Article(id=1320886662171832543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030232, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853521148, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853521148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853521148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853521148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=223, endPage=232, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886662381547744, articleId=1320886662171832543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus Sourdough and Its Effect on the Quality Improvement of Sorghum Steamed Bread, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the preparation of freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus sourdough and its effects on the quality of multigrain steamed bread, this study utilized skim milk powder as a cryoprotectant to prepare freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough. The cryoprotective effects of different skim milk powder concentrations were evaluated, and the ability of the freeze-dried sourdough to improve the textural quality of sorghum steamed bread was further explored. Results indicated that the survival rate of P. pentosaceus in freeze-dried sourdough with 10% skim milk powder was 28.5%, significantly lower than those with 15% and 20% skim milk powder. However, this group exhibited the highest dough fermentation capacity, a specific volume of steamed bread (2.58 mL/g), and sensory scores. An in-depth analysis of macromolecular structures revealed that sourdough fermented with 10% skim milk powder showed a significant decrease in β-sheet content and an increase in α-helix content in gluten protein secondary structures, alongside a notable rise in starch gelatinization temperature and a reduction in enthalpy. Applying the 10% skim milk powder freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough in sorghum steamed bread preparation significantly improved the dough's textural properties. It enhanced the overall sensory score of the steamed bread. This study provides insights into the commercial production of freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough and its application in multigrain steamed bread.

, authors=Hanyang GUAN1, Zhengli GUO2, Jing ZENG3, Yongxin LIU1, Lei DAI1, Qingjie SUN1, Yang LI1, *, authorsList=Hanyang GUAN, Zhengli GUO, Jing ZENG, Yongxin LIU, Lei DAI, Qingjie SUN, Yang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886663803416811, articleId=1320886662171832543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=冷冻干燥戊糖片球菌酸面团的制备及其对高粱馒头品质的改善作用, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团的制备工艺及其对杂粮馒头品质的影响,本研究以脱脂乳粉为冻干保护剂,制备了戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团,探究了不同脱脂乳粉添加量的冻干保护效果,并进一步探究了冻干酸面团改善高粱馒头质构品质的效果。结果表明,脱脂乳粉含量10%的冻干酸面团中戊糖片球菌的存活率为28.5%,显著低于脱脂乳粉含量15%和20%的冻干酸面团,但其却表现出最好的面团发酵力、馒头比容(2.58 mL/g)和感官评分。深入分析其大分子结构发现,脱脂乳粉含量10%的冻干酸面团发酵的面团中面筋蛋白二级结构中β-折叠显著降低,α-螺旋显著增加,淀粉的糊化温度显著升高、热焓值显著降低。将脱脂乳粉含量10%的戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团应用于高粱馒头制备,其显著改善了面团的质构特性,并提高了高粱馒头总体感官得分。本研究为戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团的商业化生产及其在杂粮馒头中的应用提供了借鉴。

, authors=管涵洋1, 郭政利2, 曾婧3, 刘永新1, 代蕾1, 孙庆杰1, 李杨1, *, authorsList=管涵洋, 郭政利, 曾婧, 刘永新, 代蕾, 孙庆杰, 李杨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李杨, authorNote=

管涵洋(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油深精加工,E-mail:

郭政利(1988−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李杨(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵面制品与发酵果蔬制品品质提升,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2025, 162: 110884., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886684191928700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Guihun, FENG Xiaoyu, WU Zhaogen, et al. Development of wheat bread added with insoluble dietary fiber from ginseng residue and effects on physiochemical properties, in vitro adsorption capacities and starch digestibility[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2021, 149: 111855., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886684271620477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Sijing, SUN Hongnan, MA Mengmei, et al. Effects of dietary fibres, polyphenols and proteins on the estimated glycaemic index, physicochemical, textural and microstructural properties of steamed bread[J]. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024, 59: 4041−4052., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886684355506558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Yuanzhe, SUN Min, FENG Tao, et al. Impact of leavening agents on flavor profiles and microbial communities in steamed bread: a comparative analysis of traditional chinese sourdough and commercial yeast[J]. 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注:Q1菌泥对照表示直接用Q1离心收集的菌泥进行冻干;0表示Q1制备酸面团后不添加脱脂乳粉进行冻干;不同字母表示数据存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Ri0QCgUAjdCcQnddsGO63A==, figureFileBig=5AI7Vhe+70bgCIJpMTRyOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670577217828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fermenting power of freeze-dried acid dough powder with different Q1 grades, figureFileSmall=rj+w53oXgAH3q87CjLPGPw==, figureFileBig=u+MoEEWG8Y4fonE/oOQPjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670673686821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同Q1冻干酸面团粉的发酵力

注:A:不同脱脂乳粉添加量Q1冻干酸面团发酵力;B:调整活菌数后Q1冻干酸面团发酵力;C:脱脂乳粉对照发酵力;对照组为仅添加酵母的面团;同一时间标注不同字母说明差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=rj+w53oXgAH3q87CjLPGPw==, figureFileBig=u+MoEEWG8Y4fonE/oOQPjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670757572902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=pH of different Q1 freeze-dried acid dough, fermented dough and steamed buns, figureFileSmall=C+cJb9ARQGCEA6UlNfwQyQ==, figureFileBig=o8sPvYsDXKYuUsWoMMJfCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670828876071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同Q1冻干酸面团粉发酵面团和馒头的pH

注:不同大写字母表示面团的pH存在显著性差异(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示馒头的pH存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=C+cJb9ARQGCEA6UlNfwQyQ==, figureFileBig=o8sPvYsDXKYuUsWoMMJfCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670908567848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Q1 Specific volume and height-to-diameter ratio of steamed buns prepared from freeze-dried acid flour, figureFileSmall=fhfOy+gSxl0UCBY+zJodPw==, figureFileBig=L18Sk2Sk+H/8L3XEbsc5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886670988259625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Q1冻干酸面团粉制备的馒头比容和高径比

注:不同大写字母表示比容存在显著性差异(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示高径比存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=fhfOy+gSxl0UCBY+zJodPw==, figureFileBig=L18Sk2Sk+H/8L3XEbsc5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886671051174186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Specific volume and height-to-diameter ratio of sorghum steamed bread prepared with different fermentation methods, figureFileSmall=zzpo7X9BTIrjDDpC4KUF8w==, figureFileBig=T+Q9fD0dHk58kyvsBeK5oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886671118283051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发酵方式的高粱馒头比容和高径比

