Article(id=1320886543586283954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853492875, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853492875, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853492875, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853492875, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=227, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886545981231539, articleId=1320886543586283954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process for Tibetan Sheep Meat Using Response Surface Methodology and Flavor Characteristics of the Enzymatic Hydrolysate, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of Tibetan sheep meat and to characterize the flavor profile of the resulting hydrolysates, using Tibetan sheep meat as the raw material, single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology were employed to refine the hydrolysis conditions. Flavor compounds and taste characteristics of the hydrolysates were comprehensively analyzed. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined to be: A solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:2, an enzyme ratio of 3:1, a hydrolysis time of 3.5 hours, an enzyme concentration of 0.9%, pH8.2, and a temperature of 56 °C. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield, and sensory evaluation score reached 28.08%, 81.14%, and 18.00, respectively. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) identified 58 volatile compounds, with multivariate statistical analysis highlighting hexanal monomer, hexanal dimer, 1-octen-3-ol monomer, n-pentanal monomer, and n-octanal dimer as key contributors to the flavor profile. Umami and sweet amino acids accounted for 34.99% of total taste-active amino acids in the hydrolysate. Levels of umami nucleotides (5'-UMP, 5'-GMP, and 5'-IMP) were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05), resulting in a markedly increased equivalent umami concentration (EUC), indicating enhanced umami taste. In contrast, the control group exhibited a significantly higher fatty acid content (63.74%) than the enzymatic hydrolysate group (P<0.05). Overall, the enzymatic hydrolysate showed a prominent umami and sweet flavor profile, complex aroma composition, and superior sensory characteristics, indicating its potential application in the development of meat-based seasonings.

, authors=Shipeng GE, Lijuan HAN*, Fuhong WANG, Zisen ZHANG, Zhenzhen YUAN, Linsheng GUI, Shengzhen HOU, Shengnan SUN, authorsList=Shipeng GE, Lijuan HAN, Fuhong WANG, Zisen ZHANG, Zhenzhen YUAN, Linsheng GUI, Shengzhen HOU, Shengnan SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijuan HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886555770737099, articleId=1320886543586283954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=响应面优化藏羊肉酶解工艺及酶解液呈味特性分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究复配酶法水解藏羊肉最佳工艺及酶解产物的风味特征。本试验以藏羊肉为原料,采用单因素实验及响应面试验优化藏羊肉酶解工艺,并系统分析了酶解液的呈味及风味物质。结果显示,藏羊肉最佳酶解条件为,料液比1:2,酶配比3:1,酶解时间3.5 h,加酶量0.9%,pH8.2,酶解温度56 ℃,此条件下水解度、多肽得率及整体风味评价分别为28.08%、81.14%及18.00分。气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)结果表明,共检测出挥发性风味成分58种,且通过多元统计分析确定了己醛单体、己醛二聚体、1-辛烯-3-醇单体、正戊醛单体及正辛醛二聚体为关键风味物质。所制备的酶解产物中鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量占总呈味氨基酸含量的34.99%,鲜味核苷酸5'-UMP、5'-GMP及5'-IMP的含量显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且其等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)较高,鲜味突出。此外,空白组的脂肪酸含量显著高于酶解液组(P<0.05),达到63.74%。综上,酶解产物的鲜甜味及呈味丰富性较强,风味品质较好,可用于肉类调味品的开发。

, authors=葛世鹏, 韩丽娟*, 王富红, 张子森, 院珍珍, 桂林生, 侯生珍, 孙胜男, authorsList=葛世鹏, 韩丽娟, 王富红, 张子森, 院珍珍, 桂林生, 侯生珍, 孙胜男, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩丽娟, authorNote=

葛世鹏(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩丽娟(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022, 11(10): 2761., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886926102610115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LÜ Mingzhe, FANG Lei, YU Heping, et al. Discoloration mechanisms of natural rubber and its control[J]. Polymers, 2022, 14(4): 764., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886926199079108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAHIDI F, HOSSAIN A. Role of lipids in food flavor generation[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(15): 5014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886908209709086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886908218097695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, companyId=1320886908209709086, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886908222292000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, companyId=1320886908209709086, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886912831832147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different proteases on degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield, and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=JzdM34+BBcjKKclWXjpSmA==, figureFileBig=pwUrbDxOzNcHgeWKkIXJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886912903135316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同蛋白酶对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响

注:不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=JzdM34+BBcjKKclWXjpSmA==, figureFileBig=pwUrbDxOzNcHgeWKkIXJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886912987021397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different proteases on hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=SseR/Lm340kANqiXOUS2BA==, figureFileBig=msddDWcGjlIeb8aWGPCmXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913054130262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同复配蛋白酶对水解度、多肽得率及感官评价的影响

注:a. 水解度和多肽得率;b. 整体风味;CA:复合蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶;CF:复合蛋白酶+风味蛋白酶;CN:复合蛋白酶+中性蛋白酶;CP:复合蛋白酶+木瓜蛋白酶;CB:复合蛋白酶+菠萝蛋白酶。

, figureFileSmall=SseR/Lm340kANqiXOUS2BA==, figureFileBig=msddDWcGjlIeb8aWGPCmXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913112850519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different enzyme ratios on the degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=1TaUUj1hNk1LOntFAUBAQQ==, figureFileBig=ETM+5fQ5tQl3xl7r1hdnGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913192542296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同酶配比对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=1TaUUj1hNk1LOntFAUBAQQ==, figureFileBig=ETM+5fQ5tQl3xl7r1hdnGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913280622681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different solid-liquid ratios on degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=10ULgo/zHY+FKxtbU9nS/Q==, figureFileBig=lsmBvrzOctwIs25yWXN5Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913335148634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同料液比对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=10ULgo/zHY+FKxtbU9nS/Q==, figureFileBig=lsmBvrzOctwIs25yWXN5Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913398063195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different enzymatic hydrolysis times on degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=DRYzH5a5YqEcZNxd2Fylxw==, figureFileBig=mLUk5ScYqTC8Y35qBlCwUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913460977756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同酶解时间对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=DRYzH5a5YqEcZNxd2Fylxw==, figureFileBig=mLUk5ScYqTC8Y35qBlCwUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913532280925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different enzyme dosages on degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=lTWG4xEzlZ9FKJh/jDGrXQ==, figureFileBig=VUqn3m0d6S83Ihg7A29m5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913595195486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同加酶量对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=lTWG4xEzlZ9FKJh/jDGrXQ==, figureFileBig=VUqn3m0d6S83Ihg7A29m5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913658110047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different pH on degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=r0o7A7DZeu10Wo0YS12FZQ==, figureFileBig=79a1hS2oguBCIfQlb8Twcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913725218912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同pH对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=r0o7A7DZeu10Wo0YS12FZQ==, figureFileBig=79a1hS2oguBCIfQlb8Twcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913804910689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different enzymatic hydrolysis temperatures on hydrolysis degree, peptide yield and sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=VwRsHus0WmcI817JTQQ4Ng==, figureFileBig=c7TxpNzcLsgoovjlbutqdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886913872019554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同酶解温度对水解度、多肽得率及整体风味的影响, figureFileSmall=VwRsHus0WmcI817JTQQ4Ng==, figureFileBig=c7TxpNzcLsgoovjlbutqdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915537158243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Three-dimensional spectra (a) and difference spectra (b) of volatile compounds in Tibetan sheep meat before and after enzymatic hydrolysis, figureFileSmall=rbPaFiZM/ykXBTzJ5urAyw==, figureFileBig=8Nhm1uFmay6tu34IHGn/JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915612655716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图9, caption=酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分三维谱图(a)和差异谱图(b)

