Article(id=1320886515664797976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853486218, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853486218, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853486218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853486218, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=218, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886516553990425, articleId=1320886515664797976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction, Characterization and Lipid-lowering Effect of Polysaccharide from Sibiraea angustata, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To promote the development and application of Sibiraea angustata polysaccharides (SAPs), this study optimized the cellulase-ultrasonic synergistic extraction process of SAPs using response surface methodology (RSM), and further analyzed their structural characteristics and lipid-lowering activity. The results of process optimization indicated that the order of factors influencing the yield of SAPs was: solid-to-liquid ratio>enzyme addition amount >ultrasonic time. The optimal parameters for SAPs extraction were determined as follows: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL/g, enzyme addition of 3.5%, and ultrasonic time of 70 min, achieving a yield of 6.98% with extract rate of 65.23%. SAPs was an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of 9 monosaccharide residues (Mw = 87.72 kDa), with highest galactose (32.9%), followed by rhamnose (25.7%), glucose (15%), and arabinose (12.6%). In addition, the IC50 values of SAPs for scavenging ability DPPH and ABTS+ radicals were 99.53 mg/L and 94.75 mg/L respectively, indicating their potential antioxidant activity. In terms of the lipid-lowering mechanism, SAPs exhibit a positive linear dependence on bile salt binding capacity. The binding rate of bile salt exceeds 60% at 5.0 mg/mL SAPs, with the strongest binding ability observed with taurocholate. With increasing concentrations of SAPs, the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in zebrafish exhibited a dose-dependent decrease. Oil Red O staining further confirmed that SAPs significantly reduced lipid droplet deposition in the zebrafish tail, with the effect demonstrating a concentration-dependent manner. The lipid-lowering effect of SAPs was significantly concentration-dependent (P<0.05). The lipid-lowering rate reached 9.85% at 5.0 mg/mL SAPs, demonstrating that SAPs could effectively ameliorate hyperlipidemia through dose regulation. These results will lay a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of functional lipid-lowering products using SAPs.

, authors=Bin LI1, Fengman ZHENG1, Yajie XIAO1, Yue ZHOU2, Yimeng WANG1, Lingxia XU1, Leipeng CAO1, 2, *, authorsList=Bin LI, Fengman ZHENG, Yajie XIAO, Yue ZHOU, Yimeng WANG, Lingxia XU, Leipeng CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Leipeng CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886520697962792, articleId=1320886515664797976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=窄叶鲜卑花多糖的提取、表征及降血脂作用, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进窄叶鲜卑花多糖的开发与应用,本论文通过响应面法优化了纤维素酶-超声协同提取窄叶鲜卑花多糖(Sibiraea angustata polysaccharide,SAPs)的工艺,并解析其结构特征及降血脂活性。工艺优化结果显示,各因素对SAPs得率的影响顺序为液料比>酶添加量>超声时间,且提取SAPs的最佳参数为:液料比20 mL/g、酶添加量3.5%及超声时间70 min,其得率达6.98%,提取率达到65.23%。SAPs是由9种单糖残基组成的酸性杂多糖(Mw=87.72 kDa),其中半乳糖含量最高(32.9%),其次是鼠李糖(25.7%)、葡萄糖(15%)、阿拉伯糖(12.6%)。此外,SAPs对DPPH 和ABTS+自由基的清除能力IC50分别为99.53 mg/L和94.75 mg/L,显示其潜在抗氧化活性。在降血脂机制方面,SAPs与胆酸盐的结合能力呈正向线性依赖关系,当SAPs浓度达到5.0 mg/mL时,其胆酸盐结合率超过60%,其中与牛黄胆酸盐的结合能力最强。随着SAPs浓度升高,斑马鱼体内甘油三酯( triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)及低密度脂蛋白( low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平呈现剂量依赖性降低。油红O染色进一步证实SAPs可显著减少斑马鱼尾部脂滴沉积,且作用效果与浓度呈正相关。SAPs降脂效果呈现浓度依赖性显著增加(P<0.05),当浓度达5.0 mg/mL时降脂率为9.85%,表明SAPs可通过剂量调控有效改善高血脂症。该研究结果为利用SAPs开发功能性降血脂产品奠定理论基础与技术依据。

, authors=李斌1, 郑逢曼1, 肖雅洁1, 周悦2, 王依梦1, 徐玲霞1, 曹雷鹏1, 2, *, authorsList=李斌, 郑逢曼, 肖雅洁, 周悦, 王依梦, 徐玲霞, 曹雷鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹雷鹏, authorNote=

