Article(id=1320886550926311839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853494625, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853494625, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853494625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853494625, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=205, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886551819698592, articleId=1320886550926311839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Freeze-thaw Stability of Sodium Alginate/Chitosan/Calcium Ion Double Network Hydrogel, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, we focused on the preparation of hydrogels with good biocompatibility of sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (CS), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by physical cross-linking. We aimed to optimize the hydrogel formulations and systematically explore their structure, physical properties, and freeze-thaw stability. The optimal formula was determined using a single factor experiment and response surface method: SA concentration was 2.14%, CS concentration was 1.7%, Ca2+ concentration was 0.31 mol/L, and the hydrogel swelling rate was 17.20%. The freeze-thaw experiment showed that the performance of the hydrogel was significantly improved while freezing at −80 ℃ and thawing at 4 ℃, and the best effect of one freeze-thaw cycle was achieved: The hardness increased from 125.3 g to 189.6 g, the elasticity increased from 0.72 to 0.85, and the storage modulus increased from 2100 Pa to 3500 Pa. There was a minimal decrease in performance after the second cycle. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the hydrogel was more water-bound and more stable in structure under these conditions, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the hydrogel was physically cross-linked. The dual-network hydrogels prepared in this study had excellent mechanical properties and freeze-thaw stability, which would provide an important theoretical basis and practical reference for their application in frozen food preservation and as biomedical carriers.

, authors=Wenhao WANG1, 2, 3, Yi ZANG1, 3, Yanli YOU3, Chuan ZHAO4, Jiali CHEN4, Bin QIU1, *, authorsList=Wenhao WANG, Yi ZANG, Yanli YOU, Chuan ZHAO, Jiali CHEN, Bin QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886561013612989, articleId=1320886550926311839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海藻酸钠/壳聚糖/钙离子双网络水凝胶的制备及其冻融稳定性, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究聚焦于通过物理交联法制备具有良好生物相容性的海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate)、壳聚糖(Chitosan)及碳酸钙(CaCO3)双网络水凝胶,旨在优化其配方并系统探究结构、物理特性及冻融稳定性。通过单因素实验和响应面法确定最佳配方:SA浓度 2.14%、CS浓度 1.7%、Ca2+浓度 0.31 mol/L,此时水凝胶溶胀率为 17.20%。冻融实验显示,−80 ℃冷冻、4 ℃融化条件下,水凝胶性能提升显著,一次冻融循环效果最佳:硬度从125.3 g增至189.6 g,弹性从0.72升至0.85,储能模量从2100 Pa升至3500 Pa;二次循环后性能略有下降。核磁共振分析表明该条件下凝胶结合水更多、结构更稳定,傅里叶红外光谱证实为物理交联。本研究制备的双网络水凝胶具有优异的力学性能和冻融稳定性,为其在冷冻食品保藏、生物医药载体等领域的应用提供了重要理论依据和实践参考。

, authors=王文昊1, 2, 3, 臧逸1, 3, 尤艳丽3, 赵传4, 陈加利4, 邱斌1, *, authorsList=王文昊, 臧逸, 尤艳丽, 赵传, 陈加利, 邱斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱斌, authorNote=

王文昊(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邱斌(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=alwAtdk4uc1SYeUc4d4taA==, magXml=rmFI8dprDCPsrSZnPK97ow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SenGOoX6utdVty4v9Wo9hQ==, pdfFileSize=2177021, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2bG8bPMUgNFz7HYIac/5ug==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LbFP7tiDIGEBbU4/DNnUJg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886751875412984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=869093401@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886751984464892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, authorId=1320886751875412984, language=EN, stringName=Wenhao WANG, firstName=Wenhao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
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Journal of Nutrition, 2003, 133(6): 1815−1820., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886751514702827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751527285740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751514702827, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751535674349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751514702827, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东省农业科学院,山东济南 250000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886751602783214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751611171823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751602783214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yantai City Science and Technology Vocational College, Yantai 264000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751619560432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751602783214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2烟台城市科技职业学院,山东烟台 264000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886751682474993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751690863602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751682474993, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751699252211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751682474993, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3烟台大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886751774749684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751783138293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751774749684, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Tengzhou Beidacang Flour Co., Ltd., Yantai 277000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886751791526902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, companyId=1320886751774749684, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4滕州市北大仓面粉有限公司,山东枣庄 277000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886754626875427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Frequency scan results of different SA concentrations, figureFileSmall=yCZs6UsIcv+NDdvFuHsUmw==, figureFileBig=2bG8bPMUgNFz7HYIac/5ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886754857562148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同SA浓度频率扫描结果, figureFileSmall=yCZs6UsIcv+NDdvFuHsUmw==, figureFileBig=2bG8bPMUgNFz7HYIac/5ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755037917221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=2Results of swelling rates at different SA concentrations, figureFileSmall=Vc1IaPZA0ixG2UOrDHjvhA==, figureFileBig=WV7IQ8WyhQlcOqRjOyLTuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755117608998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同SA浓度溶胀率结果

注:不同小写字母表示不同处理组差异显著(P<0.05),图4、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=Vc1IaPZA0ixG2UOrDHjvhA==, figureFileBig=WV7IQ8WyhQlcOqRjOyLTuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755184717863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Frequency scan results of different CS concentrations, figureFileSmall=wWjDbJApQCL2o2BK6LldWA==, figureFileBig=87+Io01xK/41qJRHeBlGnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755247632424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同CS浓度频率扫描结果, figureFileSmall=wWjDbJApQCL2o2BK6LldWA==, figureFileBig=87+Io01xK/41qJRHeBlGnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755323129897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of swelling rates at different CS concentrations, figureFileSmall=yeMXTXJK+kqZmF79I+daiQ==, figureFileBig=sAlYoe+Haspvdb6v8cLrkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755411210282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同CS浓度溶胀率结果, figureFileSmall=yeMXTXJK+kqZmF79I+daiQ==, figureFileBig=sAlYoe+Haspvdb6v8cLrkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755486707755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Frequency scan results of different Ca2+ concentrations, figureFileSmall=Uo56tigBwSaLGMgkgd2phA==, figureFileBig=NAywuahr9mgtXu5XYY3bAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755562205228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同Ca2+浓度频率扫描结果, figureFileSmall=Uo56tigBwSaLGMgkgd2phA==, figureFileBig=NAywuahr9mgtXu5XYY3bAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755646091309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Results of swelling rates at different Ca2+ concentrations, figureFileSmall=ShcRe6Qr4Q9QInRdgh+M3A==, figureFileBig=xBnzlKCfCiF6VrHegQZfBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755704811566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同Ca2+浓度溶胀率结果, figureFileSmall=ShcRe6Qr4Q9QInRdgh+M3A==, figureFileBig=xBnzlKCfCiF6VrHegQZfBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755771920431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=3D diagram of response surface, figureFileSmall=g9TMtJK1xlU3g8/n2xdRuQ==, figureFileBig=NOkzeEuwUpEv3AlZBCVkpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755851612208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图7, caption=响应面三维图, figureFileSmall=g9TMtJK1xlU3g8/n2xdRuQ==, figureFileBig=NOkzeEuwUpEv3AlZBCVkpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886755914526769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of freezing temperature on rheological properties of gel, figureFileSmall=Tm3Zm/Ymq0BHJQFmKIws1Q==, figureFileBig=fz0WqNXp3ZswYhUll4tfNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886756006801458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图8, caption=冷冻温度对凝胶流变特性的影响

