Article(id=1320886734838157805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853538473, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853538473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853538473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853538473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886735047873006, articleId=1320886734838157805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Enzymatic Properties of Protease Produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis S8 and Its Application in Yak Meat Tenderization, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focused on the enzymatic properties of the protease produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis S8, and constructed an ultrasound assisted enzymatic system for yak meat tenderization. SDS-PAGE was used to verify the purification effect of protease. Single factor experiments were used to explore the enzymatic properties. Response surface experiments were used to optimize the yak meat tenderization process. Subsequently, the tenderization effect of yak meat was characterized by shear force, water holding capacity, myofibrillar fragmentation index, and texture characteristics. The results showed that the purified protease exhibited a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 47 kDa by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The investigation of enzymatic properties showed that the enzyme activity was optimal under pH7.0, 30~40 ℃, and with 20 mmol/L Mg2+ supplementation. The optimal process parameters for ultrasound assisted protease tenderization of yak meat obtained through response surface optimization experiments were as follows: Protease concentration 2.5%, ultrasonic temperature 34.6 ℃, and treatment duration 39.6 min. Under the above conditions, the shear force of yak meat decreased by 63.3%, steaming loss decreased by 33.7%, centrifugation loss decreased by 52.0%, myofibrillar fragmentation index increased by 47.3%, myofibrillar protein was degraded, and the texture characteristics were significantly improved. This study provides a reference for the development and utilization of protease from B. borstelensis S8, and also provides new protease resources and technical support for yak meat tenderization process.

, authors=Lingling DING1, Lilan FAN1, Xinqi ZHANG1, Anjian LIANG1, Haixiao YE1, Chenglin ZHU1, Likou ZOU2, Junni TANG1, *, authorsList=Lingling DING, Lilan FAN, Xinqi ZHANG, Anjian LIANG, Haixiao YE, Chenglin ZHU, Likou ZOU, Junni TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junni TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886736918532609, articleId=1320886734838157805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8蛋白酶的酶学性质及其在牦牛肉嫩化中的应用, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8所产蛋白酶为对象,探究其酶学性质,并构建超声波辅助酶的牦牛肉嫩化工艺体系。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)验证酶纯化效果、单因素实验探究酶学性质、响应面优化牦牛肉嫩化工艺,并通过剪切力、保水性、肌原纤维小片化指数以及质构特性等指标表征其嫩化效果。结果表明,纯化后的蛋白酶经SDS-PAGE电泳呈现单一条带,分子量约为47 kDa;酶学性质探究表明在pH为7.0,30~40 ℃,以及20 mmol/L Mg2+条件下酶活力最佳;通过响应面优化试验得到超声波辅助蛋白酶嫩化牦牛肉最佳工艺参数为:蛋白酶浓度2.5%、超声温度34.6 ℃、超声时间39.6 min,此条件下牦牛肉剪切力降低63.3%,蒸煮损失降低33.7%,离心损失降低52.0%,肌原纤维小片化指数增大47.3%,肌原纤维蛋白被降解,质构特性得到明显改善。本研究为波茨坦短芽孢杆菌蛋白酶的开发利用提供参考,同时为牦牛肉嫩化工艺提供新的蛋白酶资源和技术支持。

, authors=丁玲玲1, 凡立澜1, 张鑫琦1, 梁安健1, 冶海潇1, 朱成林1, 邹立扣2, 唐俊妮1, *, authorsList=丁玲玲, 凡立澜, 张鑫琦, 梁安健, 冶海潇, 朱成林, 邹立扣, 唐俊妮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐俊妮, authorNote=

丁玲玲(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品微生物学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
唐俊妮(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全与食品微生物,E-mail:。
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Meat Science, 2022, 183: 108646., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886737165996546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886737174385155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, companyId=1320886737165996546, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Pharmacy and Food, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886737182773764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, companyId=1320886737165996546, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610225)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886737249882629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886737262465542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, companyId=1320886737249882629, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886737275048455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, companyId=1320886737249882629, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川农业大学资源学院,四川成都 611830)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886740324307518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Gel electrophoresis of SDS-PAGE for purified S8 protease, figureFileSmall=9vgvFWeBcpFz9VT5iuveWQ==, figureFileBig=+ybpRGHK/Vpo7a4hF0c2vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886740383027775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纯化的S8蛋白酶的SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳

注:1:蛋白分子量Marker;2:纯化的蛋白酶;3:牛血清白蛋白。

, figureFileSmall=9vgvFWeBcpFz9VT5iuveWQ==, figureFileBig=+ybpRGHK/Vpo7a4hF0c2vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886740596937280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of pH on protease activity (A) and the changes of protease activity over time under different pH conditions (B), figureFileSmall=GDLzNPOqUFhDAIaM5pNMEQ==, figureFileBig=t1z2wbzMWe2uvD4vgJlvRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886740672434753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pH对蛋白酶活性的影响(A)及不同pH条件下酶活随时间的变化(B)

注:不同字母表示存在显著差异(P<0.05),图4~图5、图7、图9同。

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注:A. 蛋白酶浓度与超声温度;B. 蛋白酶浓度与超声时间;C. 超声温度与超声时间。

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注:A为嫩化前后牦牛肉蒸煮损失;B为嫩化前后牦牛肉离心损失。

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注:1:蛋白分子Marker;2:牛血清白蛋白;3:嫩化前;4:嫩化后。

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Factor-level designs for response surface experiments

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因素水平
−101
A:蛋白酶浓度(%)22.53
B:超声温度(℃)303540
C:超声时间(min)304050
), ArticleFig(id=1320886741737787985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A:蛋白酶浓度(%)22.53
B:超声温度(℃)303540
C:超声时间(min)304050
), ArticleFig(id=1320886741804896850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Separation and purification results for S8 protease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化步骤比酶活(U/mg)得率(%)纯化倍数
发酵上清液2130100.00−
70%硫酸铵沉淀428059.772.01
脱盐806038.113.78
凝胶层析1071117.605.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320886741880394323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

S8蛋白酶的分离纯化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化步骤比酶活(U/mg)得率(%)纯化倍数
发酵上清液2130100.00−
70%硫酸铵沉淀428059.772.01
脱盐806038.113.78
凝胶层析1071117.605.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320886741943308884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Box-Behnken experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:蛋白酶浓度(%)B:超声温度(℃)C:超声时间(h)Y:剪切力(N)
12.53050104.79
22.5354050.88
32.5354050.79
43404098.53
52355088.65
62.54030110.88
72.5354053.69
82.5354056.28
92353083.85
103304086.16
112.53030101.05
122404099.51
132.5354056.58
142304090.59
152.54050114.99
163355090.60
173353088.65
), ArticleFig(id=1320886742027194965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:蛋白酶浓度(%)B:超声温度(℃)C:超声时间(h)Y:剪切力(N)
12.53050104.79
22.5354050.88
32.5354050.79
43404098.53
52355088.65
62.54030110.88
72.5354053.69
82.5354056.28
92353083.85
103304086.16
112.53030101.05
122404099.51
132.5354056.58
142304090.59
152.54050114.99
163355090.60
173353088.65
), ArticleFig(id=1320886742102692438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance for the model

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来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型7582.079842.45116.76<0.0001**
A:蛋白酶浓度0.195310.19530.02710.8740
B:超声温度212.341212.3429.430.0010**
C:超声时间26.62126.623.690.0962
AB3.1613.160.43810.5292
AC2.0212.020.28060.6127
BC0.033110.03310.00460.9479
A2424.801424.8058.880.0001**
B23798.0313798.03526.39<0.0001**
C22476.1212476.12343.18<0.0001**
残差50.5177.22
失拟项19.1636.390.81470.5489
纯误差31.3547.84
总合7632.5816
), ArticleFig(id=1320886742186578519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型7582.079842.45116.76<0.0001**
A:蛋白酶浓度0.195310.19530.02710.8740
B:超声温度212.341212.3429.430.0010**
C:超声时间26.62126.623.690.0962
AB3.1613.160.43810.5292
AC2.0212.020.28060.6127
BC0.033110.03310.00460.9479
A2424.801424.8058.880.0001**
B23798.0313798.03526.39<0.0001**
C22476.1212476.12343.18<0.0001**
残差50.5177.22
失拟项19.1636.390.81470.5489
纯误差31.3547.84
总合7632.5816
), ArticleFig(id=1320886742262075992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of tenderizing on textures of yak meat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)弹性内聚性胶粘性咀嚼性(N)
嫩化前99.67±2.59a0.62±0.03a0.61±0.01a61.20±2.06a38.14±1.91a
嫩化后45.72±2.65b0.40±0.01b0.48±0.02b21.85±0.48b8.67±0.40b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886742345962073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886734838157805, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

