Article(id=1320886737434428059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030250, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853539093, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853539093, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853539093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853539093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=233, endPage=241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886737618977436, articleId=1320886737434428059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Ultrasonic-papain Combined Tenderization Process for Camel Meat and Its Impact on Quality Attributes, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Camel meat serves as an excellent source of high-quality protein for human consumption. However, its relatively high connective tissue content renders the meat tough and challenging to chew, diminishing consumer acceptance. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic and papain treatment on enhancing the tenderness and overall quality of camel meat. Univariate experiments were conducted to evaluate ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, and papain concentration, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to screen for the optimal tenderization process. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of ultrasonic treatment combined with papain on camel meat quality was analyzed in this paper. The findings demonstrated that tenderness of camel meat was significantly improved (P<0.05). Specifically, the optimal tenderization conditions were as follows: A papain concentration of 120 U/mL, an ultrasound duration of 50 minutes, and an ultrasound power of 180 W. Under these optimal conditions, compared to untreated meat, the shear force and lightness (L*) in the co-treatment group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), cooking loss decreased by 8.64%, while texture profile analysis showed significant improvements (P<0.05). Therefore, the above data indicate that the treatment significantly improved the tenderness of camel meat. Additionally, the electrophoresis results showed lighter bands at 220 and 100 kDa, indicating degradation of the myosin heavy chain and decomposition of myofibrillar proteins. And the α-helix content of myofibrillar proteins decreased from 46.21% to 29.40%, while the β-turn content decreased from 25.11% to 13.08%. Conversely, the contents of β-sheet and random coils increased.

, authors=Yajuan LIU1, Liang MING1, Lichao DA2, Yuqi LI2, Rimutu JI1, 3, *, authorsList=Yajuan LIU, Liang MING, Lichao DA, Yuqi LI, Rimutu JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rimutu JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886739745489583, articleId=1320886737434428059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶嫩化驼肉的工艺优化及其对肉品质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

驼肉是人类优质蛋白质的良好来源,然而,驼肉中结缔组织的含量较高,导致肉品坚韧,难以咀嚼,降低了消费者的接受度。本研究探讨了超声波和木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉嫩度及肉品质的影响,对超声波时间、超声波功率和木瓜蛋白酶浓度进行单因素实验,并结合响应面分析试验筛选出驼肉的最佳嫩化工艺,进一步分析了超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉品质的影响。结果表明:驼肉经嫩化处理后嫩度均有所提高,其最佳嫩化工艺为木瓜蛋白酶浓度120 U/mL,超声波时间50 min,超声波功率180 W。在最佳嫩化条件下,与未处理组相比协同处理组驼肉剪切力和亮度值(L*)显著降低(P<0.05),蒸煮损失下降了8.64%,而质构特性显著升高(P<0.05),驼肉嫩度得到了很好的改善;电泳结果显示,220和100 kDa处电泳条带颜色变浅,肌球蛋白重链降解,肌原纤维蛋白分解;肌原纤维蛋白α-螺旋的含量由46.21%降低至29.40%,β-转角的含量由25.11%降低至13.08%,而β-折叠和无规卷曲的含量则有所增加。

, authors=刘亚娟1, 明亮1, 达立朝2, 李昱奇2, 吉日木图1, 3, *, authorsList=刘亚娟, 明亮, 达立朝, 李昱奇, 吉日木图, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吉日木图, authorNote=

刘亚娟(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:肉品工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吉日木图(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:骆驼基因组与相关产品的开发利用,E-mail:。
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刘亚娟(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:肉品工程,E-mail:

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刘亚娟(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:肉品工程,E-mail:

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注:不同字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图4、图6~图7同。

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注:1.未处理组;2.协同处理组;3.超声波处理组;4.酶处理组。

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Factors and levels of response surface experiment