李斌(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹雷鹏(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:药食同源产品开发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=W0UXSVYP3TYjJAivBESwTw==, magXml=n7OsTNPxYvbmN/LTHRShvA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=neFtI5Ly9kFBoafU+EWhpQ==, pdfFileSize=2685152, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cBAIQ7LNTRINwSNW2vtpmg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+7/2EO9pOtIxqkju+16h2w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886913377096593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=20010260@jxutcm.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886913460982675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, authorId=1320886913377096593, language=EN, stringName=Bin LI, firstName=Bin, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320886913536480148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, authorId=1320886913377096593, language=CN, stringName=李斌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1江西中医药大学院士工作站,江西南昌 330004, bio={"content":"

李斌(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药化学,E-mail:

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李斌(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药化学,E-mail:

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注:图中不同字母代表显著性差异,P<0.05;图5同。

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注:与正常对照组比较,###P<0.001;与模型组比较,*P<0.05, **P<0.01,***P<0.001。

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注:与对照组比较,###P<0.001;与模型组比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。

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Factors and levels of response surface experimental

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水平因素
A酶添加量(%)B时间(min)C液料比
−136010
059020
1712030
), ArticleFig(id=1320886921518240717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面分析因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A酶添加量(%)B时间(min)C液料比
−136010
059020
1712030
), ArticleFig(id=1320886921606321102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gradient elution procedure for high performance anion exchange chromatography

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)0264242.15252.160
A(%)95858560609595
B(%)55504055
C(%)0101040000
), ArticleFig(id=1320886921698595791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

离子交换色谱梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)0264242.15252.160
A(%)95858560609595
B(%)55504055
C(%)0101040000
), ArticleFig(id=1320886921828619216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and corresponding results of SAPs extraction by response surface experimental

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实验号A(酶添加量)B(超声时间)C(液料比)SAPs得率(%)
11106.94
20007.06
3−1−106.60
40116.99
50006.89
60−116.82
71−106.93
80007.10
9−1106.58
1001−16.12
110007.06
121017.01
130007.06
14−10−15.97
1510−16.27
16−1016.96
170−1−16.06
), ArticleFig(id=1320886921958642641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SAPs提取的响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(酶添加量)B(超声时间)C(液料比)SAPs得率(%)
11106.94
20007.06
3−1−106.60
40116.99
50006.89
60−116.82
71−106.93
80007.10
9−1106.58
1001−16.12
110007.06
121017.01
130007.06
14−10−15.97
1510−16.27
16−1016.96
170−1−16.06
), ArticleFig(id=1320886922050917330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance regression model

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型2.3790.263737.20<0.0001**
A酶添加量0.136910.136919.320.0032**
B超声时间0.005210.00520.72960.4214
C液料比1.4111.41199.45<0.0001**
AB0.000210.00020.03170.8637
AC0.014810.01482.090.1917
BC0.003210.00320.45290.5225
A20.047810.04786.740.0357*
B20.108710.108715.330.0058**
C20.583710.583782.34<0.0001**
残差0.049670.0071
失拟项0.022130.00741.070.4567
纯误差0.027640.0069
), ArticleFig(id=1320886922164163539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886515664797976, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

二次多项式模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型2.3790.263737.20<0.0001**
A酶添加量0.136910.136919.320.0032**
B超声时间0.005210.00520.72960.4214
C液料比1.4111.41199.45<0.0001**
AB0.000210.00020.03170.8637
AC0.014810.01482.090.1917
BC0.003210.00320.45290.5225
A20.047810.04786.740.0357*
B20.108710.108715.330.0058**
C20.583710.583782.34<0.0001**
残差0.049670.0071
失拟项0.022130.00741.070.4567
纯误差0.027640.0069
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窄叶鲜卑花多糖的提取、表征及降血脂作用
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李斌 1 , 郑逢曼 1 , 肖雅洁 1 , 周悦 2 , 王依梦 1 , 徐玲霞 1 , 曹雷鹏 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 218-226
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 218 -226
窄叶鲜卑花多糖的提取、表征及降血脂作用
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李斌1 , 郑逢曼1, 肖雅洁1, 周悦2, 王依梦1, 徐玲霞1, 曹雷鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学院士工作站,江西南昌 330004
  • 2南昌大学生物质转化教育部工程研究中心,江西南昌 330047
通讯作者:
曹雷鹏(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:药食同源产品开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李斌(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药化学,E-mail:

Extraction, Characterization and Lipid-lowering Effect of Polysaccharide from Sibiraea angustata
Bin LI1 , Fengman ZHENG1, Yajie XIAO1, Yue ZHOU2, Yimeng WANG1, Lingxia XU1, Leipeng CAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040151
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为促进窄叶鲜卑花多糖的开发与应用,本论文通过响应面法优化了纤维素酶-超声协同提取窄叶鲜卑花多糖(Sibiraea angustata polysaccharide,SAPs)的工艺,并解析其结构特征及降血脂活性。工艺优化结果显示,各因素对SAPs得率的影响顺序为液料比>酶添加量>超声时间,且提取SAPs的最佳参数为:液料比20 mL/g、酶添加量3.5%及超声时间70 min,其得率达6.98%,提取率达到65.23%。SAPs是由9种单糖残基组成的酸性杂多糖(Mw=87.72 kDa),其中半乳糖含量最高(32.9%),其次是鼠李糖(25.7%)、葡萄糖(15%)、阿拉伯糖(12.6%)。此外,SAPs对DPPH 和ABTS+自由基的清除能力IC50分别为99.53 mg/L和94.75 mg/L,显示其潜在抗氧化活性。在降血脂机制方面,SAPs与胆酸盐的结合能力呈正向线性依赖关系,当SAPs浓度达到5.0 mg/mL时,其胆酸盐结合率超过60%,其中与牛黄胆酸盐的结合能力最强。随着SAPs浓度升高,斑马鱼体内甘油三酯( triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)及低密度脂蛋白( low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平呈现剂量依赖性降低。油红O染色进一步证实SAPs可显著减少斑马鱼尾部脂滴沉积,且作用效果与浓度呈正相关。SAPs降脂效果呈现浓度依赖性显著增加(P<0.05),当浓度达5.0 mg/mL时降脂率为9.85%,表明SAPs可通过剂量调控有效改善高血脂症。该研究结果为利用SAPs开发功能性降血脂产品奠定理论基础与技术依据。

窄叶鲜卑花  /  多糖  /  提取  /  降血脂  /  斑马鱼

To promote the development and application of Sibiraea angustata polysaccharides (SAPs), this study optimized the cellulase-ultrasonic synergistic extraction process of SAPs using response surface methodology (RSM), and further analyzed their structural characteristics and lipid-lowering activity. The results of process optimization indicated that the order of factors influencing the yield of SAPs was: solid-to-liquid ratio>enzyme addition amount >ultrasonic time. The optimal parameters for SAPs extraction were determined as follows: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL/g, enzyme addition of 3.5%, and ultrasonic time of 70 min, achieving a yield of 6.98% with extract rate of 65.23%. SAPs was an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of 9 monosaccharide residues (Mw = 87.72 kDa), with highest galactose (32.9%), followed by rhamnose (25.7%), glucose (15%), and arabinose (12.6%). In addition, the IC50 values of SAPs for scavenging ability DPPH and ABTS+ radicals were 99.53 mg/L and 94.75 mg/L respectively, indicating their potential antioxidant activity. In terms of the lipid-lowering mechanism, SAPs exhibit a positive linear dependence on bile salt binding capacity. The binding rate of bile salt exceeds 60% at 5.0 mg/mL SAPs, with the strongest binding ability observed with taurocholate. With increasing concentrations of SAPs, the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in zebrafish exhibited a dose-dependent decrease. Oil Red O staining further confirmed that SAPs significantly reduced lipid droplet deposition in the zebrafish tail, with the effect demonstrating a concentration-dependent manner. The lipid-lowering effect of SAPs was significantly concentration-dependent (P<0.05). The lipid-lowering rate reached 9.85% at 5.0 mg/mL SAPs, demonstrating that SAPs could effectively ameliorate hyperlipidemia through dose regulation. These results will lay a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of functional lipid-lowering products using SAPs.