嫩化前后牦牛肉质构特性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)弹性内聚性胶粘性咀嚼性(N)
嫩化前99.67±2.59a0.62±0.03a0.61±0.01a61.20±2.06a38.14±1.91a
嫩化后45.72±2.65b0.40±0.01b0.48±0.02b21.85±0.48b8.67±0.40b
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波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8蛋白酶的酶学性质及其在牦牛肉嫩化中的应用
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丁玲玲 1 , 凡立澜 1 , 张鑫琦 1 , 梁安健 1 , 冶海潇 1 , 朱成林 1 , 邹立扣 2 , 唐俊妮 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(6): 141-149
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (6) : 141 -149
波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8蛋白酶的酶学性质及其在牦牛肉嫩化中的应用
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丁玲玲1 , 凡立澜1, 张鑫琦1, 梁安健1, 冶海潇1, 朱成林1, 邹立扣2, 唐俊妮1, *
作者信息
  • 1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610225
  • 2四川农业大学资源学院,四川成都 611830
通讯作者:
唐俊妮(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全与食品微生物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

丁玲玲(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品微生物学,E-mail:

Enzymatic Properties of Protease Produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis S8 and Its Application in Yak Meat Tenderization
Lingling DING1 , Lilan FAN1, Xinqi ZHANG1, Anjian LIANG1, Haixiao YE1, Chenglin ZHU1, Likou ZOU2, Junni TANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy and Food, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
  • 2College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020192
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本研究以波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8所产蛋白酶为对象,探究其酶学性质,并构建超声波辅助酶的牦牛肉嫩化工艺体系。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)验证酶纯化效果、单因素实验探究酶学性质、响应面优化牦牛肉嫩化工艺,并通过剪切力、保水性、肌原纤维小片化指数以及质构特性等指标表征其嫩化效果。结果表明,纯化后的蛋白酶经SDS-PAGE电泳呈现单一条带,分子量约为47 kDa;酶学性质探究表明在pH为7.0,30~40 ℃,以及20 mmol/L Mg2+条件下酶活力最佳;通过响应面优化试验得到超声波辅助蛋白酶嫩化牦牛肉最佳工艺参数为:蛋白酶浓度2.5%、超声温度34.6 ℃、超声时间39.6 min,此条件下牦牛肉剪切力降低63.3%,蒸煮损失降低33.7%,离心损失降低52.0%,肌原纤维小片化指数增大47.3%,肌原纤维蛋白被降解,质构特性得到明显改善。本研究为波茨坦短芽孢杆菌蛋白酶的开发利用提供参考,同时为牦牛肉嫩化工艺提供新的蛋白酶资源和技术支持。

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8  /  蛋白酶  /  酶学性质  /  超声波  /  嫩化  /  牦牛肉  /  响应面优化

This study focused on the enzymatic properties of the protease produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis S8, and constructed an ultrasound assisted enzymatic system for yak meat tenderization. SDS-PAGE was used to verify the purification effect of protease. Single factor experiments were used to explore the enzymatic properties. Response surface experiments were used to optimize the yak meat tenderization process. Subsequently, the tenderization effect of yak meat was characterized by shear force, water holding capacity, myofibrillar fragmentation index, and texture characteristics. The results showed that the purified protease exhibited a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 47 kDa by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The investigation of enzymatic properties showed that the enzyme activity was optimal under pH7.0, 30~40 ℃, and with 20 mmol/L Mg2+ supplementation. The optimal process parameters for ultrasound assisted protease tenderization of yak meat obtained through response surface optimization experiments were as follows: Protease concentration 2.5%, ultrasonic temperature 34.6 ℃, and treatment duration 39.6 min. Under the above conditions, the shear force of yak meat decreased by 63.3%, steaming loss decreased by 33.7%, centrifugation loss decreased by 52.0%, myofibrillar fragmentation index increased by 47.3%, myofibrillar protein was degraded, and the texture characteristics were significantly improved. This study provides a reference for the development and utilization of protease from B. borstelensis S8, and also provides new protease resources and technical support for yak meat tenderization process.