注:不同大写字母表示比容存在显著性差异(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示高径比存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=zzpo7X9BTIrjDDpC4KUF8w==, figureFileBig=T+Q9fD0dHk58kyvsBeK5oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886671185391916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Formula of wheat steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品面粉(g)干酵母(g)水(mL)Q1冻干酸面团粉(g)
酵母对照馒头2001100−
Q1冻干酸面团馒头150110050
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671256695085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦馒头配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品面粉(g)干酵母(g)水(mL)Q1冻干酸面团粉(g)
酵母对照馒头2001100−
Q1冻干酸面团馒头150110050
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671336386862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Formula of sorghum steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品面粉
(g)
高粱粉
(g)
干酵母
(g)
水
(mL)
Q1冻干酸
面团粉(g)
食用碱
(g)
高粱馒头180201100−−
乳酸高粱馒头180201100−−
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)180201100−0.44
10TQ1S高粱馒头13020110050−
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)130201100500.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671411884335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高粱馒头配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品面粉
(g)
高粱粉
(g)
干酵母
(g)
水
(mL)
Q1冻干酸
面团粉(g)
食用碱
(g)
高粱馒头180201100−−
乳酸高粱馒头180201100−−
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)180201100−0.44
10TQ1S高粱馒头13020110050−
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)130201100500.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671495770416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation of steamed bread

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准
表面色泽(10分)乳白色、白色(8~10分)
黄色、浅黄色(6~7分)
表面色泽灰暗(2~5分)
外观形状(15分)外观饱满、挺立、表面光滑(10~15分)
有轻微塌陷、收缩、表面微皱(4~9分)
萎缩严重(0~3分)
组织结构(15分)气孔分布均匀且细小(12~15分)
气孔分布过于细密但均匀(8~11分)
结构较粗糙,存在大气孔(5~7分)
表皮与边缘有分离现象(1~4分)
气味(10分)具有淡淡麦香气味,无异味(7~10分)
味道平淡(4~6分)
略带有异味(0~4分)
口味(10分)有淡淡的发酵香味或奶香(6~10分)
口味稍甜(3~5分)
略带咸味(0~2分)
回弹性(15分)复原性高、回复性好、能压缩1/2以上(10~15分)
手指按压回弹性弱或不回弹(5~9分)
不易按压,较硬(2~4分)
黏性(15分)爽口不黏牙(10~15分)
稍微黏牙(5~9分)
明显黏牙(0~4分)
咀嚼性(10分)咀嚼适口、易下咽(7~10分)
软硬适中(3~6分)
咀嚼干硬、下咽困难(0~2分)
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671604822321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

馒头的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准
表面色泽(10分)乳白色、白色(8~10分)
黄色、浅黄色(6~7分)
表面色泽灰暗(2~5分)
外观形状(15分)外观饱满、挺立、表面光滑(10~15分)
有轻微塌陷、收缩、表面微皱(4~9分)
萎缩严重(0~3分)
组织结构(15分)气孔分布均匀且细小(12~15分)
气孔分布过于细密但均匀(8~11分)
结构较粗糙,存在大气孔(5~7分)
表皮与边缘有分离现象(1~4分)
气味(10分)具有淡淡麦香气味,无异味(7~10分)
味道平淡(4~6分)
略带有异味(0~4分)
口味(10分)有淡淡的发酵香味或奶香(6~10分)
口味稍甜(3~5分)
略带咸味(0~2分)
回弹性(15分)复原性高、回复性好、能压缩1/2以上(10~15分)
手指按压回弹性弱或不回弹(5~9分)
不易按压,较硬(2~4分)
黏性(15分)爽口不黏牙(10~15分)
稍微黏牙(5~9分)
明显黏牙(0~4分)
咀嚼性(10分)咀嚼适口、易下咽(7~10分)
软硬适中(3~6分)
咀嚼干硬、下咽困难(0~2分)
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671688708402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different Q1 freeze-dried acid dough on the texture of wheat steamed buns

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)回复性内聚性
酵母对照288.84±32.75c0.8789±0.0096a212.31±21.78c0.0997±0.0030a0.8373±0.0169a
10TQ1S469.93±71.36b0.8766±0.0092a335.65±49.41a0.0944±0.0027ab0.8155±0.0124a
15TQ1S574.40±79.68ab0.8699±0.0296a386.33±69.38b0.0847±0.0037cd0.7681±0.0259b
20TQ1S602.62±51.76ab0.8834±0.0109a424.32±39.70b0.0898±0.0019bc0.7966±0.0047ab
市售馒头678.00±49.05a0.7564±0.0151b392.55±26.34b0.0802±0.0029d0.7662±0.0194b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671772594483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同Q1冻干酸面团粉对小麦馒头质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)回复性内聚性
酵母对照288.84±32.75c0.8789±0.0096a212.31±21.78c0.0997±0.0030a0.8373±0.0169a
10TQ1S469.93±71.36b0.8766±0.0092a335.65±49.41a0.0944±0.0027ab0.8155±0.0124a
15TQ1S574.40±79.68ab0.8699±0.0296a386.33±69.38b0.0847±0.0037cd0.7681±0.0259b
20TQ1S602.62±51.76ab0.8834±0.0109a424.32±39.70b0.0898±0.0019bc0.7966±0.0047ab
市售馒头678.00±49.05a0.7564±0.0151b392.55±26.34b0.0802±0.0029d0.7662±0.0194b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671848091956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Secondary structure of proteins in each group of dough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品β-折叠(%)无规则卷曲(%)α-螺旋(%)β-转角(%)
酵母对照35.59±1.26a18.51±2.1a16.88±0.9b29.02±0.96b
10TQ1S32.59±0.14b17.81±0.92a18.76±0.33a30.84±1.1ab
15TQ1S34.3±0.21ab18.4±0.03a18.36±0.33a28.93±0.49b
20TQ1S32.62±0.56b18.31±0.15a18.21±0.27a31.28±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886671919395125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各组面团的蛋白质二级结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品β-折叠(%)无规则卷曲(%)α-螺旋(%)β-转角(%)
酵母对照35.59±1.26a18.51±2.1a16.88±0.9b29.02±0.96b
10TQ1S32.59±0.14b17.81±0.92a18.76±0.33a30.84±1.1ab
15TQ1S34.3±0.21ab18.4±0.03a18.36±0.33a28.93±0.49b
20TQ1S32.62±0.56b18.31±0.15a18.21±0.27a31.28±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672024252726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