Sibiraea angustata  /  polysaccharide  /  extraction  /  lipid-lowering  /  zebrafish
李斌, 郑逢曼, 肖雅洁, 周悦, 王依梦, 徐玲霞, 曹雷鹏. 窄叶鲜卑花多糖的提取、表征及降血脂作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 218 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040151
Bin LI, Fengman ZHENG, Yajie XIAO, Yue ZHOU, Yimeng WANG, Lingxia XU, Leipeng CAO. Extraction, Characterization and Lipid-lowering Effect of Polysaccharide from Sibiraea angustata[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 218 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040151
窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)广泛分布于中国四川、甘肃、西藏等中西部高海拔区域[1−2],是一种兼具食用与药用价值的珍贵植物资源。因其嫩叶与嫩枝常被制成茶饮,故俗称“柳茶”,该植物富含多糖、单萜类、黄酮类等多种活性成分,在食药领域具有重要研究价值。窄叶鲜卑花多糖(Sibiraea angustata polysaccharides,SAPs)作为窄叶鲜卑花中含量最高的主要天然绿色生物活性成分,其含量高达10%左右。该成分由多种相同或不同的单糖残基通过α-或β-糖苷键连接而成,具有清热助消化、调节血脂、抗炎及增强机体免疫活性等显著药用价值,是窄叶鲜卑花发挥药理作用的核心物质基础[3−4]。据报道SAPs对预防和治疗高脂血症具有积极作用,动物食之会呈现“掉膘”的现象[5−6],因其特有的生理活性及天然绿色安全性使其在功能性食品开发中具有强大的应用潜力。
目前,植物多糖的提取方法主要有热水提取法[7]、酶解法[8]、超声法[9]、微波法[10]及有机溶剂萃取法[11]等,其中水热提取法具有操作简单、安全、低成本特点,但其耗时长、得率低限制了其广泛应用。李思涵等[7]研究报道采用水提醇沉法4 h制备沙子(黄芪)多糖,其含量达到5.96%。酶解法具有选择性和专一性,不会随机破坏多糖的主链结构,保留了其整体构象,且该方法安全便捷,可有效减少提取时间[12−13]。纤维素酶只水解纤维素中的β-1,4-糖苷键,对大多数其他多糖(如果胶的α-1,4-糖苷键)无显著影响[14]。Wei等[8]研究对比了木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶对黑豆多糖得率的影响,其中纤维素酶的得率最高。目前,关于窄叶鲜卑花的研究报道较多,但关于SAPs的制备及相关结构特性缺乏报道。
高血脂症(Hyperlipemia,HLP)是一种由脂肪组织过度堆积和脂质代谢失调而引起的血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇高于正常参考范围的营养障碍性代谢疾病,可以引发脂肪肝、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病等心脑血管疾病等,严重危害人类身体健康[15−17]。临床常用降脂药物(如他汀类、贝特类、烟酸类)虽短期疗效显著,但无法实现根本性治疗,且存在头痛、恶心及脱发等明显不良反应[15,18]。目前,大多数研究集中于治疗高脂血症药物开发,而对高脂血症的预防缺乏研究报道,其相关产品更加短缺。
因此,本研究以窄叶鲜卑花为原料,利用纤维素酶结合响应面方法优化提取鲜卑花多糖条件,表征窄叶鲜卑花多糖结构功能特性,并探究其降血脂效果,为鲜卑花多糖的高效提取及研发鲜卑花多糖降血脂类的功能性食品提供理论技术依据。
窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)叶片 采于西藏藏族自治区海拔3000 m以上的山林中,于60 ℃下干燥至恒重后粉碎,80目过筛后用于实验;斑马鱼(野生型AB品系)鱼卵及成鱼 购于杭州环特生物科技有限公司(SYXK(浙)2022-0004),于28 ℃海水(水质:200 mg/L 海盐;电导率450~550 μS/cm;pH5.0~8.5)中饲养;斑马鱼成鱼普通饲料(丰年虫虾卵)、成鱼高脂饲料(蛋黄粉) 无棣爱家宠物水族用品有限公司;透析袋(8~14 kDa)、甘氨胆酸钠盐、牛黄胆酸盐、纤维素酶(8000 U/g) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;单糖标品(葡萄糖(Glc)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、鼠李糖( Rha)、半乳糖(Gal)、岩藻糖(Fuc)、葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、木糖(Xyl)、甘露糖(Man)) 美国Sigma公司;油红O染色试剂盒、DPPH试剂盒、ABTS试剂盒、斑马鱼血脂ELISA测定试剂盒 江西科瑞斯生物科技有限公司;乙醇、正丁醇、三氟乙酸等其他试剂 均为分析级,西陇化工股份有限公司;实验所用水均为超纯水。