注:EH:藏羊肉酶解液;KB:藏羊肉未酶解液;图10同。

, figureFileSmall=rbPaFiZM/ykXBTzJ5urAyw==, figureFileBig=8Nhm1uFmay6tu34IHGn/JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915704930405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Fingerprint of volatile components of Tibetan sheep before and after enzymatic hydrolysis, figureFileSmall=uGCVYMu3R7gcjvvGbpursA==, figureFileBig=IpzgA/dvYgWPQMxOU81fAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915793010790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图10, caption=酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=uGCVYMu3R7gcjvvGbpursA==, figureFileBig=IpzgA/dvYgWPQMxOU81fAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915864313959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Scores of volatile components (a), displacement test (b) and VIP (c) of Tibetan mutton before and after enzymatic hydrolysis, figureFileSmall=nGk3UElh5HeU3Gf1gtWIQQ==, figureFileBig=Ork1fstUKnZ7bjOwf4wreQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915927228520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=图11, caption=酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分得分图(a)、置换检验图(b)及VIP图(c), figureFileSmall=nGk3UElh5HeU3Gf1gtWIQQ==, figureFileBig=Ork1fstUKnZ7bjOwf4wreQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886915998531689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Temperature and pH of different proteases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称温度(℃)pH
木瓜蛋白酶506.5
菠萝蛋白酶506.5
中性蛋白酶507.0
复合蛋白酶508.0
碱性蛋白酶508.0
风味蛋白酶508.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916061446250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同蛋白酶的温度及pH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称温度(℃)pH
木瓜蛋白酶506.5
菠萝蛋白酶506.5
中性蛋白酶507.0
复合蛋白酶508.0
碱性蛋白酶508.0
风味蛋白酶508.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916149526635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Levels of response surface test factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A酶解时间(h)B 加酶量(%)C pHD酶解温度(℃)
120.67.550
030.8855
−1418.560
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916220829804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A酶解时间(h)B 加酶量(%)C pHD酶解温度(℃)
120.67.550
030.8855
−1418.560
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916292132973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Scoring criteria of enzymatic hydrolysates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称S(分数)
0<S≤55<S≤1010<S≤1515<S≤20
鲜味较弱一般偏重很重
咸味较弱一般偏重很重
甜味较弱一般偏重很重
苦味较弱一般偏重很重
酸味较弱一般偏重很重
整体风味厌恶一般喜欢非常喜欢
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916350853230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酶解产物评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称S(分数)
0<S≤55<S≤1010<S≤1515<S≤20
鲜味较弱一般偏重很重
咸味较弱一般偏重很重
甜味较弱一般偏重很重
苦味较弱一般偏重很重
酸味较弱一般偏重很重
整体风味厌恶一般喜欢非常喜欢
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916434739311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design and results of the Box-Behnken experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCD水解度(%)多肽得率(%)整体风味(分)
1−1−10016.05±0.7973.44±0.6317.00±0.75
2110025.10±1.7078.15±1.4118.57±0.55
3001−122.30±0.3974.74±1.3816.86±0.75
4101019.14±0.2675.60±1.3717.71±0.41
50−1−1020.91±0.5272.94±0.1717.00±0.63
6011021.53±1.0776.30±0.2918.14±0.75
7000028.90±0.3481.13±1.4218.57±0.52
8010118.40±0.3473.30±0.2518.14±0.63
901−1022.38±1.0977.26±0.8718.14±0.41
1010−1023.23±0.5175.50±0.2717.14±0.98
11−100117.98±0.7068.09±1.2917.00±0.75
12000029.38±1.6481.57±0.6818.57±0.52
13100−125.47±0.4577.22±1.9618.29±0.52
14100121.18±2.0474.56±0.3117.57±0.82
15010−124.01±1.0779.17±0.2018.57±0.52
161−10019.64±0.9874.52±0.2017.71±0.52
17−100−119.50±1.1071.00±0.3917.00±0.63
18001121.44±1.1675.07±1.6317.57±0.55
19−101019.20±0.2268.26±0.9816.00±0.41
2000−1119.87±0.2270.58±1.2816.57±0.52
21000029.11±0.3583.19±2.8318.57±0.52
2200−1−121.77±1.2877.79±0.3517.57±0.52
23000029.50±0.2282.76±1.1518.14±0.63
240−10−119.70±0.8974.64±0.3517.57±1.05
250−11019.79±1.0174.29±0.5716.86±0.75
26−110017.95±0.5271.94±0.6217.57±0.55
270−10120.62±0.4773.68±0.8617.43±0.52
28−10−1018.67±0.3967.45±0.6616.57±0.55
29000027.67±1.1982.07±0.6618.43±0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916506042480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCD水解度(%)多肽得率(%)整体风味(分)
1−1−10016.05±0.7973.44±0.6317.00±0.75
2110025.10±1.7078.15±1.4118.57±0.55
3001−122.30±0.3974.74±1.3816.86±0.75
4101019.14±0.2675.60±1.3717.71±0.41
50−1−1020.91±0.5272.94±0.1717.00±0.63
6011021.53±1.0776.30±0.2918.14±0.75
7000028.90±0.3481.13±1.4218.57±0.52
8010118.40±0.3473.30±0.2518.14±0.63
901−1022.38±1.0977.26±0.8718.14±0.41
1010−1023.23±0.5175.50±0.2717.14±0.98
11−100117.98±0.7068.09±1.2917.00±0.75
12000029.38±1.6481.57±0.6818.57±0.52
13100−125.47±0.4577.22±1.9618.29±0.52
14100121.18±2.0474.56±0.3117.57±0.82
15010−124.01±1.0779.17±0.2018.57±0.52
161−10019.64±0.9874.52±0.2017.71±0.52
17−100−119.50±1.1071.00±0.3917.00±0.63
18001121.44±1.1675.07±1.6317.57±0.55
19−101019.20±0.2268.26±0.9816.00±0.41
2000−1119.87±0.2270.58±1.2816.57±0.52
21000029.11±0.3583.19±2.8318.57±0.52
2200−1−121.77±1.2877.79±0.3517.57±0.52
23000029.50±0.2282.76±1.1518.14±0.63
240−10−119.70±0.8974.64±0.3517.57±1.05
250−11019.79±1.0174.29±0.5716.86±0.75
26−110017.95±0.5271.94±0.6217.57±0.55
270−10120.62±0.4773.68±0.8617.43±0.52
28−10−1018.67±0.3967.45±0.6616.57±0.55
29000027.67±1.1982.07±0.6618.43±0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916581539953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance of the response surface model for the degree of hydrolysis

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方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型387.431427.6721.11<0.0001**
A-酶解时间49.65149.6537.88<0.0001**
B-加酶量13.36113.3610.190.0065**
C-pH0.4910.490.380.5499
D-酶解温度12.53112.529.560.0080**
AB1.6411.641.250.2824
AC7.9017.906.020.0278*
AD1.9211.921.460.2464
BC0.1210.020.010.9078
BD14.18114.1810.810.0054**
CD0.2710.270.210.6566
A²147.491147.49112.53<0.0001**
B²111.571111.5785.12<0.0001**
C²103.971103.9779.32<0.0001**
D²79.56179.5660.70<0.0001**
残差18.35141.31
失拟项16.20101.623.020.1492不显著
纯误差2.1540.54
总偏差405.7828
R²=0.9548
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916648648818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水解度的响应面模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型387.431427.6721.11<0.0001**
A-酶解时间49.65149.6537.88<0.0001**
B-加酶量13.36113.3610.190.0065**
C-pH0.4910.490.380.5499
D-酶解温度12.53112.529.560.0080**
AB1.6411.641.250.2824
AC7.9017.906.020.0278*
AD1.9211.921.460.2464
BC0.1210.020.010.9078
BD14.18114.1810.810.0054**
CD0.2710.270.210.6566
A²147.491147.49112.53<0.0001**
B²111.571111.5785.12<0.0001**
C²103.971103.9779.32<0.0001**
D²79.56179.5660.70<0.0001**
残差18.35141.31
失拟项16.20101.623.020.1492不显著
纯误差2.1540.54
总偏差405.7828
R²=0.9548
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916732534899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance of the response surface model for peptide yield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型514.991436.7826.14<0.0001**
A-酶解时间104.431104.4374.22<0.0001**
B-加酶量13.25113.259.420.0083**
C-pH0.134410.13440.09550.7618
D-酶解温度19.41119.4113.790.0023**
AB6.5816.584.680.0484*
AC0.12610.1260.08960.7691
AD0.019610.01960.01390.9077
BC1.3311.330.94810.3467
BD6.0316.034.280.0575
CD33.24133.2423.620.0003**
A²192.591192.59136.88<0.0001**
B²39.42139.4228.020.0001**
C²143.141143.14101.74<0.0001**
D²113.681113.6880.8<0.0001**
残差19.7141.41
失拟项16.1101.611.790.3018不显著
纯误差3.640.899
总偏差534.6928
R²=0.9632
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916820615284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

多肽得率的响应面模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型514.991436.7826.14<0.0001**
A-酶解时间104.431104.4374.22<0.0001**
B-加酶量13.25113.259.420.0083**
C-pH0.134410.13440.09550.7618
D-酶解温度19.41119.4113.790.0023**
AB6.5816.584.680.0484*
AC0.12610.1260.08960.7691
AD0.019610.01960.01390.9077
BC1.3311.330.94810.3467
BD6.0316.034.280.0575
CD33.24133.2423.620.0003**
A²192.591192.59136.88<0.0001**
B²39.42139.4228.020.0001**
C²143.141143.14101.74<0.0001**
D²113.681113.6880.8<0.0001**
残差19.7141.41
失拟项16.1101.611.790.3018不显著
纯误差3.640.899
总偏差534.6928
R²=0.9632
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916904501365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Analysis of variance of the response surface model for overall flavor evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型14.11141.0134.38<0.0001**
A-酶解时间2.8512.8597.31<0.0001**
B-加酶量2.5812.5887.9<0.0001**
C-pH0.001910.00190.0640.804
D-酶解温度0.20810.2087.10.0185*
AB0.02110.0210.71740.4112
AC0.324910.324911.090.005**
AD0.129610.12964.420.054
BC0.004910.00490.16720.6888
BD0.02110.0210.71740.4112
CD0.73110.73124.940.0002**
A²2.7512.7593.89<0.0001**
B²0.041610.04161.420.2533
C²5.2715.27179.8<0.0001**
D²1.0411.0435.43<0.0001**
残差0.4103140.0293
失拟项0.2708100.02710.77640.6619不显著
纯误差0.139540.0349
总偏差14.5228
R²=0.9717
), ArticleFig(id=1320886916979998838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