DSC thermodynamic analysis of dough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)终点温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
酵母对照56.95±0.71b62.06±0.08b68.15±0.4b4.93±0.1a
10TQ1S59.13±0.43a63.89±0.34a69.05±0.33a4.12±0.65b
15TQ1S59.22±0.07a63.94±0.08a69.19±0.16a4.43±0.11b
20TQ1S59.47±0.3a64.34±0.24a69.62±0.52a4.38±0.65b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672124916023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

面团的DSC热力学分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品起始温度(℃)峰值温度(℃)终点温度(℃)焓值(J/g)
酵母对照56.95±0.71b62.06±0.08b68.15±0.4b4.93±0.1a
10TQ1S59.13±0.43a63.89±0.34a69.05±0.33a4.12±0.65b
15TQ1S59.22±0.07a63.94±0.08a69.19±0.16a4.43±0.11b
20TQ1S59.47±0.3a64.34±0.24a69.62±0.52a4.38±0.65b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672225579320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Texture characteristics of steamed bread in different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)回复性内聚性
小麦馒头305.9±17.58e0.8707±0.037ab248.9±24.69e0.0954±0.0026a0.8129±0.0248a
高粱馒头861.56±53.9c0.8722±0.0164ab565.09±47.43c0.0817±0.0035bc0.7259±0.0216b
10TQ1S小麦馒头437.65±32.53d0.8903±0.011ab378.55±54.43d0.0877±0.0053ab0.7466±0.0254b
10TQ1S高粱馒头1305.76±33.27a0.8771±0.0175ab880.05±24.21a0.0809±0.0029bc0.7371±0.0282b
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)1023.12±54.84b0.8627±0.0069ab739.5±66.07b0.0758±0.0044bc0.7231±0.0238b
乳酸高粱馒头816.38±78.79c0.9049±0.0203a547.24±33.67c0.0882±0.0016ab0.7579±0.0102ab
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)767.3±32.53c0.8488±0.0061b505.74±28.75c0.0879±0.0012ab0.7528±0.027b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672305271097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同组馒头的质构特性

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样品硬度(gf)弹性咀嚼性(gf)回复性内聚性
小麦馒头305.9±17.58e0.8707±0.037ab248.9±24.69e0.0954±0.0026a0.8129±0.0248a
高粱馒头861.56±53.9c0.8722±0.0164ab565.09±47.43c0.0817±0.0035bc0.7259±0.0216b
10TQ1S小麦馒头437.65±32.53d0.8903±0.011ab378.55±54.43d0.0877±0.0053ab0.7466±0.0254b
10TQ1S高粱馒头1305.76±33.27a0.8771±0.0175ab880.05±24.21a0.0809±0.0029bc0.7371±0.0282b
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)1023.12±54.84b0.8627±0.0069ab739.5±66.07b0.0758±0.0044bc0.7231±0.0238b
乳酸高粱馒头816.38±78.79c0.9049±0.0203a547.24±33.67c0.0882±0.0016ab0.7579±0.0102ab
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)767.3±32.53c0.8488±0.0061b505.74±28.75c0.0879±0.0012ab0.7528±0.027b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672384962874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Sensory evaluation scores of steamed bread/sorghum steamed bread prepared with different starters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次样品表面色泽外观形状组织结构气味口味回弹性黏性咀嚼性总分
小麦馒头酵母对照8.2±1.5a12.3±1.9a10.4±2.5a8.3±0.8ab7.3±1.0ab11.7±1.6a11.8±1.2ab8.0±0.6b78.0±3.9b
10TQ1S8.9±0.8a13.5±1.4a11.0±2.4a9.0±0.9a8.2±1.2a12.9±2.3a12.8±1.7a9.2±0.9a85.3±4.5a
15TQ1S8.1±0.8a11.0±2.0a11.0±2.4a7.0±1.2b6.1±1.6b12.4±2.5a11.3±2.2ab7.7±0.8b75.5±6.9b
20TQ1S8.2±0.7a12.5±1.0a11.2±2.3a6.9±1.9b6.1±2.0b11.8±2.6a10.3±3.3b7.2±0.9b74.2±8.4b
小麦馒头和高粱馒头小麦馒头8.2±0.9A12.2±2.1A8.9±1.8C8.2±0.9A7.5±1.2A12.1±2.1A10.6±1.4B7.8±0.7A75.5±4.5B
高粱馒头5.2±0.7B12.7±1.1A11.2±1.9B8.1±1.3A5.4±1.2B8.7±1.6D13.3±1.2A3.9±1.4B68.5±4.3CD
10TQ1S8.5±0.8A13.2±1.5A13.1±0.9A8.1±0.7A7.9±1.0A12.5±1.3A12.3±1.2AB8.1±0.7A83.7±2.5A
10TQ1S高粱馒头5.3±0.9B13.0±1.0A13.2±0.7A8.0±1.1AB5.1±1.4B10.9±1.8ABC13.6±0.7A4.3±1.2B73.4±2.8BC
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)5.4±0.7B12.2±1.2A11.2±1.8B8.1±0.7A5.1±1.0B11.3±1.5AB10.9±1.5B4.9±1.5B69.1±5.2CD
乳酸高粱馒头5.1±0.9B13.1±1.0A13.2±1.2A7.0±0.8BC5.8±0.9B9.3±1.1CD12.2±1.7AB4.1±1.3B69.8±4.7CD
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)5.2±1.1B13.0±1.2A11.2±1.7B6.9±0.5C5.4±1.0B9.9±0.9BCD10.6±2.5B4.9±1.3B67.1±4.5D
), ArticleFig(id=1320886672468848955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886662171832543, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同发酵剂制备的馒头/高粱馒头感官评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次样品表面色泽外观形状组织结构气味口味回弹性黏性咀嚼性总分
小麦馒头酵母对照8.2±1.5a12.3±1.9a10.4±2.5a8.3±0.8ab7.3±1.0ab11.7±1.6a11.8±1.2ab8.0±0.6b78.0±3.9b
10TQ1S8.9±0.8a13.5±1.4a11.0±2.4a9.0±0.9a8.2±1.2a12.9±2.3a12.8±1.7a9.2±0.9a85.3±4.5a
15TQ1S8.1±0.8a11.0±2.0a11.0±2.4a7.0±1.2b6.1±1.6b12.4±2.5a11.3±2.2ab7.7±0.8b75.5±6.9b
20TQ1S8.2±0.7a12.5±1.0a11.2±2.3a6.9±1.9b6.1±2.0b11.8±2.6a10.3±3.3b7.2±0.9b74.2±8.4b
小麦馒头和高粱馒头小麦馒头8.2±0.9A12.2±2.1A8.9±1.8C8.2±0.9A7.5±1.2A12.1±2.1A10.6±1.4B7.8±0.7A75.5±4.5B
高粱馒头5.2±0.7B12.7±1.1A11.2±1.9B8.1±1.3A5.4±1.2B8.7±1.6D13.3±1.2A3.9±1.4B68.5±4.3CD
10TQ1S8.5±0.8A13.2±1.5A13.1±0.9A8.1±0.7A7.9±1.0A12.5±1.3A12.3±1.2AB8.1±0.7A83.7±2.5A
10TQ1S高粱馒头5.3±0.9B13.0±1.0A13.2±0.7A8.0±1.1AB5.1±1.4B10.9±1.8ABC13.6±0.7A4.3±1.2B73.4±2.8BC
10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)5.4±0.7B12.2±1.2A11.2±1.8B8.1±0.7A5.1±1.0B11.3±1.5AB10.9±1.5B4.9±1.5B69.1±5.2CD
乳酸高粱馒头5.1±0.9B13.1±1.0A13.2±1.2A7.0±0.8BC5.8±0.9B9.3±1.1CD12.2±1.7AB4.1±1.3B69.8±4.7CD
乳酸高粱馒头(碱)5.2±1.1B13.0±1.2A11.2±1.7B6.9±0.5C5.4±1.0B9.9±0.9BCD10.6±2.5B4.9±1.3B67.1±4.5D
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冷冻干燥戊糖片球菌酸面团的制备及其对高粱馒头品质的改善作用
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管涵洋 1 , 郭政利 2 , 曾婧 3 , 刘永新 1 , 代蕾 1 , 孙庆杰 1 , 李杨 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(6): 223-232
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (6) : 223 -232
冷冻干燥戊糖片球菌酸面团的制备及其对高粱馒头品质的改善作用
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管涵洋(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油深精加工,E-mail:

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管涵洋1 , 郭政利2 , 曾婧3, 刘永新1, 代蕾1, 孙庆杰1, 李杨1, *
作者信息
  • 1青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266109
  • 2莱西市市场监督管理局,山东青岛 266699
  • 3国家粮食和物资储备局湖北局物资检验所,湖北武汉 430050
通讯作者:
李杨(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵面制品与发酵果蔬制品品质提升,E-mail:。
作者简介:

管涵洋(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮油深精加工,E-mail:

郭政利(1988−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Preparation of Freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus Sourdough and Its Effect on the Quality Improvement of Sorghum Steamed Bread
Hanyang GUAN1 , Zhengli GUO2 , Jing ZENG3, Yongxin LIU1, Lei DAI1, Qingjie SUN1, Yang LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2Laixi Administration for Market Regulation, Qingdao 266699, China
  • 3Materials Inspection Institute of Hubei Bureau of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Wuhan 430050, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030232
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为探究戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团的制备工艺及其对杂粮馒头品质的影响,本研究以脱脂乳粉为冻干保护剂,制备了戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团,探究了不同脱脂乳粉添加量的冻干保护效果,并进一步探究了冻干酸面团改善高粱馒头质构品质的效果。结果表明,脱脂乳粉含量10%的冻干酸面团中戊糖片球菌的存活率为28.5%,显著低于脱脂乳粉含量15%和20%的冻干酸面团,但其却表现出最好的面团发酵力、馒头比容(2.58 mL/g)和感官评分。深入分析其大分子结构发现,脱脂乳粉含量10%的冻干酸面团发酵的面团中面筋蛋白二级结构中β-折叠显著降低,α-螺旋显著增加,淀粉的糊化温度显著升高、热焓值显著降低。将脱脂乳粉含量10%的戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团应用于高粱馒头制备,其显著改善了面团的质构特性,并提高了高粱馒头总体感官得分。本研究为戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团的商业化生产及其在杂粮馒头中的应用提供了借鉴。

冻干酸面团  /  戊糖片球菌  /  比容  /  感官评价  /  杂粮馒头

To investigate the preparation of freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus sourdough and its effects on the quality of multigrain steamed bread, this study utilized skim milk powder as a cryoprotectant to prepare freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough. The cryoprotective effects of different skim milk powder concentrations were evaluated, and the ability of the freeze-dried sourdough to improve the textural quality of sorghum steamed bread was further explored. Results indicated that the survival rate of P. pentosaceus in freeze-dried sourdough with 10% skim milk powder was 28.5%, significantly lower than those with 15% and 20% skim milk powder. However, this group exhibited the highest dough fermentation capacity, a specific volume of steamed bread (2.58 mL/g), and sensory scores. An in-depth analysis of macromolecular structures revealed that sourdough fermented with 10% skim milk powder showed a significant decrease in β-sheet content and an increase in α-helix content in gluten protein secondary structures, alongside a notable rise in starch gelatinization temperature and a reduction in enthalpy. Applying the 10% skim milk powder freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough in sorghum steamed bread preparation significantly improved the dough's textural properties. It enhanced the overall sensory score of the steamed bread. This study provides insights into the commercial production of freeze-dried P. pentosaceus sourdough and its application in multigrain steamed bread.