注:(A)表观黏度;(B)应变扫描;(C)频率扫描;(D)恢复性。

, figureFileSmall=Tm3Zm/Ymq0BHJQFmKIws1Q==, figureFileBig=fz0WqNXp3ZswYhUll4tfNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886756082298931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of melting temperature on rheological properties of gel, figureFileSmall=tTIfqVs9NA+zcnG15toq0w==, figureFileBig=5eh2oStfgPUy2bi/aFHTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886756149407796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图9, caption=融化温度对凝胶流变特性的影响

注:(A)表观黏度;(B)应变扫描;(C)频率扫描;(D)恢复性。

, figureFileSmall=tTIfqVs9NA+zcnG15toq0w==, figureFileBig=5eh2oStfgPUy2bi/aFHTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886756208128053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on rheological properties of gel, figureFileSmall=uZKDDaUWoRmxwirTWpL/sA==, figureFileBig=iEkA+kzBw+JjOGkINHZIJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886756275236918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=图10, caption=冻融循环次数对凝胶流变特性的影响

注:(A)表观黏度;(B)应变扫描;(C)频率扫描;(D)恢复性。

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Factors and levels of response surface methodology experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:SA浓度(%)B:CS浓度(%)C:Ca2+浓度(%)
−11.51.00.2
02.01.50.3
12.52.00.4
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757080543296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:SA浓度(%)B:CS浓度(%)C:Ca2+浓度(%)
−11.51.00.2
02.01.50.3
12.52.00.4
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757147652161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different SA concentration on texture characteristics of gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SA浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
1.0428.12±31.83e219.98±17.76e0.90±0.03c0.45±0.02e
1.5654.80±38.85c414.96±20.70c0.93±0.12ab0.71±0.02bc
2.0777.14±36.34b547.05±14.01b0.94±0.01a0.74±0.03ab
2.5858.23±21.79a594.89±23.15a0.94±0.08a0.78±0.02a
3.0564.66±54.50d375.47±18.76d0.92±0.01ab0.67±0.02d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757227343938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SA浓度对凝胶质构特性影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SA浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
1.0428.12±31.83e219.98±17.76e0.90±0.03c0.45±0.02e
1.5654.80±38.85c414.96±20.70c0.93±0.12ab0.71±0.02bc
2.0777.14±36.34b547.05±14.01b0.94±0.01a0.74±0.03ab
2.5858.23±21.79a594.89±23.15a0.94±0.08a0.78±0.02a
3.0564.66±54.50d375.47±18.76d0.92±0.01ab0.67±0.02d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757344784451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different CS concentration on texture characteristics of gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CS浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
1.0485.66±38.63e219.98±18.24d0.89±0.07d0.52±0.02d
1.5767.20±26.77b459.62±22.08a0.94±0.00ab0.76±0.02b
2.0818.18±36.12a503.86±26.11a0.95±0.02a0.78±0.02a
2.5551.04±45.66d233.02±15.22c0.92±0.11c0.70±0.02c
3.0664.88±52.33c303.54±16.23b0.92±0.05c0.68±0.03c
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757416087620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CS浓度对凝胶质构特性影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CS浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
1.0485.66±38.63e219.98±18.24d0.89±0.07d0.52±0.02d
1.5767.20±26.77b459.62±22.08a0.94±0.00ab0.76±0.02b
2.0818.18±36.12a503.86±26.11a0.95±0.02a0.78±0.02a
2.5551.04±45.66d233.02±15.22c0.92±0.11c0.70±0.02c
3.0664.88±52.33c303.54±16.23b0.92±0.05c0.68±0.03c
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757495779397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of different Ca2+ concentration on texture characteristics of gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ca2+浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
0.1523.72±16.29d372.24±34.13c0.96±0.07a0.65±0.04b
0.2613.32±16.89c444.10±27.07b0.95±0.08a0.73±0.01a
0.3762.96±14.21a510.62±38.43a0.94±0.06b0.74±0.02a
0.4753.76±12.91a516.43±32.24a0.93±0.02b0.77±0.01a
0.5682.23±46.50b470.55±32.75ab0.94±0.03b0.76±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757583859782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同Ca2+浓度对凝胶质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ca2+浓度(%)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
0.1523.72±16.29d372.24±34.13c0.96±0.07a0.65±0.04b
0.2613.32±16.89c444.10±27.07b0.95±0.08a0.73±0.01a
0.3762.96±14.21a510.62±38.43a0.94±0.06b0.74±0.02a
0.4753.76±12.91a516.43±32.24a0.93±0.02b0.77±0.01a
0.5682.23±46.50b470.55±32.75ab0.94±0.03b0.76±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757655162951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Design and results of Box-Behnken trial experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(%)B(%)C(%)溶胀率(%)
11.501.500.4025.78
22.001.500.3018.57
32.001.000.2025.39
41.501.000.3025.49
52.001.500.3017.33
62.502.000.3018.71
72.501.500.4023.15
82.002.000.4022.06
92.001.500.3017.46
102.001.000.4023.63
112.501.500.2024.77
122.501.000.3025.34
131.501.500.2025.86
142.001.500.3017.89
152.002.000.2022.08
161.502.000.3026.27
172.001.500.3017.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757831323720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(%)B(%)C(%)溶胀率(%)
11.501.500.4025.78
22.001.500.3018.57
32.001.000.2025.39
41.501.000.3025.49
52.001.500.3017.33
62.502.000.3018.71
72.501.500.4023.15
82.002.000.4022.06
92.001.500.3017.46
102.001.000.4023.63
112.501.500.2024.77
122.501.000.3025.34
131.501.500.2025.86
142.001.500.3017.89
152.002.000.2022.08
161.502.000.3026.27
172.001.500.3017.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757911015497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

ANOVA of response surface model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型195.88921.7644.14<0.0001**
A16.33116.3333.120.0007**
B14.39114.3929.190.0010**
C1.5111.513.070.1232
AB13.73113.7327.840.0012**
AC0.5910.591.200.3091
BC0.7610.761.540.2553
A265.40165.40132.65<0.0001**
B223.08123.0846.810.0002**
C245.26145.2691.80<0.0001**
残差3.4570.49
失拟项2.1130.702.090.2439
纯误差1.3440.34
总和199.3316
), ArticleFig(id=1320886757990707274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

响应面模型方差分析

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型195.88921.7644.14<0.0001**
A16.33116.3333.120.0007**
B14.39114.3929.190.0010**
C1.5111.513.070.1232
AB13.73113.7327.840.0012**
AC0.5910.591.200.3091
BC0.7610.761.540.2553
A265.40165.40132.65<0.0001**
B223.08123.0846.810.0002**
C245.26145.2691.80<0.0001**
残差3.4570.49
失拟项2.1130.702.090.2439
纯误差1.3440.34
总和199.3316
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758074593355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effect of freezing temperature on texture characteristics of gel

