白酒酒样中的风味物质含量进行了定量分析,主要包括酯类、醇类、醛类和酮类共四大类,其中酯类16种,醇类15种,醛类5种,酮类3种。
白酒中酯类物质是主要的呈香物质[22]。由图3可知,三种大曲酒样中酯类物质含量为1056.95~6438.09 mg/L,在众多风味物质中占比大,其含量和比例决定着酒体的风格和质量。以清香型大曲酿造工艺为基础,不同大曲酿造白酒的乙酸乙酯含量均较高,其次是乳酸乙酯。在清香型白酒中乙酸乙酯含量通常高于乳酸乙酯的含量,且乙乳比通常要求>1[23]。MTD、NHTD、HTD酒样中乙乳比分别为1:0.30、1:0.27、1:0.38,清香风格典型。MTD酒样中己酸乙酯和丁二酸二乙酯含量显著高于MHTD和HTD (P<0.05),己酸乙酯是浓香型白酒的主体香气成分,说明白酒风味物质含量与工艺相关。MHTD酒样中油酸乙酯和亚油酸乙酯含量显著高于MTD和HTD(P<0.05);HTD酒样中戊酸乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯含量显著高于MTD和MHTD(P<0.05)。
白酒中醇类化合物是白酒中重要的风味物质,沸点低、易挥发,起到助香和促进酒体协调的作用[24]。白酒中的醇类物质主要分为甲醇和高级醇,甲醇是白酒中主要的卫生指标,根据GB 2757-2012 食品安全国家标准 蒸馏酒及其配制酒规定白酒中甲醇含量必须小于600 mg/L[25];高级醇是白酒风味贡献物质之一,具有水果香、花香、蜂蜜香等,令人愉悦[26]。由图4可知,MTD、MHTD、HTD酒样中甲醇含量分别为271.83±30.33、65.64±28.53、157.35±20.20 mg/L,均符合此标准。2,3-丁二醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、1,2-丙二醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、活性戊醇是主要的高级醇,不同大曲酒样中高级醇含量存在差异。
白酒中适量的醛类物质有助于提升白酒风味、平衡香气、促进香气释放以及改善口感等但过量时会产生不良气味,影响白酒口感[27]。由图5A可知,大曲酒样中共检测到乙醛、乙缩醛、异戊醛、糠醛和异丁醛5种醛类物质。其中乙醛和乙缩醛是主要的醛类物质,对白酒风味起着协调作用[28]。3种大曲酒样中HTD酒中乙醛含量显著高于MHTD(P<0.05)。由图5B可知,3种大曲酒样中共检测到3种酮类物质:丙酮、2-戊酮和3-羟基-2-丁酮,丙酮和2-戊酮均为白酒贡献水果香[29],3-羟基-2-丁酮对白酒有增香和调味作用,使酒体更丰满、口感圆润[30]。不同大曲酒样醛类物质含量存在差异。
由图6可知,三种大曲采用同一工艺酿造的白酒感官风格不同。其中MTD酒样酯香、醛香、果香突出,绵甜爽净,整体协调性好;MHTD酒样粮香突出,酸香较强,口感柔和协调,但回味较短;HTD酒样酸香、焦香、酱香突出,口感柔和醇厚,回味较长。由此可见,中温大曲酿酒果香、酯香好,酒体绵甜,协调感和爽净度高;中高温大曲酿酒粮香好;高温大曲酿酒酸香、焦香、酱香、曲香好,酒体回味感、纯厚度和柔和度均较高。
为进一步明确不同大曲酒样的差异性风味物质,对酒样气相色谱检测结果进行PLS-DA分析,分析结果如图7所示。该模型提取的2个主成分解释了82.4%。分析中的自变量拟合指数(R2x)为0.997,因变量拟合指数(R2y)为0.99,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.99,R2和Q2越接近1表示模型越稳定可靠,Q2>0.5为有效模型,Q2>0.9为出色模型。对模型进行了200次置换检验,通过检验图可以看出所有位于左边的R2和Q2值均低于右边的R2和Q2值,Q2回归线的截距为负值,表明该模型未过拟合。变量投影重要度(VIP)表征了分类过程中各量的重要性,VIP值大于1的变量对不同样本组之间的区分起着重要作用。根据VIP>1的标准筛选出三种大曲酒样的差异香气物质9种,具体化合物在表2中列出,其中酯类3种,醇类5种,醛类1种。
为探究3种大曲理化指标对核心微生物群落组成的影响,选择理化指标与丰度占比前10的真核微生物属及原核微生物属进行冗余分析(RDA)。如图8所示,在真核微生物方面,除淀粉外的大曲理化指标对大曲优势真核微生物属影响较大,酸度与热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)、Eurotiales、红曲霉(Monascus)、Ascomycota丰度呈正相关。液化力和糖化力与小尖霉属(Wallemia)、Eurotiomycetes丰度呈正相关。在原核微生物中,酸度与HTD中的Kroppenstedtia、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus)丰度呈正相关。水分、淀粉和液化力与MTD中的葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)丰度呈正相关。糖化力与Pantoea丰度呈正相关关系,发酵力与魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、Limosilactobacillus丰度呈正相关。因此大曲中微生物群落制约着大曲的理化性质,可通过调控大曲中菌群组成调节大曲理化性质。
采用mantel test检验对大曲品质和酒样差异性化合物间进行相关性分析。由图9a可知,大曲水分含量与乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、正丁醇含量呈显著正相关;大曲酸度与乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、2,3-丁二醇、正丁醇、乙醛含量呈显著性正相关;大曲糖化力与除甲醇和异丁醇外的差异性风味物质含量呈显著正相关;大曲液化力和发酵力均与乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量呈显著正相关。
