Article(id=1320886516751126816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120250, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853486478, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853486478, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853486478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853486478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=159, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886518743421217, articleId=1320886516751126816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Ultrasound-assisted Phosphorylation on the Physicochemical Properties of Chickpea Protein Isolates, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the aim was to determine the influence of ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation on the physicochemical properties of chickpea protein isolates (CPI). Three aspects of the effects of combined treatment on the properties of CPI were assessed: Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, and functional characteristics. The results showed that with the increase of ultrasound intensity, the physicochemical properties and structure of CPI changed significantly. Among them, ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation at 300 W led to a maximum phosphate content of 10.63 μg/mL in the proteins, while increasing the solubility to 89.02% and turbidity to 1.98. In addition, both sulfhydryl contents and surface hydrophobicity were decreased to 10.48 μmol/g and 80.5, accompanied by changes in the secondary structure of the proteins. These findings indicated that ultrasound promoted effective phosphorylation. Hydrophobic aggregation caused by protein unfolding was mitigated by electrostatic stabilization, thereby enhancing the emulsification and foaming properties of CPI. Multiscale analyses demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation effectively enhanced the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of CPI molecules. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for advancing food protein modification technologies.

, authors=Xiaoyan ZHANG1, Qixian GUO2, Zhichao ZHAO2, 3, Tiantian LONG2, 3, Shasha DU3, Minqiang GUO3, *, authorsList=Xiaoyan ZHANG, Qixian GUO, Zhichao ZHAO, Tiantian LONG, Shasha DU, Minqiang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Minqiang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886522874810678, articleId=1320886516751126816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助磷酸化对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白理化特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究超声辅助磷酸化处理对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(Chickpea Protein Isolate,CPI)的影响,该研究从蛋白质理化性质、分子结构及功能特性三个方面评估联合处理对CPI加工性质的影响。结果表明,随着超声强度的增加,CPI的理化性质和结构发生显著变化。其中,300 W超声辅助磷酸化处理,蛋白质的磷酸根含量最高达10.63 μg/mL、溶解性显著增加至89.02%,浊度达到1.98,随之巯基含量和表面疏水性降低至10.48 μmol/g和80.5,二级结构发生变化,这表明超声促进了有效磷酸化,静电稳定效应压制了展开导致的疏水聚集趋势,从而使其乳化性和起泡性得到更好的改善。本研究从多尺度研究并发现了超声辅助磷酸化处理是改善CPI分子理化性质和结构的有效手段,为食品蛋白质改性技术的发展提供了一定的理论依据。

, authors=张晓燕1, 郭麒先2, 赵志超2, 3, 龙甜甜2, 3, 杜莎莎3, 郭敏强3, *, authorsList=张晓燕, 郭麒先, 赵志超, 龙甜甜, 杜莎莎, 郭敏强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭敏强, authorNote=

张晓燕(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭敏强(1993−),男,硕士研究生,讲师,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=aTs092zN7drPZ73AlA81Jg==, magXml=UJYoOtMQ5ObSGeo6oRUXmA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=f7p3wvPRI4IkSVRg2Vgf9Q==, pdfFileSize=1385509, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NSHlzMnM9lq4ebgMuKc2Dw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=grBRzVPvXjI1uHd8KN7iUg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886888844612357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886516751126816, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=291697134@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886888957858567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886516751126816, authorId=1320886888844612357, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoyan ZHANG, firstName=Xiaoyan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University of Technology, Aksu 843100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320886889050133256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886516751126816, authorId=1320886888844612357, language=CN, stringName=张晓燕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843100, bio={"content":"

张晓燕(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质工程,E-mail:

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张晓燕(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质工程,E-mail:

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注:不同的小写英文字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图5、图7、图9~图10同。

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超声辅助磷酸化对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白理化特性的影响
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张晓燕 1 , 郭麒先 2 , 赵志超 2, 3 , 龙甜甜 2, 3 , 杜莎莎 3 , 郭敏强 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(10): 159-166
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (10) : 159 -166
超声辅助磷酸化对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白理化特性的影响
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张晓燕(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质工程,E-mail:

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张晓燕1 , 郭麒先2, 赵志超2, 3, 龙甜甜2, 3, 杜莎莎3, 郭敏强3, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843100
  • 2新疆黑木耳工程技术研究中心,新疆阿克苏 843100
  • 3新疆慕萨莱斯品质检测重点实验室,新疆阿克苏 843100
通讯作者:
郭敏强(1993−),男,硕士研究生,讲师,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张晓燕(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:蛋白质工程,E-mail:

Effects of Ultrasound-assisted Phosphorylation on the Physicochemical Properties of Chickpea Protein Isolates
Xiaoyan ZHANG1 , Qixian GUO2, Zhichao ZHAO2, 3, Tiantian LONG2, 3, Shasha DU3, Minqiang GUO3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University of Technology, Aksu 843100, China
  • 2Xinjiang Auricularia Engineering Technology Research Center, Aksu 843100, China
  • 3Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Musalais Quality Inspection, Aksu 843100, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120250
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为探究超声辅助磷酸化处理对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(Chickpea Protein Isolate,CPI)的影响,该研究从蛋白质理化性质、分子结构及功能特性三个方面评估联合处理对CPI加工性质的影响。结果表明,随着超声强度的增加,CPI的理化性质和结构发生显著变化。其中,300 W超声辅助磷酸化处理,蛋白质的磷酸根含量最高达10.63 μg/mL、溶解性显著增加至89.02%,浊度达到1.98,随之巯基含量和表面疏水性降低至10.48 μmol/g和80.5,二级结构发生变化,这表明超声促进了有效磷酸化,静电稳定效应压制了展开导致的疏水聚集趋势,从而使其乳化性和起泡性得到更好的改善。本研究从多尺度研究并发现了超声辅助磷酸化处理是改善CPI分子理化性质和结构的有效手段,为食品蛋白质改性技术的发展提供了一定的理论依据。

鹰嘴豆分离蛋白  /  超声波  /  磷酸化  /  理化特性

In this study, the aim was to determine the influence of ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation on the physicochemical properties of chickpea protein isolates (CPI). Three aspects of the effects of combined treatment on the properties of CPI were assessed: Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, and functional characteristics. The results showed that with the increase of ultrasound intensity, the physicochemical properties and structure of CPI changed significantly. Among them, ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation at 300 W led to a maximum phosphate content of 10.63 μg/mL in the proteins, while increasing the solubility to 89.02% and turbidity to 1.98. In addition, both sulfhydryl contents and surface hydrophobicity were decreased to 10.48 μmol/g and 80.5, accompanied by changes in the secondary structure of the proteins. These findings indicated that ultrasound promoted effective phosphorylation. Hydrophobic aggregation caused by protein unfolding was mitigated by electrostatic stabilization, thereby enhancing the emulsification and foaming properties of CPI. Multiscale analyses demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation effectively enhanced the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of CPI molecules. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for advancing food protein modification technologies.