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冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−20/41396.05±52.43b704.84±42.67b0.91±0.01b0.77±0.13b
−80/41866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
未冻融932.91±47.06c466.28±52.14c0.84±0.01c0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758187839564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

冷冻温度对凝胶质构特性的影响

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冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−20/41396.05±52.43b704.84±42.67b0.91±0.01b0.77±0.13b
−80/41866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
未冻融932.91±47.06c466.28±52.14c0.84±0.01c0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758267531341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Effect of melting temperature on texture characteristics of gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−80/251680.81±53.37b704.84±42.67b0.91±0.03b0.82±0.02a
−80/41866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
未冻融932.91±47.06c466.28±52.14c0.84±0.01c0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758338834510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

融化温度对凝胶质构特性影响结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−80/251680.81±53.37b704.84±42.67b0.91±0.03b0.82±0.02a
−80/41866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
未冻融932.91±47.06c466.28±52.14c0.84±0.01c0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758422720591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on texture characteristics of gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−80/4一次冻融1866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
−80/4二次冻融752.36±46.71c387.22±36.88c0.83±0.03b0.71±0.06b
未冻融932.91±47.06b466.28±52.14b0.84±0.01b0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758498218064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

冻融循环次数对凝胶质构特性影响结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻/融化(℃)硬度(g)咀嚼度(g)弹性内聚性
−80/4一次冻融1866.67±35.54a921.47±46.37a0.96±0.16a0.86±0.31a
−80/4二次冻融752.36±46.71c387.22±36.88c0.83±0.03b0.71±0.06b
未冻融932.91±47.06b466.28±52.14b0.84±0.01b0.72±0.20b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758561132625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Relaxation time distribution of freeze-thaw gel samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)T24(ms)
−20 ℃/4 ℃1.149−43.976444.878
−80 ℃/4 ℃0.91211.62355.427352.971
−80 ℃/25 ℃1.08423.27262.226396.269
−80 ℃/4 ℃(二次)1.46717.426−249.451
未冻融0.644−62.226471.375
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758653407314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

冻融水凝胶样品的弛豫时间分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)T24(ms)
−20 ℃/4 ℃1.149−43.976444.878
−80 ℃/4 ℃0.91211.62355.427352.971
−80 ℃/25 ℃1.08423.27262.226396.269
−80 ℃/4 ℃(二次)1.46717.426−249.451
未冻融0.644−62.226471.375
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758724710483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Water distribution peak proportion of freeze-thaw gel samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)A24(%)
−20 ℃/4 ℃3.438−2.91993.643
−80 ℃/4 ℃3.8591.8713.95490.316
−80 ℃/25 ℃3.6822.8193.13190.367
−80 ℃/4 ℃(二次)0.3890.202−99.409
未冻融2.980−12.14784.873
), ArticleFig(id=1320886758791819348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886550926311839, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

冻融水凝胶样品的水分分布峰占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)A24(%)
−20 ℃/4 ℃3.438−2.91993.643
−80 ℃/4 ℃3.8591.8713.95490.316
−80 ℃/25 ℃3.6822.8193.13190.367
−80 ℃/4 ℃(二次)0.3890.202−99.409
未冻融2.980−12.14784.873
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海藻酸钠/壳聚糖/钙离子双网络水凝胶的制备及其冻融稳定性
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王文昊 1, 2, 3 , 臧逸 1, 3 , 尤艳丽 3 , 赵传 4 , 陈加利 4 , 邱斌 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 205-217
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 205 -217
海藻酸钠/壳聚糖/钙离子双网络水凝胶的制备及其冻融稳定性
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2烟台城市科技职业学院,山东烟台 264000
3烟台大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264000, bio={"content":"

王文昊(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:

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王文昊1, 2, 3 , 臧逸1, 3, 尤艳丽3, 赵传4, 陈加利4, 邱斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东省农业科学院,山东济南 250000
  • 2烟台城市科技职业学院,山东烟台 264000
  • 3烟台大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264000
  • 4滕州市北大仓面粉有限公司,山东枣庄 277000
通讯作者:
邱斌(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王文昊(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:

Preparation and Freeze-thaw Stability of Sodium Alginate/Chitosan/Calcium Ion Double Network Hydrogel
Wenhao WANG1, 2, 3 , Yi ZANG1, 3, Yanli YOU3, Chuan ZHAO4, Jiali CHEN4, Bin QIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
  • 2Yantai City Science and Technology Vocational College, Yantai 264000, China
  • 3College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China
  • 4Tengzhou Beidacang Flour Co., Ltd., Yantai 277000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040021
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本研究聚焦于通过物理交联法制备具有良好生物相容性的海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate)、壳聚糖(Chitosan)及碳酸钙(CaCO3)双网络水凝胶,旨在优化其配方并系统探究结构、物理特性及冻融稳定性。通过单因素实验和响应面法确定最佳配方:SA浓度 2.14%、CS浓度 1.7%、Ca2+浓度 0.31 mol/L,此时水凝胶溶胀率为 17.20%。冻融实验显示,−80 ℃冷冻、4 ℃融化条件下,水凝胶性能提升显著,一次冻融循环效果最佳:硬度从125.3 g增至189.6 g,弹性从0.72升至0.85,储能模量从2100 Pa升至3500 Pa;二次循环后性能略有下降。核磁共振分析表明该条件下凝胶结合水更多、结构更稳定,傅里叶红外光谱证实为物理交联。本研究制备的双网络水凝胶具有优异的力学性能和冻融稳定性,为其在冷冻食品保藏、生物医药载体等领域的应用提供了重要理论依据和实践参考。

双网络水凝胶  /  海藻酸钠  /  壳聚糖  /  冻融稳定性  /  力学性能  /  储能模量

In this study, we focused on the preparation of hydrogels with good biocompatibility of sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (CS), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by physical cross-linking. We aimed to optimize the hydrogel formulations and systematically explore their structure, physical properties, and freeze-thaw stability. The optimal formula was determined using a single factor experiment and response surface method: SA concentration was 2.14%, CS concentration was 1.7%, Ca2+ concentration was 0.31 mol/L, and the hydrogel swelling rate was 17.20%. The freeze-thaw experiment showed that the performance of the hydrogel was significantly improved while freezing at −80 ℃ and thawing at 4 ℃, and the best effect of one freeze-thaw cycle was achieved: The hardness increased from 125.3 g to 189.6 g, the elasticity increased from 0.72 to 0.85, and the storage modulus increased from 2100 Pa to 3500 Pa. There was a minimal decrease in performance after the second cycle. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the hydrogel was more water-bound and more stable in structure under these conditions, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the hydrogel was physically cross-linked. The dual-network hydrogels prepared in this study had excellent mechanical properties and freeze-thaw stability, which would provide an important theoretical basis and practical reference for their application in frozen food preservation and as biomedical carriers.

