Article(id=1320886636557222789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030269, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742313600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853515041, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853515041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853515041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853515041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886636758549382, articleId=1320886636557222789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Isolation, Purification, and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the structure and mechanism of hypoglycemic activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis. Using Cornus officinalis as raw material, the polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasonic water extraction. COP-1S, COP-2S, and COP-3S were obtained by sevage deproteinization, alcohol precipitation, DEAE-52, and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography purification. The hypoglycemic activities in vitro of the three polysaccharide components were evaluated. On this basis, the structures of the polysaccharides were characterized by molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, infrared spectroscopy, etc. The inhibition mechanism of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was explored by enzyme kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of hypoglycemic activity showed that the three polysaccharide components had weak inhibitory activity on α-amylase, but significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. The order of inhibitory ability was COP-2>COP-1>COP-3, and the IC50 of COP-2 was 5.18 mg/mL. The average molecular weights of the three polysaccharides were 24.518×103, 32.392×103 and 66.417×103 Da, respectively. The monosaccharide compositions all contained mannose, rhamnose, glucose, xylose and arabinose, but the composition ratios were different. The arabinose composition ratio in COP-1S was relatively high, and both COP-2S and COP-3S contained arabinose and galacturonic acid, but the composition ratio in COP-2S was higher. UV and IR spectra indicated that the three polysaccharides did not contain protein and nucleic acid, and all contained pyran ring structures. COP-2S and COP-3S contained both α and β configurations glycosidic bonds, while COP-1S was of β configuration. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that all three polysaccharides increased the β-turn and random coil ratios of α-glucosidase, while decreasing the β-folding ratio, However, only COP-1S increased the α-helix ratio. Enzyme kinetics analysis indicated that the inhibition type of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was mixed competitive inhibition, with an inhibition constant Ki of 0.2248 mg/mL. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that the quenching effect of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was static quenching, which was a kind of interaction mainly driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. This experiment provided a certain theoretical basis for the development of high-value functional foods with hypoglycemic effects from Cornus officinalis.

, authors=Lipan ZHANG, Junpeng WANG*, Bing LI, Mengyao ZHAO, authorsList=Lipan ZHANG, Junpeng WANG, Bing LI, Mengyao ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junpeng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886640827024283, articleId=1320886636557222789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山茱萸多糖的分离纯化、结构表征及体外降糖活性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探究山茱萸多糖的结构及体外降糖活性机制。以山茱萸为原料,采用超声水提法提取山茱萸多糖,经Sevage脱蛋白、醇沉、DEAE-52、Sephadex G-100柱层析分离纯化获得COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S,对3种多糖组分进行体外降糖活性评价,在此基础上,通过分子量、单糖组成、红外光谱等测定对多糖结构表征,并利用酶促动力学、荧光光谱等探究COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制机理。降糖活性结果表明,3种多糖组分对α-淀粉酶抑制活性较弱,对α-葡萄糖苷酶均有明显抑制作用,抑制能力大小顺序为:COP-2>COP-1>COP-3,其中COP-2的IC50为5.18 mg/mL;3种多糖的平均分子量分别为24.518×103、32.392×103、66.417×103 Da,单糖组成均含有甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,但组成比例差异较大,COP-1S中阿拉伯糖组成比例较高,COP-2S和COP-3S中均含有阿拉伯糖和半乳糖醛酸,但在COP-2S中的组成比例较高;紫外和红外光谱表明3种多糖不存在蛋白和核酸,均含有吡喃环结构,其中COP-2S和COP-3S同时含有α和β构型糖苷键,COP-1S为β构型;圆二色谱显示,3种多糖均增加了α-葡萄糖苷酶的β-转角和无规则卷曲比例,减少β-折叠比例,但仅有COP-1S增加了α-螺旋比例;酶促动力学分析表明,COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制类型为混合竞争抑制,抑制常数Ki为0.2248 mg/mL;荧光光谱分析显示,COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的猝灭作用为静态猝灭,是一种以氢键和范德华力为主要驱动力的相互作用。本试验为山茱萸降糖高值化功能食品开发提供一定的理论依据。

, authors=张立攀, 王俊朋*, 李冰, 赵梦瑶, authorsList=张立攀, 王俊朋, 李冰, 赵梦瑶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王俊朋, authorNote=

张立攀(1982−),男,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品和生物化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王俊朋(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:功能性食品配料,E-mail:。
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张立攀(1982−),男,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品和生物化学,E-mail:

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张立攀(1982−),男,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品和生物化学,E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2022, 379: 132100., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886658241773601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROSS P D, SUBRAMANIAN S. Thermodynamics of macromolecular association reactions analysis of forces contributing to stabilization[J]. Biophysical Journal, 1980, 32(1): 79−81., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886641074488220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886641082876829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, companyId=1320886641074488220, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Henan Commerce Science Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886641091265438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, companyId=1320886641074488220, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南省商业科学研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886645306540990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Elution curves, figureFileSmall=f1aCkaZVr4pYCVnk2DTl0Q==, figureFileBig=nfzpJK0vxRnMXx0anW5gNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886645386232768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=图1, caption=洗脱曲线, figureFileSmall=f1aCkaZVr4pYCVnk2DTl0Q==, figureFileBig=nfzpJK0vxRnMXx0anW5gNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886645646279617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hypoglycemic activities of different polysaccharide fractions from cornus officinalis in vitro, figureFileSmall=7fqzJEfzL8PEiw8Y79vykQ==, figureFileBig=okJYGlNqGtjJTs9sm3VpKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886645755331522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同山茱萸多糖组分的体外降糖活性