整体风味评价的响应面模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型14.11141.0134.38<0.0001**
A-酶解时间2.8512.8597.31<0.0001**
B-加酶量2.5812.5887.9<0.0001**
C-pH0.001910.00190.0640.804
D-酶解温度0.20810.2087.10.0185*
AB0.02110.0210.71740.4112
AC0.324910.324911.090.005**
AD0.129610.12964.420.054
BC0.004910.00490.16720.6888
BD0.02110.0210.71740.4112
CD0.73110.73124.940.0002**
A²2.7512.7593.89<0.0001**
B²0.041610.04161.420.2533
C²5.2715.27179.8<0.0001**
D²1.0411.0435.43<0.0001**
残差0.4103140.0293
失拟项0.2708100.02710.77640.6619不显著
纯误差0.139540.0349
总偏差14.5228
R²=0.9717
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917076467831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Composition and content of volatile components of Tibetan mutton before and after enzymatic hydrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称CAS号峰体积(mv·min)气味特征
EHKB
醛类30种
(E)-2-庚烯醛DC1882955599.26±11.43a96.79±1.42a辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2庚烯醛MC18829555621.88±46.70a705.63±8.30b辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2-辛烯醛DC254887079.97±7.76b45.89±3.32a新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉
(E)-2-辛烯醛MC2548870468.62±38.50b224.58±9.65a新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉
(E)-2-戊烯醛DC157687045.53±3.34b36.38±2.20a土豆,豌豆
(E)-2-戊烯醛MC1576870273.70±12.25b240.89±14.66a土豆,豌豆
(Z)-4-庚醛C6728310136.77±6.10b117.38±5.73a青草,油脂味
2-癸烯醛C3913711207.89±7.65b127.31±8.58a甜橙香气,带脂蜡样气息
2-己烯醛DC50557734.40±3.87b23.62±1.57a甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,李子,蔬菜
2-己烯醛MC505577244.35±16.78b145.01±7.23a甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,李子,蔬菜
2-甲基丁醛DC96173656±29.06b80.83±13.49a苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
2-甲基丁醛MC961731084.52±25.31b550.63±51.43a苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
3-甲基丁醛DC5908631009.13±92.65b120.50±22.80a巧克力,脂肪味
3-甲基丁醛MC5908631512.93±1.55b723.02±57.26a巧克力,脂肪味
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛DC107868114.97±3.68b33.74±1.00a果香
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛MC107868498.60±3.79b127.56±8.01a果香
正壬醛MC1241962919.3±90.88b1148.83±73.22a柑橘香,有强的油脂气味
癸醛C11231291.16±6.60b62.04±1.87a甜香,花香,柑橘香,醛香
庚醛DC1117172775.9±70.46b1036.44±101.63a新鲜,脂肪,酒,果香
庚醛MC1117172096.85±9.63b1720.2±56.97a新鲜,脂肪,酒,果香
己醛DC662516624.88±42.12b5630.09±143.47a新鲜的,青香,水果味
己醛MC662512326.58±19.20b2198.16±25.78a新鲜的,青香,水果味
正壬醛DC1241961024.56±52.15b244.58±16.50a柑橘香,有强的油脂气味
正辛醛DC1241302399.22±95.31b458.06±42.43a蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正辛醛MC1241302932.36±8.43b1646±80.53a蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正戊醛DC1106232037.77±179.56b1460.27±155.76a青草味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
正戊醛MC1106232167.96±52.89a2378.49±9.77b青草味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
2-苯乙醛C122781169.79±8.68b47.10±3.16a水果甜香,杏仁,樱桃,三叶草蜜
苯甲醛DC100527440.55±10.09b96.53±11.56a苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
苯甲醛MC1005271403.24±7.78b636.99±61.32a苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
∑醛类−36498.65±697.65b22163.55±900.21a−
醇类12种
1-庚醇DC11170640.66±0.50b17.93±3.20a葡萄味果香,酒香
1-庚醇MC111706434.68±12.14b94.04±14.79a葡萄味果香,酒香
1-己醇DC111273210.51±1.80b27.86±4.52a清新的,果味,酒精,甜
1-己醇MC1112731228.42±23.43b230.45±36.75a清新的,果味,酒精,甜
1-辛醇C111875177.63±4.13b61.85±6.59a香甜,略带药草味,蜡味
1-辛烯-3-醇DC3391864425.00±19.03b63.40±3.75a蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰
1-辛烯-3-醇MC33918642821.24±62.57b748.69±68a蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰
1-戊烯-3-醇C616251725.58±24.99b261.11±18.23a绿色,果香
(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇C1576950126.49±6.19b47.41±1.07a绿色,塑料,橡胶
1-戊醇DC714101311.36±18.33b138.03±19.62a香膏
1-戊醇MC714102194.51±12.03b733.12±91.81a香膏
1-戊醇聚合物C7141076.21±4.36b26.03±2.18a香膏
∑醇类−9772.30±160.86b2449.90±246.85a−
酮类9种
1-辛烯-3-酮C4312996132.60±5.23a393.01±12.25b蔬菜香韵,有很淡的鱼和鸡肉的香气
2-丁酮DC789334971.55±17.54b2266.78±364.06a果香
2-丁酮MC789331570.83±86.81a1838.71±36.41b果香
2-庚酮DC110430385.76±22.1b59.31±0.28a梨,香蕉似的果香
2-庚酮MC1104301114.79±33.45b400.62±24.65a梨,香蕉似的果香
2-己酮C591786215.67±7.59b126.24±7.95a果香,黄油
4-庚酮C123193117.17±8.90a118.80±14.48a果香
乙偶姻C513860641.18±29.26b493.53±49.52a黄油味,奶油味
丙酮C676411510.44±891.72b488.03±228.79a清新,苹果,梨
∑酮类−10659.99±848.56b6185.03±444.06a−
酯类5种
乙酸乙酯DC141786153.85±3.78a367.71±81.14b清新的,果味,甜味,草味
乙酸乙酯MC141786449.07±15.80a787.91±58.97b清新的,果味,甜味,草味
甲酸戊酯DC63849353.52±1.48b17.03±2.47a果香
甲酸戊酯MC638493447.49±6.74b80.03±5.25a果香
2-甲基丁酸丙酯C539902255.97±8.54b65.42±2.77a苹果,菠萝
∑酯类−1359.9±10.16a1318.09±146.77a−
其他类2种
2-戊基呋喃C3777693636.44±34.92b176.49±11.43a豆香,果香,青香
噻吩C110021524.46±52.51a969.29±76.64b坚果,硫
∑其他类1160.90±23.62a1145.79±86.21a−
∑挥发性物质−59451.70±2380.09b33262.36±2248.19a−
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917156159608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称CAS号峰体积(mv·min)气味特征
EHKB
醛类30种
(E)-2-庚烯醛DC1882955599.26±11.43a96.79±1.42a辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2庚烯醛MC18829555621.88±46.70a705.63±8.30b辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2-辛烯醛DC254887079.97±7.76b45.89±3.32a新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉
(E)-2-辛烯醛MC2548870468.62±38.50b224.58±9.65a新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药,香蕉
(E)-2-戊烯醛DC157687045.53±3.34b36.38±2.20a土豆,豌豆
(E)-2-戊烯醛MC1576870273.70±12.25b240.89±14.66a土豆,豌豆
(Z)-4-庚醛C6728310136.77±6.10b117.38±5.73a青草,油脂味
2-癸烯醛C3913711207.89±7.65b127.31±8.58a甜橙香气,带脂蜡样气息
2-己烯醛DC50557734.40±3.87b23.62±1.57a甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,李子,蔬菜
2-己烯醛MC505577244.35±16.78b145.01±7.23a甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,李子,蔬菜
2-甲基丁醛DC96173656±29.06b80.83±13.49a苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
2-甲基丁醛MC961731084.52±25.31b550.63±51.43a苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
3-甲基丁醛DC5908631009.13±92.65b120.50±22.80a巧克力,脂肪味
3-甲基丁醛MC5908631512.93±1.55b723.02±57.26a巧克力,脂肪味
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛DC107868114.97±3.68b33.74±1.00a果香
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛MC107868498.60±3.79b127.56±8.01a果香
正壬醛MC1241962919.3±90.88b1148.83±73.22a柑橘香,有强的油脂气味
癸醛C11231291.16±6.60b62.04±1.87a甜香,花香,柑橘香,醛香
庚醛DC1117172775.9±70.46b1036.44±101.63a新鲜,脂肪,酒,果香
庚醛MC1117172096.85±9.63b1720.2±56.97a新鲜,脂肪,酒,果香
己醛DC662516624.88±42.12b5630.09±143.47a新鲜的,青香,水果味
己醛MC662512326.58±19.20b2198.16±25.78a新鲜的,青香,水果味
正壬醛DC1241961024.56±52.15b244.58±16.50a柑橘香,有强的油脂气味
正辛醛DC1241302399.22±95.31b458.06±42.43a蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正辛醛MC1241302932.36±8.43b1646±80.53a蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正戊醛DC1106232037.77±179.56b1460.27±155.76a青草味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
正戊醛MC1106232167.96±52.89a2378.49±9.77b青草味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
2-苯乙醛C122781169.79±8.68b47.10±3.16a水果甜香,杏仁,樱桃,三叶草蜜
苯甲醛DC100527440.55±10.09b96.53±11.56a苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
苯甲醛MC1005271403.24±7.78b636.99±61.32a苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
∑醛类−36498.65±697.65b22163.55±900.21a−
醇类12种
1-庚醇DC11170640.66±0.50b17.93±3.20a葡萄味果香,酒香
1-庚醇MC111706434.68±12.14b94.04±14.79a葡萄味果香,酒香
1-己醇DC111273210.51±1.80b27.86±4.52a清新的,果味,酒精,甜
1-己醇MC1112731228.42±23.43b230.45±36.75a清新的,果味,酒精,甜
1-辛醇C111875177.63±4.13b61.85±6.59a香甜,略带药草味,蜡味
1-辛烯-3-醇DC3391864425.00±19.03b63.40±3.75a蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰
1-辛烯-3-醇MC33918642821.24±62.57b748.69±68a蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰
1-戊烯-3-醇C616251725.58±24.99b261.11±18.23a绿色,果香
(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇C1576950126.49±6.19b47.41±1.07a绿色,塑料,橡胶
1-戊醇DC714101311.36±18.33b138.03±19.62a香膏
1-戊醇MC714102194.51±12.03b733.12±91.81a香膏
1-戊醇聚合物C7141076.21±4.36b26.03±2.18a香膏
∑醇类−9772.30±160.86b2449.90±246.85a−
酮类9种
1-辛烯-3-酮C4312996132.60±5.23a393.01±12.25b蔬菜香韵,有很淡的鱼和鸡肉的香气
2-丁酮DC789334971.55±17.54b2266.78±364.06a果香
2-丁酮MC789331570.83±86.81a1838.71±36.41b果香
2-庚酮DC110430385.76±22.1b59.31±0.28a梨,香蕉似的果香
2-庚酮MC1104301114.79±33.45b400.62±24.65a梨,香蕉似的果香
2-己酮C591786215.67±7.59b126.24±7.95a果香,黄油
4-庚酮C123193117.17±8.90a118.80±14.48a果香
乙偶姻C513860641.18±29.26b493.53±49.52a黄油味,奶油味
丙酮C676411510.44±891.72b488.03±228.79a清新,苹果,梨
∑酮类−10659.99±848.56b6185.03±444.06a−
酯类5种
乙酸乙酯DC141786153.85±3.78a367.71±81.14b清新的,果味,甜味,草味
乙酸乙酯MC141786449.07±15.80a787.91±58.97b清新的,果味,甜味,草味
甲酸戊酯DC63849353.52±1.48b17.03±2.47a果香
甲酸戊酯MC638493447.49±6.74b80.03±5.25a果香
2-甲基丁酸丙酯C539902255.97±8.54b65.42±2.77a苹果,菠萝
∑酯类−1359.9±10.16a1318.09±146.77a−
其他类2种
2-戊基呋喃C3777693636.44±34.92b176.49±11.43a豆香,果香,青香
噻吩C110021524.46±52.51a969.29±76.64b坚果,硫
∑其他类1160.90±23.62a1145.79±86.21a−
∑挥发性物质−59451.70±2380.09b33262.36±2248.19a−
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917235851385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Relative odor activity value of Tibetan mutton before and after enzymatic hydrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称阈值
(mg/kg)[35]
ROVA值气味特征
EHKB
己醛0.005100100新鲜的,青香,脂肪味,水果味
(E)-2-庚烯醛0.0133.093.95辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2-辛烯醛0.00310.205.76新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药
(Z)-4-庚醛0.00089.549.37青草,油脂味
1-辛烯-3-醇0.0118.125.18蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰和干草香气
1-辛烯-3-酮0.000514.8150.29强烈的壤香,蘑菇香气,有很淡的
鱼和鸡肉的香气
2-癸烯醛0.00111.608.12甜橙香气,带脂蜡样气息
2-庚酮0.140.600.21梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香
2-己烯醛0.0170.910.63甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,蔬菜
2-甲基丁醛0.00332.4013.41苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
2-戊基呋喃0.0065.921.88豆香,果香,泥土,青香
2-苯基乙醛0.0042.370.75风信子香气,水果甜香,杏仁
3-甲基丁醛0.002458.6622.39巧克力,脂肪味
4-庚酮0.00820.800.92果香
苯甲醛0.350.290.13苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
癸醛0.000150.9839.66甜香,蜡香,花香,脂肪
庚醛0.00390.7058.62新鲜,醛,脂肪,青香草药,酒
正壬醛0.00827.5211.11玫瑰香气,有强的油脂气味
正辛醛0.003196.0343.30醛,蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正戊醛0.01219.5620.43青草气味,带微弱香蕉味
噻吩0.0840.350.74坚果,硫
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917307154554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