double network hydrogel  /  sodium alginate  /  chitosan  /  freeze-thaw stability  /  mechanical properties  /  energy storage modulus
王文昊, 臧逸, 尤艳丽, 赵传, 陈加利, 邱斌. 海藻酸钠/壳聚糖/钙离子双网络水凝胶的制备及其冻融稳定性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 205 -217 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040021
Wenhao WANG, Yi ZANG, Yanli YOU, Chuan ZHAO, Jiali CHEN, Bin QIU. Preparation and Freeze-thaw Stability of Sodium Alginate/Chitosan/Calcium Ion Double Network Hydrogel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 205 -217 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040021
水凝胶是一种具有特殊三维网络结构的亲水材料[1],通过物理或化学交联连接的聚合物链组成的3D多孔网络结构,并展现出出色的保水性能,且不易溶解,其独特的延展性能赋予水凝胶多样化的塑造潜力,使其具备广泛的应用前景[2]。目前,大部分的水凝胶特别是天然水凝胶,存在机械强度低、脆性大等问题。如何改善其机械强度,使其更好地应用于生物医药、保健食品等领域具有十分重要的意义,常制备双网络结构水凝胶(Double-Network Hydrogel,DH)来提高水凝胶的力学性能。DH是由两种物理性能各异的互穿型或半互穿型凝胶网络复合而成的水凝胶,其中一个网络交联程度高、使水凝胶具有较大的硬度和强度;另一个网络一般呈卷曲状,赋予水凝胶弹性与韧性。通过调控交联网络的组分、浓度及相互作用,实现两种网络的优势互补,使其表现出优于两个网络中任何一个的力学性能。现有的双网络结构水凝胶均含有大量的化学交联剂,存在着很大的生物安全性问题,因此,有必要发展一种新型的物理交联型双网络水凝胶。
海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)是一种海洋来源的天然多糖,多存在于褐藻的细胞壁和细胞质基质中,是无毒、可自然生物降解的绿色材料[3],主要作为结构性多糖存在,赋予植物组织良好的形态和一定的强度[4]。海藻酸钠由于其价格低廉、易于制备、良好的生物相容性和可降解性,已被广泛地应用于生物医药领域。壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)是经过甲壳素脱乙酰化的产物[5],是唯一现存天然阳离子多糖[6]。壳聚糖分子链上复杂的羟基和氨基修饰使其具有显著的抗氧化能力,具有良好的抑菌性能。虽然壳聚糖的多种应用已经被广泛采用,但其溶解度方面的限制仍然存在,在一定浓度的酸性条件下,壳聚糖氨基上的氮原子与脱乙酰基团之间的非公共电子,能够从溶液中结合氢离子,而氢离子和游离氨基不断结合生成-NH3+,壳聚糖分子链上的-NH3+基会因同电荷相斥,导致壳聚糖分子链伸展而溶解[7],同时,由于壳聚糖的阳离子性质,壳聚糖基水凝胶可溶于稀酸性介质,因此机械强度较差[8]。因此,通过与海藻酸钠等具有生物相容性的天然聚合物进行交联改性是提高壳聚糖机械强度的有效途径。Yuan等[9]研究发现,通过物理交联制备的聚丙烯酰胺/黄原胶双网络结构水凝胶比非交联的单一网络水凝胶具有良好的力学性能。Sun等[10]制备了以海藻酸盐与钙离子交联为第一网络,聚丙烯酰胺共价交联为第二网络的杂化双网络水凝胶,其具有良好的机械性能。Feyissa等[11]以氯化钙和戊二醛为交联剂,采用离子型相互作用法制备了双网络海藻酸钠/壳聚糖水凝胶。
研究水凝胶的冻融稳定性对控制高水分含量的冷冻食品在贮藏与运输过程中的品质变化有重要意义,在冷冻过程中,因为水凝胶限制了水分子的热运动,形成了较多的氢键,导致水分子聚集形成冰晶,冰晶会继续生长直到完全冻结,从而形成相互连接的冰晶框架,经解冻后,冰晶会形成类似于海绵状结构的孔隙网络结构,所以冷冻不仅可以改变高分子水凝胶的网络结构,也会改变水凝胶的机械强度。经过冷冻后解冻可能会造成食品营养物质流失、体系分层等现象,这与凝胶的冻融稳定性密切相关,冻融稳定性在一定程度上决定了水凝胶的应用范围,所以在水凝胶制备的过程中需要探究其冻融稳定性。Wang等[12]利用谷氨酰胺转氨酶诱导豌豆蛋白凝胶交联网络与SA凝胶网络形成双网络凝胶,研究发现其具有良好的力学性能以及冻融稳定性。Hua等[13]采用Ca2+交联和冻融循环技术制备海藻酸钠/聚乙烯醇水凝胶珠,经过冻融后的凝胶珠提高了药物的包封效率。Li等[14]制备了魔芋葡甘露聚糖与黄原胶协同作用凝胶,经过冻融诱导凝胶改善了其力学性能。
本文使用了海藻酸钠(SA)、壳聚糖(CS)、碳酸钙(CaCO3)和聚葡萄糖内脂(GDL)等原料,通过物理交联的方法,制备出一种具有良好生物相容性的新型双网络水凝胶,并优化了SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶的配方,对其水凝胶的结构、物理特性及其冻融稳定性等进行了测试和表征,并通过调控冻融条件来提高凝胶的冻融稳定性,为冻融凝胶的储藏运输等提供依据。
海藻酸钠(数均相对分子质量为357475,相对分子质量分布为1.392,β-D-甘露糖醛酸单元(M)与α-L-古洛糖醛酸单元(G)的质量比(M/G)为0.32) 食品级,青岛明月海藻集团有限公司;壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥95%,粘度200~400 mPa·s,分子式为C6nH11nNO4n)、葡萄糖酸内脂(GDL) 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;碳酸钙 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
HZK-FA210电子分析天平 华志(福建)电子科技有限公司;HJ-6B恒温磁力搅拌器 常州苏瑞仪器有限公司;SB25-12DT超声波清洗机、SCIENTZ-12N/A冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SMS TA.XT Plus/50质构仪 英国 Stable Micro Systems(SMS)公司;Waters-HR20流变仪 美国TA仪器沃特斯公司;DW-86L486超低温冰箱 青岛海尔特种电器公司;Thermo Scientific Nicolet Is20傅里叶红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;NMI20核磁共振成像仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司。