Brevibacillus borstelensis S8  /  proteinase  /  enzymatic properties  /  ultrasonic  /  tenderization  /  yak meat  /  response surface optimization
丁玲玲, 凡立澜, 张鑫琦, 梁安健, 冶海潇, 朱成林, 邹立扣, 唐俊妮. 波茨坦短芽孢杆菌S8蛋白酶的酶学性质及其在牦牛肉嫩化中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 141 -149 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020192
Lingling DING, Lilan FAN, Xinqi ZHANG, Anjian LIANG, Haixiao YE, Chenglin ZHU, Likou ZOU, Junni TANG. Enzymatic Properties of Protease Produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis S8 and Its Application in Yak Meat Tenderization[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 141 -149 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020192
自然界中的蛋白酶主要源于植物、动物和微生物,因其具有生物可降解性和常温下高活性的特点,被广泛应用于食品加工行业[1−2]。蛋白酶作为一类高效生物催化剂,一直是肉品嫩化领域的研究热点,通过特异性水解肌原纤维蛋白和结缔组织胶原蛋白,可显著改善肉品质构特性[3]。但酶的高度特异性也给其针对不同肉类嫩化的普适性带来一定影响。目前肉类嫩化研究主要针对禽肉、猪肉和牛肉[4−7],常用于肉品嫩化的蛋白酶主要为植物蛋白酶,如木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶等。对于微生物酶的工业应用仍处于发展阶段,其中,微生物源蛋白酶资源开发不足,酶学性质及安全性不明确等因素是限制微生物酶发展的主要原因[8]。但与动植物源相比,微生物酶存在许多优势,微生物产蛋白酶不受季节和气候的限制,可以通过培养快速获得[9],还可通过基因工程手段进一步提高产率,降低工业化大规模生产的成本。研究证明,相较于植物蛋白酶,微生物蛋白酶作用更加温和,可以有效避免肉的过度嫩化[10]。目前,具有产蛋白酶能力的微生物主要有米曲霉菌、黑酵母菌、粘质沙雷氏菌及芽孢杆菌等,又以芽孢杆菌属的微生物为主要来源,本研究中采用的波茨坦短芽孢杆菌具有产多种酶的能力及益生菌特性,是潜在的产酶益生菌之一[11]。
牦牛肉具有纤维较粗、难于咀嚼、口感不佳等特点[12],使用单一的嫩化手段难以达到预期的嫩化效果,存在耗时较长、嫩化效果不佳、产品失重大和色泽劣变等现象[12−14]。相关研究表明,多种嫩化技术联合使用可提高嫩化效果,如Zhang等[15]以乳酸-超声波-木瓜蛋白酶联合处理牦牛肉,使牦牛肉剪切力显著降低。但很少有研究报导微生物蛋白酶联合处理对改善牦牛肉嫩度的效果。
本研究选取波茨坦短芽孢杆菌所产蛋白酶,分离纯化后探究其酶学性质,提高酶活力,并利用响应面法优化超声波辅助酶嫩化工艺,使牦牛肉嫩化效率与品质控制达到平衡。一方面挖掘微生物蛋白酶新资源,丰富了微生物酶的菌种来源;另一方面建立蛋白酶浓度-超声温度-超声时间的响应面模型,推进了牦牛肉肉质嫩化的基础研究,为高海拔地区特色肉制品开发提供理论支撑。
Brevibacillus borstelensis S8 四川农业大学邹立扣教授赠予;牦牛肉 购于四川省成都市某清真牛羊肉批发零售店;甘氨酸、福林试剂、KCl、KH2PO4、ZnSO4·7H2O、琼脂、酪蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、硫酸铵、三氯乙酸、无水乙醇、L-酪氨酸 购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司;以上所用试剂均为分析纯;胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(tryptic soy agar,TSA)、胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptic soy broth,TSB) 购于青岛海博生物公司;5×蛋白上样缓冲液(含双对氯苯基三氯乙烷(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,DDT))、BCA(Bicinchoninic Acid Assay,二喹啉甲酸)试剂盒、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-75 购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蛋白质Marker(11~245 kDa) 购于北京天根生化科技有限公司;变性丙烯酰胺凝胶(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)快速制备试剂盒 购于上海生物工程股份有限公司。