酶解前后藏羊肉相对气味活度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称阈值
(mg/kg)[35]
ROVA值气味特征
EHKB
己醛0.005100100新鲜的,青香,脂肪味,水果味
(E)-2-庚烯醛0.0133.093.95辛辣的,青香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
(E)-2-辛烯醛0.00310.205.76新鲜黄瓜,脂肪,青香草药
(Z)-4-庚醛0.00089.549.37青草,油脂味
1-辛烯-3-醇0.0118.125.18蘑菇,熏衣草,玫瑰和干草香气
1-辛烯-3-酮0.000514.8150.29强烈的壤香,蘑菇香气,有很淡的
鱼和鸡肉的香气
2-癸烯醛0.00111.608.12甜橙香气,带脂蜡样气息
2-庚酮0.140.600.21梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香
2-己烯醛0.0170.910.63甜杏仁,果味,绿叶,苹果,蔬菜
2-甲基丁醛0.00332.4013.41苦杏仁味,可可,麦芽
2-戊基呋喃0.0065.921.88豆香,果香,泥土,青香
2-苯基乙醛0.0042.370.75风信子香气,水果甜香,杏仁
3-甲基丁醛0.002458.6622.39巧克力,脂肪味
4-庚酮0.00820.800.92果香
苯甲醛0.350.290.13苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
癸醛0.000150.9839.66甜香,蜡香,花香,脂肪
庚醛0.00390.7058.62新鲜,醛,脂肪,青香草药,酒
正壬醛0.00827.5211.11玫瑰香气,有强的油脂气味
正辛醛0.003196.0343.30醛,蜡味,柑橘,果香,脂肪
正戊醛0.01219.5620.43青草气味,带微弱香蕉味
噻吩0.0840.350.74坚果,硫
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917386846331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Composition and content of flavor nucleotides in Tibetan mutton before and after enzymatic hydrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称阈值
(mg/100 g)[39]
味道特征含量(μg/mL)TAV
EHKBEHKB
5'-UMP−鲜味3.97±0.02b3.48±0.02a−−
5'-GMP12.5鲜味10.42±0.04b6.94±0.01a0.080.06
5'-IMP25鲜味287.75±0.02b222.98±0.03a1.150.89
5'-AMP50鲜味/甜味16.59±0.02a37.5±0.01b0.0300.075
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917462343804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

酶解前后藏羊肉呈味核苷酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称阈值
(mg/100 g)[39]
味道特征含量(μg/mL)TAV
EHKBEHKB
5'-UMP−鲜味3.97±0.02b3.48±0.02a−−
5'-GMP12.5鲜味10.42±0.04b6.94±0.01a0.080.06
5'-IMP25鲜味287.75±0.02b222.98±0.03a1.150.89
5'-AMP50鲜味/甜味16.59±0.02a37.5±0.01b0.0300.075
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917525258365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Tibetan mutton showed flavor amino acid composition and TAV before and after enzymatic hydrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸呈味特征阈值
(mg/100 g)[39]
含量(mg/100 g)TAV
HEKBHEKB
鲜味氨基酸
谷氨酸Glu鲜味3066.55±5.00b14.95±0.71a2.221.10
天冬氨酸ASP甜/鲜味1006.18±0.45a10.02±0.88b0.060.35
∑鲜味氨基酸72.73±5.28b24.97±1.55a−−
甜味氨基酸
丝氨酸Ser甜味15037.79±3.13b14.05±0.93a2.521.23
甘氨酸Gly甜味13044.54±0.76a62.55±3.74b3.431.56
苏氨酸Thr甜味260103.26±8.03b7.06±1.45a3.971.71
丙氨酸Ala甜味60122.01±9.39b83.40±4.56a2.031.02
脯氨酸Pro甜/苦味3004.16±0.25a5.33±0.06b0.010.34
赖氨酸Lys甜/苦味50337.77±21.62b11.32±1.27a6.762.63
∑甜味氨基酸649.52±40.93b183.72±9.54a−−
苦味氨基酸
精氨酸Arg苦/甜味50131.59±4.96b43.49±1.14a2.631.23
酪氨酸Tyr苦/甜味9194.19±9.22b9.98±0.65a1.040.68
缬氨酸Val苦/甜味40269.93±20.72b16.78±1.59a6.752.64
组氨酸His苦味20105.14±2.76b59.53±1.38a5.262.17
异亮氨酸Ile苦味90195.74±9.34b3.60±0.31a2.171.07
亮氨酸Leu苦味19026.02±0.56b15.39±0.74a0.140.38
苯丙氨酸Phe苦味90361.66±31.96b15.11±0.17a4.021.69
甲硫氨酸Met苦/甜/硫30154.81±14.79b5.78±0.20a5.162.11
胱氨酸Cys苦/甜/硫−2.30±0.09b1.08±0.04a−−
∑苦味氨基酸1341.38±88.53b170.74±5.82a−−
∑AA2063.64±133.98b379.42±16.80a−−
EUC(g MSG/100 g)2.64±0.20b0.49±0.02a−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917604950142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

酶解前后藏羊肉呈味氨基酸组成及TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸呈味特征阈值
(mg/100 g)[39]
含量(mg/100 g)TAV
HEKBHEKB
鲜味氨基酸
谷氨酸Glu鲜味3066.55±5.00b14.95±0.71a2.221.10
天冬氨酸ASP甜/鲜味1006.18±0.45a10.02±0.88b0.060.35
∑鲜味氨基酸72.73±5.28b24.97±1.55a−−
甜味氨基酸
丝氨酸Ser甜味15037.79±3.13b14.05±0.93a2.521.23
甘氨酸Gly甜味13044.54±0.76a62.55±3.74b3.431.56
苏氨酸Thr甜味260103.26±8.03b7.06±1.45a3.971.71
丙氨酸Ala甜味60122.01±9.39b83.40±4.56a2.031.02
脯氨酸Pro甜/苦味3004.16±0.25a5.33±0.06b0.010.34
赖氨酸Lys甜/苦味50337.77±21.62b11.32±1.27a6.762.63
∑甜味氨基酸649.52±40.93b183.72±9.54a−−
苦味氨基酸
精氨酸Arg苦/甜味50131.59±4.96b43.49±1.14a2.631.23
酪氨酸Tyr苦/甜味9194.19±9.22b9.98±0.65a1.040.68
缬氨酸Val苦/甜味40269.93±20.72b16.78±1.59a6.752.64
组氨酸His苦味20105.14±2.76b59.53±1.38a5.262.17
异亮氨酸Ile苦味90195.74±9.34b3.60±0.31a2.171.07
亮氨酸Leu苦味19026.02±0.56b15.39±0.74a0.140.38
苯丙氨酸Phe苦味90361.66±31.96b15.11±0.17a4.021.69
甲硫氨酸Met苦/甜/硫30154.81±14.79b5.78±0.20a5.162.11
胱氨酸Cys苦/甜/硫−2.30±0.09b1.08±0.04a−−
∑苦味氨基酸1341.38±88.53b170.74±5.82a−−
∑AA2063.64±133.98b379.42±16.80a−−
EUC(g MSG/100 g)2.64±0.20b0.49±0.02a−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917688836223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Fatty acid composition and content of Tibetan mutton before and after enzymatic hydrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称英文简写含量(μg/mL)
EHKB
己酸C6:00.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a
辛酸C8:00.12±0.00b0.08±0.00a
癸酸C10:00.36±0.00a1.66±0.01b
十一烷酸C11:00.02±0.00a0.06±0.00b
月桂酸C12:01.83±0.01a8.96±0.01b
十三烷酸C13:00.07±0.00a0.32±0.00b
肉豆蔻酸C14:025.02±0.09a89.44±0.50b
肉豆蔻烯酸C14:1 N-50.94±0.00a5.23±0.01b
十五烷酸C15:02.65±0.03a10.10±0.04b
十五碳烯酸C15:1n5 cis3.31±0.01b2.56±0.04a
棕榈酸C16:0154.35±0.87a277.34±1.60b
棕榈油酸C16:1 N-7 cis18.13±0.10a73.65±0.27b
十七烷酸C17:06.61±0.03a23.58±0.03b
十七碳烯酸C17:1 N-7 cis6.19±0.09a18.18±0.15b
硬脂酯酸C18:0127.40±0.90b251.46±1.00a
反油酸C18:1 N-9T4.75±0.05a13.31±0.18b
油酸C18:1 N-9298.53±1.65a472.58±0.89b
反亚油酸C18:2 N-6,9 all-trans0.52±0.00b0.48±0.00a
亚油酸C18:2 N-6,9 all-cis77.61±0.38a84.68±0.49b
γ-亚麻酸C18:2 N-6,9,12 all-cis0.66±0.00a1.09±0.00b
亚麻酸C18:3 N-3,6,9 all-cis6.15±0.07a13.35±0.08b
花生酸C20:01.74±0.00a3.96±0.01b
二十碳烯酸C20:1 N-9 cis2.52±0.02a5.61±0.06b
二十碳二烯酸C20:2 N-6,9 all-cis6.36±0.09b4.18±0.01a
二十碳三烯酸C20:3 N-6,9,12 all-cis3.18±0.01b2.29±0.00a
二十碳三烯酸C20:3 N-3,6,9 all-cis0.17±0.00a0.20±0.00b
花生四烯酸ARA30.35±0.16b19.43±0.05a
二十碳五烯酸EPA4.15±0.03b3.03±0.01a
二十一烷酸C21:00.06±0.00a0.12±0.00b
山嵛酸C22:00.21±0.00a0.24±0.00b
芥酸C22:1 N-90.65±0.00a1.33±0.02b
二十二碳二烯酸C22:2 N-6,9 cis0.76±0.01a0.87±0.02b
肾上腺酸/二十二碳四烯酸C22:4 N-6,9,12,15 cis1.78±0.01b1.27±0.01a
二十二碳五烯酸DPA6.59±0.05b5.67±0.04a
二十二碳五烯酸DPA0.41±0.00b0.34±0.00a
二十二碳六烯酸DHA1.11±0.01a1.10±0.04a
二十三烷酸C23:00.01±0.00a0.04±0.00b
木蜡酸C24:00.04±0.00a0.05±0.00a
神经酸C24:1 N-9 cis0.03±0.00a0.51±0.01b
总饱和脂肪酸Total_SFA320.50±1.80a667.41±3.03b
总单不饱和脂肪酸Total_MUFA335.05±1.75a592.96±0.79b
总多不饱和脂肪酸Total_PUFA139.81±0.15b137.98±0.46a
总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸Total_N318.17±0.14a23.34±0.04b
总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸Total_N6121.64±0.27b114.63±0.50a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886917768528000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886543586283954, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