注:图中不同小写字母代表组间差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=7fqzJEfzL8PEiw8Y79vykQ==, figureFileBig=okJYGlNqGtjJTs9sm3VpKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886645835023299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Elution curves of various polysaccharide fractions on Sephadex G-100, figureFileSmall=0LF5XDzIrg455RAtQdCecA==, figureFileBig=PBm2Ml/+fKHunhd+gJg7CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886645931492292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各多糖组分的SephadexG-100洗脱曲线

注:(a)COP-1S的SephadexG-100洗脱曲线;(b)COP-2S的SephadexG-100洗脱曲线;(c)COP-3S的SephadexG-100洗脱曲线。

, figureFileSmall=0LF5XDzIrg455RAtQdCecA==, figureFileBig=PBm2Ml/+fKHunhd+gJg7CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886646015378373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Calibration curves and gel permeation chromatograms of polysaccharide fractions, figureFileSmall=W1NsCXFSRZfhX6vhcPsa6g==, figureFileBig=iQAqYqWxIfccNwPT7IjB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886646078292934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=图4, caption=标准曲线及各多糖组分的凝胶色谱图

注:(a)凝胶渗透色谱的校准曲线;(b)COP-1S的凝胶色谱图;(c)COP-2S的凝胶色谱图;(d)COP-3S的凝胶色谱图。

, figureFileSmall=W1NsCXFSRZfhX6vhcPsa6g==, figureFileBig=iQAqYqWxIfccNwPT7IjB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886646141207495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=HPLC chromatograms of monosaccharide mixed standard and polysaccharide fractions, figureFileSmall=DWBhqgxYVt/qCfxuGI6kQQ==, figureFileBig=Rrf3f14a6RnSFT6FxFrwYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886646216704968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单糖混标及各多糖组分的高效液相色谱图

注:(a)单糖混标的高效液相色谱图;(b)COP-1S的高效液相色谱图;(c)COP-2S的高效液相色谱图;(d)COP-3S的高效液相色谱图;1.Man(甘露糖),2.Gul(古洛糖),3.Rha(鼠李糖),4.Glca(葡萄糖酸),5.GalA(半乳糖醛酸),6.Glc(葡萄糖),7.Gal(半乳糖),8.Xyl(木糖),9.Ara(阿拉伯糖),10.Fuc(岩藻糖)。

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Chemical composition of polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品多糖得率(%)蛋白质含量(μg/mL)糖醛酸含量(%)
COP-114.15±0.02c110.61±1.74a0.12±0.001c
COP-231.06±0.04a97.32±1.16b16.67±0.21b
COP-317.61±0.05b74.61±1.07c20.42±0.67a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886648712315860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多糖的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品多糖得率(%)蛋白质含量(μg/mL)糖醛酸含量(%)
COP-114.15±0.02c110.61±1.74a0.12±0.001c
COP-231.06±0.04a97.32±1.16b16.67±0.21b
COP-317.61±0.05b74.61±1.07c20.42±0.67a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886648783619029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Secondary structural changes of α-glucosidase induced by Cornus officinalis polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲(%)
α-葡萄糖苷酶9.647.318.729.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-1S10.433.421.935.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-2S9.736.920.533.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-3S9.835.120.834.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320886648846533590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

山茱萸多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶二级结构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲(%)
α-葡萄糖苷酶9.647.318.729.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-1S10.433.421.935.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-2S9.736.920.533.2
α-葡萄糖苷酶-COP-3S9.835.120.834.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320886648926225367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Enzyme kinetic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多糖浓度
(mg/mL)
动力学参数抑制机制抑制类型
Vmax
(ΔOD/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
Ki
(mg/mL)
α
(μg/mL)
01.2360.3040.22485.901可逆混合抑制
2.51.5310.160
51.0630.138
), ArticleFig(id=1320886648993334232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酶促动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多糖浓度
(mg/mL)
动力学参数抑制机制抑制类型
Vmax
(ΔOD/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
Ki
(mg/mL)
α
(μg/mL)
01.2360.3040.22485.901可逆混合抑制
2.51.5310.160
51.0630.138
), ArticleFig(id=1320886649064637401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fluorescence parameters of COP-2S interacting with α-glucosidase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度(℃)Ksv(L/g)Kα(L/g)nΔH0(KJ/g)ΔG0(KJ/g)ΔS0(J/(g×K))
250.02480.0630.6156−65.57−58.635−23.27
370.01640.0190.9685−58.309
), ArticleFig(id=1320886649144329178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886636557222789, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