SB-5200DT超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;MATTHAUS pH-STAR便携式pH测定仪 成都世纪方舟科技有限公司;TGL-1650高速冷冻离心机 四川蜀科仪器有限公司;UV-1900型紫外可见分光光度计 翱艺仪器(上海)有限公司;ENS-TDV质构仪 北京怡诺威腾科技发展有限公司;MLS-3030H高压蒸汽灭菌锅 上海拜格生物科技发展有限公司;DYY-8C电泳仪电源 北京六一生物科技有限公司。
将S8菌种先在TSA培养基中进行划线纯化,选取单菌落接种于5 mL TSB培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养24 h,按上述条件将在TSB中传代2次得到活化后的S8,按照10%的(V/V)的接种量接种于500 mL的灭菌TSB培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养24 h,得到S8发酵液备用。
参考张智等[16]的方法,取S8发酵液经8000×g离心10 min,收集上清液调硫酸铵饱和度至70%,4 ℃静置12 h。随后以9000×g离心10 min收集沉淀,采用磷酸盐缓冲液PBS(pH7.0)复溶,置于透析袋于4 ℃条件下透析12 h。取5 mL透析液上样于预先经PBS(pH7.0)平衡的Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析柱,控制流速0.5 mL/min。收集洗脱液进行变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),其中分离胶浓度12%,浓缩胶浓度5%,分别施加80 V和120 V电压,电泳结束后,依次进行凝胶染色及脱色处理。
参照GB/T 23527.1-2023《酶制剂质量要求》中紫外分光光度法测定蛋白酶活力。
蛋白酶的酶学性质参照文献[17]所述方法进行测定。
测定不同pH(4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0)条件下蛋白酶的酶活力。将酶液于40 ℃下保温3.0 h,每隔30 min测定酶活力。以最高酶活为100%,分析蛋白酶最适反应pH及pH稳定性。
在pH7条件下,将酶液分别于20、30、40、50、60、70 ℃中保温3.0 h,每30 min测一次酶活,以最高值为100%,测定不同温度下的蛋白酶活力,并分析蛋白酶热稳定性。
配制终浓度为20 mmo/L的Zn2+、Mg2+、Na+、Ca2+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Mn2+酶液,于4 ℃保温24 h后测定蛋白酶活力,并以不含金属离子的蛋白酶活力为100%,计算各金属离子条件下蛋白酶的相对酶活力。
牦牛肉背肌去除脂肪、表面筋膜和结缔组织,切分成若干50×30×30 mm肉块,吸干水分备用。
分别用质量浓度为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%的酶溶液以5 g/mL添加量对牦牛肉进行30 min嫩化处理。
恒定超声频率(40 kHz)和功率(240 W),以2.5%蛋白酶溶液处理牦牛肉样品,随后分别于20、25、30、35、40、45 ℃条件下进行30 min超声处理。
恒定超声频率(40 kHz)和功率(240 W),以2.5%蛋白酶溶液处理牦牛肉样品,同时控制超声温度为35 ℃,分别对牦牛肉进行10、20、30、40、50、60 min的超声处理。
以牦牛肉剪切力为响应值,设计三因素三水平Box-Behnken(BB)响应面试验,建立多元二次回归数学方程拟合自变量与响应值之间的函数关系,预测嫩化牦牛肉的最适工艺参数及牦牛肉的剪切力理论最小值,响应面试验因素水平设计如表1所示。
依据Ji等[18]的方法改进。以未经嫩化处理的同部位牦牛肉为对照组,采用TA-XT Plus质构仪配备LPBS-1S探头,设置测试前速度2 mm/s,测试速度2.0 mm/s,测试后速度10.0 mm/s,压缩距离30.0 mm,初始触发力10.0 g,每组样品平行测定3次并取平均值。
