Article(id=1320886747148440212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853541408, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853541408, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853541408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853541408, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886747362349717, articleId=1320886747148440212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characteristics and Applications of Complexes Formed by Gellan Gum, Carrageenan, and Sodium Alginate in Suspension Beverages, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the effects of combined gellan gum, carrageenan, and sodium alginate on polysaccharide composite gel properties, and evaluated their practical applications in food production. Single gels composed of gellan gum, carrageenan, or sodium alginate were prepared, alongside four composite gels formulated at ratios of 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1:2. Gel properties were characterized by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), rheological analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that, compared to single-component gels, composite gels exhibited markedly improved water-binding capacities, as evidenced by shortened T23 relaxation times, decreased A23 values, increased storage modulus, and reduced freezeable water content. Among all samples, the 1:2:1 composite gel showed the lowest freezable water content (76.14%), which was reduced by 14.14%, 20.51%, and 23.01% compared to single gels of gellan gum, carrageenan, and sodium alginate, respectively. Additionally, FTIR analysis showed an increased amplitude at 3424 cm−1 and a peak shift at 1637 cm−1, and SEM images revealed dense and homogeneous network structures, confirming that interactions such as hydrogen bonding among these polysaccharides significantly enhanced gel properties and microstructural characteristics. Sensory evaluations conducted on suspension beverages formulated with composite gels revealed the ratio of 1:2:1 to be superior, as this particular composite gel formulation demonstrated enhanced stability compared to other tested ratios.

, authors=Wei ZHAO, Xue HAN, Penghao WANG, Ruizhi LI, Rui LIU, Wenzhao LI*, authorsList=Wei ZHAO, Xue HAN, Penghao WANG, Ruizhi LI, Rui LIU, Wenzhao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenzhao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886748863910564, articleId=1320886747148440212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=结冷胶、卡拉胶与海藻酸钠复合凝胶特性及其在悬浮饮料中的应用, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠对多糖复合凝胶性能的影响以及在食品生产中的实际应用。以结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠为原料,制备单一凝胶及比例分别为1:1:1、2:1:1、1:2:1、1:1:2的四种复合凝胶样品,通过低场核磁共振、流变特性检测、差示扫描量热、傅里叶红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜对凝胶特性进行表征。结果表明,与单一凝胶相比,复合凝胶的水分束缚能力显著提升,表现为T23弛豫时间缩短,A23值减小,储能模量提高且可冻结水分含量下降,其中1:2:1可冻结水含量最低,为76.14%,相较于结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠分别降低了14.14%、20.51%和23.01%。红外光谱在3424 cm−1波数处振幅增强、1637 cm−1处峰位偏移,结合扫描电子显微镜下观察到的致密均匀的网络结构,证实三种多糖通过氢键等相互作用可以不同程度的改善凝胶特性及微观结构特性。将不同比例的复合凝胶应用在悬浮饮料中并对其进行感官评价,发现1:2:1的复合比例应用效果显著优于其他比例,该比例形成的复合凝胶更稳定。

, authors=赵薇, 韩雪, 王鹏豪, 李瑞芝, 刘蕊, 李文钊*, authorsList=赵薇, 韩雪, 王鹏豪, 李瑞芝, 刘蕊, 李文钊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李文钊, authorNote=

赵薇(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李文钊(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2018, 75: 51−61., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886749061042853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886749065237158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, companyId=1320886749061042853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886749073625767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, companyId=1320886749061042853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886751556653778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Range of relaxation times for different gel samples, figureFileSmall=m6M2rMLARlKeZ+Jh0bsR/g==, figureFileBig=kz74FKTt4F3GJn+t7xwcAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886751640539859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同凝胶样品的弛豫时间范围, figureFileSmall=m6M2rMLARlKeZ+Jh0bsR/g==, figureFileBig=kz74FKTt4F3GJn+t7xwcAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886751829283540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation of the energy storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of different gel samples during dynamic frequency scanning, figureFileSmall=O/7bqNSqygVvzutuSiidMA==, figureFileBig=PdYbW2Dz4IEFatHPv39Jlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886751984472789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图2, caption=动态频率扫描中不同凝胶样品的储能模量(G')及损耗模量(G'')变化, figureFileSmall=O/7bqNSqygVvzutuSiidMA==, figureFileBig=PdYbW2Dz4IEFatHPv39Jlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752059970262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=DSC spectra of different gel samples (a, b) and Wf (c), figureFileSmall=d0n2p/zAEJS/dvMk0zeQkg==, figureFileBig=uzyOsZzTbXYR8fXlESvN4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752131273431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同凝胶样品的DSC谱图(a,b)及Wf(c)