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水平因素
A木瓜蛋白酶浓度
(U/mL)
B超声波时间
(min)
C超声波功率
(W)
14030120
012050180
-120070240
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744061428466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A木瓜蛋白酶浓度
(U/mL)
B超声波时间
(min)
C超声波功率
(W)
14030120
012050180
-120070240
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744153703155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of the response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号木瓜蛋白酶浓度
(A)
超声波时间
(B)
超声波功率
(C)
剪切力
(kg)
11−1019.62
2−10−119.97
3−10120.59
410−119.79
500015.86
6−11019.82
710120.49
8010−120.78
900015.98
100−1121.56
1100015.68
12−1−1021.60
1311020.77
1400015.84
150−1−120.91
1601121.02
1700015.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744266949364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken 试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号木瓜蛋白酶浓度
(A)
超声波时间
(B)
超声波功率
(C)
剪切力
(kg)
11−1019.62
2−10−119.97
3−10120.59
410−119.79
500015.86
6−11019.82
710120.49
8010−120.78
900015.98
100−1121.56
1100015.68
12−1−1021.60
1311020.77
1400015.84
150−1−120.91
1601121.02
1700015.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744350835445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance for the fitted quadratic response surface regression model

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型86.6099.62258.17<0.0001**
A0.214510.21455.760.0475*
B0.211310.21135.670.0488*
C0.610510.610516.380.0049**
AB2.1512.1557.580.0001**
AC0.001610.00160.04290.8418不显著
BC0.042010.04201.130.3236不显著
A²15.47115.47414.93<0.0001**
B²32.40132.40869.29<0.0001**
C²26.98126.98723.95<0.0001**
残差0.260970.0373
失拟项0.093630.03120.74630.5783不显著
纯误差0.167340.0418
总和86.8716
R20.9970
R2Adj0.9931
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回归模型方差分析表

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型86.6099.62258.17<0.0001**
A0.214510.21455.760.0475*
B0.211310.21135.670.0488*
C0.610510.610516.380.0049**
AB2.1512.1557.580.0001**
AC0.001610.00160.04290.8418不显著
BC0.042010.04201.130.3236不显著
A²15.47115.47414.93<0.0001**
B²32.40132.40869.29<0.0001**
C²26.98126.98723.95<0.0001**
残差0.260970.0373
失拟项0.093630.03120.74630.5783不显著
纯误差0.167340.0418
总和86.8716
R20.9970
R2Adj0.9931
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744514413303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of ultrasonic and papain treatment on texture of camel meat

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质构未处理超声波处理酶处理协同处理
硬度
(g)
8424.54±158.33a4222.82±260.80b4026.05±139.32b3386.57±297.92c
弹性0.42±0.04c0.53±0.03b0.52±0.05b0.68±0.08a
咀嚼度
(g)
2569.77±240.31a1340.58±88.46b1468.35±110.00b669.77±66.64c
内聚性0.58±0.06a0.47±0.03b0.49±0.02b0.40±0.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1320886744581522168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886737434428059, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉质构的影响

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质构未处理超声波处理酶处理协同处理
硬度
(g)
8424.54±158.33a4222.82±260.80b4026.05±139.32b3386.57±297.92c
弹性0.42±0.04c0.53±0.03b0.52±0.05b0.68±0.08a
咀嚼度
(g)
2569.77±240.31a1340.58±88.46b1468.35±110.00b669.77±66.64c
内聚性0.58±0.06a0.47±0.03b0.49±0.02b0.40±0.02c
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超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶嫩化驼肉的工艺优化及其对肉品质的影响
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刘亚娟 1 , 明亮 1 , 达立朝 2 , 李昱奇 2 , 吉日木图 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(6): 233-241
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (6) : 233 -241
超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶嫩化驼肉的工艺优化及其对肉品质的影响
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刘亚娟1 , 明亮1, 达立朝2, 李昱奇2, 吉日木图1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
  • 2阿拉善右旗骆驼产业发展中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
  • 3内蒙古中哈骆驼研究院,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
通讯作者:
吉日木图(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:骆驼基因组与相关产品的开发利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘亚娟(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:肉品工程,E-mail:

Optimization of the Ultrasonic-papain Combined Tenderization Process for Camel Meat and Its Impact on Quality Attributes
Yajuan LIU1 , Liang MING1, Lichao DA2, Yuqi LI2, Rimutu JI1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2Alashan Right Banner Camel Industry Development Center, Alxa 737300, China
  • 3Inner Mongolia Zhongha Camel Research Institute, Alxa 737300, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030250
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驼肉是人类优质蛋白质的良好来源,然而,驼肉中结缔组织的含量较高,导致肉品坚韧,难以咀嚼,降低了消费者的接受度。本研究探讨了超声波和木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉嫩度及肉品质的影响,对超声波时间、超声波功率和木瓜蛋白酶浓度进行单因素实验,并结合响应面分析试验筛选出驼肉的最佳嫩化工艺,进一步分析了超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉品质的影响。结果表明:驼肉经嫩化处理后嫩度均有所提高,其最佳嫩化工艺为木瓜蛋白酶浓度120 U/mL,超声波时间50 min,超声波功率180 W。在最佳嫩化条件下,与未处理组相比协同处理组驼肉剪切力和亮度值(L*)显著降低(P<0.05),蒸煮损失下降了8.64%,而质构特性显著升高(P<0.05),驼肉嫩度得到了很好的改善;电泳结果显示,220和100 kDa处电泳条带颜色变浅,肌球蛋白重链降解,肌原纤维蛋白分解;肌原纤维蛋白α-螺旋的含量由46.21%降低至29.40%,β-转角的含量由25.11%降低至13.08%,而β-折叠和无规卷曲的含量则有所增加。

驼肉  /  超声波  /  木瓜蛋白酶  /  嫩化  /  工艺优化  /  品质

Camel meat serves as an excellent source of high-quality protein for human consumption. However, its relatively high connective tissue content renders the meat tough and challenging to chew, diminishing consumer acceptance. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic and papain treatment on enhancing the tenderness and overall quality of camel meat. Univariate experiments were conducted to evaluate ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, and papain concentration, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to screen for the optimal tenderization process. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of ultrasonic treatment combined with papain on camel meat quality was analyzed in this paper. The findings demonstrated that tenderness of camel meat was significantly improved (P<0.05). Specifically, the optimal tenderization conditions were as follows: A papain concentration of 120 U/mL, an ultrasound duration of 50 minutes, and an ultrasound power of 180 W. Under these optimal conditions, compared to untreated meat, the shear force and lightness (L*) in the co-treatment group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), cooking loss decreased by 8.64%, while texture profile analysis showed significant improvements (P<0.05). Therefore, the above data indicate that the treatment significantly improved the tenderness of camel meat. Additionally, the electrophoresis results showed lighter bands at 220 and 100 kDa, indicating degradation of the myosin heavy chain and decomposition of myofibrillar proteins. And the α-helix content of myofibrillar proteins decreased from 46.21% to 29.40%, while the β-turn content decreased from 25.11% to 13.08%. Conversely, the contents of β-sheet and random coils increased.