参考张诗琦等[19]的方法,采用TA-XT Plus质构仪配备PP75A探头,以TPA模式中二次挤压的方式进行测定。设定测前速度2.0 mm/s,测试速度1.0 mm/s,测后速度为2.0 mm/s,下压距离10.0 mm,间隔时间5.0 s,解析力量感应曲线,并计算硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性及咀嚼性等参数,每组样品平行测定3次并取平均值。
准确称取一定质量(m0)的肉样放入蒸煮袋中加热至70 ℃,拿出肉样冷却至室温,吸干表面水分再次称重(m1)。根据公式(1)计算样品蒸煮损失率:
$ \mathrm{蒸煮损失率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}\times \mathrm{100} $
参考Zhang等[20]的方法,准确称取一定质量(m0)的肉样,吸干表面水分并用吸水纸包裹,5000×g离心10 min后再次称重,记为m1。离心损失率根据公式(2)计算:
$ \mathrm{离心损失率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}\times \mathrm{100}$
称取3.00 g肉样,加入30 mL浓度为20 mmol/L的PBS Ⅰ缓冲液(含0.1 mol/L NaCl,1 mmol/L EDTA,pH7.0)[21],机械均质后,4 ℃、6000×g离心15 min,弃去上清液,重复洗涤两次,得到沉淀复溶于30 mL浓度为25 mmol/L的PBS Ⅱ缓冲液(含0.6 mol/L NaCl,pH7.0)溶解,经4 ℃、9000×g离心20 min,收集上清,即得MP溶液,采用BCA试剂盒测定样品浓度,于48 h内使用。肌原纤维蛋白降解情况,是将肌原纤维蛋白的浓度调整至1 μg/μL,采用SDS-PAGE进行电泳观察。
参考郑娇等[22]的方法并改进,称取3.00 g肉样并加入20 mL预冷的MFI缓冲液(KCl 3.7 g、KH2PO4 0.60 g、K2HPO4 1.28 g、EDTA 0.15 g、MgCl2 0.1 g,定容至500 mL),充分研磨均质后于4 ℃、1000×g离心15 min,重复洗涤两次。沉淀经10 mL MFI缓冲液重悬后过滤,调整滤液浓度至0.5 mg/mL,于540 nm下测定吸光度,将结果乘以200得到肌原纤维小片化指数。
所有实验均进行3次重复,所得数据经过IBM SPSS Statistics邓肯检验进行多重比较分析,Origin 2022软件绘图,Design-Expert 13用于响应面试验的设计及分析。
将所提取的蛋白酶经葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-75层析柱洗脱,收集洗脱液,最终得到纯化倍数为5.03、得率17.60%、比酶活10711 U/mg的波茨坦短芽孢杆菌蛋白酶(表2)。将纯化后的蛋白酶上样于SDS-PAGE凝胶体系,如图1中泳道2所示,该蛋白酶在SDS-PAGE凝胶体系中仅出现单一条带,表明硫酸铵沉淀-透析-凝胶层析有效去除了杂蛋白,使蛋白酶接近电泳纯度[23]。通过蛋白的相对迁移率与分子量的比例关系计算,初步确定酶的分子量约为47 kDa。
pH是影响酶活力的关键因素[24],强酸或强碱条件极易破坏酶的空间结构并导致失活。如图2A所示,在一定pH范围内,蛋白酶活力随pH的增大而增大,当pH=7时酶活力达到峰值,且显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05);当pH>7时,酶活力逐渐下降;由此推测该酶的最适pH约为7,这可能与活性中心关键氨基酸残基的质子化状态直接相关。进一步分析蛋白酶pH稳定性,如图2B,pH7时酶液稳定性优异,3 h后相对酶活力仍保持在80%以上,显著高于蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)S46蛋白酶在最适pH=8下保温3 h后的残留活性(55.06%)[25]。
在一定温度范围内,温度升高,酶促反应加快,但过高的温度会导致酶分子构象发生改变,使酶变性失活[26]。如图3所示,在pH为7.0的环境下,将蛋白酶在20~70 ℃保温3 h,结果显示,60~70 ℃时酶活下降趋势明显,而在30~40 ℃下保温1.5 h相对酶活力维持在60%~80%,3.0 h后仍能检测到40%~60%的酶活力。这表明波茨坦短芽孢杆菌蛋白酶在30~40 ℃范围内稳定性良好,这与嗜盐性古细菌(Halococcus salifodinae)PRR34有相似的特性[27]。