注:不同字母表示存在显著性差异,P<0.05,图7同。

, figureFileSmall=d0n2p/zAEJS/dvMk0zeQkg==, figureFileBig=uzyOsZzTbXYR8fXlESvN4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752198382296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Infrared spectra of different gel samples, figureFileSmall=cAknBEq/99URxd2HlXx9IQ==, figureFileBig=1/lzI6avLrLy0qU6qMhfLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752269685465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同凝胶样品的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=cAknBEq/99URxd2HlXx9IQ==, figureFileBig=1/lzI6avLrLy0qU6qMhfLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752349377242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Micromorphological maps of different gel samples, figureFileSmall=lbKNmR7qGn9G3EEZTIj4FA==, figureFileBig=8n0WIJok3eDXVbYFrOeUEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752433263323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同凝胶样品的微观形态图, figureFileSmall=lbKNmR7qGn9G3EEZTIj4FA==, figureFileBig=8n0WIJok3eDXVbYFrOeUEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752491983580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Suspension effects of suspension beverages spiked with different composite gels at different times, figureFileSmall=KMTEefhcJqKO/dyWNanvhw==, figureFileBig=PMQbMTyNNhjIxRmxWuu0iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752567481053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图6, caption=添加了不同复合凝胶的悬浮饮料在不同时间的悬浮效果

注:从左到右样品瓶依次是空白、Comp-1、Comp-2、Comp-3、Comp-4。

, figureFileSmall=KMTEefhcJqKO/dyWNanvhw==, figureFileBig=PMQbMTyNNhjIxRmxWuu0iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752638784222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of adding different composite gels on the sensory scores of suspension beverages, figureFileSmall=hqzROJzCOA/LLmt8bCspew==, figureFileBig=AStLDM3+BfblFIe+yJ4vSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752697504479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=图7, caption=添加不同复合凝胶对悬浮饮料感官评分的影响, figureFileSmall=hqzROJzCOA/LLmt8bCspew==, figureFileBig=AStLDM3+BfblFIe+yJ4vSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886752760419040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory scoring scale for suspension beverages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽(30分)呈淡乳白色,有光泽21~30
颜色微黄,有光泽11~20
颜色过深,光泽暗淡0~10
风味口感(35分)入口顺滑清爽,无凝胶感,无异味31~35
入口顺滑清爽,轻微凝胶感,无异味16~30
入口黏腻,凝胶感强烈,有明显异味0~15
组织状态(35分)果粒分布均匀,无分层沉淀31~35
果粒部分下沉,轻微分层沉淀16~30
果粒全部沉底,明显沉淀0~15
), ArticleFig(id=1320886752831722209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

悬浮饮料感官评分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目评分标准分值(分)
色泽(30分)呈淡乳白色,有光泽21~30
颜色微黄,有光泽11~20
颜色过深,光泽暗淡0~10
风味口感(35分)入口顺滑清爽,无凝胶感,无异味31~35
入口顺滑清爽,轻微凝胶感,无异味16~30
入口黏腻,凝胶感强烈,有明显异味0~15
组织状态(35分)果粒分布均匀,无分层沉淀31~35
果粒部分下沉,轻微分层沉淀16~30
果粒全部沉底,明显沉淀0~15
), ArticleFig(id=1320886752894636770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relaxation times of different gel samples and their corresponding peak areas

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样品T22(ms)T23(ms)A22(V·ms)A23(V·ms)
Comp-117.75±0.85d531.63±2.67d256.08±1.58b240697.00±2.22f
Comp-230.01±2.12c580.33±1.73c249.08±2.32c245251.04±1.79e
Comp-316.69±1.41d471.71±2.11e317.53±1.89a197032.23±2.23g
Comp-433.49±2.12bc581.05±1.06c219.52±2.12d279460.62±2.49d
Sin-G34.02±2.83bc582.06±0.37c218.98±1.94d523831.09±2.90c
Sin-K35.39±3.32b818.67±0.65b203.05±0.88e897771.42±1.36b
Sin-S43.86±0.70a1079.92±1.98a194.71±0.71f1245701.325±3.83a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886752961745635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886747148440212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同凝胶样品的弛豫时间及其对应的峰面积