chickpea protein isolate  /  ultrasound  /  phosphorylation  /  physicochemical properties
张晓燕, 郭麒先, 赵志超, 龙甜甜, 杜莎莎, 郭敏强. 超声辅助磷酸化对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白理化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 159 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120250
Xiaoyan ZHANG, Qixian GUO, Zhichao ZHAO, Tiantian LONG, Shasha DU, Minqiang GUO. Effects of Ultrasound-assisted Phosphorylation on the Physicochemical Properties of Chickpea Protein Isolates[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 159 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120250
近年来,随着全球对可持续性健康食品的需求持续攀升,植物蛋白凭借其突出的营养优势,已成为研究热点。鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(Chickpea Protein Isolate,CPI)作为一种优质植物蛋白,具有高蛋白含量、均衡的氨基酸组成及低致敏性等特点,在食品工业中展现出良好的应用前景[1]。然而,天然CPI在实际应用中的功能特性,如溶解性、乳化能力及体系稳定性等方面仍存在明显不足,这成为其在食品加工中广泛推广的主要技术瓶颈。因此,通过适当的改性技术优化其理化性质,对拓展CPI的应用具有重要意义。
磷酸化作为一种常用的蛋白质改性技术,能够通过引入磷酸基团改变蛋白质的电荷分布和空间结构,进而改善其溶解性及乳化性能。目前,已在大豆、花生、乳清蛋白等多种植物和动物蛋白的修饰研究中得到广泛应用[2]。何洋[3]以大豆分离蛋白为实验原料,确定了大豆分离蛋白浓度7%、三聚磷酸钠添加量为6%、微波时间为4 min时能得到较高的乳化活性;董暄等[4]研究了不同磷酸盐对乳清分离蛋白的改性影响,结果表明,在75 ℃条件下的磷酸化蛋白游离巯基含量增加,溶解度增加,表面疏水性降低,且二级结构均发生了改变;Yan等[5]以核桃分离蛋白为实验原料,对其进行磷酸化改性,发现改性后的蛋白质的其表面疏水性和表面电荷都有所改变,且溶解性得到显著改善,乳化性和乳化稳定性显著提高。超声技术作为一种简单而高效的方法,广泛应用于食品加工过程中,张天宇等[6]以核桃粕为原料,采用超声辅助湿法糖基化对核桃粕蛋白进行改性,结果表明超声后的蛋白其溶解度,持水性和乳化稳定性,均有提高。巩明明等[7]采用超声技术对马铃薯蛋白进行改性,结果表明,超声6 min后的马铃薯蛋白溶解性最高,发泡性提高了1.18倍,乳化性提高了1.54倍,且模拟肠消化特性显著改善。Fu等[8]研究超声辅助糖基化改性卵白蛋白,结果表明,超声处理后的卵白蛋白,其起泡能力和起泡稳定性均有所改善。Xiong等[9]研究超声强度对卵清蛋白功能特性的影响,结果发现高强度超声处理,能显著降低蛋白在两相界面(油-水界面和气-水界面)的界面张力,提高了其乳化活性、起泡能力。
以往的研究多采用单一超声频率或磷酸化处理对蛋白质进行改性,对于不同超声辅助磷酸化修饰蛋白相关研究报道较少。因此,本研究采用超声波辅助磷酸化对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白进行改性,系统研究不同超声强度对蛋白磷酸化程度、溶解性、乳化性、起泡性及结构特性的影响,旨在系统阐明超声波辅助磷酸化修饰对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(CPI)结构与理化性质的调控规律及内在分子机制,为该蛋白在食品工业中的高值化开发、功能化应用及工艺优化提供坚实的理论支撑与可行的技术参考。
鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(纯度>80%) 实验室自制;三聚磷酸钠 分析纯,西亚化学科技有限公司;抗坏血酸 分析纯,西亚化学科技有限公司;钼酸铵 分析纯,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;胰蛋白酶(活力值≥250 u/mg) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