酶解前后藏羊肉脂肪酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称英文简写含量(μg/mL)
EHKB
己酸C6:00.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a
辛酸C8:00.12±0.00b0.08±0.00a
癸酸C10:00.36±0.00a1.66±0.01b
十一烷酸C11:00.02±0.00a0.06±0.00b
月桂酸C12:01.83±0.01a8.96±0.01b
十三烷酸C13:00.07±0.00a0.32±0.00b
肉豆蔻酸C14:025.02±0.09a89.44±0.50b
肉豆蔻烯酸C14:1 N-50.94±0.00a5.23±0.01b
十五烷酸C15:02.65±0.03a10.10±0.04b
十五碳烯酸C15:1n5 cis3.31±0.01b2.56±0.04a
棕榈酸C16:0154.35±0.87a277.34±1.60b
棕榈油酸C16:1 N-7 cis18.13±0.10a73.65±0.27b
十七烷酸C17:06.61±0.03a23.58±0.03b
十七碳烯酸C17:1 N-7 cis6.19±0.09a18.18±0.15b
硬脂酯酸C18:0127.40±0.90b251.46±1.00a
反油酸C18:1 N-9T4.75±0.05a13.31±0.18b
油酸C18:1 N-9298.53±1.65a472.58±0.89b
反亚油酸C18:2 N-6,9 all-trans0.52±0.00b0.48±0.00a
亚油酸C18:2 N-6,9 all-cis77.61±0.38a84.68±0.49b
γ-亚麻酸C18:2 N-6,9,12 all-cis0.66±0.00a1.09±0.00b
亚麻酸C18:3 N-3,6,9 all-cis6.15±0.07a13.35±0.08b
花生酸C20:01.74±0.00a3.96±0.01b
二十碳烯酸C20:1 N-9 cis2.52±0.02a5.61±0.06b
二十碳二烯酸C20:2 N-6,9 all-cis6.36±0.09b4.18±0.01a
二十碳三烯酸C20:3 N-6,9,12 all-cis3.18±0.01b2.29±0.00a
二十碳三烯酸C20:3 N-3,6,9 all-cis0.17±0.00a0.20±0.00b
花生四烯酸ARA30.35±0.16b19.43±0.05a
二十碳五烯酸EPA4.15±0.03b3.03±0.01a
二十一烷酸C21:00.06±0.00a0.12±0.00b
山嵛酸C22:00.21±0.00a0.24±0.00b
芥酸C22:1 N-90.65±0.00a1.33±0.02b
二十二碳二烯酸C22:2 N-6,9 cis0.76±0.01a0.87±0.02b
肾上腺酸/二十二碳四烯酸C22:4 N-6,9,12,15 cis1.78±0.01b1.27±0.01a
二十二碳五烯酸DPA6.59±0.05b5.67±0.04a
二十二碳五烯酸DPA0.41±0.00b0.34±0.00a
二十二碳六烯酸DHA1.11±0.01a1.10±0.04a
二十三烷酸C23:00.01±0.00a0.04±0.00b
木蜡酸C24:00.04±0.00a0.05±0.00a
神经酸C24:1 N-9 cis0.03±0.00a0.51±0.01b
总饱和脂肪酸Total_SFA320.50±1.80a667.41±3.03b
总单不饱和脂肪酸Total_MUFA335.05±1.75a592.96±0.79b
总多不饱和脂肪酸Total_PUFA139.81±0.15b137.98±0.46a
总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸Total_N318.17±0.14a23.34±0.04b
总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸Total_N6121.64±0.27b114.63±0.50a
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响应面优化藏羊肉酶解工艺及酶解液呈味特性分析
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葛世鹏 , 韩丽娟 * , 王富红 , 张子森 , 院珍珍 , 桂林生 , 侯生珍 , 孙胜男
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 227-242
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 227 -242
响应面优化藏羊肉酶解工艺及酶解液呈味特性分析
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葛世鹏 , 韩丽娟* , 王富红, 张子森, 院珍珍, 桂林生, 侯生珍, 孙胜男
作者信息
  • 青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810000
通讯作者:
韩丽娟(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

葛世鹏(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process for Tibetan Sheep Meat Using Response Surface Methodology and Flavor Characteristics of the Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Shipeng GE , Lijuan HAN* , Fuhong WANG, Zisen ZHANG, Zhenzhen YUAN, Linsheng GUI, Shengzhen HOU, Shengnan SUN
Affiliations
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040309
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为探究复配酶法水解藏羊肉最佳工艺及酶解产物的风味特征。本试验以藏羊肉为原料,采用单因素实验及响应面试验优化藏羊肉酶解工艺,并系统分析了酶解液的呈味及风味物质。结果显示,藏羊肉最佳酶解条件为,料液比1:2,酶配比3:1,酶解时间3.5 h,加酶量0.9%,pH8.2,酶解温度56 ℃,此条件下水解度、多肽得率及整体风味评价分别为28.08%、81.14%及18.00分。气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)结果表明,共检测出挥发性风味成分58种,且通过多元统计分析确定了己醛单体、己醛二聚体、1-辛烯-3-醇单体、正戊醛单体及正辛醛二聚体为关键风味物质。所制备的酶解产物中鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量占总呈味氨基酸含量的34.99%,鲜味核苷酸5'-UMP、5'-GMP及5'-IMP的含量显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且其等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)较高,鲜味突出。此外,空白组的脂肪酸含量显著高于酶解液组(P<0.05),达到63.74%。综上,酶解产物的鲜甜味及呈味丰富性较强,风味品质较好,可用于肉类调味品的开发。

藏羊肉  /  响应面优化  /  酶解工艺  /  酶解产物  /  风味特性

To optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of Tibetan sheep meat and to characterize the flavor profile of the resulting hydrolysates, using Tibetan sheep meat as the raw material, single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology were employed to refine the hydrolysis conditions. Flavor compounds and taste characteristics of the hydrolysates were comprehensively analyzed. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined to be: A solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:2, an enzyme ratio of 3:1, a hydrolysis time of 3.5 hours, an enzyme concentration of 0.9%, pH8.2, and a temperature of 56 °C. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis, peptide yield, and sensory evaluation score reached 28.08%, 81.14%, and 18.00, respectively. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) identified 58 volatile compounds, with multivariate statistical analysis highlighting hexanal monomer, hexanal dimer, 1-octen-3-ol monomer, n-pentanal monomer, and n-octanal dimer as key contributors to the flavor profile. Umami and sweet amino acids accounted for 34.99% of total taste-active amino acids in the hydrolysate. Levels of umami nucleotides (5'-UMP, 5'-GMP, and 5'-IMP) were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05), resulting in a markedly increased equivalent umami concentration (EUC), indicating enhanced umami taste. In contrast, the control group exhibited a significantly higher fatty acid content (63.74%) than the enzymatic hydrolysate group (P<0.05). Overall, the enzymatic hydrolysate showed a prominent umami and sweet flavor profile, complex aroma composition, and superior sensory characteristics, indicating its potential application in the development of meat-based seasonings.