参考史超[15]的实验方法并略作修改。将适量的SA粉末加100 mL蒸馏水至烧杯中,在磁力搅拌器上搅拌形成溶液;2 h后再向其中加入CaCO3粉末,超声30 min后继续搅拌2 h(超声功率为200 W);再向其中加入一定量的CS粉末,将整个体系超声1 h后,磁力搅拌24 h。最后向搅拌后的溶液中加入GDL粉末0.25 g,将其混匀之后转移到平板中,在−4 ℃下静置2 h形成水凝胶。
分别对凝胶配方中SA、Ca2+浓度、CS的浓度进行单因素实验。采用凝胶的质构特性、流变特性以及溶胀率作为单因素实验指标。将Ca2+浓度、CS浓度分别固定在0.3%、2.0%,考察SA浓度(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)对水凝胶制备的影响;将SA浓度、Ca2+浓度固定在2.0%、0.3%,考察CS浓度(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)对水凝胶制备的影响;将SA浓度、CS浓度固定在2.0%、2.0%,考察Ca2+浓度(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)对水凝胶制备的影响。
在单因素实验的基础上,确定显著因素和最佳条件,采用Design Expert 8.0软件,以溶胀率为评价指标,对SA浓度、Ca2+浓度、CS浓度三个因素进行响应面试验设计及分析(表1)。
按照响应面试验中得出凝胶的最佳配比制备凝胶,将2.14 g SA粉末加100 mL蒸馏水至烧杯中,在磁力搅拌器上搅拌形成溶液;2 h后再向其中加入0.31 g CaCO3粉末,超声30 min后继续搅拌2 h;再向其中加入1.7 g CS粉末,将整个体系超声1 h后,磁力搅拌24 h。最后向搅拌后的溶液中加入GDL粉末,将其混匀之后转移到平板中,在常温下静置30 min,形成水凝胶。
根据预实验中多次冻融循环的凝胶性能测定,两次以上冻融循环后凝胶性能下降,凝胶储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')明显下降,样品表面出现析水现象,结构变得松散不稳定,不利于后续研究。所以冻融过程分为三组进行实验:第1组:将凝胶分别放置于−20 ℃和−80 ℃冰箱中冷冻24 h,之后放置于4℃中融化24 h;第2组:将凝胶放置于−80 ℃冰箱中冷冻24 h,之后分别放置于4 ℃和25 ℃中融化24 h;第3组:将凝胶放置于−80 ℃冰箱中冷冻24 h,之后放置于25 ℃中融化24 h后再进行一次冻融循环。
参考侯燕杰[16]的方法并略作修改,将制备的凝胶切取1 m×1 m的大小置于测试台上,在25 ℃条件下,使用40 mm平行板,在应变力为1%,角频率范围为0.1~100 rad/s,进行频率扫描,记录储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')随频率的变化,样品平行测量3次。
冻融后样品参考侯燕杰[16]的方法并略作修改,取适量样品放在操作台上,使用40 mm平行板进行流变性能测试。表观黏度测试条件:剪切速率0.01~100 s−1,测试温度为25 ℃,凝胶与平行板间距离为500 μm。应变扫描测试条件:应变范围为0.1%~100%,频率为6.28 rad/s,测试温度为25 ℃,凝胶与平行板间距离为1000 μm。频率扫描测试条件:频率范围为0.1~100 rad/s,应变为1%,测试温度为25 ℃,凝胶与平行板间距离为1000 μm。触变性测试条件采用应变交替扫描模式:1%应变120 s,500%应变120 s,1%应变120 s,测试中保持振荡频率为6.28 rad/s,测试温度为25 ℃,凝胶与平行板间距离为1000 μm。
食物的质构特性极大地影响消费者接受度和喜好[17]。根据凝胶的特性,本实验选择硬度(Hardness)、咀嚼度(Chewiness)、弹性(Springiness)、内聚性(Cohesiveness)作为研究参数[18]。参考吴岑琳[19]的实验方法并略作修改,将制备好的凝胶放入培养皿中,测定凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性,TPA测试条件为:P/36R圆柱形探头,应变值为50%,测前测中测后速度均为1 mm/s,触发力为10 g,停留时间为5 s,每项测试重复三次。
取大小合适的水凝胶,使用冷冻干燥机冻干后称重,质量记为M0。将其在室温下置于去离子水中孵育,24 h后取出擦净后称重,质量记为M1,样品平行测量3次,按照下式计算溶胀率:
$ \mathrm{溶胀率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{1}-{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}\times 100 $
参考吴岑琳[19]的方法并略作修改,使用核磁共振成像仪分析凝胶的水分分布。取适量凝胶样品放入样品管底部,将样品管置于仪器的射频线圈内,选择CPMG程序进行测定。其参数设置如下:重复采样时间间隔为0.3 ms,累加扫描次数为2,回波个数为4000。对生成的图像进行反演得到弛豫时间谱图,样品平行测量3次。
利用傅里叶红外光谱法对各个样品中组分进行了结构分析。扫描波数范围为4000~400 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数64次。
每个样品至少进行三次重复实验,实验数据以平均值±标准偏差表示,利用Excel 2021整理实验数据。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素方差分析(P<0.05)。采用Origin 2021软件绘制图表。
在Ca2+和CS浓度一定的情况下,随着SA浓度的增加,羧基的数量也随之增加,提高了凝胶的交联强度和静电相互作用,使得凝胶内部交联更为紧密,减少了凝胶内部的孔隙空间,使形成的凝胶更加结实,硬度更高,溶胀率会相应降低。由表2可以看出,当SA浓度从1.0%增加至2.5%时,凝胶的硬度显著提高(P<0.05),咀嚼至吞咽所需能量增加,咀嚼度显著增加(P<0.05);当SA浓度增加到一定程度时,可能会有大量的羧基未与Ca2+发生交联,而剩余的羧基会由于静电斥力使凝胶膨胀,故而SA浓度为3%时凝胶硬度下降,弹性和内聚性也降低。综上,当SA浓度为2.5%时,凝胶的质构特性指标最高。
根据图1频率扫描结果显示,G'和G''随着频率增加而增加,并且各个浓度的G'均大于G'',说明样品具有弹性和凝胶状行为。凝胶G'和G''随频率的增加而升高,但加入过量的SA会降低CS/SA网络的交联度,导致G'和G''降低,这与Tang等[20]的研究结果相同。