FJ200-SH高速剪切乳化机 常州乐足机械科技有限公司;F97XP荧光分光光度计 深圳三莉科技有限公司;TG16-WS台式高速离心机 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;FD-1A-50冷冻干燥机 江苏天翎仪器有限公司。
参考王欢等[10]的方法,并适当修改,将CPI配制成浓度为20 mg/mL的溶液,调节pH至7.0。使用超声波细胞粉碎仪以不同的强度(0、100、200、300、400、500 W)处理5 min,停顿30 s,连续处理20 min。向上述超声处理后的蛋白溶液中加入三聚磷酸钠使其浓度为0.3%(w/v)。置于40 ℃的恒温水浴中处理4 h后冷却,取出后放于冰水浴中迅速冷却后备用。
根据Koga等[11]的方法并稍作修改,测定样品磷含量并绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=1.2315+0.03279x,R2=0.997。根据标准曲线计算样品的磷酸根含量。以原蛋白作为空白,磷酸化程度以每毫升蛋白质溶液所含磷的微克数(μg/mL)表示。
溶解性测定采用Wang等[12]的方法测定。将样品于4 ℃、5000 r/min条件下离心20 min。移取1 mL离心后的上清液,用超纯水定容至100 mL,采用考马斯亮蓝染色法分别测定上清液中蛋白质的质量浓度及总蛋白样液的质量浓度,样品的蛋白质溶解度依据公式(1)计算得出:
$\rm S(\text{%})=\frac{{\rho}_{\text{1}}}{{\rho}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:S表示蛋白质溶解度,%;ρ1表示上清液浓度,mg/mL;ρ0表示样液总浓度,mg/mL。
浊度测定采用Li等[13]的方法。取适量样品,用50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH7.0)溶解并调节浓度至2 mg/mL,通过紫外分光光度计测定其在600 nm处的吸光度,以此表征样品的浊度。
蛋白质分子柔性采用酶解法测定[14]:精确移取4 mL磷酸化修饰后的蛋白溶液,向其中加入 250 μL胰蛋白酶溶液(浓度1mg/mL,pH8.0),充分涡旋混匀后置于38 ℃恒温水浴中保温反应 5 min。反应终止时,加入4 mL,5%三氯乙酸溶液以淬灭酶促反应。酶解产物于4 ℃条件下,以3000 r/min的转速离心30 min,收集上清液并测定其在280 nm波长下的吸光度值,该数值直接表征蛋白质的分子柔性。
采用Ellman法测定蛋白质巯基含量[15]。取磷酸化后的蛋白溶液,测定其在412 nm处的吸光度后采用公式(2)进行计算:
$\rm S=(A_{412}\times 10^6)/(1.36 \times 10^4 \times C)$
式中:S表示巯基的含量,μmol/g;1.36×104表示摩尔吸光系数,L·mol−1·cm−1;A412表示412 nm处的吸光度;C表示蛋白质浓度,g/L。
参考王亮等[16]的方法测定,取磷酸化后的蛋白样品,将蛋白浓度稀释至0.02 mg/mL,溶于PBS(10 mmol/L,pH7.0)并测定其荧光强度。设置参数:激发波长280 nm,扫描波段300~500 nm,狭缝宽5 nm。以未加样品的PBS为空白。
根据Bhargava等[17]的方法,采用ANS荧光探针法测定蛋白质的表面疏水性。取经磷酸化修饰的蛋白样品,用10 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH7.0)溶解并配制系列梯度浓度的蛋白溶液(0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 mg/mL)。精确移取20.0 μL,1.0 mmol/L ANS溶液,与各梯度蛋白溶液充分混匀,室温反应10 min后立即测定荧光强度。
荧光分光光度计的检测参数设置如下:激发波长280 nm,发射波长340 nm,扫描范围300~500 nm,狭缝宽度5 nm;以不含蛋白样品的PBS缓冲液作为空白对照。以蛋白浓度为横坐标、荧光强度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,所得曲线斜率即为蛋白质表面疏水性指数(Surface Hydrophobicity,H0)。