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样品T22(ms)T23(ms)A22(V·ms)A23(V·ms)
Comp-117.75±0.85d531.63±2.67d256.08±1.58b240697.00±2.22f
Comp-230.01±2.12c580.33±1.73c249.08±2.32c245251.04±1.79e
Comp-316.69±1.41d471.71±2.11e317.53±1.89a197032.23±2.23g
Comp-433.49±2.12bc581.05±1.06c219.52±2.12d279460.62±2.49d
Sin-G34.02±2.83bc582.06±0.37c218.98±1.94d523831.09±2.90c
Sin-K35.39±3.32b818.67±0.65b203.05±0.88e897771.42±1.36b
Sin-S43.86±0.70a1079.92±1.98a194.71±0.71f1245701.325±3.83a
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结冷胶、卡拉胶与海藻酸钠复合凝胶特性及其在悬浮饮料中的应用
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赵薇 , 韩雪 , 王鹏豪 , 李瑞芝 , 刘蕊 , 李文钊 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(6): 107-114
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (6) : 107 -114
结冷胶、卡拉胶与海藻酸钠复合凝胶特性及其在悬浮饮料中的应用
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赵薇 , 韩雪, 王鹏豪, 李瑞芝, 刘蕊, 李文钊*
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457
通讯作者:
李文钊(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵薇(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:

Characteristics and Applications of Complexes Formed by Gellan Gum, Carrageenan, and Sodium Alginate in Suspension Beverages
Wei ZHAO , Xue HAN, Penghao WANG, Ruizhi LI, Rui LIU, Wenzhao LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040105
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本研究旨在探讨结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠对多糖复合凝胶性能的影响以及在食品生产中的实际应用。以结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠为原料,制备单一凝胶及比例分别为1:1:1、2:1:1、1:2:1、1:1:2的四种复合凝胶样品,通过低场核磁共振、流变特性检测、差示扫描量热、傅里叶红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜对凝胶特性进行表征。结果表明,与单一凝胶相比,复合凝胶的水分束缚能力显著提升,表现为T23弛豫时间缩短,A23值减小,储能模量提高且可冻结水分含量下降,其中1:2:1可冻结水含量最低,为76.14%,相较于结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠分别降低了14.14%、20.51%和23.01%。红外光谱在3424 cm−1波数处振幅增强、1637 cm−1处峰位偏移,结合扫描电子显微镜下观察到的致密均匀的网络结构,证实三种多糖通过氢键等相互作用可以不同程度的改善凝胶特性及微观结构特性。将不同比例的复合凝胶应用在悬浮饮料中并对其进行感官评价,发现1:2:1的复合比例应用效果显著优于其他比例,该比例形成的复合凝胶更稳定。

结冷胶  /  卡拉胶  /  海藻酸钠  /  复合凝胶  /  悬浮饮料  /  悬浮稳定性

This study aimed to explore the effects of combined gellan gum, carrageenan, and sodium alginate on polysaccharide composite gel properties, and evaluated their practical applications in food production. Single gels composed of gellan gum, carrageenan, or sodium alginate were prepared, alongside four composite gels formulated at ratios of 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1:2. Gel properties were characterized by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), rheological analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that, compared to single-component gels, composite gels exhibited markedly improved water-binding capacities, as evidenced by shortened T23 relaxation times, decreased A23 values, increased storage modulus, and reduced freezeable water content. Among all samples, the 1:2:1 composite gel showed the lowest freezable water content (76.14%), which was reduced by 14.14%, 20.51%, and 23.01% compared to single gels of gellan gum, carrageenan, and sodium alginate, respectively. Additionally, FTIR analysis showed an increased amplitude at 3424 cm−1 and a peak shift at 1637 cm−1, and SEM images revealed dense and homogeneous network structures, confirming that interactions such as hydrogen bonding among these polysaccharides significantly enhanced gel properties and microstructural characteristics. Sensory evaluations conducted on suspension beverages formulated with composite gels revealed the ratio of 1:2:1 to be superior, as this particular composite gel formulation demonstrated enhanced stability compared to other tested ratios.