图2中随SA浓度增加,溶胀率降低,可能是因为大量的羧基未与Ca2+发生交联,而剩余的羧基会由于静电斥力使凝胶膨胀导致凝胶结构不稳定影响了凝胶的交联度,使溶胀率增高,凝胶的稳定性降低。因此当SA浓度为2.0%时,溶胀率最低,凝胶结构更稳定。同时SA浓度的增加可以提供更多的交联位点,使凝胶网络更加紧密和结实,从而增加凝胶的弹性。黄国清等[21]研究了羧甲基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶,随着SA浓度的增加,凝胶硬度增加,弹性降低,而当SA浓度增加到一定程度时硬度下降。李安琪[22]制备了海藻酸钠和酪蛋白复合凝胶,研究发现随着海藻酸钠浓度逐渐增加,凝胶硬度逐渐增加至大于1400 g,但当海藻酸钠浓度进一步増加时,凝胶硬度略有下降。Wang等[23]研究了一种用于软骨再生的海藻酸钠/羧甲基壳聚糖双交联水凝剂,研究其流变性能发现,随着SA浓度的升高G'和G''呈现先增大后减少的趋势,当SA浓度过高时,SA网络中过多的负电荷抑制了凝胶网络中氨基与琥珀酰亚胺基团之间的反应性,导致G'和G''降低。李嘉颖[24]探究了卵黄抗体-海藻酸钠凝胶珠的最佳制备工艺,研究发现当SA浓度达到1.0%后,随着SA浓度的升高,溶胀度逐渐降低,推测有更多的海藻酸钠分子与Ca2+发生作用使得结构更加致密,使溶剂渗透速率下降,即溶胀速率下降,而持续较低的溶胀速率使其最终溶胀度也相对较低。
在SA和Ca2+浓度一定的情况下,随着CS浓度的增加,分子链间缠结程度较高[25],使凝胶网络结构也更加紧密,由表3可知,1.0%~2.0% CS浓度的凝胶的硬度显著提高(P<0.05),咀嚼至吞咽所需能量增加,因此咀嚼度显著增加;当CS浓度进一步增加,凝胶交联密度过大,脆性增加,抵抗外界能力相应降低[26],因此当CS浓度为2.0%的时候,凝胶的质构特性指标最高。由图3和图4可知,G'和G''逐渐上升是因为剩余的-NH3+静电力增加了凝胶的黏弹性,当CS浓度为1.5%时,凝胶的黏弹性最好、溶胀率最低。Khorshidi等[27]的研究表明,随着壳聚糖浓度的增加,结冷胶-壳聚糖水凝胶的硬度呈先增大后降低的趋势,而弹性则相反。Popov等[28]研究制备了果胶-壳聚糖水凝胶也表明将CS加入到果胶-钙离子凝胶中,加入壳聚糖后凝胶的G'和G''会成类似趋势。闻燕等[29]制备了羧甲基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶,随着羧甲基壳聚糖浓度增加,分子链排列区域紧密,水分子不易进入凝胶,降低了凝胶的溶胀率,但当浓度过大时,溶胀率也增大。
过多的Ca2+会干扰多糖间的协同作用,使凝胶化能力下降,凝胶强度变小,导致凝胶硬度与咀嚼度降低。这是由于凝胶中的Ca2+数量增加,Ca2+与SA的羧酸根离子的结合程度增加,交联结构变得更加致密,样品的硬度、咀嚼度、内聚性均随着Ca2+的浓度增加而上升,过高的Ca2+添加量将生成致密度较高的凝胶结构,导致凝胶脱水现象严重并且硬度过大容易脆裂[30],而弹性则出现相反的趋势。由表4可知,当Ca2+浓度为0.3%时,凝胶的硬度最高,随着Ca2+浓度的升高硬度反而呈下降趋势。当Ca2+浓度为0.1%的时候弹性最高,与0.2%无显著差异,但显著(P<0.05)高于0.3%、0.4%和0.5%。
图5中 G'和G''随频率的增加显著升高,这可能是因为增加Ca2+浓度可以提供更多的交联位点,增强了凝胶网络的交联密度,使得凝胶结构更加坚固和紧密,从而提高了凝胶的黏弹性模量[20]。何振东等[31]研究了Ca2+浓度对银杏果分离蛋白/果胶凝胶的储存模量的下降原因,可能是由于添加的Ca2+可以桥接蛋白质中带负电荷的羧基,破坏了蛋白果胶间的静电相互作用。因此当Ca2+浓度为0.3%时,凝胶的黏弹性最好。覃小丽等[32]研究了CaCl2为交联剂制备壳聚糖-海藻酸钠水凝胶和果胶-海藻酸钠水凝胶,并且得出溶胀率均随Ca2+溶液浓度的增加逐渐减小的结果。
由图6可知,当Ca2+浓度为0.1%~0.3%时,凝胶的溶胀率逐渐降低,当Ca2+浓度为0.4%~0.5%时,溶胀率逐渐增大,这可能是由于Ca2+浓度的增加,使得分子链之间的网格数目增多,便于水分子向内渗透,从而使得凝胶的溶胀率增大。这与黄国清等[21]的研究结果相符。综上,Ca2+浓度为0.3%时,凝胶的溶胀性能最适。
基于单因素实验的显著因素及最优结果,采用Box-Behnken对SA、CS、Ca2+浓度进行响应面试验设计。使用Design-expert 12.0进行回归分析,结果如表5所示。
利用Design-Expert 10.0.1软件对实验数据进行统计分析,得到二次多项式回归方程:Y=96.17−0.67A+0.4B−0.097C+0.22AB−0.2AC−0.085BC−3.21A2−2.92B2−2.64C2。由表6可知,响应面试验模型的P<0.0001,说明此模型为极显著。模型的决定系数为R2=0.9827,调整系数为R2Adj=0.9604,说明该模型的拟合情况和预测性较好,模型精密度为16.1522>4,失拟项P=0.2439>0.05,说明该模型成立。
在响应面试验中,三个因素对溶胀率影响的大小程度可以经F值的高低进行确定,F值越高,该因素对溶胀率的影响越大。根据表6的试验结果,上述因素对溶胀率的影响的强弱顺序为SA浓度(A)>CS浓度(B)>Ca2+浓度(C)。
两因素交互作用对响应值的影响如图7所示,SA浓度与CS浓度交互作用响应面图的等高线相对密集,且趋于椭圆,而SA浓度与Ca2+浓度交互作用及Ca2+浓度与CS浓度交互作用对溶胀率影响的响应面图等高线稀疏且趋于圆形,说明AB对响应值具有显著影响,而AC、BC对响应值的影响不显著。根据所得模型,利用Design-Expert 8.0.软件对条件进行优化,得到的最佳条件为SA的浓度为2.14%,CS的浓度为1.7%,Ca2+的浓度为0.31%,在此条件下溶胀率可达到17.20%。在最佳工艺条件下,进行了验证实验,经多次重复实验表明,溶胀率可达到17.01%±3.45%,接近理论最佳值,重复性良好,证明实验结果可靠。
由表7可知,相比未冻融的凝胶,经过冻融后,凝胶的质构特性有了显著提升,这是因为在冻融过程中冰晶的形成导致了多糖大分子之间更多的相互作用,从而形成了更紧密的聚合物网络结构。然而不同的冷冻温度对凝胶的质构特性影响不同,−80 ℃冷冻温度的凝胶硬度咀嚼度均大于−20 ℃,这可能是因为−20 ℃的冷冻温度会导致较大的冰晶形成,对凝胶的内部结构和网络造成一定程度的破坏,从而降低凝胶的硬度。−80 ℃冷冻温度冷冻过程中,凝胶内大量的水分子会转化为冰晶体,从而有助于冷冻状态下的多糖分子的有序排列,形成更多的交联位点[33]。因此,在−80 ℃冷冻温度下制备的凝胶往往具有较高的硬度,凝胶内部结构更加紧密稳定,能够提供更好的支撑力,而凝胶的硬度越高,咀嚼至吞咽所需能量增加,咀嚼度显著(P<0.05)增大。