精确称取冷冻干燥后的改性蛋白样品,加入适量溴化钾(KBr)粉末,经充分研磨混匀后压制成透明薄片。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品进行全波段扫描,扫描范围为3500~500 cm−1,累计扫描3次;扫描前以空白溴化钾薄片进行背景扣除。
参考张晓燕等[18]的方法测定,取磷酸化后的蛋白样品,稀释蛋白溶液浓度至1.0 mg/mL,以3:1(v/v)加入食用油,均质(转速为16000 r/min)1 min后,从底部抽取100 µL加入5.0 mL SDS溶液(0.1%、pH7.0),混合均匀,测定500 nm下吸光度A0,20 min后,重复操作,测定吸光度A20。乳化性指数(Emulsion Activity Index,EAI)、乳化稳定性(Emulsion Stability Index,ESI)分别按式(3)和式(4)进行计算:
$ \rm{\text{EAI}}(\text{m}^{\text{2}}/g)=\frac{\text{2×2.303×}\text{A}_{\text{0}}\text{×N}}{C\times(1-\varphi)\times\text{10}^{\text{4}}}\times100 $
$ \rm{E}SI(min)=\frac{\text{A}_{\text{20}}}{\text{A}_{\text{0}}}\text{×20} $
式中:φ表示油相体积分数(油的体积/乳化体系的体积,1/3);C表示蛋白质浓度,g/L;A0表示乳化体系在0 min时的吸光度;A20表示乳化体系在20 min时的吸光度;N表示为稀释倍数,此处的稀释倍数为50。
参考望运滔等[19]的方法,取磷酸化后的蛋白溶液,稀释至浓度为3.0 mg/mL,记录起始蛋白溶液体积V0,在10000 r/min均质处理2 min,测量蛋白溶液与泡沫的总体积,称为V1,0.5 h后,再一次测量二者总体积,称为V2。起泡性(Foaming Activity,FA)、泡沫稳定性(Foaming Stability,FS)分别使用式(5)和式(6)进行计算:
$\rm FA(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
$\rm FS(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:V0表示初始时的液面高度,cm;V1表示均质后的液面高度,cm;V2表示静置30 min后的液面高度,cm。
实验数据为3次测定的平均值。由SPSS 27软件进行方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著;采用Origin 2024软件进行绘图。
三聚磷酸钠在水溶液中易发生水解反应,生成羟基和磷酸根基团,CPI与三聚磷酸钠的共价结合强度受蛋白质分子带电荷类型、带负电性的羟基和带正电的氨基等多种因素的协同影响。由图1可知,超声强度对蛋白磷酸化程度有显著影响(P<0.05),随着超声强度增加,蛋白的磷酸化程度呈现上升趋势,在超声强度为300 W时,蛋白的磷酸化程度达到最高水平至10.63 μg/mL。这可能是因为超声的机械效应与空化效应协同作用,显著增强了蛋白质分子的热运动,从而提升磷酸基团与蛋白质分子的有效碰撞概率,进而提高磷酸化效率,这与Ying等[20]的研究结论一致。当超声强度为500 W时,磷酸化程度降低至9.58 μg/mL。这可能是因为蛋白侧链与游离三聚磷酸钠基团发生碰撞,三聚磷酸钠产生的羟基和磷酸根与CPI的侧链基团反应,降低了其磷酸化程度,这与Li等[21]研究结果类似。
溶解度是CPI的重要功能特性,超声磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的溶解度受磷酸化程度,超声强度等多种因素的影响。如图2所示,超声波辅助磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的溶解度呈现先升高后降低的趋势。经过超声辅助后的磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶解度最高可达89.02%,这可能是因为随着超声强度的增加,磷酸化处理的蛋白质侧链基团选择性地引入大量磷酸基团,这些磷酸基团与水分子之间形成大量的氢键,提高了蛋白质分子之间的电排斥力,从而增强了蛋白质的水合作用[22],这与上述磷酸根含量分析相符。当超声强度达到500 W时,磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的溶解度反而降低至83.21%,这可能是因为高强度的超声导致蛋白质过度展开,疏水性基团暴露增加,分子间疏水相互作用占据主导,削弱了蛋白质与水分子的结合能力,最终致使溶解度下降[23]。