COP-2S与α-葡萄糖苷酶互作的荧光参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度(℃)Ksv(L/g)Kα(L/g)nΔH0(KJ/g)ΔG0(KJ/g)ΔS0(J/(g×K))
250.02480.0630.6156−65.57−58.635−23.27
370.01640.0190.9685−58.309
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山茱萸多糖的分离纯化、结构表征及体外降糖活性研究
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张立攀 , 王俊朋 * , 李冰 , 赵梦瑶
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(6): 60-70
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (6) : 60 -70
山茱萸多糖的分离纯化、结构表征及体外降糖活性研究
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张立攀 , 王俊朋* , 李冰, 赵梦瑶
作者信息
  • 河南省商业科学研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450002
通讯作者:
王俊朋(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:功能性食品配料,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张立攀(1982−),男,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品和生物化学,E-mail:

Isolation, Purification, and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis
Lipan ZHANG , Junpeng WANG* , Bing LI, Mengyao ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Henan Commerce Science Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450002, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030269
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探究山茱萸多糖的结构及体外降糖活性机制。以山茱萸为原料,采用超声水提法提取山茱萸多糖,经Sevage脱蛋白、醇沉、DEAE-52、Sephadex G-100柱层析分离纯化获得COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S,对3种多糖组分进行体外降糖活性评价,在此基础上,通过分子量、单糖组成、红外光谱等测定对多糖结构表征,并利用酶促动力学、荧光光谱等探究COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制机理。降糖活性结果表明,3种多糖组分对α-淀粉酶抑制活性较弱,对α-葡萄糖苷酶均有明显抑制作用,抑制能力大小顺序为:COP-2>COP-1>COP-3,其中COP-2的IC50为5.18 mg/mL;3种多糖的平均分子量分别为24.518×103、32.392×103、66.417×103 Da,单糖组成均含有甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,但组成比例差异较大,COP-1S中阿拉伯糖组成比例较高,COP-2S和COP-3S中均含有阿拉伯糖和半乳糖醛酸,但在COP-2S中的组成比例较高;紫外和红外光谱表明3种多糖不存在蛋白和核酸,均含有吡喃环结构,其中COP-2S和COP-3S同时含有α和β构型糖苷键,COP-1S为β构型;圆二色谱显示,3种多糖均增加了α-葡萄糖苷酶的β-转角和无规则卷曲比例,减少β-折叠比例,但仅有COP-1S增加了α-螺旋比例;酶促动力学分析表明,COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制类型为混合竞争抑制,抑制常数Ki为0.2248 mg/mL;荧光光谱分析显示,COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的猝灭作用为静态猝灭,是一种以氢键和范德华力为主要驱动力的相互作用。本试验为山茱萸降糖高值化功能食品开发提供一定的理论依据。

山茱萸  /  多糖  /  纯化  /  体外降糖活性  /  结构表征

To explore the structure and mechanism of hypoglycemic activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis. Using Cornus officinalis as raw material, the polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasonic water extraction. COP-1S, COP-2S, and COP-3S were obtained by sevage deproteinization, alcohol precipitation, DEAE-52, and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography purification. The hypoglycemic activities in vitro of the three polysaccharide components were evaluated. On this basis, the structures of the polysaccharides were characterized by molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, infrared spectroscopy, etc. The inhibition mechanism of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was explored by enzyme kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of hypoglycemic activity showed that the three polysaccharide components had weak inhibitory activity on α-amylase, but significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. The order of inhibitory ability was COP-2>COP-1>COP-3, and the IC50 of COP-2 was 5.18 mg/mL. The average molecular weights of the three polysaccharides were 24.518×103, 32.392×103 and 66.417×103 Da, respectively. The monosaccharide compositions all contained mannose, rhamnose, glucose, xylose and arabinose, but the composition ratios were different. The arabinose composition ratio in COP-1S was relatively high, and both COP-2S and COP-3S contained arabinose and galacturonic acid, but the composition ratio in COP-2S was higher. UV and IR spectra indicated that the three polysaccharides did not contain protein and nucleic acid, and all contained pyran ring structures. COP-2S and COP-3S contained both α and β configurations glycosidic bonds, while COP-1S was of β configuration. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that all three polysaccharides increased the β-turn and random coil ratios of α-glucosidase, while decreasing the β-folding ratio, However, only COP-1S increased the α-helix ratio. Enzyme kinetics analysis indicated that the inhibition type of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was mixed competitive inhibition, with an inhibition constant Ki of 0.2248 mg/mL. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed that the quenching effect of COP-2S on α-glucosidase was static quenching, which was a kind of interaction mainly driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. This experiment provided a certain theoretical basis for the development of high-value functional foods with hypoglycemic effects from Cornus officinalis.