DHG-9076A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精其仪器有限公司;WK-400A高速细胞粉碎仪 潍坊市北方制药设备制备有限公司;FTIR-850傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 天津港东科技股份有限公司;SpectraMax iD3酶标仪 中国美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;3110全自动生化分析仪 日立仪器(苏州)有限公司;1260 infinityII高效液相色谱仪及1290-6545超高压液相色谱-四级杆质谱仪  美国安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司。
分别准确称取5.0 g脱脂的窄叶鲜卑花粉末(W0),在50 ℃、pH6.5、酶解60 min和300 W超声功率条件下,按超声60 min、液料比20(v/m),探究酶添加量(0%、1%、3%、5%、7%)对SAPs得率的影响;按5%纤维素酶、液料比20 mL/g,探究超声提取时间(30、60、90、120、150 min)对SAPs得率的影响;按5%纤维素酶、超声120 min,探究液料比(10、20、30、40、50)对SAPs得率的影响。采用纤维素酶协同超声技术提取后于90 ℃灭酶10 min,重复3次合并滤液,减压浓缩至20 mL,按1:4体积比缓慢加入80 mL无水乙醇,于4 ℃下静置12 h后,4000 r/min 离心15 min收集沉淀,将沉淀复溶于100 mL水后于4000 r/min 离心15 min,上清液采用Sevag法脱除蛋白4~6次后,置于透析袋(8000 Da)中,超纯水透析2 d,冷冻干燥获得SAPs(W),并按式(1)和式(2)计算SAPs得率及提取率。SAPs含量测定参考苯酚-硫酸法测定。
$ \mathrm{SAPs得率(\text{%})=W\times 100/W}_{ \mathrm{0}} $
$ \mathrm{SAPs提取率(\text{%})=W\times 100/原料中多糖含量} $
以Box-Behnken试验设计原理和方法,根据SAPs得率的单因素实验结果,选取酶添加量(A)、超声时间(B)、液料比(C)为自变量,以SAPs得率(Y)为响应值,设计三因素三水平的响应面试验,在50 ℃、pH6.5、酶解60 min和300 W超声功率条件下,对SAPs提取工艺进行进一步优化。响应面分析因素与水平见表1。
样品水解:准确称取样品于具塞管中,加入0.5 mL、12 mg/L H2SO4溶液,水浴加热30 min,再加入2.5 mL超纯水,继续水浴加热1.5 h后,待水解结束后稀释至5倍,0.24 μm滤膜过滤后分析。以岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸及葡萄糖醛酸为标准品,配制成0.2 mg/mL的混合标准溶液。
色谱条件参考Zhu等[19]的方法:Thermo ICS 5000+离子色谱系统(ICS 5000+,Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA);电化学检测器;Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20(150×3.0 mm,10 μm)液相色谱柱;进样量为5 μL。流动相A(H2O),流动相B(0.1 mol/L NaOH),流动相C(0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.2 mol/L NaAc),流速0.5 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃,洗脱梯度如表2。
分子量的测定参考Zheng等[20]的方法,并稍加修改。采用凝胶排阻色谱柱Ohpak SB-805 HQ(300×8 mm)和 Ohpak SB-803 HQ(300×8 mm)串联。SAPs前处理:将样品溶解在0.1 mol/L NaNO3水溶液(含0.02% NaN3, w/w)中,终浓度为1.0 mg/mL,经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后上机检测。
色谱条件:柱温45 ℃,进样量100 μL,流动相A(0.02% NaN3,0.1 mol/L NaNO3),流速0.6 mL/min,等度洗脱时间:75 min。
标准曲线制备:分别配制 2 mg/mL分子量为10、50、100、500 和1000 kDa 的不同葡聚糖标准溶液,过0.45 μm水相滤膜,进行色谱分析。
取1.0 mL不同浓度的SAPs溶液(20、50、70、100、200 mg/L)于试管,加入1.0 mL 0.2 mmol/L DPPH乙醇溶液混合均匀后,常温下避光反应20 min,517 nm处测吸光度值(A1)。以1.0 mL样品和1.0 mL乙醇的混合溶液作为对照A2,以1.0 mL DPPH和1.0 mL乙醇的混合溶液作为空白A0,VC作阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率按公式(3)计算。