gellan gum  /  carrageenan  /  sodium alginate  /  composite gels  /  suspension beverages  /  suspension stability
赵薇, 韩雪, 王鹏豪, 李瑞芝, 刘蕊, 李文钊. 结冷胶、卡拉胶与海藻酸钠复合凝胶特性及其在悬浮饮料中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040105
Wei ZHAO, Xue HAN, Penghao WANG, Ruizhi LI, Rui LIU, Wenzhao LI. Characteristics and Applications of Complexes Formed by Gellan Gum, Carrageenan, and Sodium Alginate in Suspension Beverages[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040105
悬浮饮料凭借层次感外观及多元的营养成分,在消费市场中深受欢迎,然而,悬浮稳定性差却制约了悬浮饮料的发展。多糖凝胶的三维网状架构为解决这一难题提供了技术路径,它能够捕获悬浮颗粒,实现颗粒均匀持久的分散[1]。凝胶是指分散体系内胶质颗粒或高分子溶质,经物理或化学交联形成的具有复杂三维网络结构的物质[2]。在适宜的条件下,凝胶形成的这种网络结构可以赋予食品独特的质构和感官特性,还能有效提升产品的稳定性和保水性[3]。天然多糖是一类生物大分子,其中葡聚糖、壳聚糖、透明质酸、藻酸盐和纤维素是凝胶合成中常用的多糖。多糖材料以其低成本而著称,具有独特的性质,如抗菌功能、优异的生物相容性和生物降解性,成为当前研究的重点[4]。这些天然多糖不仅具备良好的生物相容性,还能通过改善食品的特性,提升消费者的整体体验,为食品开发提供了更多可能性。但单一多糖应用于生产,往往会出现凝胶强度欠佳、机械完整性较弱,且在加工环境条件下稳定性不足等问题。不同多糖之间存在不同程度的协同增效作用,复合后可能会赋予凝胶更优的性能,如增强凝胶强度、提升机械性能与稳定性等[5],有效克服单一多糖的固有缺陷,从而有效防止悬浮饮料颗粒沉降问题。同时,应用具有协同作用的多糖可以减少食品中具有相同或更好功能的胶质数量,降低生产成本,从而带来经济效益。
结冷胶源自鞘氨醇单胞菌属,是仅次于黄原胶的第二常用细菌多糖[6]。良好的稳定性及优异的亲水胶体性质使其适用于黏性凝胶和悬浮剂[7],在食品领域应用价值广泛[8],常用于多种果冻、布丁等凝胶性食品的加工。在悬浮饮料中,结冷胶能有效防止不溶物沉淀,提升饮料的品质。与市面上其他同类型产品相比,结冷胶性能稳定,凝结度和透明度更高、少量用量即可成胶,还能与多种物质良好复配,兼容性高[9]。卡拉胶是从红藻科的某些红色海藻中提取的天然存在的阴离子硫酸化线性多糖[10],当卡拉胶与其他多糖复合时,如刺槐豆胶[11]或魔芋葡甘露聚糖[12−13]等,可能会通过电荷互补区域的静电结合或者疏水微区的物理交联从而相互作用产生弱结区或新的结区,该过程可重构凝胶孔径分布,提升机械强度与稳定性。Nishinari等[14]研究了结冷胶与卡拉胶混合体系的性质,结果显示两种聚合物会在一定浓度范围内相互抑制形成连接区,使其弹性模量增大,形成的凝胶更加坚固,而单独形成的凝胶则较软[15]。海藻酸钠是一种来源于褐藻的线性多糖,其分子结构中含有大量的羧基、羟基,化学活性较高,能够在温和条件下迅速构成三维凝胶网络结构[16]。海藻酸钠可以与其他多糖实现协同效应,从而增强其功能特性。研究发现,以卡拉胶与海藻酸钠复合而成的球形凝胶珠,随着卡拉胶浓度的提升,凝胶珠的表面会呈现出更为丰富的多孔结构,同时其溶胀程度也会进一步增加,相较于单一的海藻酸钠凝胶,该复合凝胶对亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)展现出更高的包封效率,在相关应用领域具有显著优势[17]。海藻酸钠的线性结构[18]、结冷胶的双螺旋结构[19]以及卡拉胶的半刚性链结构[20]差异明显,在溶液相互缠绕,可能通过氢键或者静电作用形成更稳定的复合凝胶网络。