在弹性和内聚性方面,−80 ℃凝胶相比与−20 ℃也有显著提升(P<0.05),这是由于在−20 ℃的冷冻温度下,形成的较大冰晶会导致凝胶内部结构的疏松化和破坏,凝胶的连接网络变得松散[33],会影响凝胶的弹性表现,并且较大的冰晶会占据更多的空间,在解冻后留下更多的孔隙和空隙,减弱了凝胶的支撑结构,从而降低了凝胶的弹性,吴岑琳[19]通过对不同冷冻温度下魔芋/淀粉复合凝胶质构特性研究发现,随着冷冻温度的降低,凝胶的冻融稳定性越高,质构特性越好,因此冷冻温度为−80 ℃时,冻融SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶的质构特性最适。
不同的融化温度对凝胶的质构特性影响不同,由于氢键能够维持多糖冻融凝胶网络结构,因此冻融凝胶还受到融化温度的影响[34]。由表8可知,4 ℃融化温度凝胶的硬度、咀嚼度大于25 ℃,这可能因为较低的融化温度使凝胶内部产生较低的能量或焓,导致多糖分子自由运动受到影响,能够更好地保存在冻结过程中形成的分子间结合区[35],保持凝胶内部结构的相对稳定性,不会引起过多的结构变化。而在25 ℃下融化的凝胶,水分会重新填充凝胶内部的空隙和孔隙,导致原本紧密的凝胶网络结构被打破,凝胶变得更加松散,失去了原有的支撑力,整体硬度下降。4 ℃融化温度凝胶硬度大于25 ℃融化温度凝胶,而凝胶的硬度降低,咀嚼至吞咽所需能量降低,咀嚼度显著(P<0.05)降低。因此融化温度为4 ℃时,冻融SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶的质构特性最适。
由表9可知,经过一次冻融循环后,凝胶的硬度、咀嚼度等都有了显著性增加,这是因为一次冻融循环后会在凝胶内部形成冰晶,增加了多糖间的相互作用,从而使网络结构更加紧密[36]。经过二次冻融后的凝胶硬度、咀嚼性均显著(P<0.05)减小,这是由于二次冻融循环导致冰晶会反复形成,引起凝胶结构的改变,从而降低凝胶的硬度[37]。因为二次冻融导致凝胶内部的结构疏松化,形成较大的孔隙和空隙,从而减弱凝胶的弹性,二次冻融更多冰晶的形成和膨胀对凝胶结构造成破坏,使得凝胶变得更为松软和易变形。吴岑琳[19]研究了冻融循环次数对魔芋/淀粉复合凝胶的质构特性影响,结果表明在前三次冻融循环里,凝胶的各项质构特性均有提升,随着冻融次数的增加,硬度、咀嚼度逐渐降低。因此,经过一次冻融循环后的冻融SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶质构特性最适。
图8展示了经过−20 ℃和−80 ℃冷冻后的凝胶的表观黏度(η)与剪切速率之间的关系,由图8(A)可知,经过−20 ℃和−80 ℃冷冻后的凝胶,η值随着剪切速率增加而降低,呈现假塑性流体[38],与未冻融的凝胶趋势一致。如图8(B)所示,将−20 ℃和−80 ℃冷冻后的凝胶进行应变扫描,确定线性黏弹区范围,在0.1%~1%应变范围里,凝胶黏弹性不随应变扫描的变化而变化,因此选择应变值为1.0 Pa,冻融后的凝胶进行频率扫描,研究冷冻温度对凝胶储能模量、损耗模量的影响。图8(C)显示了储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')作为频率的函数,随着剪切速率的上升,G'>G'',表现出良好的凝胶特性,并且经过冻融后凝胶的黏弹性均大于未冻融,可能的原因是冷冻条件下分子链间相互作用,使形成的网络结构更加稳定。朱波[38]研究发现,经过冷冻处理后大豆分离蛋白/魔芋葡甘聚糖的G'和G''均大于冷冻前。而本研究中,经过−80 ℃冷冻的G'和G''均大于−20 ℃,说明−80 ℃冷冻温度会导致凝胶内部冰晶的形成更为充分,使得凝胶网络更加紧密和有序,这样的凝胶结构相对稳定,交联程度高,因此动态模量通常会增加。凝胶在受到外力时,更容易保持形状,具有更高的刚性和弹性。−20 ℃冷冻温度可能会导致凝胶内部结构较为松散或不规则,交联程度降低,因此动态模量会减小,这种情况下,凝胶的刚性和弹性会相应降低,容易出现形变和流动。因此冷冻温度为−80 ℃时,冻融SA/CS/Ca2+凝胶的流变特性较好。
由图8(D)可知,采用1%和500%交替扫描探究经过−20 ℃和−80 ℃冷冻后的凝胶的模量变化。在三个应力扫描过程中,当G'>G''时,凝胶的黏弹性模量不变,维持半固体凝胶状态,随后G'逐渐减小而G'逐渐增加,此时G'<G''凝胶呈现液态,最后恢复半固体凝胶状。但三次扫描后,G'都出现了明显的衰减现象,其原因在于,在更大的外部作用力下,系统的内部结构会出现不可逆的损伤,从而造成了凝胶体系的强度下降。
冻融过程对凝胶的流变性质有着显著的影响,其中融化温度是其中一个关键因素。当凝胶经历冻结后再融化的过程时,融化温度的变化会直接影响凝胶的流变行为。图9(A)展示了经过−80 ℃冷冻后放入4 ℃和25 ℃融化的凝胶的表观黏度(η)与剪切速率之间的关系,η值随着剪切速率增加而降低,呈现假塑性流体;由图9(B)可知,经过4 ℃和25 ℃融化后的凝胶,G'和G''随着剪切速率增加而降低,呈现假塑性流体,与未冻融的凝胶趋势一致。如图9(C)所示,将4 ℃和25 ℃融化后的凝胶进行应变扫描,确定线性黏弹区范围,在0.1%~1%应变范围里,凝胶黏弹性不随应变扫描的变化而变化,因此选择应变值为1.0 Pa,冻融后的凝胶进行频率扫描,研究冷冻温度对凝胶储能模量、损耗模量的影响。图9(C)显示了储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')作为频率的函数,随着剪切速率的上升,G'>G'',表现出良好的凝胶特性,并且经过冻融后凝胶的黏弹性均大于未冻融,可能的原因是冻融过程中水分的迁移和形成更致密的网络结构,而经过4 ℃融化凝胶的G'和G''均大于25 ℃,说明较低的融化温度可能导致冰晶在凝胶中融化得更慢,凝胶内部的交联结构相对稳定,黏弹性模量较大,表现出较高的刚性和弹性。Zhao等[39]在研究冻融海藻酸盐凝胶时发现融化温度为4 ℃储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')最好,其次为10、25 ℃。综上,融化温度为4 ℃时,冻融SA/CS/Ca2+凝胶的流变特性较好。
由图9(D)可知,采用1%和500%交替扫描探究经过4 ℃和25 ℃融化后的凝胶的模量变化。在三个应力扫描过程中,当G'>G''时,凝胶的黏弹性模量不变,维持半固体凝胶状态,随后G'逐渐减小而G''逐渐增加,此时G'<G''凝胶呈现液态,最后恢复半固体凝胶状。但三次扫描后,G'都出现了明显的衰减现象,其原因在于,在更大的外部作用力下,系统的内部结构会出现不可逆的损伤,从而造成了凝胶体系的强度下降。