不同金属离子对酶活力的影响存在显著差异。金属离子可以作为酶的辅助因子或激活剂提高酶活力,另一方面又能和酶活性中心的必需基团结合使酶活力被抑制[28]。由图4可以看出,以不加金属离子的酶活力为对照组(酶活设为100%),Mn2+、Fe2+、Na+、Mg2+对波茨坦短芽孢杆菌蛋白酶活力均有显著增强作用(P<0.05),其中Mg2+作用最为突出,相对酶活力达到141%;而Ca2+、Cu2+、Zn2+则表现出酶活抑制性,导致酶活力有不同程度下降。不同蛋白酶对金属离子的响应亦存在差异,正如Majeed等[29]的研究中Ca2+和 Fe2+可增强枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BSP 蛋白酶活性,金属离子结合位点是造成这一现象的原因之一。
剪切力作为衡量肉类嫩度的关键指标,反映了切割肌肉纤维所需力的大小,剪切力越低表明肉品嫩度越高[30]。由图5A可知,随着蛋白酶浓度增大,牦牛肉剪切力呈递减趋势,在浓度为2.5%时剪切力达到最低值99.743±0.554 N,较空白组降低32.7%(P<0.05)。蛋白酶可以降解肉类中的大分子蛋白质,从而降低切割时的剪切阻力[31]。当蛋白酶浓度处于较低水平,其在牦牛肉中的渗透效率受限,嫩化效果不佳;随着浓度增加,蛋白酶分子数量与渗透效率同步提升,牦牛肉剪切力随之降低。当蛋白酶浓度升至3%,牦牛肉剪切力出现回升,推测是过度的水解作用使肉的超微网状结构损伤,导致剪切力升高,这与孙树远等[32]的研究结果一致。
超声波作为一种安全、无电离、对环境友好的机械波,其产生的作用力,不仅能直接作用于肌纤维,还能增强酶-底物传质效率[33]。如图5B所示,在最适酶浓度下,牦牛肉剪切力随超声温度升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,在35 ℃降至最低为67.330±2.286 N,较20 ℃时降低32.323%(P<0.05)。这归因于超声波通过空化效应、机械效应以及热效应提高牦牛肉嫩度,同时促进蛋白酶渗透,使其更高效、均匀地发挥嫩化作用[34]。然而温度过高会导致蛋白酶活性降低,嫩化效果受损,同时使牦牛肉蛋白变性造成肉剪切力回升。
如图5C所示,在35 ℃及2.5%酶浓度条件下,牦牛肉剪切力随着超声时间的延长先降低后增加。当处理时间较短,酶的催化作用与超声效应无法充分协同,致使嫩化效果受限。随着超声时间延长,牦牛肉剪切力逐步下降,40 min达到最低52.483±1.06 N,较未超声组降低47.475%(P<0.05)。然而超时处理(>40 min)剪切力回升,与Liu等[35]在研究中观察到的鱿鱼经超过20 min的超声处理后剪切力升高现象一致,这可能与长时间的超声导致蛋白酶活性下降,同时牦牛肉肌原纤维过度降解,影响肌肉收缩,肌肉失去原有弹性相关[36]。
响应面试验可以得到各因素对响应值的影响规律及交互作用,以牦牛肉剪切力为响应值设计并进行响应面试验,结果如表3所示。
利用Design Expert 13分析得到牦牛肉剪切力(Y)对蛋白酶浓度(A)、超声温度(B)、超声时间(C)的二次多项回归方程:Y=53.64+0.1563A+5.15B+1.82C+0.889AB+0.7115AC+0.091BC+10.04A2+30.03B2+24.25C2。
回归模型方差分析如表4所示,该模型的F=116.76,P<0.01,表明模型极显著,失拟项F=0.8147,P>0.05,即失拟项不显著。此外,模型R2=0.9934,表明模型可信度较好;矫正决定系数为0.9849,与R2极为接近,说明模型拟合度高,可用于预测牦牛肉嫩化最佳工艺。根据F值将影响因素由大到小排列为超声温度>超声时间>蛋白酶浓度。
基于所得模型回归方程及实验结果,绘制各因素间响应面图(图6)。可以看到,随着各因素数值升高,牦牛肉剪切力均呈现先减小后增大的趋势。蛋白酶浓度与超声温度之间的交互作用(AB)对牦牛肉剪切力的影响最大,其次是蛋白酶浓度与超声时间的交互作用(AC),超声时间与超声温度的交互作用(BC)对牦牛肉剪切力的影响最小,与方差分析结果各因素交互作用AB>AC>BC一致。
验证实验:模型预测当蛋白酶浓度为2.498%、超声温度为34.571 ℃、超声时间为39.624 min时,牦牛肉剪切力为53.389 N。为进一步验证其可靠性,将牦牛肉用2.5%的蛋白酶处理后在34.6 ℃下超声39.6 min,进行三次重复验证实验测定剪切力。得到剪切力的平均值为54.389±1.058 N,较预测值偏差1.87%,证明该模型能较准确预测牦牛肉嫩化效果,该工艺参数使牦牛肉剪切力降低63.3%。