基于结冷胶、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠的凝胶特性及协同增效潜力,系统探究三者比例对复合凝胶性能的调控机制,分析比例不同对凝胶流变特性、水分束缚能力以及微观结构等的影响,并将其应用在悬浮饮料中,以此验证其实际应用效果,为多糖功能凝胶的开发及悬浮饮料的研发提供理论依据与实践参考。
低酰基结冷胶(Gellan gum,GG) 新疆阜丰生物科技有限公司;κ-卡拉胶(Kappa-carrageenan,KC) 绿新(福建)食品有限公司;海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA) 青岛明月海藻集团有限公司;实验用水均为蒸馏水。
XMTD-204 恒温水浴箱 上海力辰科技有限公司;YH-A1000 电子天平 瑞安市英衡有限公司;HAAKE MARS60旋转流变仪 德国热电公司;MicroMR-25 低场核磁共振仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;DSC 3500 Sirius差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰NETZSCH;MODULYOD-203冷冻干燥机 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;Tensor 27 傅里叶红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;SU 3800 扫描电子显微镜 日本日立高新技术公司。
为制备不同比例的凝胶样品,使用结冷胶(GG)、卡拉胶(KC)和海藻酸钠(SA)。分别制备三种单一的凝胶以及这三种多糖按照以下四种比例混合得到的复合凝胶:1:1:1、2:1:1、1:2:1和1:1:2。各组分以3 g/100 mL的浓度配制溶液,置于室温下进行搅拌直至均匀溶解,并充分溶胀1 h。随后,将混合溶液置于80 ℃水浴锅内恒温保持30 min,冷却到室温,在4 ℃冰箱中存储16 h。得到的凝胶样品分别以Sin-G、Sin-K、Sin-S、Comp-1、Comp-2、Comp-3和Comp-4命名。
基于Zhao等[21]的实验方法并适度优化,使用低场核磁共振仪(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)研究凝胶样品中的水分分布特性。在NMR试管内放置凝胶样品,通过CPMG脉冲序列采集横向弛豫时间(T2)分布曲线,以分析不同结合状态水分的占比及迁移规律。
利用旋转流变仪对凝胶样品的流变特性进行检测。选用p35平板,设定板间距为1000 μm,在25 ℃恒温条件下,通过0.1~10 Hz的扫描频率模式分析不同样品的动态流变行为。
参照Lei等[22]的方法并稍作修改,采用差示扫描量热法(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC) 进行热力学分析。具体步骤如下:准确称取7 mg凝胶试样置于铝制坩埚中密闭处理,随后将其置于DSC样品室内。实验中通入氮气作为保护气(流量50 mL/min),设置温度扫描程序为−30~30 ℃,以5 ℃/min的速率进行程序升温。通过分析0 ℃附近的吸热峰面积,利用公式计算可冻结水(Wf)含量:
$\rm W_f(\text{%})=\frac{\Delta H}{\Delta H_0}\times 100$
式中:∆H为凝胶样品的相变焓值,J/g;∆H0为纯水的熔融焓,334 J/g。
根据Guan等[23]的方法调整,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)对凝胶分子特征基团进行检测。称取1 mg经−80 ℃预冻后于冷冻干燥机中干燥24 h制得的冻干样品与150 mg溴化钾粉末混合,使用研钵充分研磨后制成透明薄片。测试条件为波数范围4000~500 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,累计扫描16次。