如图3所示,超声辅助处理显著提高了磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶液的浊度。并在300 W时达到最大值,这是因为三聚磷酸水解产生的羟基导致CPI表面负电荷增加,使其原有的相互作用的状态被打破,为超声处理产生空化效应和热效应提供了有利条件[24]。在上述两种作用的共同影响下,使得磷酸化处理后的CPI重新聚集,导致溶液对特定波长光的吸收能力增强,进而引发浊度升高。而在高强度超声处理时,浊度又发生明显降低,这可能是因为高功率超声带来的外部能量“突破”了蛋白质聚集体解离所需的临界能量阈值,使得蛋白质聚集体在高强度超声下再次发生适度解离并分散在水相中[25]。上述现象表明,在超声过程中磷酸化CPI的分子聚集状态会发生显著转变,这一变化也暗示其结构特性和理化性质会随之发生变化。
蛋白质的分子柔性是指分子结构的柔韧性,一般与某种状态下蛋白质结构中的柔性区间和刚性区间的比例有关[14],如图4所示,在超声强度在0~300 W时,磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白结构中的刚性区间比例随超声强度的增加不断减少,促使蛋白质分子构象向更加松散无序的状态转变,分子柔性增加。然而,当超声强度达到400 W及以上时,分子柔性又发生下降,这可能是因为超声强度过高导致蛋白质分子发生不可逆的构象重排,使得分子内的疏水相互作用增强与交联,大量疏水基团暴露,促使刚性结构域比例增加,而柔性区间占比随之下降。因此,适度的超声处理能够优化蛋白质分子构象,增强其柔性特性,而过高的超声强度则会破坏蛋白质原有结构,导致分子刚性增强、柔性降低。
如图5所示,不同强度的超声辅助处理使磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白中巯基的含量出现“先降低后增加”的现象。这意味着超声辅助可加剧蛋白质分子间的碰撞和交联,促使游离巯基向二硫键的转化[26]。当超声强度小于300 W时,超声使蛋白质结构展开,埋藏的巯基暴露,而后被氧化形成二硫键。而当超声强度继续增强时,超声空化产生的剧烈剪切力、局部高温等破坏蛋白质已存在的天然或新形成的二硫键,使其断裂进而重新形成巯基,增加可检测的巯基含量[27]。
如图6所示,随着超声强度的增加,荧光强度增强,直至超声强度达到300 W时,达到峰值,随之减弱。这可能是因为超声辅助处理破坏了蛋白质分子内部的氢键、范德华力等次级键,促使蛋白分子从紧凑的天然构象逐渐舒展,使得原本包裹在分子内部的色氨酸(Trp)、酪氨酸(Tyr)等荧光基团逐渐暴露于极性溶剂中,导致荧光强度增强。除此之外,磷酸化修饰所引入的负电荷基团会通过静电排斥进一步促进蛋白分子展开,协同超声作用增加荧光基团的可及性[28]。而高强度的超声处理会导致蛋白质疏水基团过度暴露,分子间通过疏水相互作用形成聚集体,使荧光基团被包裹或发生荧光淬灭,从而导致荧光强度随之减弱[29]。庄虎等[30]研究超声处理对卵转铁蛋白理化及乳化特性的影响,结果证实超声辅助磷酸化修饰蛋白的粒径减小,电位绝对值增大,这一结论与蛋白的静电斥力增加直接相关。
表面疏水性(H0)用来表征蛋白质在极性环境中表面疏水性残基的数量,反映蛋白质的构象变化。如图7所示,当超声强度为300 W时,磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的表面疏水性明显减弱,这是因为磷酸基团的引入大大增强了蛋白质分子的亲水性和静电斥力[31];同时,适度的超声处理促进疏水基团暴露,增强磷酸化修饰位点的可及性,又通过氢键重排优化蛋白质构象,最终表现为疏水性与亲水性平衡的显著偏移,这与韩格等[32]的研究结果一致。而随着超声强度的增加,表面疏水性上升,这是因为超声强度的增加破坏了CPI的紧密三级结构,使其充分展开,导致原本包裹在分子内部的疏水性氨基酸残基(如色氨酸、苯丙氨酸等)大量暴露,这与上述荧光强度的分析相对应。此时,新暴露的疏水基团数量远超过磷酸化带来的亲水掩蔽作用,净效应表现为表面疏水性急剧上升[33]。
如图8所示,超声辅助磷酸化修饰的CPI出现了1个新特征峰,在900 cm–1处,此吸收峰为磷酸根的特征吸收峰,这与Tang等[34]研究结果相似,表明鹰嘴豆分离蛋白侧链成功地引入了磷酸盐基团。在1199 cm–1波长处的吸收峰是由P=O的伸缩振动引起的,而1045 cm–1处出现的吸收峰则是C-O的特征峰,和未超声处理的CPI相比,超声处理后的蛋白二级结构相关的酰胺带(酰胺I带1600~1700 cm−1、酰胺II带1500~1600 cm−1、酰胺III带1200~1300 cm−1)峰形、强度和峰位发生改变,这表明超声辅助磷酸化修饰对CPI的二级结构具有明显调控作用。综合以上分析可知,在超声辅助作用下,三聚磷酸钠与CPI成功发生磷酸化反应,且该蛋白肽链中已形成新的P=O键与P-O键。