tibetan sheep meat  /  response surface methodology (RSM) optimization  /  enzymatic hydrolysis process  /  hydrolysate  /  flavor characteristics
葛世鹏, 韩丽娟, 王富红, 张子森, 院珍珍, 桂林生, 侯生珍, 孙胜男. 响应面优化藏羊肉酶解工艺及酶解液呈味特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 227 -242 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040309
Shipeng GE, Lijuan HAN, Fuhong WANG, Zisen ZHANG, Zhenzhen YUAN, Linsheng GUI, Shengzhen HOU, Shengnan SUN. Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process for Tibetan Sheep Meat Using Response Surface Methodology and Flavor Characteristics of the Enzymatic Hydrolysate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 227 -242 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040309
藏羊作为青藏高原的优势畜种之一,因其肉质鲜美,具有高蛋白、低脂肪及风味独特而深受消费者喜爱[1]。近年来由于肉类方便食品的快速发展,肉类调味料因其良好的风味和营养而受到广泛关注,如虾粉、鲜肉粉等具有浓郁的鲜味[2−3]。然而,目前对青海藏羊的开发利用多集中在传统的肉品加工领域,对于其肉质独特风味物质的深入挖掘和高附加值产品开发仍有待加强。
酶解法是当前鲜味肽制备的主要方法,与化学水解相比,酶解条件温和,副产物少,选择适当的蛋白酶水解动植物蛋白制备呈味肽成为研究热点[4−5]。蛋白酶解的方式有很多,如单一酶水解,复配酶水解等。不同的蛋白酶具有不同的酶解位点,并直接影响到其酶解的水解度,可溶性肽的含量及一些呈味物质的产生[5]。Cheung等[6]发现复合蛋白酶酶解产物的咸味值最高,酶解24 h得到的产物酸味更明显,而利用菠萝蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶得到的酶解产物鲜味强度更高。单一酶酶解特异性强,操作简单,成本较低,但酶切位点单一,酶解效果差,而复配酶法能够显著提高鲜味,具有协同增效的作用[7−8]。Zhang等[9]研究发现复合蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶同步酶解得到的鸡肉蛋白水解物可用作鸡肉风味的理想前体。曾晨[10]发现木瓜蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶按1:1分步酶解东海大黄鱼鳌,酶解产物的水解度和鲜味值达到最高,分别为35.05%和7.67。李自会等[11]的研究表明,复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶以3:1复配比同步酶解时,酶解产物的风味最佳,且分子量小于3 kDa,肽含量可达93.26%。因此,复配酶法水解动植物蛋白制备鲜味肽具有明显优势。目前以藏羊肉为原料制备鲜味肽及其风味特征的研究尚不深入。
本研究采用复配酶法对藏羊肉进行酶解制备鲜味肽,采用高压蒸煮进行预处理,并以感官指标、水解度及多肽得率为指标,采用单因素实验考察酶配比、料液比、加酶量、pH、酶解温度及酶解时间对藏羊肉酶解效果的影响,并以感官指标,水解度及多肽得率为响应值,对其进行响应面优化试验,最终得到最佳的酶解条件,并结合GC-IMS技术,测定呈味氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、脂肪酸的含量进一步探究酶解产物的呈味特性,以期为开发高原特色肉类调味品提供理论基础,并为地方特色资源开发、畜牧业经济链延伸提供新方向。
藏羊腿肉 青海省海南藏族自治州共和县;木瓜蛋白酶(800 U/mg)、菠萝蛋白酶(300 U/mg)、中性蛋白酶(100 U/mg)、复合蛋白酶(蛋白内切酶,外切酶)(120 U/mg)、碱性蛋白酶(200 U/mg)、风味蛋白酶(20 U/mg)、双缩脲试剂、牛血清白蛋白标准品 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醛、三氯乙酸、甲醇、盐酸、硫酸(均为分析纯) 成都市科隆化学品有限公司;0.25%味精、0.5%氯化钠、5%蔗糖、0.05%咖啡因、0.025%柠檬酸 山东科源生化有限公司;2-丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮(均为分析纯) 阿拉丁公司。
20 mL顶空瓶 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;MXT-wax毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1.0 μm) 美国Restek公司;FlavourSpec® 气相离子迁移谱 G.A.S.公司(德国,Dortmund);LA8080氨基酸自动分析仪 青岛海泰亿诺科技有限公司;Thermo UltiMate3000 液相色谱仪 美国Thermo公司;Agilent 19091S-433UI毛细管柱、Agilent 5977B MSD 质谱仪 美国安捷伦科技公司;XW-80A漩涡混合仪 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司。
本试验前期采用不同蒸煮方式(高压蒸煮、常压蒸煮、高压常压蒸煮、常压高压蒸煮)对藏羊肉风味的影响进行了研究,发现在高压蒸煮的方式下藏羊肉滋味丰富,风味更好[12]。因此采用高压蒸煮方式(0.01 MPa、90 min)对藏羊肉进行预处理,并搅碎成肉糜,储存于−80 ℃冰箱,备用。
称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,按照料液比1:2加入去离子水进行酶解,调节溶液pH至8.5,加入0.2%的混合酶(以藏羊肉质量计),在温度为50 ℃的水浴条件下磁力搅拌,酶解3 h。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,然后冷却离心,取上清液,测定其多肽得率、水解度,滋味评价[11]。
称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,按照料液比1:2添加去离子水。选取木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶,在各酶适宜的温度和pH条件下进行酶解(表1),考察蛋白酶对水解度、多肽得率及酶解物整体风味的影响[11]。
根据单一酶筛选结果,选取效果最佳的酶和其他五种蛋白酶分别复配,在料液比为1:2 g/mL,总加酶量0.2%,酶配比为1:1(质量比)[13]及各酶适宜的温度和pH条件下酶解,考察复配酶对水解度、多肽得率和酶解物整体风味的影响。
称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,按照料液比1:2添加去离子水,在温度为50 ℃,pH为8.5,复合蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶配比分别为3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3条件下,酶解3 h。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率、滋味评价,选择最优酶配比。
在最佳酶配比的基础上,称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,按照料液比1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5(g:mL)加入去离子水进行酶解,调节溶液pH至8.5,加入0.2%的混合酶(以藏羊肉质量计),温度为50 ℃,酶解3 h。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率、滋味评价,获得最佳的料液比。
在最佳酶配比及料液比的基础上,称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,按照最佳的料液比添加去离子水,灭酶后在温度为50 ℃的水浴磁力搅拌,调节溶液pH为8.5,分别加入0.2%的混合酶,酶解1、2、3、4、5 h。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率、滋味评价,获得最佳的酶解时间。
在最佳酶配比、料液比、最佳酶解时间、最佳pH、最佳酶解温度基础上,称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,灭酶后按照最佳料液比,酶解时间,pH,酶解温度,分别加入0.2%(以藏羊肉匀浆计)、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%混合酶进行酶解。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率、滋味评价,获得最佳的加酶量。
在最佳酶配比、料液比、最佳酶解时间基础上,称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,灭酶后按照最佳的料液比和酶解时间,在温度为50 ℃的水浴条件下磁力搅拌,分别调节溶液pH至6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5,分别加入0.2%的混合酶进行酶解。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率、滋味评价,获得最佳的pH。
在最佳酶配比、料液比、最佳酶解时间、最佳pH基础上,称取藏羊肉糜30 g于烧杯中,灭酶后按照最佳料液比,酶解时间,pH,在温度为45、50、55、60、65 ℃的水浴条件下磁力搅拌,加入0.2%的混合酶进行酶解。酶解完成后,在90 ℃下灭酶15 min,并测水解度,多肽得率,滋味评价,获得最佳的酶解温度。
在单因素实验基础上,对藏羊肉酶解效果影响较显著的因素为:酶解时间(A)、pH(B)、加酶量(C)、酶解温度(D)为自变量,多肽得率、水解度和整体风味为响应值,设计4因素3水平的Box-Benhnken试验。响应面试验因素水平见表2。
由8位经培训的食品专业人员对蛋白酶解物的滋味进行整体风味(表3)。标准品分别为0.25%味精、0.5%氯化钠、5%蔗糖、0.05%咖啡因、0.025%柠檬酸,滋味标准品记为20分。取1 g冻干后的酶解物,加入100 mL纯净水混合均匀,与4种标准品分别进行比较打分。取评分的平均值作为滋味评价结果[13]。
多肽得率测定参考鲁伟等[14]的方法,取2.5 mL样品溶液,加入2.0 mL 10%三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic acid,TCA),于漩涡混合仪上混合均匀,静置10 min,然后在4000 r/min下离心15 min,上清液转移到50 mL容量瓶中,用5%的TCA定容后摇匀。然后取上述溶液6.0 mL置于10 mL比色管中,加入双缩脲试剂4.0 mL,混匀,静置10 min后2000 r/min下离心10 min,取上清液于540 nm下测定吸光度。以牛血清白蛋白标准品做标准曲线(回归方程为Y=0.0007X+0.12,R2=0.998。式中:Y为吸光度;X为蛋白质含量,mg/mL),对照标曲获得溶液中的多肽浓度(mg/mL),按下式计算多肽得率。
$ \text{DT(\text{%})}=\frac{\text{A}\times \text{V}\times \text{5}}{\text{S}\times \text{1000}}\times \text{100} $
式中:DT为多肽得率,%;A为酶解液多肽含量,mg/mL;V为酶解液总体积,mL;S为原料总蛋白含量,g。
采用甲醛滴定法对氨基酸态氮含量进行测定[15];采用GB 5009.5-2025中的方法测定总氮含量。按式(2)计算藏羊肉蛋白的水解度。
$ 水解度(\text{%})=\frac{酶解液中氨基酸态氮}{原料中总氮含量}\times 100 $
样品处理和测定条件:称量1 g酶解液的冻干粉,置于20 mL顶空瓶中,孵育15 min。每个样本进行3个重复。顶空进样条件:孵育温度50 ℃,孵育时间20 min,进样量500 µL,孵化速度500 r/min,进样针温度85 ℃。GC-IMS条件:色谱柱温度:60 ℃;载气:高纯氮气(纯度≥ 99.999%);程序升压:初始流量2.0 mL/min保持2 min,在8 min内线性增至10.0 mL/min,在10 min内线性增至100.0 mL/min,在10 min保持100.0 mL/min。色谱运行时间:20 min;进样口温度:80 ℃。电离源:氚源(3H);电场强度:500 V/cm;迁移管温度:45 ℃;流速:75 mL/min;正离子模式[16]。定性定量分析:使用VOCal软件内置的GC保留指数(NIST 2020)数据库和IMS迁移时间数据库检索和比对,对目标物进行定性分析。根据目标物峰体积与内标化合物峰体积的比值定量。