camel meat  /  ultrasonic  /  papain  /  tenderization  /  process optimization  /  quality
刘亚娟, 明亮, 达立朝, 李昱奇, 吉日木图. 超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶嫩化驼肉的工艺优化及其对肉品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 233 -241 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030250
Yajuan LIU, Liang MING, Lichao DA, Yuqi LI, Rimutu JI. Optimization of the Ultrasonic-papain Combined Tenderization Process for Camel Meat and Its Impact on Quality Attributes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 233 -241 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030250
骆驼是沙漠中的“生命之舟”,也是世界上许多沙漠国家国民经济和粮食安全最基本的支柱之一[1]。驼肉是一种高蛋白质、低脂肪、低胆固醇,富含多种多不饱和脂肪酸及氨基酸的瘦肉型肉类[2]。因其卓越的营养成分和健康益处,正在成为食品科学与营养领域中备受瞩目的新兴肉类资源,是人类良好的食用肉选择之一。然而,由于驼肉中的肌纤维较多且粗,导致驼肉硬度较大,嫩度较差,不易咀嚼,使骆驼肉的消费受限[3]。这在很大程度上限制了其在肉制品加工中的应用。
肉嫩度是影响消费者喜好的最重要因素,通过评估肉的嫩度来判断肉制品的质量[4−5]。肉的肌节长度、肌原纤维以及结缔组织的完整性都会影响其嫩度[6]。现有嫩化技术中,物理法虽能机械破坏肌纤维结构但成本高昂,化学法存在安全风险,而生物酶解法因木瓜蛋白酶等植物源酶的特异性降解作用展现出独特优势。值得注意的是,单一酶处理常面临使用过量的问题;当木瓜蛋白酶浓度超过120 U/mL时,过度水解反而导致肌纤维间隙扩大,使肌肉蒸煮损失率增加,这促使研究者转向物理-生物协同策略。超声波是一种非热食品加工方法,因其对食品的营养和感官特性影响较小而受到人们广泛关注[7]。该技术可以在肉组织中通过破坏肌肉细胞的完整性和促进酶促反应使得肉的嫩度得到改善[8]。Liu等[9]通过研究超声波辅助低钠盐熟化对牛肉品质的影响发现,超声波的空化作用可以破坏肌纤维结构,改善牛肉嫩度。杨裕如等[10]在研究中指出超声波可以改善羊肉嫩度,通过破坏肌纤维结构完整性,提高肌原纤维碎裂程度,达到嫩化效果。袁佳艺等[11]指出,超声波处理可提高鸭腿的保水性和嫩度,有利于提升酱卤鸭腿的食用品质。
最新研究表明,超声波与木瓜蛋白酶的协同作用在肉类嫩化领域展现出了巨大的潜力。这种协同作用不仅能够显著减少酶的使用量,从而降低生产成本,还能够有效避免因过量使用植物蛋白酶而导致的一系列问题。王清波等[12]的研究表明,采用超声波辅助木瓜蛋白酶对牛肉进行嫩化处理,在减少酶用量的同时,依然能够确保良好的嫩化效果。此外,超声波处理还能够在一定程度上激活木瓜蛋白酶,使其催化反应更加顺畅,从而进一步提升嫩化效果[13]。从分子层面来看,超声波处理能够使木瓜蛋白酶的活性中心与肌原纤维蛋白更加紧密地结合,从而提高酶的催化效率[14]。目前,在驼肉嫩化处理的实践中,木瓜蛋白酶是主要的应用手段。然而,对于超声波与木瓜蛋白酶协同处理在改善驼肉嫩度方面的研究却相对匮乏,尤其是在国内,尚未有关于使用超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶对驼肉嫩度影响的相关研究报道。
基于此,本研究采用超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶对驼肉进行嫩化处理,以剪切力为指标,进行单因素实验并结合响应面分析试验筛选出嫩化的最佳工艺;进一步,以未处理的驼肉为对照组,系统研究协同处理对驼肉剪切力、蒸煮损失、色泽、质地、蛋白质组成以及肌原纤维蛋白二级结构的影响,旨在为开发低酶耗、高效率的驼肉加工技术提供理论依据,推动驼肉在食品工业中的应用。
6岁戈壁红驼新鲜后腿肉 巴彦淖尔市绿野食品有限公司;木瓜蛋白酶(800 U/mg) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;氯化钾 分析纯,天津新技术产业园区科茂化学试剂有限公司;磷酸氢二钾、氯化镁 分析纯,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;三羟甲基氨基盐酸盐、甘氨酸、十二烷基硫酸钠、双缩脲测定蛋白浓度试剂盒、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳制胶试剂盒、广谱蛋白质Marker(11~245 kDa)、5×蛋白上样缓冲液 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