以最佳工艺条件嫩化牦牛肉,其质构特性如表5所示。与嫩化前相比,嫩化后硬度由99.67±2.59 N降至45.72±2.65 N,弹性、内聚性、胶粘性及咀嚼性分别下降35.5%、21.3%、64.3%和77.3%(P<0.05)。这与Yoon等[37]报道的超声辅助木瓜蛋白酶和碳酸氢钠使肉的硬度降低68.19%,同样证明了超声辅助酶解技术对改善肉品质构特性的能力。蛋白酶能通过降解肌原纤维蛋白、肌浆蛋白及结缔组织蛋白等大分子物质,破坏肌肉纤维的交联结构,改善牦牛肉的质构特性[38],同时,超声波的空化效应,增加了底物与酶的相互作用[39],这种协同效应降低了肌原纤维的完整性,最终实现硬度、咀嚼性等质构参数的系统性优化。
保水性与肉品色泽、风味、嫩度等食用品质密切相关,是衡量肉品经济价值的重要指标[40]。如图7所示,在最佳嫩化工艺处理后,牦牛肉的蒸煮损失和离心损失变化得到了显著改善,与对照组相比,嫩化组蒸煮损失降低了33.7%,离心损失降低了52.0%(P<0.05)。相较于王文艳等[41]报道的菠萝蛋白酶和超声处理使牛肉后系水力提升23.1%,本研究中对保水性的改善效果更好。推测这一现象与嫩化过程中蛋白质降解及结构改变密切相关,蛋白酶的水解促使肌肉组织间隙增大,形成更疏松的网状结构,提高了其纳水的能力[42]。
肌原纤维蛋白的化学结构状态是影响肉嫩度的关键因素[43]。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分析最佳嫩化条件下牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的降解情况,结果如图8所示。可以看出,嫩化后肌原纤维蛋白在副肌球蛋白处(100 kDa)的条带强度明显减弱,而在48~75 kDa区间有微弱条带产生,推测为副肌球蛋白的降解产物。并且肌动蛋白(43 kDa)处条带和肌球蛋白轻链(16~25 kDa)处条带灰度值降低。基于此,可以推测嫩化工艺是通过促进副肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白及肌球蛋白轻链降解,破坏肌原纤维的空间结构完整性,从而降低肌肉剪切阻力。
肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)是指长度为1~4个肌节的肌原纤维占肌原纤维碎片总数的比例,MFI越大则代表肌纤维断裂程度越大[44],与肉的嫩度有关。如图9所示,嫩化前牦牛肉MFI=46.1±2.08,嫩化后则达到87.5±2.65,增大47.29%,有显著变化(P<0.05),即在蛋白酶和超声波的协同作用下牦牛肉的肌纤维受损。研究表明超声波的空化作用使肌原纤维蛋白解离,聚集体颗粒分散,能直接增大MFI值[45]。除此之外,蛋白酶破坏了肌原纤维蛋白结构,导致肌纤维断裂,使牦牛肉嫩度得到改善,这进一步验证了剪切力的探究结果,与Zhang等[15]的研究一致。
本研究中,波茨坦短芽孢杆菌产生的S8蛋白酶在pH7.0、30 ℃左右和20 mmo/L Mg2+条件下酶活力最高,相对酶活力达141%;响应面优化得到最佳牦牛肉嫩化工艺为蛋白酶浓度2.5%、超声温度34.6 ℃、超声时间39.6 min,在此条件下牦牛肉剪切力最低54.389±1.058 N,较嫩化前降低63.3%;在该最佳工艺条件下,牦牛肉硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均有显著降低(P<0.05),保水性提高,其中蒸煮损失降低33.7%,离心损失降低52.0%;嫩化后牦牛肉肌原纤维降解,MFI增大了47.29%。在超声波的辅助下S8蛋白酶使牦牛肉肌肉剪切力降低、质构特性和保水性得到改善、肌肉纤维断裂,嫩化效果好。本研究得到一种新的微生物来源的肉类嫩化剂,同时为牦牛肉精深加工产业提供技术支持。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020192
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
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    1西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610225
    2四川农业大学资源学院,四川成都 611830

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唐俊妮(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全与食品微生物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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