冻融循环次数对凝胶的流变性质也有一定的影响,随着冻融循环次数的增加,凝胶的结构和性质可能发生变化。图10(A)展示了经过未冻融、一次冻融循环和二次冻融循环后的凝胶的表观黏度(η)与剪切速率之间的关系,经过一次冻融循环和二次冻融循环冷冻后的凝胶,η值随着剪切速率增加而降低,呈现假塑性流体,与未冻融的凝胶趋势一致。如图10(B)所示,将一次冻融循环和二次冻融循环后的凝胶进行应变扫描,确定线性黏弹区范围,在0.1%~1.0%应变范围内,凝胶黏弹性不随应变扫描的变化而变化,因此选择应变值为1.0 Pa。将一次冻融循环和二次冻融循环后的凝胶进行频率扫描,研究冻融循环次数对凝胶储能模量、损耗模量的影响。图10(C)显示了经过冻融循环次数对凝胶的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')的影响,随着剪切速率的上升G'>G'',表现出良好的凝胶特性,而经过二次冻融循环的G'和G''明显小于一次冻融循环和未冻融的G'和G'',这是由于当冻融处理给予凝胶的交联强度超过一定限度时,再次冻融会导致过度交联和凝胶强度的下降[40]。随着冻融循环次数的增加,导致凝胶网络的疏松和断裂,导致凝胶的流变黏弹性模量下降。因此,一次冻融循环时,冻融SA/CS/Ca2+凝胶的流变特性较好。
由图10(D)可知,采用1.0%和500%交替扫描探究经过一次冻融循环和二次冻融循环后的凝胶的模量变化。在三个应力扫描过程中,当G'>G''时,凝胶的黏弹性模量不变,维持半固体凝胶状态,随后G'逐渐减小而G''逐渐增加,此时G'<G''凝胶呈现液态,最后恢复半固体凝胶状。但三次扫描后,G'都出现了明显的衰减现象,其原因在于,在更大的外部作用力下,系统的内部结构会出现不可逆的损伤,从而造成了凝胶体系的强度下降。
弛豫时间即达到热动平衡的时间,可用于反应不同水分子运动、水分子大小及结合状态等因素影响[41]。在核磁共振弛豫时间图谱上,可以用横向弛豫时间(T2)来表征水分子的结合态。T2值愈低,说明水分子间的结合更紧密。T2值愈大,表明水分子自由度越大[42]。如表10和表11所示,凝胶样品具有3或4个T2区间。T21区间通常代表紧密结合水,流动性最差;T22区间代表一般结合水,流动性稍大于紧密结合水;T24区间代表自由水,其水分子的流动性最强,而T23则代表氢质子的弛豫时间[43]。
峰面积代表在此状态下含水量的多少,且峰值面积愈大,则说明此时的含水量愈高。从图11中可以看出,冷冻温度为−80 ℃时,在T21和T24区间上的峰面积小于−20 ℃,而−20 ℃没有T22区间,说明冷冻温度为−20 ℃时结合水的含量很少,而T24区间的峰面积较大,表明冷冻温度为−20 ℃时样品中自由水较多。−80 ℃的样品T21较大,自由水含量较低,且结合水较多。所以−80 ℃样品水凝胶结构比−20 ℃更稳定,选择−80 ℃为最佳冷冻温度。
当冻融温度为−80 ℃时,融化温度分4 ℃与25 ℃两组,由图12可知,4 ℃样品的T21和T24区间所占的峰面积比25 ℃小,两组样品水分分布区间和时间分布相差不大。25 ℃样品T24区间较大,表示25 ℃样品中含有较多的自由水。4 ℃样品T21较大,自由水含量较低,且结合水较多。所以4 ℃样品水凝胶结构比25 ℃更稳定,选择4 ℃为最佳解冻温度。
由图13可知,在以−80 ℃为冻融温度、4 ℃为解冻温度为一冻融循环,对进行二次冻融循环的样品进行水分分布测定。二次循环冻融的样品的T24区间明显增大,T21区间所占比例较小,并且样品表面有水析出,表示两次冻融循环的水凝胶结构遭到破坏,导致结合水减少。相比之下,一次冻融循环的样品T24区间较小,T21区间较大,自由水含量较低,且结合水较多。所以一次冻融循环的样品水凝胶结构更稳定,这是因为在第一次冻结和融化过程中,凝胶内部的水分子会重新排列并形成结构稳定的网状网络。这个过程有助于加强凝胶的结构,并且使其能够保持较好的稳定性。然而,随着多次冻融循环的进行,凝胶内部的结构可能会逐渐破坏或改变。重复的冻结和融化过程会导致冰晶的形成和生长,从而对凝胶的结构造成损害。水分子的重新排列也可能不完全,从而导致凝胶结构的不稳定性增加。所以选择一次冻融最佳。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)的原理为:通过对干涉图进行傅里叶变换处理,进而获取光谱信息,可用于分析分子的化学键类型和官能团结构[44]。结果表明,由图14可知,CS在1643、1590 cm−1附近的吸收峰可能分别是酰胺Ⅰ峰和酰胺II峰,对应C-O键的伸缩振动和N-H的弯曲振动,1043 cm−1可能是C-C键伸缩振动形成的峰[45]。SA在3500 cm−1和3000 cm−1之间吸收峰可能是-O-H的伸缩振动,1676 cm−1可能是因为-COO-基的伸缩振动引起的吸收峰。在最终形成凝胶的光谱图上囊括了CS、SA的特征峰,由此判定包裹CS、SA的凝胶形成,且最终凝胶样品红外光谱图上无新峰出现,说明在凝胶过程中,CS、SA物质之间的结合不涉及化学键的改变。
本文利用SA、CS和Ca2+制备双网络水凝胶,以溶胀率为指标最终确定SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶的最佳配方为SA的浓度为2.14%、CS的浓度为1.7%,Ca2+的浓度为0.31%,在此条件下溶胀率可达到17.20%。通过SA/CS/Ca2+双网络水凝胶的冻融稳定性测试,确定冷冻温度为−80 ℃,融化温度为4 ℃,一次冻融后的凝胶硬度较大、弹性和内聚性也有显著提升,凝胶储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')最适,溶胀率较小,结合水较多,凝胶结构更加稳定。核磁共振分析表明,在−80 ℃冷冻、4 ℃融化条件下,水凝胶的结合水含量更高,自由水比例降低,网络结构更稳定;傅里叶红外光谱证实,水凝胶的交联方式为物理交联,未产生新的化学键,保留了原料的生物相容性。本研究制备的双网络水凝胶具有优异的力学性能和冻融稳定性,为其在冷冻食品保藏等领域的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据和实践参考。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040021
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
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    1山东省农业科学院,山东济南 250000
    2烟台城市科技职业学院,山东烟台 264000
    3烟台大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264000
    4滕州市北大仓面粉有限公司,山东枣庄 277000

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邱斌(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:营养感知与食品创制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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