LM3B肌肉嫩度仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;TA.XTC-18质构仪 保圣实业发展有限公司;HH-4水浴锅 上海福玛实验设备有限公司;XHF-D高速分散器 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;TGL-16M台式高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;JJ-A电子天平 成都特思特仪器设备有限公司;BS200S-WEI分析天平 上海毕胜仪器设备有限公司;BIO-RAD电泳仪 伯乐生命医学产品(上海)有限公司;CR-10分光测色仪 广东三恩时智能科技有限公司;KQ-300DE超声波 昆山舒美超声仪器有限公司;Milli-Q超纯水净化仪 美国Millipore公司;IRSpirit-T傅立叶红外光谱仪 日本岛津制造所;Pilot2-4LD真空冷冻干燥机 博医康(北京)仪器有限公司;Tecan Infinite 200 pro M Nano微孔板检测仪 内蒙古煜朗科技有限公司;THZ-98C恒温振荡器 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;FM200A弗鲁克匀浆机 上海弗鲁克科技发展有限公司。
驼肉样本去除可见脂肪及筋膜,切成长方体肉块(6 cm×3 cm×2 cm),每块约50 g,驼肉嫩化流程如图1所示。先溶解适量木瓜蛋白酶并预热,将处理好的驼肉放入25 ℃木瓜蛋白酶溶液的烧杯中,处理20 min;进一步,取出驼肉样本转移至密封袋中进行真空包装,并置于超声波仪器中嫩化。以未处理组作为对照组。
配制木瓜蛋白酶浓度分别为40、80、120、160、200 U/mL的溶液,设置超声波时间为50 min,超声波功率为180 W对驼肉进行嫩化处理。
固定木瓜蛋白酶浓度为120 U/mL,设置超声波功率为180 W,超声波时间分别为30、40、50、60、70 min对驼肉进行嫩化处理。
固定木瓜蛋白酶浓度为120 U/mL,设置超声波时间为50 min,超声波功率分别为120、150、180、210、240 W对驼肉进行嫩化处理。
在单因素实验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken设计原理,以最大剪切力为响应指标,选取木瓜蛋白酶浓度(40~200 U/mL)、超声波时间(30~70 min)和超声波功率(120~240 W)为响应因子,进行三因素三水平响应面试验设计,确定驼肉嫩化的最佳工艺条件,试验设计见表1,实验重复3次。
参照NY/T1180-200肉嫩度剪切测定仪的测定方法[15],略有修改。将肉切成长×宽×高不少于6 cm×3 cm×2 cm的整块肉样,置于蒸煮袋中恒温水浴加热,当肉样中心温度达到70 ℃时,取出冷却,用滤纸吸干样品表面液体,将肉置于嫩度仪上测定。
用滤纸吸取肉样表面水分后,对其称重并记录为w1。之后将样品在80 ℃的恒温水浴锅中加热至中心温度70 ℃,用滤纸吸干表面水分后称重,记录为w2。计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{蒸煮损失}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{w}}_{1}-{\mathrm{w}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{w}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:w1为蒸煮前样品重量,g;w2为蒸煮后样品重量,g。
在室温下将肉糜铺平,不留缝隙,采用色差仪对驼肉进行色差测定,测定前对色差仪进行黑筒、白板矫正,测定肉样的L*(亮度)值、a*(红度)值和b*(黄度)值。
通过全质构测定法对驼肉质构特性进行检测。将驼肉切成长×宽×高为2 cm×2 cm×2 cm的块状,选用T36探头,测前速度为2.0 mm/s,测试过程中速度为1.0 mm/s,测试后速度为1.0 mm/s,目标参数为变形量50%,触发力8 gf进行检测。