参考刘登勇等[17]确定的关键风味物质的计算方法。首先通过顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)富集样品中的挥发性成分,再利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)或气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)进行分离鉴定。最后,引入感觉阈值计算相对气味活度值(ROAV),将ROAV≥1的物质确定为特征风味物质。计算方法如下:
$ \text{ROAV}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{A}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{max}}}\times \frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{max}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{A}}}\times \text{100} $
式中:CA:为挥发性成分A的相对百分含量(%);TA:为化合物A的香气阈值(μg/kg);Cmax和Tmax:为对藏羊肉整体风味贡献最大的香气成分的相对百分含量(%)和香气阈值(μg/kg)。
首先,称取1 g酶解液的冻干粉加入50 mL 0.01 mol/L盐酸浸提30 min后过滤;取2 mL滤液于离心管中,加入2 mL 8%磺基水杨酸混合均匀,在4 ℃条件下静置15 min;最后在10000 r/min转速下离心10 min,上层清液二次离心5 min,以pH为2.2的柠檬酸缓冲液1:4稀释上层清液,经0.22 μm过滤器过滤,转入进样瓶中通过氨基酸自动分析仪分析测定[13]。
参照纪晓萌等[18]的方法稍作修改,将酶解液的冻干粉和超纯水按料液比1:40进行配比,在25 ℃的室温下浸泡1 h后用100 ℃水煮90 min,冷却至室温,在4 ℃下以8000 r/min,离心20 min后取上清液,旋转蒸发仪浓缩,使用50 mL容量瓶定容后过0.45 µm滤膜,取滤液待测。色谱条件:色谱柱C18柱,柱长250 mm,内径4.6 mm,粒径5 μm;流动相:0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(98:2,v/v);流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:254 nm;进样量:20 μL。
等效鲜味浓度(EUC)用味精(MSG)的量来衡量100 g干物质中呈鲜物质的总量,可用来评价食品中鲜味物质的呈味强度,计算公式如下:
$ \text{Y}=\sum{\text{a}}_{\text{i}}{\text{b}}_{\text{i}}+\text{1218}\left(\sum{\text{a}}_{\text{i}}\text{b}{}_{\text{i}}\right)\times \left(\sum{\text{a}}_{\text{j}}{\text{b}}_{\text{j}}\right) $
式中:Y表示待测样品的等效鲜味浓度(g MSG/100 g);ai表示样品中鲜味氨基酸的量(g/100 g);bi表示鲜味氨基酸相对谷氨酸的值(Glu=1、Asp=0.077);aj表示样品中风味核苷酸的量(g/100 g);bj表示风味核苷酸相对于5'-肌苷酸的值(5'-AMP=0.18、5'-GMP=2.3、5'-IMP=1);1218为协同作用常数。
采用滋味活度值(Taste activity values,TAV)来评价游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸以及等效鲜味浓度对滋味的影响,按式计算滋味活度值。
$ \text{TAV}=\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中,TAV表示滋味活力值;Ci表示测得物质的浓度,mg/100 g;Ti表示该物质阈值,mg/100 g。
参考Zhang等[19]的方法修改,本研究采用GC-MS方法。称取50 mg样品,并使用氯仿-甲醇(2:1,v/v)混合物提取脂质。萃取前,用硫酸-甲醇溶液对样品进行甲基化30 min。然后用正己烷萃取混合物,并用5 mL纯水和25 µL水杨酸甲酯(内标)洗涤。收集上清液用于进一步分析。使用 Agilent 19091S-433UI 毛细管柱分离样品。初始温度在40 ℃维持5 min,然后以10 ℃/min的速率升至220 ℃,并在220 ℃下保持5 min。使用氦气作为载气,流速为1.0 mL/min。采用 5977B MSD 质谱仪进行质谱分析。5977B MSD 条件如下:进样口温度280 ℃;离子源温度230 ℃;传输线温度250 ℃。电子轰击电离(EI)源,电子能量70 eV;采用 SCAN/SIM 模式检测待测物。
每组试验均重复三次,结果表示为平均值±SD值,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20进行方差分析和显著性检验,Origin8.5作图。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行响应面试验设计与分析,并通过SIMCA软件进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析图。
不同蛋白酶对水解度,多肽得率及整体风味的影响见图1。酶的特异性往往会影响水解产物的特性,即所产生肽的组成和氨基酸序列[20]。如图1a所示,不同蛋白酶酶解液的水解度和多肽得率差异显著(P<0.05),相比于其他蛋白酶,经复合蛋白酶酶解后的水解度和多肽得率都较高,分别为15.52%和77.68%。而中性蛋白酶酶解产物的水解度和多肽得率都较低,这是由于中性蛋白酶是由枯草芽孢杆菌发酵提取的一种内切酶,具有严格的切割位点,从而使其水解位点相对局限[21]。此外,由图1b所知,经复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶酶解后的酶解产物,其鲜味、甜味、整体风味都较高,且酸味、苦味并不明显。同时,有研究发现,复合蛋白酶通过多种蛋白酶之间的协同作用,如内切酶打开空间结构,端肽酶深度水解并脱苦,从而提高水解度及多肽得率,且精准调控产物分子量分布和氨基酸组成,从而同步提升酶解产物的功能活性,风味品质及营养价值[22]。因此,选用复合蛋白酶与其他五种酶进行复配。
如图2所示,整体而言,相比与单一酶水解,两种酶的酶解使酶切位点增多,从而使复配酶水解后酶解产物的水解度、多肽得率及整体风味明显升高。如图2a所示,不同复配酶酶解液的水解度和多肽得率差异显著(P<0.05),而CB的水解度和多肽得率都较高,分别为15.02%和81.58%。而CN的水解度和多肽得率是最低的,可能是因为酶切位点重叠、缺乏外切酶接力,这也进一步证实了单一酶筛选中水解度和多肽得率较低的原因。此外,相比于CA、CP及CB,CF的水解度和多肽得率均较低,为13.69%和63.30%。可能是因为风味蛋白酶是一种外切酶,其从肽链末端逐个切割氨基酸的效率远低于内切酶在内部随机切断肽键的方式,导致水解度偏低。唐霄等[23]的研究发现,鹅肉酶解过程中,木瓜蛋白酶(内切酶)水解度达到29.69%,而风味蛋白酶只有7.97%。同时,风味蛋白酶能够有效改善酶解产物的风味[24],如图2b所示,CF的鲜味、甜味和整体风味都较突出,且苦味和酸味不明显。综上所述,选用复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶作为复配的两种蛋白酶。
酶配比是通过协同效应提升水解度与多肽得率,同时精准调控氨基酸组成,从而决定最终产品的风味轮廓与品质[25]。由图3可知,整体而言,不同酶配比下的酶解液的水解度、多肽得率及整体风味差异显著(P<0.05)。其次,当复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶复配比为3:1时,水解度和多肽得率较高,分别为17.48%和80.41%,且整体风味较好,肉味醇厚,味道鲜美,这与李自会等[11]的研究结果相似。而酶配比为1:3时,水解度和多肽得率最低,分别为15.02%和66.41%,可能是因为复合蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶酶切位点不同有关,此外,复配比为1:2时,其多肽得率最高,但其水解度较低,整体风味较差,故选用复配比3:1为最佳酶配比。
料液比的不同会直接影响酶与底物接触与反应程度[26]。由图4可知,整体而言,不同料液比下的酶解液的水解度,多肽得率及整体风味差异显著(P<0.05)。其次,经复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶复配酶解后,酶解产物的水解度和多肽得率随着料液比的增加呈下降趋势,分别由19.93%和89.62%下降到4.88%和37.16%,可能是因为随着料液比的增加,底物浓度也随之降低,故水解度、多肽得率及整体风味随之降低[27]。此外,由整体风味可知,相比于1:2,在1:1时,酶解产物的整体风味较低,因此选用料液比1:2作为酶解的最佳条件。
由图5可知,整体而言,不同酶解时间下的酶解液的水解度,多肽得率及整体风味差异显著(P<0.05)。另外,酶解时间为3 h时其多肽得率最高,可达76.28%,而酶解时间为4 h时其水解度和整体风味最高。但整体而言,随着酶解时间的延长,其水解度,多肽得率及整体风味呈先上升后下降的趋势,可能是因为随着反应的进行,酶的活性逐渐降低,进而导致酶解能力下降,使水解度、多肽得率及整体风味下降[27]。故选酶解时间2、3、4 h进行响应面优化。
由图6可知,不同加酶量下的酶解液的水解度,多肽得率及整体风味差异显著(P<0.05)。另外,随着加酶量的增加,酶解产物的水解度、多肽得率呈上升趋势,特别是水解度从16.58%上升到22.72%,而多肽得率最高可达82.24%。由整体风味可知,随着加酶量的增加,整体风味逐渐上升,在加酶量为0.8%时达到最高,而加酶量为1%时,整体风味有所下降,可能是因为随着水解度的增加,一些疏水性的苦味肽及苦味氨基酸被逐渐释放出来,导致整体风味较差[28],且为了降低成本,故选用0.6%、0.8%和1%进一步进行响应面优化试验。
由图7可知,整体而言,不同pH条件下酶解液的水解度、多肽得率及整体风味表现出显著的差异(P<0.05)。随着pH的增加,酶解产物的水解度和多肽得率呈先上升后下降的趋势,在pH8.0时达到高,可能是因为复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶的最适pH范围在8.0左右,而随着pH的升高,偏离此范围则酶活性下降[29]。此外,酶解产物的整体风味在pH为8.0时较好,鲜味较突出,肉香味醇厚。故选择pH7.5、pH8.0和pH8.5进行后续响应面优化试验。
由图8可知,随着酶解温度的升高,酶解产物的水解度呈先上升后下降的趋势,在55 ℃时最高,为22.11%,这与安攀宇等[27]的研究结果相似。这是因为复合蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶对温度变化敏感,且两种蛋白酶的温度范围均在50~55 ℃,低于或高于酶的最适温度,都会影响水解度、多肽得率及整体风味。然而除了50 ℃,其他温度条件下酶解液多肽得率差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,酶解产物的整体风味在酶解温度为55 ℃时达到最高,而在65 ℃时最低。故选择50、55和60 ℃进行响应面优化。
在单因素实验的基础上,选择酶解时间、pH、酶解温度、加酶量为自变量,以水解度、多肽得率、整体风味为响应值,根据Box-Behnken法设计原理,采用Design-Expert13软件进行试验设计,优化藏羊肉酶解工艺,确定最佳工艺参数,Box-Behnken试验设计与结果见表4。
运用Design-Expert 13软件对数据进行统计分析,并进行多元回归拟合,得到二次回归方程Y1=28.91+2.03A+1.05B−0.20C−1.02D+0.64AB−1.40AC−0.69AD+0.07BC−1.88BD+0.26CD−4.77A2−4.15B2−4.00C2−3.50D2。
回归模型方差分析结果如表5所示,模型的F=21.11,R2=0.9548,差异极显著(P<0.0001)。一次项酶解时间(A)、加酶量(B)、酶解温度(D),及二次项A2、B2、C2和D2都极显著(P<0.01),表明该模型拟合度高,能够准确描述各因素与响应值之间的关系,该模型可靠。
对试验得到的数据进行响应面回归分析,得到了酶解时间、酶解温度、加酶量、pH对多肽得率的影响,其二次多项回归方程为Y2=82.21+2.95A+1.05B−0.12C−1.27D+1.28AB−0.18AC+0.07AD−0.58BC−1.23BD+2.88CD−5.45A2−2.47B2−4.70C2−4.19D2。
如表6所知,回归模型为P<0.01,表明差异极显著,失拟项P>0.05,表明该模型可靠性良好。回归系数R2=0.9632,说明该模型与试验拟合良好。通过方差分析可以发现,A、B、D、AB、CD、A2、B2、C2、D2均对多肽得率影响显著(P<0.05),表明酶解时间、加酶量、pH及酶解温度均对藏羊肉多肽得率有一定的影响。
运用Design-Expect 8.0.6软件对表7整体风味的数据进行统计分析,并进行多元回归拟合,得到二次回归方程Y3=18.46+0.49A+0.46B+0.01C−0.13D+0.07AB+0.28AC−0.18AD+0.04BC−0.07BD+0.43CD−0.65A2−0.08B2−0.90C2−0.40D2。