Cornus officinalis  /  polysaccharide  /  purification  /  in vitro hypoglycemic activity  /  structural characterization
张立攀, 王俊朋, 李冰, 赵梦瑶. 山茱萸多糖的分离纯化、结构表征及体外降糖活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030269
Lipan ZHANG, Junpeng WANG, Bing LI, Mengyao ZHAO. Isolation, Purification, and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030269
近年来我国糖尿病人群呈逐年攀升态势,据统计2024年已达约1.43亿。餐后血糖升高是糖尿病患者主要的临床症状,长期维持高血糖易引起胰岛素分泌异常及多种慢性并发症[1]。α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶等是糖代谢过程中的关键酶,能够水解淀粉引起血糖升高[2]。临床常用的降糖药物(如二甲双胍、磺胺类药物等)主要为α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,但长期服用此类药物副作用明显,易引起肠胃功能紊乱、脚踝浮肿等[3],因此寻找理想的天然降糖原料是当前的科研热点。
多糖是由10个及以上单糖由糖苷键连接而成的高分子聚合物,资源丰富,具有调节免疫力、抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖等多种功效[4]。研究表明多糖是山药、黄精、桑叶、苦瓜等发挥降糖活性的主要成分,具有刺激胰岛素分泌,控制血糖升高的作用[5]。山茱萸是常见的大宗中药材,分布于河南、山西、陕西等地,食用历史悠久,常用于泡酒、制酱等,2023年经国家卫生健康委员会批准正式将其纳入药食同源目录[6]。山茱萸富含环烯醚萜类、黄酮、多糖、有机酸等诸多功能成分[7−8],其中多糖作为其主要活性成分同样具有显著的降糖活性。崔永霞等[9]基于代谢组学探究了山茱萸多糖对T2DM型糖尿病的干预机制,发现其能够通过调节糖脂代谢紊乱改善血糖水平。Fu等[10]从山茱萸果肉中提取纯化得到PFC-3,发现其能够浓度依赖性地增强胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞的葡萄糖摄取并显著改善葡萄糖消耗。目前关于山茱萸多糖对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制的研究较少,其抑制类型、作用机制等尚不清晰,此外多糖复杂的结构与其生物活性密切相关[11],只有对其纯化才能更好地探究其结构与生理功能。因此本研究采用DEAE-52、SephadexG-100柱层析分离纯化得到山茱萸多糖组分,以α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为评价指标,评价不同多糖组分的体外降糖活性,进一步测定多糖的分子量、单糖组成、红外光谱、紫外光谱等结构表征分析多糖组分结构与其酶活性抑制的构效关系,并利用圆二色谱研究多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶二级结构的影响,进一步通过抑制动力学、荧光猝灭等方法研究多糖的抑制类型及作用机理,为山茱萸多糖降糖功能因子的研究提供一定的理论依据。
山茱萸 购买自河南张仲景大药房股份有限公司;DEAE-52纤维素、α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(100 U/mg) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;乙腈(色谱纯)、甲醇(色谱纯)、三氯甲烷、甲醇、三氟乙酸(TFA)、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone,PMP)、硝酸钠、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钠 分析纯,天津科密欧试剂有限公司;考马斯亮蓝-G250、牛血清蛋白 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;单糖标准品 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;普鲁兰混标套餐(Pullulan KIT) Sigma公司。
RE-2000旋转蒸发仪 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;KQ-700DE型数控超声清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;GL-16M型高速冷冻离心机 常州金坛良友仪器有限公司;AL104电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海);HH恒温水浴锅 金坛区中大仪器厂;101-1AB型电热鼓风干燥箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;LGJ-12真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;TU-1901双光束紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;F-7000型荧光分光光度计 赛伯乐(北京)仪器有限公司;1260 Agilent高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦公司;Sartorius普及型pH计 德国Sartorius公司;1515高效液相色谱仪 Waters Chromatography,Inc;Optilab-rex示差检测器、Dawn-Heleos光散射检测器 美国怀雅特技术公司(Wyatt Technology Corporation);SB805-803串联凝胶柱 昭和电工株式会社(Showa Denko K.K.)。