参照崔亚雪等[24]的方法并稍作修改,通过扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察凝胶网络形态。将冻干样品切成小块后表面喷金,在加速电压5.0 kV及100倍放大倍数下,记录凝胶断面的微观特征。
以200 mL计,加入薏米汁(6%)、红豆汁(3%)、白砂糖(7%)、柠檬酸(0.02%)及薏米红豆混合颗粒(颗粒粒径3.5~4.0 mm,添加量3%),并将已制备好的复合凝胶Comp-1、Comp-2、Comp-3和Comp-4按0.3%的添加量分别加入其中,以水定容,均质后杀菌灌装,室温冷却静置。
在Khoshdouni等[25]的方法上稍作调整,将添加不同复合凝胶的悬浮饮料室温储藏,分别在存放1、3、7、14、30 d时统一角度拍摄饮料外观图片,观察颗粒分散情况。
选择10名具有评分经验的食品专业学生(男女比例为1:1),根据表1的评分标准,对室温存放3 d的悬浮饮料进行感官评分,去除评分中最大值和最小值后计算平均值作为最终得分[26−27]。
所有实验数据均通过三次独立重复测定,结果以均值±标准差(Mean±SD)形式表示,并借助SPSS 24.0及Origin 2020 完成分析与绘图,P<0.05判定组间具有显著性差异。
为探究复合凝胶内水分的分布特征,运用低场核磁共振技术测定凝胶样品的T2弛豫时间。T2弛豫时间本质上反映的是水分子中氢质子的自由度与活动性。当T2值越小,表明氢质子的运动遭受到更强的限制,也就意味着体系内的水分稳定性更高[28]。从图1中能看到不同凝胶样品的T2分布情况。所有样品都呈现出两个不同的峰,各自对应着不同状态的水:结合水T22(10~100 ms)和自由水T23(100~1000 ms)。相比于单一凝胶,四种比例的复合凝胶的T23均呈现左移且信号幅度减弱的现象,这是因为不同凝胶样品间存在协同相互作用。在复合凝胶中,不同多糖链之间可能通过氢键、静电作用等相互缠绕和交联,使得原本自由移动的水分子被束缚在凝胶网络结构中,从而导致自由水向结合水迁移,结合水含量增加[29]。GG、KC、SA分子中的多糖链含有大量的羟基、羧基等亲水基团,这些基团可以与水分子形成氢键,三种多糖的协同作用增强了凝胶对水分的束缚能力,优化了凝胶的内部结构。
在图1四种比例的复合凝胶中,Comp-3(1:2:1)的结合水相较于其他三个比例复合凝胶较多。这可能是由于KC比例增加,其双螺旋结构成为网络骨架,通过拓扑缠结[30],与GG双螺旋形成互穿网络,这种致密的网络结构能够更有效地束缚水分子[31],使更多的自由水转变为结合水。而Comp-4(1:1:2)的结合水最少且T23峰型较为尖锐,这可能是由于SA高电荷密度导致分子链间静电排斥增强,导致相分离现象,使自由水分布集中破坏了网络连续性。SA还可能与其他成分存在竞争,减少了GG/KC交联位点,使得该体系对水分的束缚能力下降,导致结合水含量降低。
表2为单一凝胶及不同复合凝胶样品的弛豫时间及对应的峰面积,弛豫时间T22、T23对应的峰面积,分别以A22、A23表示。T2弛豫时间和峰面积可以有效体现复合凝胶体系里各组分与水分子间的相互作用和凝胶内部结构的信息。根据表2数据,Sin-G、Sin-K和Sin-S的T23呈现出明显差异,SA因其线性柔性链构象致使其T23较长。与单一凝胶相比,复合凝胶的T23均显著缩短,同时A23也明显减小,其中Comp-3的T23最短,为471.71 ms;随后依次为Comp-1(531.63 ms)、Comp-2(580.33 ms)、Comp-4(581.05 ms),且A23的数值变化也遵循此顺序增加。这表明不同比例下多糖间存在协同增效作用,但其效果存在差异。如Comp-3(1:2:1),KC占比较高,其双螺旋结构可能在网络构建中发挥主导作用,与其他多糖协同,形成了束缚水分能力更强的结构。这种紧密有序的结构能够有效减少体系内水分游离,为悬浮饮料颗粒营造稳定的分散环境,进而有效维持颗粒在悬浮饮料中的稳定。