微生物间相互作用共同调控着白酒风味物质的形成。由图9b可知,大曲优势真核微生物属中曲霉属(Aspergillus)、Eurotiales均与甲醇含量呈负相关;曲霉属(Aspergillus)、Eurotiales、热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)、Ascomycota均与异丁醇含量呈负相关;Wickerhamomyces与乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯呈显著性负相关。大曲优势真核微生物属基本与差异性风味物质呈正相关。曲霉属(Aspergillus)是三种大曲共有的优势真核微生物属,在白酒发酵中通过酶催化分解大分子,生成挥发性风味物质,促进酿酒原料预处理,增加微生物多样性,提升发酵稳定性,从而影响白酒的香气、口感和质量。不同菌株的代谢特征决定最终风味。
由图9c可知,大曲优势原核微生物属中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、Kroppenstedtia、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus)、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、热放线菌属(Thermoactinomyce)、Pantoea、海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)均与乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯呈正相关,乳酸杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)与乙酸乙酯含量呈负相关。芽孢杆菌属是各类大曲中最重要且最具代表性的细菌之一,能够分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和葡萄糖淀粉酶水解原料中的营养物质,产生丰富的风味化合物,在白酒的发酵过程中发挥着关键作用[31]。微生物生长与代谢通过酶催化反应影响白酒发酵中的风味物质生成。研究表明,三种大曲中微生物种类多样,群落结构与相互作用复杂,导致酶系和挥发性风味物质的差异。对大曲菌群组成的调节最终可调控大曲酿酒风味物质组成,从而影响白酒品质。
本研究通过全面解析中温、中高温、高温大曲的理化指标、微生物群落结构以及酿酒风味物质成分,揭示了它们的差异并解析了大曲品质之间以及大曲品质与白酒品质之间的相关性。研究结果表明:大曲理化指标方面,中温大曲的水分含量、糖化力和液化力最高,这可能与其酿造工艺特点“清蒸清茬,清蒸二次清”有关;高温大曲的酸度最高。微生物群落方面,3种大曲中共检测出13个主要的真核微生物菌属,22个主要的原核微生物菌属,不同温度大曲的优势微生物不同。高温大曲真核微生物菌属和原核微生物菌属的物种多样性最高,中温大曲真核微生物菌属的群落丰度和均匀度最高;中高温大曲原核微生物菌属的群落丰度和均匀度最高。酿酒效果方面,三种大曲酒样风味物质均以乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯为主,但乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、正丁醇和乙醛等9种差异性物质在三种大曲酒样中存在显著差异。感官品评结果表明,不同大曲酿酒风格不同。相关性分析结果表明,酸度、液化力和糖化力与多个优势原核、真核微生物属呈正相关,显著影响大曲微生物群落组成。大曲理化指标基本与差异性风味物质含量呈正相关。大曲优势微生物与大多数差异性风味物质含量呈正相关。可通过调节大曲中微生物组成调节白酒品质。
本研究为不同香型大曲在白酒生产中的合理应用提供了数据支持,同时为白酒行业做香型融合提供了参考。本研究揭示了微生物群落与白酒风味物质含量的相关性,但尚未阐明微生物代谢途径对风味物质形成机制的影响。后续研究可重点解析微生物代谢网络与风味物质合成的内在关联,从而为定向调控风味物质形成及功能化大曲开发提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030091
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
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    1四川轻化工大学生物工程学院,四川宜宾 644000
    2中国食品发酵工业研究院有限公司,北京 100015
    3国家酒类品质与安全国联合研究中心,北京 100015
    4湖北漳兰河农业科技发展有限公司,湖北十堰 442108

通讯作者:

韩兴林(1983−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
赵金松(1980−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:白酒生产、酒体设计,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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