参考刘冰等[12]的方法,略有修改。山茱萸清洗、去核,60 ℃下低温烘干12 h,粉碎过40目筛。准确称取5 g山茱萸粉末,以料液比1:30(m/v)加入纯净水,保持55 ℃、300 W条件下超声处理2 h,过滤,收集滤液,真空浓缩至原体积的1/4,加入5倍体积的无水乙醇,4 ℃过夜,5000 r/min下离心10 min,弃去上清液,真空冻干。称取一定质量的冻干粉末,制备成10 mg/mL的溶液,按照4:1(v/v)向溶液中加入Sevage(正丁醇:氯仿=1:4)溶液脱蛋白,充分振荡15 min,离心,留取上清液,继续重复脱蛋白操作3次,合并上清液,浓缩至原体积的1/2。采用3500 Da透析袋截留处理,浓缩、真空冻干得到山茱萸多糖(Cornus officinalis Polysaccharides,COP)。
按照说明书要求使用前用纯净水清洗DEAE-52纤维素,将处理好的纤维素装入层析柱(2.5 cm×30 cm)中,约为2/3柱体积,静置24 h,将10 mL浓度10 mg/mL的山茱萸多糖溶液加入层析柱,分别用0、0.1、0.3、0.5 mol/L的NaCl溶液洗脱,调节流速为2 mL/min,收集洗脱液,每管10 mL,利用苯酚-硫酸法[13]测定每管洗脱液的多糖含量(以吸光值A490表示),绘制洗脱曲线。
多糖、蛋白、糖醛酸含量分别采用硫酸-苯酚法、考马斯亮蓝法、硫酸-咔唑法测定[14−15]。
取前期经初步分离得到的3个山茱萸多糖粗组分冻干粉(COP-1、COP-2、COP-3),分别复溶于去离子水,配制成 5 mg/mL 的多糖溶液,经 0.45 μm 微孔滤膜过滤除去不溶性杂质后,上样于 Sephadex G-100 凝胶柱。采用去离子水进行洗脱,流速0.4 mL/min,每管收集10 mL洗脱液。以硫酸-苯酚法于490 nm处测定吸光度(A490),绘制洗脱曲线,根据洗脱峰分别收集3个独立多糖组分的洗脱液,经冻干后得到纯化多糖组分COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S,备用。
参考何坤明等[4]的方法,以去离子水为溶剂,分别将山茱萸多糖 3 种纯化组分配制成 5 mg/mL 的多糖溶液,采用紫外分光光度法在200~400 nm波长范围内进行全波长扫描,确定山茱萸多糖的特征吸收峰,并根据特征吸收情况检测蛋白质、核酸的残留情况
参考Xu等[16]方法测定,分别取3种纯化多糖组分(COP-1、COP-2、COP-3),以去离子水为溶剂,制备系列浓度的多糖溶液(0、2.5、5、10、20 mg/mL)。将2 mL多糖溶液与2 mL α-淀粉酶(1 U/mL)混合均匀,在37 ℃下孵育5 min,加入2 mL质量浓度1%的淀粉溶液,继续反应15 min,加入2 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴5 min,取出冷却至室温,以蒸馏水定容至25 mL,于540 nm波长下测定吸光值,对照组不加多糖,空白组以纯净水代替α-淀粉酶溶液,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照。
参考蔡文强等[17]的方法测定,分别制备系列浓度的多糖溶液(0、2.5、5、10、20 mg/mL),分别吸取200 μL的多糖溶液和200 μL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(0.3 U/mL),混合均匀,37 ℃下反应20 min,加入200 μL浓度0.5 mmol/L的PNPG溶液,混匀后继续水浴30 min,最后加入5 mL浓度0.1 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液终止反应,405 nm波长下测定吸光值,对照组不加多糖溶液,空白组以纯净水代替α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,按照式(1)计算抑制率:
$\rm Y(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}-({\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:Y表示α-淀粉酶或α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,%;A0为对照组吸光值;A1为样品组吸光值;A2为空白组吸光值。
通过GPC-RI法测定多糖相对分子量。色谱条件:流动相:0.1 mol/L硝酸钠水溶液;色谱柱:Shodex SB-805-804-803串联凝胶柱(8×300 mm);流速:1 mL/min;柱温:40 ℃;进样量:30 μL;检测器:Optilab REX+Dawn heleos,分析时间:40 min。
称取12个普鲁兰多糖分子量标准品(分子量范围:180~1330000 Da)各5 mg,溶解于0.5 mL流动相溶液中,配制成10 mg/mL溶液,转置于1.8 mL进样小瓶中。精密称取多糖样品10 mg,溶解于1 mL的流动相溶液中,配制成10 mg/mL溶液,涡旋至样品溶解后,12000 r/min离心10 min。吸取上清液,用0.22 μm的水系微孔滤膜过滤,然后将样品转置于1.8 mL进样小瓶中。
将标准品置于进样盘中,选择上述色谱方法进行分析,仪器通过PEG 21600和22000归一化后,采集的数据通过Astra 6.1软件分析。
采用PMP柱前衍生后由HPLC法测定[18]。分别配制浓度1 mg/mL的10种单糖标准品(甘露糖、古洛糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖)。
称量2 mg多糖样品置于鸡心瓶中,加入2 mol/L的TFA溶液,涡旋振荡使多糖样品完全溶解后,置于110 ℃烘箱中酸水解4 h,多次加甲醇旋蒸以除去残留的TFA,检测多糖样品为中性。分别吸取50 μL水解样品/标准品混合液(1 mg/mL),加入50 μL浓度0.6 mol/L的NaOH溶液和100 μL浓度0.5 mol/L的PMP甲醇溶液(87.1 mg/mL),涡旋振荡,70 ℃水浴反应100 min,冷却至室温后加入200 μL浓度为0.3 mol/L的HCl溶液,继续加入700 μL 纯净水和1 mL三氯甲烷萃取15 min,弃去有机相,重复萃取三次后,8000 r/min离心5 min,取水层样品过0.22 μm微孔滤膜(水系),按照以下色谱条件测定:
流动相配制:准确称取13.6 g磷酸二氢钾、1.8 g氢氧化钠,溶解于2 L纯净水中,充分混匀后过滤膜(水相),将此混合溶液与乙腈(色谱级)按83:17(v/v)的比例充分混合均匀,超声脱气后得到HPLC流动相。检测条件:进样量为10 μL,流动相流速1 mL/min,柱温25 ℃,紫外检测波长254 nm,检测时间75 min。
准确称取多糖样品10 mg,置于10 mL容量瓶,溶解并定容至刻度线,在200~400 nm波长下紫外光谱扫描。
准确称取2 mg 干燥的多糖样品与KBr粉末混合,研磨,压片,在波长4000~500 cm−1范围内进行红外光谱扫描。
将5 mg/mL的多糖样品溶液与0.3 U/mL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液等体积混合,37 ℃下反应20 min,转移到0.5 mm石英比色皿,放入圆二色谱仪扫描,相关参数:设置扫描步长1 nm,采集时间1 s,扫描范围190~260 nm,采用CDNN程序对二级结构分析。
参考Lin等[19]的方法,略有修改。固定PNPG浓度(0.5 mmol/L),随着α-葡萄糖苷酶浓度的增加(0、0.0375、0.075、0.15、0.3 U/mL),分别测定不同浓度(0、2.5、5、10、20 mg/mL)山茱萸多糖抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的酶促反应速率;固定α-葡萄糖苷酶浓度(0.3 U/mL),随着PNPG浓度的增加(0.125、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L),分别测定在不同浓度多糖(0、2.5、5 mg/mL)时的酶促反应速率。由酶促反应速率和底物浓度绘制Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线,判断其抑制类型,并根据式(2)~式(4)计算相关动力学参数[19]。
$\rm \frac{{1}}{{v}}=\frac{{{K}}_{{m}}}{{{V}}_{\max }}\left(\frac{{[I]}}{{{K}}_{{i}}}{+1}\right)\frac{{1}}{{[S]}}+\frac{{1}}{{{V}}_{\max }}\left(\frac{{[I]}}{{\alpha}{{K}}_{{i}}}{+1}\right) $
$\rm Slope=\frac{{\text{K}}_{\text{m}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }{\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{i}}}\text{[I]}+\frac{{\text{K}}_{\text{m}}}{{\text{V}}_{\max }} $
$ \text{Y-intercept}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{V}_{\max }^{\text{app}}}=\frac{1}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }}+\frac{[\mathrm{I}]}{\alpha {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }} $
式中:v为酶促反应速率,ΔOD/min;Vmax为最大反应速率,ΔOD/min;[S]为底物浓度,%;Km为米氏常数,mg/mL;Ki为抑制常数,mg/mL;[I]为多糖浓度,mg/mL;$\alpha $为表观系数。
参考张宏图等[20]的方法,将α-葡萄糖苷酶(0.3 U/mL)与不同浓度的多糖样品溶液(0、1.25、2.5、5、10 mg/mL)充分混合,分别在25、37 ℃下孵育5 min进行扫描,激发波长和发射波长为280 nm,300~450 nm,狭缝宽度5 nm,扫描速度1200 nm/min。
每组试验重复3次,结果以平均值±标准差表示,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行差异显著性分析,P<0.05表示具有显著差异,OriginPro 2019b作图。
如图1所示,采用不同浓度的NaCl洗脱共获得3个洗脱峰,按照出峰先后顺序依次为COP-1、COP-2、COP-3,其中0.1 mol/L NaCl的洗脱峰为COP-2,峰面积较大。3种组分的化学组成见表1。由表1可知,3种多糖组分中COP-2多糖得率最高,蛋白含量较低,这是由于水溶性蛋白在脱蛋白过程中被大量去除,与COP-1多糖相比,其他两种的糖醛酸含量较高,表明含有酸性多糖,该结果与洗脱曲线较一致。
COP-1、COP-2、COP-3对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用见图2。由图2(a)可知,3种组分对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用均不明显,其中COP-2的抑制率相对较高。而相比α-淀粉酶,3种组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用较强,其中COP-2的抑制率最高为47.8%,其次为COP-1(37.7%)。3种多糖组分随浓度变化对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用见图2(b),采用Origin软件中DoseRsep函数进行非线性拟合计算COP-1、COP-2、COP-3的IC50值,分别为:12.51、5.18、27.85 mg/mL。
采用SephadexG-100层析柱对COP-1、COP-2、COP-3分离纯化后,分别得到COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S,由图3可知,3种多糖组分均有单一的洗脱峰,峰形单一对称,表明为纯度均一的多糖,其多糖含量分别为89.3%、81.8%、90.2%。
凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)校准曲线见图4(a),由图4(a)可知洗脱体积和lg(分子量[n])线性关系良好,标准曲线方程:lg(分子量[n])=48−4.93V+0.2V2−0.00284V3,R2=0.9997。COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S多糖的凝胶色谱图分别见图4(b)、图4(c)、图4(d),经测定三者的出峰时间分别为28.2、27.8、26.9 min,平均分子量为24.518×103、32.392×103、66.417×103 Da,多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)为1.94、1.24、2.27,均在1~3之间,表明3种多糖的平均分子量较集中,纯度较高。
混合单糖标准品和COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S的色谱图见图5。由图5可知COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S分别发现5、8、7个单糖峰,COP-1S的单糖组成为:甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,其摩尔比为0.048:0.023:0.117:0.119:0.194,主要由葡萄糖(摩尔百分比:23.3%)、木糖(23.75%)、阿拉伯糖(38.8%)等组成;COP-2S的单糖组成为:甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,其摩尔比为:0.041:0.026:0.021:0.028:0.113:0.028:0.047:0.034,主要由葡萄糖(33.2%)、木糖(13.9%)、甘露糖(12.1%)、阿拉伯糖(10.2%)组成。COP-3S单糖组成为甘露糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,其摩尔比为0.014:0.007:0.012:0.093:0.008:0.013:0.005,主要由葡萄糖(54.2%)、木糖(9%)、鼠李糖(8.8%)、甘露糖(7.7%)、阿拉伯糖(3.28%)等组成;综上可知,三种多糖组分均含有甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,但比例相差较大。相比COP-1S和COP-3S(半乳糖醛酸摩尔百分比7.8%),COP-2S含有较多的半乳糖醛酸(8.3%),研究发现藜蒿叶多糖、酸枣果肉多糖、广金钱草多糖等均具有明显的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,而半乳糖醛酸在单糖组成中占比均最高[21−23],因此半乳糖醛酸可能与COP-2S较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性有关。相比COP-3S,COP-1S和COP-2S的阿拉伯糖组成比例较高,张涛等[24]研究发现枸杞叶多糖单糖组成比例中阿拉伯糖含量最高,具有明显的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,李湘洲等[25]发现油茶饼粕多糖主要由阿拉伯糖组成,是其抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的主要成分。由于COP-2S单糖组成中含有较多的半乳糖醛酸和阿拉伯糖,这可能是其具有较高降糖活性的原因之一。
COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S的紫外光谱见图6,由图6可知,3种多糖组分在260和280 nm处均无明显吸收峰,表明多糖样品中不存在蛋白质和核酸类物质。
COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S的红外光谱见图7,在3430、2930、2858 cm−1处出现宽而强的吸收峰,表明其为多糖类物质[26−27]。在1643和1453 cm−1处存在较强吸收峰,代表C=O的不对称和对称伸缩振动,表明存在糖醛酸[28]。1340 cm−1处附近的特征吸收峰是由烷基的C-H的变角振动引起的[2]。在1086、1012 cm−1处存在弱吸收峰表明其存在吡喃环结构[29],在880 cm−1处附近有吸收峰表明其具有β型糖苷键[30],在834 cm−1处有吸收峰代表分子中存在α型糖苷键[31]。3种多糖组分在1086、1012 cm−1处均有吸收峰,表明可能存在吡喃环结构,COP-2S和COP-3S在880、834 cm−1处均有较强吸收峰,而COP-1S仅在880 cm−1处有吸收峰,表明COP-2S、COP-3S可能同时含有α和β构型糖苷键[32],COP-1S可能存在β-构型糖苷键,COP-2S和COP-3S在1643和1453 cm−1处吸收峰较大,COP-1S在该处吸收峰较小,表明COP-2S和COP-3S存在糖醛酸,COP-3S在1743 cm−1处有较强吸收,而COP-1S、COP-2S在此处无吸收峰。综上,红外光谱表明3种多糖的结构存在明显差异,这可能与其不同的降糖活性存在一定的联系。
采用圆二色谱探究3种多糖样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶二级结构的影响(图8),由图8可知,α-葡萄糖苷酶在208、222 nm处存在负谱带,属于α-螺旋吸收峰,当3种多糖溶液加入后,α-葡萄糖苷酶的负峰强度增强,其中COP-1S的加入明显增加了α-螺旋的比例(表2),而COP-2S和COP-3S的差别不大。在195 nm处的正峰是β-折叠特征峰,随着多糖溶液的加入,其强度逐渐减弱。此外,多糖还使α-葡萄糖苷酶的β-转角和无规则卷曲比例增大,可能是多糖与α-葡萄糖苷酶相互作用使其二级结构变得更加无序。该研究结果表明α-葡萄糖苷酶二级结构差异可能是3种多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制机理不同导致的。
通过酶促动力学曲线可以判断COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用类型,如图9(a)所示,每条直线均过原点,且随着COP-2S浓度的增加,曲线斜率逐渐变小,表明COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制具有可逆性[33]。由Lineweaver-Burk图(图9(b))可知每条曲线的斜率和截距均不同,随着COP-2S浓度的增加,曲线的斜率逐渐增大,截距逐渐增大,三条直线交于第二象限,表明COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制类型为混合竞争抑制[34]。斜率(Slope)、截距(Y-intercept)与COP-2S浓度之间的线性关系见图9(c)、图9(d),R2均>0.94,表明线性关系良好,结合式(2)~式(4)通过二次运算得到对应的动力学参数见表3,其中Ki值和α值分别为0.225 mg/mL、5.901 μg/mL。