流变特性与食品体系之间的关联,本质上是一个从微观到宏观的结构与功能相互作用的过程,通过黏弹性参数,能够动态反映食品的内部结构以及在加工过程中的性能表现[32]。图2为不同比例复合凝胶(a)以及单一凝胶(b)的储能模量G'和损耗模量G''随频率(0.1~10 Hz)变化时的流变行为。由图可以看出,随着频率不断增加,所有凝胶样品的G'和G''均呈现增长趋势,并且G'一直高于G'',展现为典型的凝胶特性[33]。在频率扫描范围内,复合凝胶的G'明显高于单一凝胶,其中Comp-3(1:2:1)显示出最高的G',表明其较强的弹性和良好的结构稳定性,这可能是因为更高比例的KC提供了更强的聚合网络,而GG和SA则协调了这种相互作用。Comp-4(1:1:2)的G'则最低,Comp-1和Comp-2表现出介于二者之间的性能,表明复合凝胶的比例对于其流变特性具有重要影响。适当的比例有助于增强凝胶的结构强度。高比例的KC在某些复合体系中所得到的结构增强效应,其良好的流变特性可能是由于多糖分子之间的协同作用等因素所致。复合凝胶的比例及其成分对食品的质构和口感具有显著的影响[34],在悬浮饮料中,稳定结构与适宜的黏弹性能高效阻止颗粒下沉,为提升品质与稳定性提供依据。
差示扫描量热法可用于定量分析凝胶体系中冻结水比例(Wf),其原理是通过检测水分在升温降温过程中的相变热力学行为实现[35]。图3(a)和图3(b)为不同凝胶组分在低温区间(−30~30 ℃)的DSC热流曲线。结果表明,全部凝胶样品于0 ℃ 左右皆有明显的吸热峰存在,对应凝胶内水分从冰晶态向液态转变的相变过程。该峰面积与体系内可冻结水的焓值变化相关。由图可知,复合凝胶的吸热峰面积较单一凝胶普遍减小,表明作用显著抑制自由水及弱结合水的可冻结性,这一现象与低场核磁共振测得的结果相互印证,证明复合凝胶通过分子间协同效应增强了水分束缚能力。
经计算得出不同凝胶样品的Wf,结果如图3(c)所示。数据表明,单一凝胶的Wf总体高于复合凝胶。其中,Sin-S的Wf最高。在复合凝胶中,Comp-3(1:2:1)的Wf最低,为76.14%,对比单一凝胶分别降低了14.14%、20.51%和23.01%,Comp-1(1:1:1)的Wf略高于Comp-3,Comp-4最高。不同比例的复合凝胶展现出不同的协同效应,说明组分比例对凝胶网络结构和水分分布有明显影响。当可冻结水含量较低时,凝胶网络交联密度较高,能够更有效地束缚水分子,避免脱水收缩或相分离现象,这种结构特性增强了其整体稳定性。因此,Comp-3的可冻结水含量最低,表明其网络结构最为致密,稳定性最佳。该研究结果为优化复合凝胶性能及其应用于食品、医药等领域提供了重要依据。
红外光谱是一种快速且无损的技术,已被广泛用于表征不同的多糖。当化学基团在分子水平上相互作用时,在FTIR光谱中可以看到变化,如吸收带的移动等[36]。红外光谱分析(图4)揭示了单一凝胶及其复合体系的分子作用机制差异。特征峰3424、2925、1637、1413、 1151 cm−1,分别对应羟基(-OH)的拉伸振动、饱和碳氢键(C-H)伸缩振动、羧酸基(-COO−)不对称和对称延伸峰以及醚键(C-O-C)拉伸[37],853 cm−1处峰源于卡拉胶半乳糖环上的硫酸酯基(-OSO3−)[38]。复合凝胶光谱峰振幅普遍增强,其中Comp-3(1:2:1)在3424 cm−1范围幅度最大,表明其氢键网络密度最高;-COO−的延伸峰向低波数迁移及853 cm−1处峰的减弱可能是线性多糖通过氢键形成网络结构[39],将-OSO3−基团包裹于聚集体内部,导致基团振动自由度降低。上述光谱特征与流变学数据一致,Comp-3因KC双螺旋主导的协同交联作用使体系交联紧密,储能模量显著提升,而Comp-4(1:1:2)则因SA过量引发静电排斥导致模量下降[40]。凝胶组分比例差异会引发协同作用的显著变化,适当比例使分子间氢键作用增强,这种强化的网络结构有助于在饮料中形成更致密的包裹层,防止悬浮饮料内部颗粒的聚集。
不同凝胶样品的微观结构如图5所示。通过扫描电子显微镜分析,可清晰观察到各凝胶独特的微观特征。Sin-K呈现出高度多孔的蜂窝状结构,而Sin-G则由较少多孔的网状聚合物构成[41],其分子间的相互作用使得结构相对紧密;Sin-S以层状片晶或纤维结构存在,片晶之间存在一定距离,这些距离提供黏度并维持其结构。对于复合凝胶,其综合了三者的结构特点,相较于单一凝胶,网络结构连接更为致密均匀,且孔径普遍较小。Comp-1(1:1:1)整体连接较为紧密,但在局部区域仍存在较大孔隙;Comp-4(1:1:2)的微观结构中同时出现大面积片层结构及孔状结构,其中孔状结构的局部区域存在较大空隙和不连续性,这表明体系内出现了相分离现象,可能是由于过量的SA引发基团间的静电排斥,从而破坏了原本通过氢键形成的稳定网络结构,干扰了其他成分的有序排列,最终导致构象无序,使得凝胶无法维持均匀稳定的状态。