freeze-dried sourdough  /  Pediococcus pentosaceus  /  specific volume  /  sensory evaluation  /  multigrain steamed bread
管涵洋, 郭政利, 曾婧, 刘永新, 代蕾, 孙庆杰, 李杨. 冷冻干燥戊糖片球菌酸面团的制备及其对高粱馒头品质的改善作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 223 -232 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030232
Hanyang GUAN, Zhengli GUO, Jing ZENG, Yongxin LIU, Lei DAI, Qingjie SUN, Yang LI. Preparation of Freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus Sourdough and Its Effect on the Quality Improvement of Sorghum Steamed Bread[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 223 -232 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030232
馒头是我国特色的传统主食,也是典型的蒸制发酵面制品,在我国饮食文化中占有重要的地位[1]。酸面团(又称老面、酵子等)是我国传统的面制品发酵剂[2],其中含有多种乳酸菌和酵母[3−4],但因发酵时间长、品质不稳定等缺点逐渐被活性干酵母所取代。然而,由于老面馒头是乳酸菌和酵母复合发酵,其在提高馒头风味品质[5]和延长保质期[6]等方面优于纯酵母馒头,更受国人青睐。因此,酸面团的标准化和规模化生产成为提高馒头品质、保持其特色风味的重要途径。
酸面团是一个包含多种微生物的微生态系统,酵母菌和乳酸菌是其中的优势菌群,不同地区酸面团的微生物种类和数量存在差异[3]。由于其中微生物的复杂性及不稳定性,传统酸面团难以直接作为商品化发酵剂应用于发酵面食生产。因此,以单一菌株或特定菌株混合发酵制备的酸面团是目前商品化酸面团的主要形式[7−9]。酸面团有三种主要产品状态:液态、半固态和固态,其中固态形式的酸面团更方便贮藏和使用[10],生产过程需要进行干燥操作。真空冷冻干燥技术是保持微生物活性的有效干燥方式。因此,采用该技术进行酸面团干燥有利于其中微生物活性的保持,降低发酵性能损失。戊糖片球菌是传统酸面团中天然存在的“本土”菌种,对发酵面制品的品质和安全发挥重要的作用[6,11−12],是制备酸面团的优良菌种,但有关其在酸面团制备方面的研究仍相对缺乏。目前,以单菌种制备酸面团的乳酸菌多以植物乳杆菌为主[10,13−14],戊糖片球菌酸面团报道较少,且未见其冻干酸面团的制备研究。此外,脱脂乳粉是常见的微生物冻干保护剂[15],但其在制备冻干酸面团中的保护效果尚未见报道。
随着人们对营养健康需求的提高,杂粮因富含微量元素、维生素以及膳食纤维等营养物质日益受到关注,杂粮馒头等形式的杂粮主食受到消费者青睐,然而,馒头中添加杂粮往往会严重影响馒头的质地品质,而采用酸面团发酵则是有效的改善手段[16]。高粱中含有丰富的微量元素、维生素、多酚及膳食纤维,具有抗氧化和调节肠道菌群等功效[17−19],目前虽已有在馒头中添加高粱粉制作高粱馒头的研究[20−21],但高粱馒头尚存在明显的品质缺陷:表皮易出现凹陷、表面粗糙不光滑、比容偏小,这些问题严重影响其接受度和食用品质。
本文以脱脂乳粉作为冻干保护剂制备戊糖片球菌冻干酸面团,研究脱脂乳粉的添加量对冻干酸面团活菌数、发酵力和馒头品质的影响,并分析了发酵面团中蛋白质和淀粉的结构变化,进而将制备的冻干酸面团应用于高粱馒头制作,并探究其改善杂粮馒头比容的机理,以期为酸面团的商业化应用和杂粮主食化提供借鉴。
五得利八星雪花面粉 五得利集团新乡面粉有限公司;馒头 青岛市大润发超市;高活性干酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;MRS肉汤 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;0.1%蛋白胨水 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;琼脂粉 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;氯化钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;脱脂乳粉 三元乳业有限公司;戊糖片球菌LWQ1 实验室前期筛选自酸面团的乳酸菌。
SW-CJ-1FD超净紫外操作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;LRH-70F生化培养箱 上海—恒科学仪器有限公司;Pilot 3-6E真空冷冻干燥机 北京博医康实验仪器有限公司;GR 60DF灭菌锅 厦门致微仪器有限公司;TA.XTC-18质构仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;Nicolet iS 10傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 Thermo公司;NMI20-040V-I低场核磁分析仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;CF-6000S发酵箱 中山卡士电器有限公司;DW-86L416G超低温冰箱 海尔智家股份有限公司;pH30高精度pH测试笔CLEAN LEAU 昆山联凌电智能科技有限公司。
将戊糖片球菌LWQ1(Q1)的种子液以2%的接种量接种至2 mL的MRS肉汤,37 ℃下培养24 h,转接活化1次后,8000 r/min离心2 min得到菌泥,使用0.1%无菌蛋白胨水溶液清洗2次后重悬于等量蛋白胨溶液中,于4 ℃备用。
在超净工作台中,将100 g面粉、2 mL含Q1菌泥的蛋白胨溶液和100 mL无菌水充分混匀后,放在34 ℃、湿度85%的发酵箱中发酵14 h得到酸面团。分别添加0%、10%、15%、20%的脱脂乳粉并混合均匀,以1 cm厚度进行冻干。冻干后将冻干酸面团粉碎、过筛(100目),密封包装,4 ℃储存备用。不同脱脂乳粉添加量的Q1冻干酸面团表示为Q1S(0%)、10TQ1S(10%)、15TQ1S(15%)、20TQ1S(20%)。