取3.5 g肉样,加入35 mL裂解液(50 mmol/L Tris-HCl,150 mmol/L NaCl,1% Triton X-100,1 mmol/L EDTA,100 μg/mL PMSF,pH7.4),冰上使用高速匀浆机匀浆至肉样完全破碎(30 s/次,共3次),并在4 ℃下搅拌2 h后,以10000 r/min高速离心10 min,取上清液。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作为标准蛋白,在562 nm处测量蛋白样品的吸光值,绘制出标准曲线,并使用该曲线计算出试验用蛋白样品的蛋白浓度。
参照Li等[16]的方法并稍加修改。将蛋白浓度调整至2 mg/mL,制备电泳上样缓冲液,并取200 μL样品,按4:1比例与等量上样缓冲液混合,100 ℃下加热5 min,待冷却后取上清液待用。在每条电泳泳道上加入电泳上样液7~8 μL。分别采用浓缩胶电压80 V,分离胶电压120 V进行电泳。电泳结束后,使用考马斯亮蓝R-250对胶片进行染色,并用乙醇-乙酸脱色液进行脱色,最后观察分析染色结果。
参考Cheng等[17]的方法并稍作修改,对驼肉中肌原纤维蛋白进行提取。驼肉样品(3.5 g)中加入35 mL萃取液(0.1 mol/L KCl,18 mmol/L K2HPO4,7 mmol/L KH2PO4,1 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠,1 mmol/L MgCl2,pH7.0,4 ℃),冰上均质1 min,在6913×g下离心15 min,收集沉淀。上述均质和离心过程重复3次。最终沉淀悬浮于15 mL提取液中,用双层纱布过滤。所得滤液即为肌原纤维蛋白。
参考常海军等[18]的方法,将提取的肌原纤维蛋白放入冻干机中进行冻干处理,并对冻干粉进行研磨、过筛等,以确保其细腻度和均匀性。打开傅里叶红外光谱仪预热10~20 min。取溴化钾粉末于玛瑙研钵中研细至颗粒直径小于2 μm,用不锈钢匙药匙取一定量于压片模具内,在压片机上压成透明薄片。将薄片放入红外光谱仪中作为背景进行扫描。取试样2~3 mg样品与200~300 mg干燥的粉末在玛瑙研体中混匀,充分研细至颗粒直径小于2 μm,用不锈钢药匙取70~90 mg放入压片模具内,在压片机上压成透明薄片,将制成的薄片放入红外光谱仪中,进行样品扫描,将数据导出。分辨率为4 cm−1,范围为4000~400 cm−1,波数精度0.01 cm−1,扫描次数为64次。使用Peakfit Version 4.12拟合FT-IR检测所得波谱图,进行基线校正、傅里叶去卷积和二阶导数峰拟合,通过各峰相对面积计算出各种构象的相对含量。
本实验中所有数据均测定三次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。利用SPSS 27.0.1软件进行单因素实验以及差异显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著;采用Origin 9.0和Design-Expert 13对试验数据进行统计分析及图像绘制。
不同木瓜蛋白酶浓度对驼肉剪切力的影响结果见图2。随着木瓜蛋白酶浓度的增加,驼肉的剪切力先降低后升高。未处理组驼肉的剪切力值为23.03 kg,经木瓜蛋白酶处理后驼肉剪切力显著降低(P<0.05)。当木瓜蛋白酶浓度为120 U/mL时,驼肉的剪切力最低,与未处理组相比降低了33.3%。木瓜蛋白酶的处理降解了驼肉中肌原纤维蛋白或结缔组织蛋白质,引起肌原纤维蛋白和结缔组织断裂,从而使驼肉剪切力降低,改善了驼肉嫩度。然而,由于过量的木瓜蛋白酶浓度,使驼肉组织中的蛋白质结构和结缔组织降解严重,导致肌肉组织的超微网状结构被破坏,驼肉剪切力反而上升。孙树远等[3]研究发现,使用120 U/mL的木瓜蛋白酶处理驼肉,其剪切力最低,为15.35 kg。本研究结论与之基本一致,说明木瓜蛋白酶可以改善驼肉嫩度,对降低驼肉的剪切力有明显作用。因此,本试验最佳的酶添加量为120 U/mL。
随着超声波时间的增加,驼肉的剪切力先降低后升高(图3)。未处理组驼肉的剪切力值为23.03 kg,经不同超声波时间处理,驼肉剪切力显著降低(P<0.05)。当超声波时间为50 min时,驼肉的剪切力最低,与未处理组相比降低了31.1%。超声波处理会促进骆驼肌肉组织的软化和肌原纤维的断裂,因此适当时间的超声波对驼肉嫩度有很好的改善作用。王文艳等[19]研究发现,适宜的超声波时间可以使肌肉组织结构变得松散,从而降低剪切力,使其变得更加柔软。然而,超声波时间的延长会使温度升高,导致肌原纤维蛋白变性和肌纤维收缩[20],从而使剪切力升高。因此,本试验最佳的超声波时间为50 min。