整体风味回归方程方差分析结果如表7所示,方程因变量与自变量之间的线性关系明显,回归模型极显著(P<0.01),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),且R2=0.9717,表明该模型可靠且不存在过拟合现象。以整体风味为响应值所建立的酶法制备藏羊肉呈味肽的模型是合理的。通过方差分析结果显示,A、B、D、AC、CD、A2、C2及D2均对整体风味影响显著(P<0.05),表明酶解时间、加酶量、pH及酶解温度均对酶法制备藏羊肉呈味肽的整体风味有一定的影响。
综上所述,根据响应面试验数据可知,复配酶酶解藏羊肉得到的预测条件为酶解时间3.5 h,加酶量0.9%,pH8.2,酶解温度56 ℃,预测最优条件下水解度、多肽得率及整体风味评价分别为25.49%±0.89%、80.52%±1.28%及18.66±0.46分。为证明预测的准确性,对其进行验证实验,最终得到的实际值为水解度为28.08%±0.35%,多肽得率为81.14%±0.52%及整体风味评价为18.00±0.57分,与预测值相近,表明该酶解工艺可靠,可为复配酶法制备藏羊肉呈味肽提供理论指导。
通过GC-IMS技术对酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分进行检测所得到的三维谱图见图9a。酶解前后挥发性物质之间存在一定差异。如图9a所示,很明显酶解液组信号峰值较多,且浓度较高。为进一步分析酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性成分之间的差异,见图9b所示。以未酶解液组为参比对象,如果目标样品和参比中的挥发性有机物含量一样,则扣减后的背景为白色,而红色代表该物质的浓度在目标样品中高于参比,蓝色代表该物质的浓度在目标样品中低于参比。如图9b所示,目标样品中红色的点较多,说明EH组中的挥发性化合物的浓度高于KB组。
进一步对2种不同样品中挥发性物质进行比较,对所有挥发性物质进行指纹图谱分析,见图10。2组的挥发性物质的差异较大(P<0.05)。如图10中A区域物质在EH组中浓度更高,主要有:(E)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(Z)-4-庚醛、庚醇、己醇、辛醇等。图10中B区域物质在KB组中浓度最高,主要有:1-辛烯-3-酮、4-庚酮、乙酸乙酯和噻吩等。
酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性化合物如表8所示。酶解前后藏羊肉中共检测出58种挥发性物质(包含单体和二聚体),其中醛类30种,醇类12种,酮类9种,酯类5种及其他类2种,故醛类物质为酶解前后藏羊肉的主要挥发性物质,这与曾小峰等[30]的研究结果相似。如表8可知,整体而言,EH组中的挥发性成分的浓度显著高于KB组(P<0.05),尤其是醛类、醇类和酮类的浓度较高,而酯类和其他类物质的浓度差异不显著。
醛类物质是由氨基酸和脂肪酸经过一系列的化学反应产生的,此类化合物能够产生清香和花果香味,且阈值较低,对酶解液的整体风味具有较大的贡献[30]。KB组与EH组的醛类物质浓度分别占整个风味物质的66.63%和61.39%。经酶解后风味物质含量大幅度增加,说明藏羊肉酶解后会释放大量的挥发性化合物。如表8所示,与KB组相比,EH组醛类物质己醛(D、M)、2-甲基丁醛D、3-甲基丁醛(D、M)、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛(D、M)、苯甲醛(D、M)、庚醛(D、M)、正壬醛(D、M)及正辛醛D的含量较高,使酶解液具有苦杏仁味,巧克力味、果香味及较强的油脂气味。而(E)-2-庚烯醛M和正戊醛M在KB组中的浓度较高,使其赋予辛辣味和青草味。Jin等[31]研究发现,1-辛烯-3醇和己醛是鸡肉的主要风味物质。本研究中己醛含量是酶解液最高的,占整个醛类物质的21.44%,是酶解液的主要风味物质。
此外,EH组和KB组中挥发性物质最多的是醛类物质,其次是醇类物质,分别占整个风味物质的16.43%和7.36%,是羊肉主要的挥发性成分之一,其主要是由脂肪酸降解产生的,阈值仅次于醛类物质,对酶解液的风味具有重要作用[32]。1-辛烯-3-醇(D、M)和1-戊醇(D、M)在酶解液中含量较高,分别占整个风味物质的5.46%和5.90%,1-辛烯-3-醇具有令人愉悦的蘑菇味和青草味,有助于形成肉香味[33]。虽然酮类物质种类少于醛类和醇类物质,但其挥发性成分的含量在EH组和KB组中的占比较高,分别占17.93%和18.58%。其中2-丁酮(M)在KB组中含量较高,使其赋予樟脑香味及果香味。酯类物质主要来自醇和脂肪酸的综合作用。本研究共检出5种酯类物质,包括2-甲基丁酸丙酯、乙酸乙酯D、乙酸乙酯M、甲酸戊酯D及甲酸戊酯M。其中乙酸乙酯相对含量较高,使其具有果香味。同时,噻吩含量较高,使未酶解液具有芳香气味。
为进一步明确酶解前后藏羊肉的气味成分,通过计算ROVA值来评价各挥发性物质对藏羊肉的贡献程度。即ROVA值越大,对样品的贡献率就越大[34]。其中,ROVA值>1的组分为样品的关键风味物质,而0.1<ROVA值<1的组分为重要的挥发性物质。由于己醛的阈值较低,相对含量较高,对藏羊肉的风味贡献率最大,故将己醛的ROVA值设定为100。如表9所示,ROVA值>1的挥发性物质有16种,包括己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(Z)-4-庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮、2-癸烯醛、2-甲基丁醛、2-戊基呋喃、2-苯基乙醛、3-甲基丁醛、癸醛、庚醛、正壬醛、正辛醛及正戊醛。其中,除了(E)-2-庚烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮及正戊醛外,EH组其他挥发性成分的ROVA值显著高于KB组(P<0.05)。此外,0.1<ROVA值<1的风味物质有2-庚酮、2-己烯醛、4-庚酮、苯甲醛及噻吩。其中,KB组4-庚酮和噻吩的ROVA值显著高于EH组(P<0.05),其具有果香及硫味,使藏羊肉KB组具有独特的味道。
正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(OPLS-DA)是一种用来识别不同类别样品之间差异的方法[36]。为进一步分析两种样品中的香气特征变化,采用OPLS-DA对酶解前后藏羊肉进行差异性分析。如图11a所示,两种样品组内之间较聚集,组间之间较分离,表明两样品之间差异显著(P<0.05)。经过两百次置换检验,如图11b所示,R2=0.9999,Q2=0.9985,且截距为负值,表明该模型可靠,拟合良好,不存在过拟合现象。
为了进一步区分不同风味物质对酶解前后藏羊肉的贡献率,使用变量投影重要性进行表征[37]。如图11c所示,两种样品中VIP>1.5的风味物质有7种,包括己醛D、正戊醛M、2-丁酮M、己醛M、正辛醛D、1-辛烯-3-醇M及噻吩。
呈味核苷酸是一种风味增强剂,能与其他呈味物质有协同增鲜的作用,且能显著增强食品的风味,特别是GMP、IMP和AMP[24,37]。两种样品的核苷酸含量如表10所示。由表10所知,两种样品中均检出尿苷酸(5'-UMP)、鸟苷酸(5'-GMP)、肌苷酸(5'-IMP)及腺苷酸(5'-AMP)。其中,EH组的5'-UMP、5'-GMP及5'-IMP的含量显著高于KB组(P<0.05),其中,5'-IMP的TAV值>1,对酶解液的呈味具有重要贡献。而AMP的含量酶解后明显降低,可能是在酶解过程中发生了降解,但这有利于挥发性风味物质的形成[38]。
酶解前后藏羊肉呈味氨基酸见表11所示。如表11所示,从两种样品中共检出29种呈味氨基酸,即两种样品中呈味氨基酸含量差异显著(P<0.05)。整体而言,HE组的鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和总游离氨基酸的含量显著高于KB组(P<0.05),且Guo等[40]观察到,酶解过程增强了鸡胸肉水解物中游离氨基酸的释放,这与本研究结果相似。其中,与KB组相比,鲜味氨基酸中谷氨酸的含量较高,是酶解液的主要鲜味物质,而甜味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的31.47%,且赖氨酸和丙氨酸的含量较高,是酶解液的主要甜味氨基酸。同时,苦味氨基酸是鸡肉酶解物中的主要氨基酸,占总游离氨基酸的一半以上[41]。本研究发现酶解液苦味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的65.00%,与其结果相一致,且研究发现芳香族氨基酸在低浓度阈值下能够显著提高甜味和鲜味[42],而本研究中发现酶解后苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的含量显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,为了客观评价呈味氨基酸对样品的贡献程度,采用滋味活度值的方法对酶解前后藏羊肉进行评价。TAV>1,说明这些氨基酸对样品的呈味有显著的影响(P<0.05)。就鲜味氨基酸而言,谷氨酸在两种样品中TAV都大于1。就甜味氨基酸而言,丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸及赖氨酸在两种样品中TAV都大于1,而脯氨酸在酶解前后TAV均小于1,对样品甜味没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。就苦味氨基酸而言,除了亮氨酸,异亮氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸及甲硫氨酸均对样品的苦味有重要贡献。
呈味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸具有协同效应,能够显著影响酶解前后藏羊肉的呈味强度[43–44]。因此,采用等效鲜味浓度(EUC)来比较鲜味强度。如表11所示,HE组的鲜味强度显著高于KB组(P<0.05),为2.64 g MSG/100 g,是酶解前的5.38倍,呈鲜效果较好。
脂肪酸的组成及含量直接影响酶解前后藏羊肉的营养价值和风味品质[44]。如表12所示,在两种样品中共检测出40种脂肪酸,其中包含17种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和23种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)。整体而言,KB组的总脂肪酸含量显著高于EH组(P<0.05),表明藏羊肉在酶解过程中脂质发生了氧化,导致挥发性化合物含量的增加[45–46],这与本研究结果一致,EH组的挥发性成分的含量显著高于KB组。研究发现饱和脂肪酸具有提高人体内低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的作用,会引起心血管疾病[46]。而SFA含量在KB组中含量较高。此外,两种样品中共检出8种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和15种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。Lü等[47]研究发现脂质氧化降解的主要是不饱和脂肪酸,如油酸,亚油酸及亚麻酸。本研究中,相比于酶解前,油酸降低了22.57%,亚油酸降低了4.36%,亚麻酸降低了36.93%。例如,油酸形成8-、9-、10-和11-氢过氧化物,进一步产生许多挥发性化合物,如戊醛、辛醛、己醛和庚醛等[48]。而亚油酸在氧气存在下产生9-和13-氢过氧化物,及亚麻酸产生9-和10-及16-氢过氧化物,最后产生各种挥发物,包括2,4-癸二烯醛、2-辛烯醛和己醛等[48]。油酸含量在两种样品中是最高的,分别占总脂肪酸含量的37.53%和33.80%,是两种样品的主要脂肪酸。
本研究通过单因素实验结合响应面试验得出了藏羊肉最佳酶解条件为酶配比3:1、料液比1:2、加酶量0.9%、酶解时间3.5 h、pH8.2及酶解温度56 ℃,在该条件下水解度、多肽得率及整体风味分别为28.08%、81.14%及18.00分。通过对酶解前后藏羊肉挥发性物质分析发现,EH组的挥发物质浓度显著高于KB组(P<0.05),尤其是醛类、醇类和酮类物质,使酶解液具有较高的果香味和青草味。同时通过多元统计分析确定了己醛单体、己醛二聚体、1-辛烯-3-醇单体、正戊醛单体及正辛醛二聚体等为两样品的特征风味物质。此外,所制备的酶解产物中鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量占总呈味氨基酸含量的34.99%,5'-UMP、5'-GMP及 5'-IMP 含量显著高于KB组(P<0.05),且EUC含量较高,鲜味突出。同时,KB组的脂肪酸含量显著高于EH组(P<0.05),达到63.74%。这为后期开发调味基料提供了数据支持和理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040309
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810000

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韩丽娟(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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