分别取适量的新鲜Q1酸面团和冻干后的Q1酸面团粉,在MRS培养基上采用倾注法计数,37 ℃倒置培养48±2 h,进行菌落计数,按下列公式计算Q1的存活率。
$ 存活率(\text{%})=\frac{冻干后酸面团乳酸菌活菌数(\text{CFU})}{冻干前酸面团乳酸菌活菌数(\text{CFU})}\times 100 $
参照苏珊等[22]的方法稍作修改,将50 g冻干酸面团粉、1 g酵母、150 g面粉和100 mL水混合,揉至成型,取100 g面团搓圆,放入500 mL量筒中,用木棒压实至没有缝隙,记录量筒内的面团顶部对应的刻度,置于37 ℃培养箱中,2 h内每隔30 min读取并记录。公式如下:
$ 发酵力=\frac{面团体积(\text{mL})-面团初始体积(\text{mL})}{面团初始体积(\text{mL})} $
将15TQ1S和20TQ1S中的活菌数调整至与10TQ1S活菌数一致,分别记为∆15TQ1S和∆20TQ1S,添加量按照如下公式计算,并以面粉补齐至50 g。
$ \rm \Delta \text{iTQ1S}质量(g)=\frac{10\mathrm{T}\text{Q1S}乳酸菌活菌数(\text{CFU}/\text{g})\times 50\;\text{g}}{\mathrm{iT}\text{Q1S}乳酸菌活菌数(\text{CFU}/\text{g})} $
式中,iTQ1S质量表示不同脱脂乳粉添加量的冻干酸面团的质量,i为不同脱脂乳粉添加量。
将面粉、酵母、水和Q1冻干酸面团粉按照表1配方混合均匀,揉至成团,在37 ℃、湿度85%的培养箱中发酵2 h后切成70 g/份的小面团,将小面团揉搓定型后,室温下二次醒发30 min,水开后上锅蒸制30 min,得到馒头。
将面粉、高粱粉(占总混合粉10%)[21]、酵母、水和Q1冻干酸面团粉、食用碱按照表2配方混合均匀,揉至成团,在37 ℃、湿度85%的培养箱中发酵2 h,取出切成70 g/份的小面团,将小面团揉搓定型后,室温下二次醒发30 min,其中乳酸高粱馒头需用乳酸调整pH与10TQ1S高粱馒头pH一致后进行二次醒发,水开后上锅蒸制30 min,得到高粱馒头。
按照上述1.2.5的方法得到二次醒发后的面团,使用CLEAN LEAU pH30高精度测试笔对面团内部的pH进行测定并记录。将面团蒸制得到馒头后,使用相同方式测定馒头芯的pH。
参照GB/T 21118-2007《小麦粉馒头》[23]中体积置换法测定馒头比容,使用游标卡尺测定馒头的高度(mm)与直径(mm),每个样品做3次平行,取平均值。
高径比及比容计算公式如下:
$ 高径比=\frac{高度(\text{mm})}{直径(\text{mm})} $
$ 比容(\text{mL/g})=\frac{馒头的体积(\text{mL})}{馒头的质量(\text{g})} $
馒头冷却1 h后,将馒头芯切成2 cm×2 cm×2 cm的正方体备用[24]。使用质构仪柱形挤压探头TA/36对馒头的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性等性质进行质构分析,每个样品重复3次,取平均值。质构仪参数如下:测前速度3.0 mm/s,测中速度1.0 mm/s,测后速度1.0 mm/s,间隔时间3.0 s,触发力5.0 g。
参考Jia等[25]的方法,使用带有衰减全反射(ATR)附件和Hg-Cd-Te(MCT)检测器的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,以32次扫描测量、4 cm−1分辨率和400~4000 cm−1的扫描范围对不同样品的红外光谱进行记录。光谱中1600~1700 cm−1所对应的酰胺I带被用来表征面筋蛋白二级结构,使用Omnic(版本8.2.0)和Peak Fit(版本4.12)软件对酰胺I带进行傅里叶去卷积、基线校准、绘制二阶导数曲线并进行分峰拟合,从而确定样品中各二级结构的含量。
参照黄鸿杰[26]的方法并作适当修改,将面团进行冻干后磨粉过筛(120目)备用,称取该粉末3~5 mg于铝坩埚中压制边缘使其密封。使用差示热量扫描仪(DSC)进行测定,测定时的样品质量以去除水分含量后的样品中的固形物计。扫描温度为25~125 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min。
馒头的感官评定由具有感官评定经验的10名食品专业评价员(男女各5名)组成。对不同组馒头从表面色泽、外观形状、组织结构、气味、口味、回弹性、黏性和咀嚼性8个方面进行感官评价,总分为100,评分标准见表3。
所有的试验均设置3个平行,结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。数据在Microsoft Excel 2021版中进行计算。柱状图、点线图等图由Origin 2018绘制。通过SPSS 26.0单因素方差(ANOVA)分析显著性差异,不同字母表示组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
通常选择蛋白质、糖、多元醇等物质一种或多种组合[18]保护活菌免受冷冻干燥过程中超低温和极度干燥的破坏。本研究以10%、15%和20%添加量的脱脂乳粉作为单一保护剂制备冻干酸面团,存活率结果如图1所示。Q1菌泥直接冻干损失97%的活菌,而Q1酸面团直接冻干损失94.8%的活菌,这说明酸面团中的淀粉、蛋白质或者空间结构可以起到微弱的保护作用。杨新宇[7]研究表明不同DY值(Dough Yield,面团重量×100/面粉重量)的酸面团冻干后植物乳植杆菌和旧金山乳杆菌的存活率在3%~7%之间,本研究结果与之一致,但低于张维清等[10]制备的冷冻干燥酸面团中植物乳植杆菌的存活率,推测可能是不同菌株对低温和干燥的耐受程度不同。
在实际生产中,为提高冻干微生物的存活率,需额外添加冻干保护剂。脱脂乳粉可通过包裹或化学键结合等方式作用于菌体细胞表面或者细胞内部蛋白质周围形成保护层,保护细胞免受损伤[27],保护效果与添加量有关。本研究发现,脱脂乳粉的添加能显著提高冻干酸面团中Q1的存活率(P<0.05),且随着添加量的增加,存活率逐渐上升,添加20%脱脂乳粉的冻干酸面团中Q1的存活率达到87%(图1)。