$ \rm{D}PPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}_1-\mathrm{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\right)\times100 $
ABTS工作液的制备:取5 mL 7.0 mmol/L ABTS+·溶液和5 mL 2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8溶液混合,于黑暗常温条件中反应12 h后,超纯水稀释至734 nm处的吸光度为0.7±0.03。
取0.2 mL SAPs溶液(50、100、200、300、400 mg/L)与0.8 mL ABTS稀释后的工作液振荡混合均匀后静置6 min,于734 nm下测定OD值(A1)。用超纯水作为对照,记录OD值(A0),以0.2 mL SAPs溶液和0.8 mL超纯水测定值OD值(A2)。ABTS+·清除率按公式(4)计算。
$\rm ABTS^{+}\cdot 清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}} \right)\times 100 $
取1.5 mL不同浓度的SAPs(0.625、1.25、2.5、5.0 mg/mL)溶液,加入1.5 mL 10 mg/mL人工胃液,加入0.5 mL 0. 01 mol/L的HCl溶液,37 ℃水浴消化1 h,并用0.01 mol/L NaoH溶液调节pH至6.8,再加入 2.0 mL 10 mg/mL人工肠液,37 ℃ 水浴消化1 h,再分别加入牛黄胆酸盐和甘氨胆酸钠,37 ℃水浴反应1 h 后,4000 r/min离心10 min后,取1.0 mL上清液,加入3.0 mL 60 %硫酸溶液,70 ℃水浴加热 20 min,取出冷却至室温,于387 nm波长处测吸光度,以PBS代替牛黄胆酸盐和甘氨胆酸钠溶液作为空白,按公式(5)计算牛黄胆酸盐、甘氨胆酸钠结合率。
$ \begin{split} &胆酸盐结合率(\text{%})= \\&\frac{\mathrm{空白溶液中胆酸盐浓度}-\text{样品溶液中胆酸盐浓度}}{\text{空白溶液中胆酸盐浓度}}\times 100 \end{split}$
实验参考郭子斌等[21]的方法,180尾斑马鱼幼鱼系由受精5 d后的鱼卵发育而来,其中30尾作为正常对照组,而150尾饲喂0.1%的蛋黄粉溶液喂饲幼鱼2 d,每12 h换液一次,建立高血脂模型。将高血脂斑马鱼幼鱼随机分为高血脂模型组、辛伐他汀组(0.5 μg/mL)、SAPs处理组(高、中、低)等5组,每组30条,体系总体积为30 mL。对照组正常饲喂虫虾卵,而其余5个处理组在饲喂虫虾卵的基础上均添加0.1%蛋黄粉,25 ℃恒温饲喂2 d后。将斑马鱼用4%多聚甲醛固定12 h,用PBS缓冲液(pH7.4)清洗3次,用60%异丙醇浸洗20~30 s后,转移至油红O染色液中,避光染色3 h,在经60%异丙醇、PBS溶液浸洗多余的染料和杂质,封片后于显微镜下观察斑马鱼尾部血管油红O染色后观察幼鱼体内脂质积累情况。利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0高级图像处理软件计算血脂光密度总和(Integrated optical density,IOD)作为染色的相对定量指标。通过比较模型组和SAPs处理组的IOD值,SAPs降脂率按公式(6)计算。
$\rm 降脂率(\text{%})= \frac{\text{模型组IOD}-\text{处理组IOD}}{\text{模型组IOD}}\times 100 $
斑马鱼鱼卵受精后发育至5 d的幼鱼,经持续饲喂2 d后,每组随机选取20条幼鱼,加入150 mL乙醇溶液并充分混匀,采用高速低温组织研磨仪进行匀浆处理后,于10000 r/min离心15 min收集上清液;随后采用甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)检测试剂盒,依次测定上清液中TG、TC和LDL-C的含量。
以上所有实验均重复3次,数据结果以mean±SD表示。采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计学单因素方差(One-way ANOVA)分析(P<0.05),采用Excel 2013、Origin 8.5和AI 2020软件进行数据处理和分析。
图1显示纤维素酶添加量、超声时间、液料比对SAPs得率的影响。由图1a可知,在超声60 min和液料比20的提取条件下,纤维素酶质量分数为0~5%,SAPs的得率随着酶添加量增加而显著(P<0.05)提高,其可能与植物细胞壁结构损伤加剧存在关联,当细胞壁被破坏时,细胞膜渗透性随之增强,促使细胞内容物加速外溢,最终导致胞内溶出物浓度显著提升[13]。当纤维素酶添加量为5%,SAPs得率达到6.69%(w/w),若继续添加纤维素酶至7%,SAPs得率无显著性差异(P>0.05),其可能是当酶浓度超过临界阈值时,窄叶鲜卑花细胞壁的裂解过程已呈现饱和效应,致使水溶性SAPs的溶出效率趋于稳定。
图1b显示在5%纤维素酶与液料比20提取条件下,超声提取时间小于120 min时,随着提取时间增加,SAPs得率显著增大(P<0.05),可能由于超声波空化效应增强导致窄叶鲜卑花细胞壁结构破坏加剧,从而促进内容物溶出[9]。超声时间120 min,SAPs得率达最大6.62%,表明细胞壁组织破坏程度达到最大值。之后随着超声提取时间继续增加,SAPs得率趋于平稳。