如图4可知,超声波功率大小对驼肉剪切力具有显著影响(P<0.05)。超声波功率在0~180 W内,驼肉剪切力不断降低,当超声波功率为180 W时,驼肉的剪切力最低,为15.23 kg。这是由于超声波产生的机械振动能够使骆驼肌肉中的肌原纤维发生断裂,导致肌纤维间隙增大,降低结缔组织的机械强度,使其变得更加柔软。吴平等[21]用不同的超声波功率处理鸡胸肉,随着超声波功率增大,鸡胸肉的剪切力逐渐下降,在240 W时达到最低值12.68 N,此时肉质嫩度因超声空化效应导致的肌原纤维结构被破坏而减小。然而,由于超声波功率过大(大于240 W),组织中的蛋白结构被过度裂解且结缔组织过分降解,导致肌肉组织的超微网状结构被破坏,使剪切力上升。因此,选择超声波功率180 W作为驼肉的最佳嫩化条件。
超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶对驼肉嫩化的工艺优化根据Box-Behnken试验设计了17组试验,5组为中心点重复试验,结果见表2。本试验以剪切力作为响应值,利用Design-Expert 13软件对剪切力值Y进行多元回归拟合。得到二次多项式拟合方程为:Y=15.76+0.1638A+0.1625B−0.2762C+0.7325AB+0.0200AC−0.1025BC+1.92A2+2.77B2+2.53C2。
回归模型的显著性检验和方差分析见表3。由表3可知,该模型的F值为258.17(P<0.01),表明模型显著。失拟项的F值为0.7463,P=0.5783,P>0.05,故失拟项不显著,模型合适。回归模型系数R2=0.9970,矫正决定系数R2Adj=0.9931,说明回归方程可以较好地描述各因素与响应值之间的真实关系,可以通过该回归方程确定超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶对驼肉嫩化的最佳工艺条件。
方差分析结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶浓度和超声波时间对驼肉嫩度的影响显著(P<0.05),超声波功率对驼肉嫩度的影响极显著(P<0.01),根据F值的大小,可以看出驼肉嫩度的各因素按影响大小排序依次为超声波功率(C)>木瓜蛋白酶浓度(A)>超声波时间(B)。
交互项中AB(木瓜蛋白酶浓度和超声时间)项影响极显著(P<0.01),平方项A2、B2、C2影响极显著(P<0.01)。各交互项之间的影响大小为:AB>BC>AC,二次项影响大小为 B2>C2>A2。根据回归方程做出等高线图及三维曲面图,如图5所示。
在响应曲面图上可以根据图的坡度来反映各嫩化处理因素对剪切力值的影响大小。三维曲面的倾斜程度越大说明该因素对指标的影响越显著,反之倾斜度越小则说明对指标的影响越不显著[22]。由图5可以看出,较木瓜蛋白酶浓度和超声波时间因素而言,超声波功率的坡度较陡,说明超声波功率对剪切力值的影响较大,而木瓜蛋白酶浓度和超声波时间对剪切力值的影响较小,这与前面的回归方程结果相吻合;图中剪切力由等高线的中心区域向边缘区域逐渐增大,中心区域剪切力最小,等高线越密集且呈椭圆形,表示影响越显著。
通过Design-Expert 13软件分析,得到最佳优化条件后,将调整后的嫩化参数木瓜蛋白酶浓度117 U/mL、超声波时间50 min和超声波功率183 W应用到验证试验中,得到驼肉剪切力平均值为15.71 ±0.51 kg。与模型预测值(15.76 kg)非常接近,表明该模型准确,证明优化后的实验工艺条件可靠合理。
由图6A可知,未处理组的驼肉剪切力最大,为22.37 kg;而协同处理组的剪切力最低,为14.20 kg。由此可知超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉嫩化效果显著,剪切力明显降低(P<0.05)。超声波和木瓜蛋白酶协同处理过程中,超声波的机械力和空化作用促使驼肉组织蛋白酶释放,促进钙激活因子的扩散,同时也削弱了肌节的连接力,进而产生了嫩化作用[23]。相较于协同处理组,单一的酶处理组和超声波处理组的剪切力更高,说明单独使用一种处理的嫩化效果不及协同处理。
由图6B可知,蒸煮损失由大到小排序为未处理>协同处理>超声波处理≈酶处理;协同处理组的蒸煮损失为43.23%±3.44%,与未处理组相比降低了8.64%。超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理导致驼肉蛋白质网络结构中的水分增加,并且木瓜蛋白酶水解导致持水能力增加,进而蒸煮损失降低。未处理组蒸煮损失(47.32%)显著高于超声波和酶处理组(P<0.05),说明超声波和酶处理对于改善驼肉的蒸煮损失有着重要的作用,超声波产生的空化效应增加了肌纤维之间的间隙,有助于肌肉纤维中水分的保持[24];而超声波又会促进木瓜蛋白酶作用,降低蒸煮损失。
由图7色差结果可知,与未处理相比,协同处理对驼肉L*值影响显著(P<0.05)。超声波通过空化作用物理破坏肌纤维膜,释放内源性钙蛋白酶,增强嫩化,同时促进木瓜蛋白酶渗透。这一过程可能加速肌红蛋白释放至细胞外,氧化为高铁肌红蛋白(导致L*值下降),肌原纤维结构的破坏促进了驼肉的嫩化。超声波处理可以促进蛋白酶的作用,使得肌纤维束缚住大量不易流动水,导致水分子产生自由基,加深肌红蛋白的氧化,从而产生褐色的高铁肌红蛋白,使驼肉颜色变暗,L*值减小。超声波处理对驼肉a*值影响较为明显(P<0.05),而酶处理对驼肉b*值影响较为明显。驼肉经过超声波处理会形成羟基自由基等,将驼肉肌红蛋白氧化成氧合肌红蛋白,导致a*值增加;木瓜蛋白酶处理驼肉的过程中,肉类暴露在空气中,肌红蛋白更容易被氧化为高铁肌红蛋白,导致肉色变暗,b*值增加。