COP-2S与α-葡萄糖苷酶相互作用的荧光光谱分析见图10。由图10(a)可知,随着多糖浓度的增加,荧光峰强度明显下降,表明COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶具有荧光猝灭作用。此外最大发射吸收峰(λmax)发生了轻微的蓝移(由339→337),表明COP-2S与酶结合改变了其空间构像[35],从而降低活性,胡童霞等[36]发现荞麦蜂花粉多酚对α-淀粉酶具有明显抑制作用,其相互作用的最大荧光吸收峰发生了蓝移,本实验结果与之类似。荧光猝灭的发生机制包括静态猝灭和动态猝灭[37],静态猝灭由猝灭剂和荧光物质结合形成络合物,当反应温度升高时猝灭常数变小,动态猝灭是猝灭剂和荧光分子相互碰撞导致荧光强度减弱,当温度升高时猝灭常数增大[38],为了验证COP-2S与α-葡萄糖苷酶之间的猝灭机制,通过Stern-Volmer方程式(5)、式(6)进行分析[39−40]:
$\rm \frac{{{F}}_{{0}}}{{F}}=1+{{K}}_{{q}}{{\tau}}_{{0}}{[Q]=1+}{{K}}_{{sv}}{[Q]} $
$\rm \mathrm{\lg}\frac{{{F}}_{{0}}-{F}}{{F}}={lg}{{K}}_{{a}}+{nlg[Q]} $
式中:F0为未加猝灭剂时α-葡萄糖苷酶的荧光强度;F为加入猝灭剂后的荧光强度;[Q]为COP-2S浓度,mg/mL;Kq为猝灭速率常数;$ {\tau }_{0} $为荧光分子的初始平均寿命,10−8 s;Ksv为荧光猝灭常数,L/g;Ka为结合常数,L/g。
由图10(b)、图10(c)可知,在25、37 ℃下COP-2S浓度[Q]与$ \dfrac{{\text{F}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{F}} $之间线性关系良好,其相关性系数分别为0.9468、0.9829,表明只发生了一种猝灭类型(动态或静态)[41]。不同温度下的荧光猝灭参数计算结果见表3,由表可知,随着温度升高Ksv值减小,表明该过程为静态猝灭机制[42],25、37 ℃下COP-2S与酶的结合位点n值(分别为0.6156、0.9685)均接近1,说明COP-2S与α-葡萄糖苷酶只有1个或1类结合位点[43]。
为了进一步明确COP-2S与α-葡萄糖苷酶之间的分子间作用力,通过Van’t Hoff公式计算热力学参数[44],见式(7)。
$ \mathrm{\lg }{\text{K}}_{\text{a}}=\frac{\text{∆}{\text{H}}^{\text{0}}}{\text{2.303RT}}+\frac{\text{∆}{\text{S}}^{\text{0}}}{\text{2.303R}} $
$\rm \Delta {\text{G}}^{\text{0}}=\Delta{\text{H}}^{\text{0}}-{T\Delta }{\text{S}}^{\text{0}} $
式中:Ka为结合常数;T为温度,K;R=8.314 J/mol/K。
将Ka带入式(8)计算各热力学参数见表4。由表可知,ΔH0和ΔS0均<0,表明该过程主要驱动力为氢键和范德华力,ΔG0<0表明该反应是自发进行的[45]。
利用DEAE-52柱层析分离山茱萸粗多糖获得3种多糖组分COP-1、COP-2、COP-3,其中COP-2的多糖得率较高,体外降糖活性较强,进一步对3种多糖组分进行SephadexG-100分离纯化得到COP-1S、COP-2S、COP-3S,3种多糖组分的单糖组成均包括葡萄糖、甘露糖、鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,但组成摩尔比具有明显差异,COP-1S含有较多的阿拉伯糖,相比COP-3S,COP-2S含有较多的阿拉伯糖和半乳糖醛酸含量,3种多糖的平均分子量分别为24.518×103、32.392×103、66.417×103 Da,紫外光谱显示3种多糖中不含有蛋白质和核酸,红外光谱显示3种多糖均含有吡喃环,COP-1S存在β型糖苷键,COP-2S、COP-3S同时含有α型和β型糖苷键,COP-3S在1743 cm−1处存在较强吸收峰,圆二色谱结果表明3种多糖的加入使α-葡萄糖苷酶的β-转角和无规则卷曲比例增加,β-折叠比例减小,但COP-1S使α-螺旋比例升高,由于3种多糖结构存在明显差异,因此猜测这可能与其不同的降糖活性有关。进一步利用酶促动力学、荧光光谱分析重点研究COP-2S对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用机理,结果发现其抑制类型为一种可逆性的混合竞争抑制,荧光猝灭类型为静态猝灭,热力学参数表明该相互作用主要由氢键和范德华力自发驱动。本研究有助于山茱萸资源高效开发应用,为其降糖功能健康产品开发及医药应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030269
  • 接收时间:2025-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-19
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    河南省商业科学研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450002

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王俊朋(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:功能性食品配料,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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