图1c可知,在5%纤维素酶与超声120 min的提取条件下,SAPs得率随着液料比的增加呈现先增加后递减的趋势。液料比小于20时,窄叶鲜卑花叶片细胞内、外多糖的浓度梯度增大,SAPs得率呈增大趋势。液料比为20时,SAPs得率达到最高值6.67%。液料比超过20时,SAPs得率随着液料比增加而显著下降(P<0.05),其主要归因于体系中水分比例过高,导致单位体积内水相吸收的超声波能量减少,使得细胞壁破碎程度不足,进而造成SAPs得率下降。
单因素实验结果可知,酶添加量(5%)、超声时间(120 min)和液料比(20)条件下能够得到SAPs的最大得率。以酶添加量(A)、超声时间(B)和液料比(C)为研究对象,以SAPs得率为响应值,采用Box-Behnkens试验设计法设计响应面,优化SAPs提取方案,试验设计及结果如表3所示。利用Design Expert 8.0软件,对表3数据进行多元回归拟合,并建立SAPs得率与以上因素的二次多元回归模型为:Y=2.10818+0.381263A+0.0304682B+0.197685C+1.25×10−4AB−3.042×10−3AC+0.9410−4BC−0.026626A2−0.179×10−3B2−3.723×10−3C2。
对酶耦合超声提取SAPs的回归数学模型进行方差分析,以检验方程的有效性和各因子的偏回归系数,其结果如表4所示。通过统计学分析可知该实验建立的模型P<0.0001,表明该回归模型达到高度显著水平,且模型非常合适。失拟项P值为0.4567>0.05,表明该模型对本实验拟合程度较高,非实验因素影响较小[22]。回归方程R2值为0.9795说明该模型对各个实验点的匹配度达到97.95%,拟合度较高,基本可利用该模型预测上述提取条件下SAPs的分析和得率。此外,回归方程系数B、AB、AC、BC项的影响不显著(P>0.05),而A2项的影响显著(P<0.05),A、C、B2、C2项影响极显著(P<0.01)。由F值可知,影响SAPs得率的因素顺序为液料比(C)>酶添加量(A)>超声时间(B)。
研究表明,响应面越陡表明两因素之间交互作用越显著,若等高线排列密集且闭合曲线趋于椭圆形,则表示两因素交互效应对响应值的影响显著,而圆形则与之相反[23−24]。由图2可知,通过对3个曲面的分析可以预测和检验变量的响应值及确定变量之间的相互关系。3个因素两两交互作用的响应面图坡度平缓,且在等高线图趋于圆形,表明响应面交互因素作用不显著。通过响应面的陡峭程度分析发现,液料比对SAPs得率的影响最大,其次是酶添加量和超声时间,这与方差分析的结果基本一致。
通过Design-Expert 8.0软件分析,经响应面优化后的最优条件:酶添加量3.48401%、超声时间69.8811 min、液料比20.3237,SAPs得率为6.7997%。根据实际操作可行性,将条件修正为酶添加量3.5%、超声时间70 min及液料比20,经过3次平行试验得到实测平均SAPs得率为6.98%±0.22%,提取率达到65.23%±0.75%,与预测值相比,相对误差约为2.58%,表明该响应面模型可以有效地反映出SAPs提取的条件。
苯酚-硫酸法分析表明窄叶鲜卑花中SAPs的总含量达10.7%。此外,采用HPLC-PMP分析SAPs组分的单糖组成及含量(图3a~图3b),结果显示SAPs是一种非常复杂的酸性杂多糖,含有9个单糖残基,其中半乳糖(Gal)相对质量最高,占比达到32.9%,其次是鼠李糖(Rha,25.7%)、葡萄糖(Glc,15%)、阿拉伯糖(Ara,12.6%)、甘露糖(Man,4.8%)、半乳糖醛酸(Gal-A,3.0%)、木糖(Xyl,2.6%)、葡萄糖醛酸(Glc-A,2.2%)、岩藻糖(Fuc,1.3%)。
分子质量是多糖的重要结构指标,影响多糖的理化和生物活性等性质。图3c为高效凝胶排阻色谱(HPGPC)法分析了SAPs的分子量。SAPs的峰位分子量(Mp)为27.64 kDa,重均分子量(Mw)为87.72 kDa,数均分子量(Mn)为40.12 kDa,多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)=2.186,大于1.0,表明SAPs的平均分子量比较分散,且纯度偏低。
DPPH及ABTS+·自由基的清除率是评判抗氧化剂的抗氧化能力的常用指标[25]。图4显示SAPs对DPPH及ABTS+·自由基的清除能力。结果表明,SAPs清除DPPH及ABTS+·自由基能力呈现剂量依赖性,且随质量浓度的增大而显著增强(P<0.05),呈明显的正向量效关系。图4a显示SAPs浓度为200 mg/L时,DPPH自由基清除率可高达86.33%,接近于同质量浓度的VC清除效果。当SAPs浓度为400 mg/L,ABTS+·清除率保持在94%左右,接近于同质量浓度VC(图4b)。IC50值是自由基清除率达到50%时的SAPs质量浓度,IC50越小,SAPs的抗氧化效果越好,反之越大。根据线性回归方程计算SAPs对DPPH和ABTS+·自由基清除能力的IC50为99.53 mg/L和94.75 mg/L,远低于金银花多糖[26]及天麻多糖[27]的IC50值,因此,SAPs可作为潜在有效的自由基清除剂。