蛋白质的乳化性反映了乳液形成期间蛋白质分子在油-水界面的吸附特性。图9显示了未经超声处理和超声辅助处理后的磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的乳化性与乳化稳定性。随着超声强度的增加,超声辅助磷酸化显著(P<0.05)改善了CPI的乳化性与乳化稳定性,且在超声300 W的条件下磷酸化的CPI表现出更高的乳化性和乳化稳定性。主要是由于超声辅助磷酸化的CPI分子中引入了带负电荷的磷酸基团,增加了液滴之间的静电排斥力;与此同时,超声使紧密的蛋白聚集体解聚、粒径减小,使分子结构适度展开,暴露出内部的疏水区域和活性基团,因此产生较高的乳化性和乳化稳定性[35]。然而,高强度的超声会导致蛋白过度展开,暴露出过多的疏水基团,或引发分子间产生异常交联,造成蛋白质形成大的、不溶性聚集体,难以有效吸附到界面上,反而可能加速乳液分层[12]。与上述结果分析中分子柔性的下降,蛋白质刚性区域结构增强,乳化性与乳化稳定性下降的分析相符。
蛋白质起泡性为加工过程中的体积增加能力,核心是泡沫的形成效率;泡沫稳定性则反映泡沫产生后保持结构稳定的持久性能。图10结果显示,当超声强度小于300 W时,起泡性随超声轻度增加显著(P<0.05)提高,而泡沫稳定性则呈显著下降趋势;当超声强度超过300W时,起泡性逐渐降低,泡沫稳定性则有所回升。这可能是因为磷酸化引入的电荷增强了蛋白亲水性及分子间静电斥力,而低-中强度的超声处理使蛋白质聚集体解聚[36],粒径减小,溶解度提升,同时蛋白质适度展开,暴露内部疏水基团与活性巯基,促进了蛋白在界面的快速吸附与铺展,从而显著提升其起泡性。然而,此时增强的静电斥力削弱了界面膜的网络交联强度,降低了界面膜的机械稳定性,导致泡沫稳定性随超声强度增加持续降低。而当超声强度过高时,导致蛋白过度展开、疏水作用增强及发生异常交联,形成不溶性聚集体,这致使有效蛋白浓度和溶解度下降,蛋白扩散至界面的能力减弱,最终导致起泡性显著降低。而高强度下形成的部分交联聚集体及过度磷酸化产生的空间位阻效应,反而在一定程度上减缓了泡沫的聚并,使泡沫稳定性得以回升[33]。
本实验采用超声辅助磷酸化的方法改性CPI,综合评价不同强度超声条件制备得到的磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白理化性质和结构等,并与未超声处理的磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白进行比较。结果显示,经过不同强度的超声辅助磷酸化改性,CPI的理化性质和结构发生不同程度的改变,在300 W的超声条件下,磷酸化鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的溶解度、浊度和分子柔性显著增强后减弱,可能造成这种变化趋势的原因是超声处理使蛋白质结构发生适度展开,分子链柔性暂时增加,暴露出更多的磷酸化修饰位点,随磷酸基团的引入,增强蛋白表面负电荷,提升静电斥力与水化能力,亲水性增加,从而提高溶解度、乳化性等理化性质,而其表面疏水性显著下降。当超声强度过高时,易导致蛋白质过度变性,聚集,甚至发生共价交联或磷酸基团脱落,分子柔性与乳化性等随之下降。与未超声处理的CPI相比,超声处理后的蛋白二级结构相关的酰胺带峰形、强度和峰位发生偏移。本实验从理化性质和结构变化两个方面揭示了超声辅助磷酸化在改善鹰嘴豆分离蛋白加工特性方面的巨大潜力,为食品蛋白质改性研究提供了一定的理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120250
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
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    1新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843100
    2新疆黑木耳工程技术研究中心,新疆阿克苏 843100
    3新疆慕萨莱斯品质检测重点实验室,新疆阿克苏 843100

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郭敏强(1993−),男,硕士研究生,讲师,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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