面团的发酵力与面团体积呈正比,决定发酵面制品的质量。如图2A所示,10TQ1S和15TQ1S在2 h内的发酵力显著高于仅添加酵母菌的对照组(P<0.05),且在前0.5 h的发酵速度也比对照组快。面筋网络的形成与CO2的产生是面团体积膨胀的前提[28],酸面团在发酵过程中,面团体系pH下降,有利于提高蛋白酶活性以部分降解面筋蛋白[29],同时,较高的质子浓度形成了静电排斥作用[30],减弱面筋网络的强度,使面团得以延展膨胀[31]。然而,20TQ1S在2 h内的发酵力与对照无差异,这说明不同脱脂乳粉添加量的Q1冻干酸面团对酵母面团发酵力的影响不同。所有面团在1.5 h后的发酵速度均有所降低,这可能是因为随着发酵时间增加,酸性物质积累促进蛋白酶活性增加,破坏面筋网络[29]导致面团中部分CO2逸出,从而面团体积增加速度逐渐变慢。
由于不同脱脂乳粉添加量的Q1冻干酸面团中Q1活菌数不同,为探究相同活菌数的不同冻干酸面团的发酵力大小,将15TQ1S和20TQ1S中Q1活菌数调整至与10TQ1S一致(标记为∆15TQ1S和∆20TQ1S),结果如图2B所示。10TQ1S的发酵力显著高于∆15TQ1S和∆20TQ1S,说明乳酸菌活菌数并不是影响面团发酵力的唯一因素;∆20TQ1S的发酵力显著(P<0.05)高于20TQ1S,说明添加过量的脱脂乳粉会降低面团体积,可能是因为蛋白质和淀粉链之间的相互作用形成了更高强度的蛋白质-淀粉凝胶[32],抑制面团的膨胀;但∆15TQ1S在前1.5 h的发酵力低于15TQ1S,推测适量的脱脂乳粉可以起到调节面筋网络增大发酵力的作用。
为验证脱脂乳粉在面团发酵过程中的作用,添加与10TQ1S相同量的脱脂乳粉进行发酵力测定,结果如图2C所示。10TQ1S的发酵力显著(P<0.05)高于酵母对照和添加脱脂乳粉组,说明单独使用脱脂乳粉并未提高面团发酵力,进一步说明一定活菌数的戊糖片球菌和适量的脱脂乳粉协同作用是促进发酵力提高的原因。
不同Q1冻干酸面团因初始含菌量、脱脂乳粉含量不同,发酵得到的面团和馒头的pH也不同。如图3所示,二次醒发后,加入Q1冻干酸面团的面团pH均小于酵母发酵面团,15TQ1S和20TQ1S发酵面团的pH相近,显著(P<0.05)高于10TQ1S的pH,可能是过量的脱脂乳粉(氮源)延缓了Q1的产酸和发酵[33]。10TQ1S发酵面团的pH最低,与其发酵力最大的结果相一致。
Q1冻干酸面团制备馒头后测得的pH比二次醒发后面团的pH低,可能是因为蒸制过程中水分减少或乳酸菌进一步发酵使体系pH降低。
馒头的比容是衡量馒头质构品质的重要指标之一,由图4可知,添加Q1冻干酸面团后馒头的比容出现两种不同的表现。10TQ1S制备的馒头比容为2.58 mL/g,显著(P<0.05)高于酵母发酵馒头,增加了10.3%;高径比各组间无显著性差异,均在0.61~0.63之间。Xing等[34]发现的一株戊糖片球菌可以显著增加馒头比容,从2.19 mL/g增加到2.41 mL/g,比对照增加10%,本研究结果与之一致。10TQ1S馒头比容结果与面团发酵力结果一致(图2A),可能是乳酸菌代谢产生的酸性物质适当减弱面筋蛋白强度,使面团膨胀增大发酵力,进一步增加馒头比容。
20TQ1S制备的馒头比容下降,可能与乳酸菌发酵有关,由pH结果可知,面团和馒头的pH随着Q1冻干酸面团活菌数的增加而增加(图3),初始发酵剂活菌数过高反而影响面团的发酵和代谢酸性物质的产生。此外,添加的脱脂乳粉和淀粉之间的氢键和静电相互作用导致面团产生紧密的结构,并可能干扰亲水胶体网络,使面筋结构恶化,从而降低持气性和膨胀性,进一步降低比容[32]。
馒头的质构特性包括硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性及内聚性等参数。硬度和弹性大多都作为馒头质量的评判标准,咀嚼性来自弹性、硬度和内聚性,反映了咀嚼食物至吞咽状态所需的能量[35],通常咀嚼性和硬度呈正相关[36]。
由表4可知,添加了Q1冻干酸面团的馒头硬度和咀嚼性均显著增加,并且随着脱脂乳粉添加量的增大而增大,但三组间无显著性差异。这可能是因为Q1冻干酸面团中额外添加了脱脂乳粉,形成的高强度的蛋白质-淀粉凝胶使样品具有更高的硬度值[32]。在质构测定中,发现Q1冻干酸面团馒头的硬度随脱脂乳粉添加量的增加逐渐增加,但仍低于市售馒头;咀嚼性除10TQ1S制备的馒头显著低于市售馒头,其余2组与市售馒头无显著性差异(P<0.05)。Zheng等[37]制备的所有馒头硬度均大于985 gf,由此可见各组馒头的硬度仍在可接受范围。添加10TQ1S后,其内聚性和回复性与酵母对照馒头并无显著性差异,但随脱脂乳粉添加量的增加内聚性开始下降。
在蛋白质二级结构中,1600~1640 cm−1是β-折叠的典型区域,1640~1650 cm−1是无规则卷曲的典型区域,1650~1660 cm−1是α-螺旋的典型区域,1660~1700 cm−1是β-转角的典型区域[38]。在面筋蛋白的二级结构中,β-折叠凭借更强的氢键协同效应成为稳定性最高的构象形式,这种强化后的分子间作用力更有利于蛋白质聚集体形成。相较而言,α-螺旋结构通过有序的螺旋排列保持着优越的构象稳态,其规则的空间排布赋予其更高的结构完整性。所以,较高比例的α-螺旋和β-折叠有助于形成更加有序的蛋白质结构并提高蛋白质的聚合能力[39]。
由表5所示,在四种面团中,酵母对照的β-折叠占比最高,为35.59%,显著(P<0.05)高于10TQ1S和20TQ1S,但与15TQ1S之间没有显著性差异。Q1冻干酸面团发酵的面团中α-螺旋比例显著高于酵母对照组,其中以10TQ1S面团的α-螺旋比例最大。β-折叠的形成是以降低β-转角结构来实现的[40],麻嵩淼等[11]发现,戊糖片球菌PE5联合酵母发酵可增加醇溶蛋白二硫键含量和β-折叠结构相对含量,使面团的微观结构变得更加松散。但本研究发现,10TQ1S和20TQ1S的β-折叠比例降低后增加了α-螺旋和β-转角的比例,可能与脱脂乳粉的加入有关。10TQ1S和20TQ1S中α-螺旋和β-转角比例的差异可能影响其面团中面筋网络结构,从而表现出不同的面团发酵力和馒头比容。
淀粉的重结晶晶体在融化过程中会出现吸热峰,峰面积越大,融化该晶体所需要的热量越多,融化焓值越大,结晶含量越高,老化度越大[41]。如表6所示,与酵母对照相比,Q1冻干酸面团发酵的面团的起始温度、峰值温度和终点温度都显著增加(P<0.05),说明淀粉的耐热性增加、延缓了淀粉的糊化。Q1冻干酸面团的加入降低了面团的焓值,说明面筋蛋白与淀粉颗粒之间的结合更加紧密[42];此外,酸化会增加淀粉酶活性,将支链淀粉和直链淀粉分解为可融化糊精,表现出较低的糊化趋势[43−44]。杨新宇[7]发现,馒头中添加酸面团发酵剂能够延缓支链淀粉的结晶速率,延缓老化,与本研究结果一致,说明Q1冻干酸面团可以延缓面团老化。