表4为超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉质构指标的影响。经协同处理后驼肉的硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性显著降低(P<0.05),弹性有所增加,说明木瓜蛋白酶嫩化处理后驼肉的肉质变得柔嫩,且抵抗受损,保持自身完整性的能力有所提高。张新斌[25]也发现使用超声波辅助蛋白酶处理牛肉干其硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性降低,弹性有所增加,牛肉干品质得到改善。
由图8可知,与未处理组(泳道1)相比,协同处理组(泳道2)在220 kDa和100 kDa处谱带颜色变浅,表明木瓜蛋白酶将驼肉中的大分子蛋白(肌球蛋白重链和C蛋白)水解,超声波促进木瓜蛋白酶水解使得蛋白明显降解,条带颜色变浅;20 kDa以下的条带更清晰,检测到一些低分子量肽或片段,可能是蛋白水解降解的产物。单一处理组与未处理组相比,促进蛋白质解离,木瓜蛋白酶对蛋白质水解作用较为明显。协同处理组与单一处理组相比,在100 kDa处条带薄且颜色浅,肌球蛋白重链强度略有降低,未观察到肌动蛋白(45 kDa)降解/水解。因此,观察到的肌球蛋白重链的减少归因于木瓜蛋白酶的水解,同时超声波处理促进木瓜蛋白酶水解,协同处理组可以更好地促进蛋白质解离,改善驼肉嫩度。
本试验采用傅里叶红外光谱对不同处理组的蛋白质二级结构进行分析,其中酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)是蛋白二级结构的特殊表征[26]。由图9A可知,不同处理组驼肉肌原纤维蛋白的酰胺Ⅰ带有明显的变化,峰形有所差异,且发生偏移,说明超声波处理、酶处理以及协同处理都可以改变驼肉肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构。
图9B表示,与未处理组相比,经过协同处理后,α-螺旋的含量由46.21%降低至29.40%,β-转角的含量由25.11%降低至13.08%,而β-折叠和无规卷曲的含量则有所增加。表明α-螺旋等有序结构向β-折叠、无规则卷曲等无序结构的转变,有序结构减少,维持蛋白质结构稳定的氢键等作用力减弱,蛋白稳定性降低。这一结果与张梦琪[27]的研究结果基本一致。
本研究将超声波与木瓜蛋白酶处理相结合应用于驼肉的嫩化过程,探究超声波协同木瓜蛋白酶处理对驼肉嫩度以及肉品质的影响。研究发现,在木瓜蛋白酶浓度为120 U/mL、超声波时间50 min和超声波功率180 W处理条件下,驼肉嫩化效果最佳。协同处理通过超声波空化效应和木瓜蛋白酶的水解作用,降解了骆驼肌肉中的肌原纤维蛋白和结缔组织蛋白质。与未处理组相比,电泳结果显示在220 kDa和100 kDa处谱带颜色变浅,20 kDa以下的条带更清晰,证实了肌球蛋白重链和C蛋白的降解,这与剪切力(下降36.52%)、硬度(下降59.80%)及蒸煮损失(减少8.64%)的显著降低直接相关(P<0.05)。此外,肌原纤维蛋白二级结构从α-螺旋向β-折叠和无规卷曲的转变,表明蛋白质有序性破坏和稳定性降低,进一步促进了酶解效率。这些结构变化同时导致肌纤维间持水性改变,表现为L*值显著降低及质构特性的整体改善。本研究为驼肉的嫩化加工提供了科学依据和优化工艺参数,具有重要的应用价值。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030250
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    1内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
    2阿拉善右旗骆驼产业发展中心,内蒙古阿拉善 737300
    3内蒙古中哈骆驼研究院,内蒙古阿拉善 737300

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吉日木图(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:骆驼基因组与相关产品的开发利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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