在体外条件下,模拟人体胃肠环境进行胆酸结合实验,分析多糖的胆酸结合能力,可有效评估多糖降血脂的作用效果[28]。两种胆酸盐标准曲线的线性回归方程为:牛黄胆酸盐方程y=1.73887x+0.11286 (R2=0.99636),甘氨胆酸钠方程y=1.95129x+0.05797 (R2=0.9979)。由图5可知,SAPs对胆酸盐的结合能力随着多糖浓度的增加而显著提高(P<0.05),但与不同胆酸盐的结合能力存在差异。SAPs对2种胆酸盐的结合能力为:牛黄胆酸盐>甘氨胆酸钠。当SAPs浓度达到5.0 mg/mL时,与牛黄胆酸盐、甘氨胆酸钠的结合率分别为75%和61%,均大于50%,远高于纪慧杰等[29]石榴多糖(12 mg/mL)对胆酸盐的结合率(40.09%牛黄胆酸盐和34.90%甘氨胆酸盐)。该研究结果表明,SAPs与不同种类胆酸盐均表现出较高结合特性,其中对牛黄胆酸盐的结合效应尤为突出,其主要原因可能与其复杂的空间构象密切相关,如糖醛酸单元中的酸性基团与胆酸盐产生强效的静电结合作用,其次是多糖疏水区域与胆酸盐甾核形成的疏水作用力产生协同结合效应[30−31]。
油红O染色后细胞内脂滴呈红色。通过显微镜观察如图6a所示,正常对照组斑马鱼尾部血管无明显脂滴,高脂饮食模型组斑马鱼尾部血管可见大量脂滴沉积,表明斑马鱼的血脂水平明显提高。SAPs组斑马鱼尾部脂滴比模型组明显减少,且随着浓度增加,脂滴沉积量逐渐减少,但高于辛伐他汀组斑马鱼尾部脂滴沉积量,表明SAPs可有效改善高脂血症,且呈剂量依赖性。图6b显示各处理组对斑马鱼尾部血脂光密度值的影响效果。模型组的IOD值为354689.4像素。辛伐他汀组与模型组相比,IOD值下降了19.44%。SAPs处理组的IOD值随着浓度提高而显著降低(P<0.05),说明其降脂率逐渐增加。在5.0 mg/mL SAPs条件下,其IOD值降低至319710.9像素,其降脂率达到9.85%,表明SAPs缓解高脂血症效果明显,且呈现一定的剂量依赖关系,其主要归因于SAPs的抗氧化协同效应和肝脂酶分解作用[15,32]。
血清TG、TC及LDL-C含量是评价高血脂症的重要指标[15−16]。图7显示了SAPs对高血脂斑马鱼血脂水平的影响。与对照组相比,模型组的TG、TC及LDL-C含量均显著提高(P<0.05),表明成功构建了高血脂斑马鱼模型。TG、TC及LDL-C水平随着SAPs浓度增加而逐渐下降,呈现出一定量效关系,其中,与模型组相比,SAPs在高剂量下处理效果尤为显著(P<0.001)。在5.0 mg/mL SAPs条件下,TG、TC及LDL-C浓度分别降低至0.34、0.155及0.055 mmol/L,与模型组相比,分别下降了18.4%、8.82%及17.5%。此外,高剂量组SAPs (5.0 mg/mL)与辛伐他汀处理组的TG水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),辛伐他汀是一种广泛应用的他汀类药物,主要通过抑制肝脏的 HMG-CoA 还原酶来降低胆固醇合成,从而有效降低血脂水平[31]。SAPs则可能通过多种生理机制来调节脂质代谢,尤其是通过抗氧化、抗炎以及改善脂肪代谢的作用,其主要涉及以下三方面:首先,抗氧化协同作用,清除DPPH自由基,阻断泡沫细胞形成,有效保护低密度脂蛋白免受氧化修饰;其次,激活脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和肝脂酶(HL),加速甘油三酯分解;最后,SAPs分子中的β-葡萄糖苷结构能够与胆汁酸形成稳定复合物,减少胆汁酸重吸收,促使肝细胞加速胆固醇代谢用于胆汁酸合成,从而降低血清胆固醇水平[33−34]。尽管斑马鱼是研究代谢机制的常用模型生物,但由于其与哺乳动物存在显著的生理差异,相关研究成果还需在哺乳动物模型中得到进一步验证,才能评估其潜在的临床应用价值。
本论文采用纤维素酶-超声协同处理技术,成功优化并提取了窄叶鲜卑花多糖,系统分析了其结构特征与功能活性,并深入探索了其在脂质代谢调控中的潜在应用价值。该技术最佳条件下SAPs得率可达到6.98%,SAPs主要是含有半乳糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖醛酸、木糖、葡萄糖醛酸、岩藻糖等9种单糖残基的吡喃型酸性杂多糖,其平均分子量为87.72 kDa。此外,SAPs可作为潜在有效的抗氧化剂,与胆酸盐的结合能力呈正向剂量依赖关系,有效降低TG、TC及LDL-C水平,明显减少斑马鱼尾部脂滴沉积量,表明SAPs可以有效改善高血脂症的作用,且呈一定的剂量依赖关系。该研究为窄叶鲜卑花及SAPs的综合利用提供了新的视角,特别是在功能性食品和天然降脂剂的开发方面具有重要意义。未来应进一步深入研究 SAPs 的分子机制,以推动其在临床和大健康产业中的应用。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040151
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1江西中医药大学院士工作站,江西南昌 330004
    2南昌大学生物质转化教育部工程研究中心,江西南昌 330047

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曹雷鹏(1986−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:药食同源产品开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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