将酸面团10TQ1S用于高粱馒头的制备,测定高径比和比容,结果如表6所示。高粱粉替代部分小麦粉后,稀释了面筋蛋白含量,所以高粱馒头比容显著下降。虽然小麦馒头制备中使用10TQ1S能显著提高馒头比容(P<0.05),但将10TQ1S应用于高粱馒头中增加比容效果不显著。邢倩等[5]研究发现,异型乳酸发酵的魏斯氏菌因产生CO2会提高馒头比容,但Q1是同型乳酸发酵不会额外产生CO2。不过,Xi等[45]发现加碱可以提高酸面团馒头的比容。本研究中,酸面团发酵后产乳酸,加碱后因产生CO2显著增加了高粱馒头的比容,这说明10TQ1S可以利用额外的CO2增加比容。
为进一步探究高粱馒头比容与体系酸性pH的关系,制备了用乳酸调pH的高粱馒头和乳酸调整后加碱的高粱馒头。如图5所示,10TQ1S高粱馒头和乳酸高粱馒头的比容一致,说明戊糖片球菌可能是通过降低pH[19]引起面筋网络变化来提高高粱馒头比容,与Verdonck等[46]的结果一致。此外,在高径比结果中,乳酸高粱馒头的高径比数值最大,但加碱后的高径比显著低于其余各组馒头,可推测乳酸的加入有利于维持高径比,但酸碱中和后体系的变化会降低馒头的高径比。因此,基于以上结果可知,杂粮馒头可在乳酸菌和酵母菌联合发酵产酸的基础上,通过加碱以增大杂粮馒头比容。
由表7所示,相比于小麦馒头,添加了高粱粉的馒头的硬度和咀嚼性显著(P<0.05)增加。有研究表明,添加人参不溶性膳食纤维到面包中会增加硬度和咀嚼性[47],这可能是因为膳食纤维增厚了馒头中的气室壁,从而加强了面筋骨架[48]。
与小麦馒头结果一致,10TQ1S均显著(P<0.05)增大了高粱馒头的硬度和咀嚼性,分别由861.56 gf和565.09 gf增大到1305.76 gf和880.05 gf。对比10TQ1S高粱馒头和10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)、乳酸高粱馒头和乳酸高粱馒头(碱),发现加碱调整pH至5.7后,馒头的硬度和咀嚼性均有所下降,其中10TQ1S高粱馒头和10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)结果有显著性差异,说明酸性物质(或pH)对硬度和咀嚼性影响较大。相比于硬度和咀嚼性,高粱和10TQ1S对馒头弹性、回复性和内聚性的影响较小,总体趋势表现为弹性增加(除加碱馒头外)、回复性下降、内聚性下降。
由表8小麦馒头批次结果可知,10TQ1S制备的馒头综合得分和咀嚼性得分最高,分别为83.5和9.2,显著(P<0.05)高于酵母对照馒头。虽然质构结果中10TQ1S制备的馒头的硬度和咀嚼性均高于对照酵母馒头(表4),但感官评定中其咀嚼性评分最高,说明感官评价员对于馒头的硬度和咀嚼性有一定要求。10TQ1S制作的馒头气味和口味的感官评分略高于对照酵母馒头,但两者间无显著性差异,可能是酸面团中的乳酸菌代谢产生有机酸或芳香族物质,一定程度上改变了风味[4,49];此外,10TQ1S和对照酵母制备的馒头在气味和口味上显著(P<0.05)高于15TQ1S和20TQ1S制备的馒头,由pH结果(图3)推测,可能是因为10TQ1S发酵速度快,产生的风味物质丰富。以上说明,以适量脱脂乳粉(如10%)作为保护剂制备Q1冻干酸面团,发酵馒头的感官评分最高。
如表8小麦馒头和高粱馒头批次的感官评分结果可知,按照总分从大到小排序,依次为10TQ1S>小麦馒头>10TQ1S高粱馒头>乳酸高粱馒头>10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)>高粱馒头>乳酸高粱馒头(碱),由此可见,高粱粉的加入会降低馒头的感官评价总分,这与高粱中含有大量的膳食纤维有关;其中,以表面色泽与咀嚼性感官评分的差异最显著(P<0.05),在表面色泽中小麦馒头为8.2~8.5分,而高粱馒头仅为5.1~5.4分;咀嚼性中小麦馒头为7.8~8.1分,而高粱馒头仅为3.9~4.9分。然而,小麦馒头和10TQ1S高粱馒头的感官评价总分(分别为75.5分和73.4分)没有显著性差异,并与高粱馒头(68.5分)对比,说明10TQ1S发酵后提高了高粱馒头的感官评价总分。高粱馒头除外观形状和气味外,其他各项指标均与小麦馒头有显著性差异(P<0.05),10TQ1S的使用不同程度减缓了添加高粱带来的不利影响。虽然10TQ1S发酵后加碱能提高馒头的比容,但总体的感官评分要低于不加碱的10TQ1S高粱馒头。
10TQ1S高粱馒头和乳酸高粱馒头、10TQ1S高粱馒头(碱)和乳酸高粱馒头(碱)之间的感官评分没有显著性差异,说明10TQ1S对高粱馒头感官评价各指标的影响主要源自于酸性物质的作用。值得注意的是,加入高粱和10TQ1S后组织结构的评分均显著(P<0.05)增加,但两者表现不同:高粱馒头表现为横截面缩小伴随气孔分布均匀且细小,10TQ1S馒头表现为横截面增大伴随气孔分布均匀且细小。综合分析感官评价,10TQ1S可以显著提高高粱馒头的感官评分。
本文制备了以脱脂乳粉作为冻干保护剂的戊糖片球菌Q1冻干酸面团,并研究了其对面团、小麦粉馒头及高粱馒头品质的影响及潜在机理。结果表明,高添加量的脱脂乳粉(15%、20%)能提高Q1菌株的存活率,但面团发酵力和馒头比容有所下降;而添加10%脱脂乳粉的冻干酸面团虽Q1存活率相对较低,却有着最优的面团发酵性能、馒头比容以及感官评分,深入分析蛋白质和淀粉结构,发现其β-折叠显著下降、α-螺旋显著升高,可延缓淀粉糊化和支链淀粉结晶。将该冻干酸面团应用于高粱馒头制备,可以显著改善高粱馒头的感官品质,得到了与小麦馒头无显著性差异的比容和感官评分。这些研究发现为以脱脂乳粉作为冻干保护剂制备冻干酸面团提供了参考,并为改善杂粮馒头品质提供了可行手段。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030232
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    1青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266109
    2莱西市市场监督管理局,山东青岛 266699
    3国家粮食和物资储备局湖北局物资检验所,湖北武汉 430050

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李杨(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵面制品与发酵果蔬制品品质提升,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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