Comp-2(2:1:1)的结构稳定性比Comp-1略低,Comp-3(1:2:1)呈现出最为致密连续的网络结构,且孔径在各复合凝胶中最小,这表明在此配比下,三种成分之间的协同效应达到最佳,能够形成更为稳定且紧密的微观结构。孔隙对体系组分与水的相互作用有一定的影响。当孔径较大时,体系内空间相对开阔,这会削弱水与体系组分之间的相互作用力,水与组分结合不够紧密,就会导致更多水分子以自由水的形态存在于体系之中[42],无法为悬浮饮料内的颗粒提供物理屏障,进而使颗粒在重力的作用下更容易突破松散的网络结构而发生沉降。
相同条件下,单一凝胶均无法实现颗粒悬浮。图6为不同比例的复合凝胶应用于悬浮饮料后,30 d内的悬浮情况。由图可见,在初始1 d时,Comp-4中颗粒已明显下沉。随着时间推移至3 d,Comp-1、Comp-2中颗粒开始出现一定程度沉降,Comp-4完全沉淀,而Comp-3仍保持较好的悬浮状态。到 7 d及以后,差异愈发明显,Comp-3 始终维持着相对最佳的悬浮效果。复合凝胶的悬浮性能与其分子结构和相互作用密切相关。Comp-3 悬浮效果最佳,根据扫描电镜微观结构观察,该比例下复合凝胶形成了更为稳定的网络结构,对颗粒起到了更强的支撑和分散作用,显著降低了颗粒的沉降速度,同时其流变特性(适当黏弹性)也有助于维持颗粒的悬浮。此外,其他比例的复合凝胶无法长时间维持颗粒悬浮,这可能由于组分间协同成效微弱,相互作用力较弱,从而导致形成的网络结构连接疏松。
从综合得分来看(图7),Comp-3评分最高。从组织状态指标分析,Comp-3能促使颗粒在体系中均匀分布,有效抑制分层沉淀现象的发生,这与先前沉降实验的结果一致,表明该比例的复合凝胶可构建稳定的三维网络结构,增强对颗粒的承载与分散作用。在色泽方面,Comp-3的得分并非最高,这可能是由于颗粒均匀分布在整个体系内,众多颗粒对光线的散射和吸收作用增强,光线难以充分穿透饮料,导致饮料整体呈现出较暗的色泽,但其仍处于合理区间,未对整体感官品质造成显著的负面效应。Comp-1与Comp-2感官评分相近,但组织状态均较Comp-3差。Comp-4的整体感官评分较低,颗粒的沉降与分层现象较为明显,严重影响了产品的感官品质。
综上所述,不同比例的复合凝胶在悬浮饮料中,对其感官品质产生了显著的影响。其中,Comp-3在多个感官指标之间达成了良好的平衡,有效维持颗粒的均匀分散的同时极大程度地抑制了分层现象,而且在色泽与风味口感维度上也无明显消极影响。
通过制备不同比例的复合凝胶,对其凝胶特性进行表征,并应用于悬浮饮料体系。研究表明,复合凝胶水分结合能力显著优于单一凝胶。低场核磁共振分析显示其水分迁移特性改善,T23弛豫时间缩短、A23值减小,表明复合凝胶体系内水分子中氢质子的运动受到更强限制,水分稳定性更高;可冻结水分含量降低,进一步说明其对水分的束缚能力增强,凝胶网络交联密度更高;FTIR谱图振幅变化证实了胶体间存在通过氢键形成的相互作用;扫描电镜下可见复合凝胶形成更致密均匀的网络结构。不同比例产生的协同效应不同。在悬浮饮料中,Comp-3(1:2:1)复合比例的悬浮效果与感官特性最佳。该比例下,KC的双螺旋结构在网络构建中起主导作用,与其他两种胶体协同形成稳定架构,有效固定和分散颗粒,维持稳定状态,且对色泽、风味口感无不良影响。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040105
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
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    天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457

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李文钊(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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