Article(id=1320886431992623268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853466270, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853466270, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853466270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853466270, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886432441413797, articleId=1320886431992623268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Immersion Freezing and Air Freezing on the Quality of Frozen Dough and Its Baked Bread, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of immersion freezing (IM) and air freezing (AF) on frozen dough properties and the quality of the resulting baked bread, aiming to provide a basis for the development and application of rapid freezing technologies in flour products. The study compared the effects of the freezing methods on the various characteristics of dough, including the freezing rate, rheological characteristics, water state, microstructure, free sulfhydryl group content, and secondary structure of gluten proteins, and the texture, hardness of the baked bread. The results showed that the freezing rate of the IM dough (1.67 ℃/min) was significantly higher than that of the AF dough (0.38 ℃/min), the elastic modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G'') were closer to fresh dough. Furthermore, IM dough contained 0.53% more strongly bound water and showed 0.09 μmol/g less free sulfhydryl groups compared to the AF dough. In the IM dough, the secondary structure of gluten proteins was more ordered and the gluten network was more continuous. Compared to AF bread, IM bread exhibited a 9.49% increase in porosity, a 4.56 cells/cm2 increase in hole density, and a 0.09 mm2 increase in average hole area. The hardness of IM bread was 125.00 N, closer to that of bread made from fresh dough. These results indicated that IM more effectively preserves dough quality by inhibiting ice crystal growth and reducing gluten network damage. Consequently, the characteristics of IM bread were closer to those of bread made from fresh dough, which had significant technical advantages.

, authors=Zijun LIANG1, Zhenghan ZHANG1, 2, Xi LU1, Xiaoyong WANG3, Zengli WANG1, *, Yili LIN4, *, authorsList=Zijun LIANG, Zhenghan ZHANG, Xi LU, Xiaoyong WANG, Zengli WANG, Yili LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zengli WANG, Yili LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886434588897458, articleId=1320886431992623268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=浸渍冷冻与空气速冻对冷冻面团及其面包品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过对比液体浸渍冷冻(immersion freezing,IM)和空气速冻(air freezing,AF)对冷冻面团及其烘焙面包品质的影响,旨在为面制品速冻技术的开发应用提供依据。实验测定了两种速冻方式下面团的冻结速率、流变特性、水分分布、微观结构、面筋蛋白巯基含量和二级结构,并结合烘焙面包纹理结构和硬度进行了对比研究。结果表明,IM组面团冻结速率为1.67 ℃/min,显著高于AF组(0.38 ℃/min),黏弹性模量更接近新鲜面团,强结合水含量比AF组高0.53%,游离巯基含量比AF组少0.09 μmol/g,蛋白二级结构较为有序,面筋网络结构更完整。烘焙后,IM组面包孔隙率、气孔密度和气孔均面积相比AF组面包分别增大了9.49%、4.56 cells/cm2和0.09 mm2,硬度为125.00 N,更接近新鲜面团烘焙面包。综上,液体浸渍冷冻通过抑制冰晶生长与减少面筋结构损伤,更有效地保持了面团品质,其成品面包特性接近新鲜面团制作的面包,具有显著技术优势。

, authors=梁子骏1, 张正涵1, 2, 陆羲1, 王小勇3, 王增利1, *, 林义利4, *, authorsList=梁子骏, 张正涵, 陆羲, 王小勇, 王增利, 林义利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王增利, 林义利, authorNote=

梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

张正涵(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与制造,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王增利(1968−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
林义利(1969−),男,本科,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
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注:(a)弹性模量(G');(b)黏性模量(G'')。

, figureFileSmall=KH3lqdfz2Dmi1gL3hw7kOA==, figureFileBig=wtkF1d/es31NHMSZTZX+fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886440444145900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of freezing on the microstructure of dough, figureFileSmall=yHnKgmuPdb5h7rnHnD7Fiw==, figureFileBig=zsNGlYzbEkGsm2+7EMMoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886440733552877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=CN, label=图3, caption=冷冻对面团微观结构的影响

注:左列观察图放大倍数为500倍;右列观察图放大倍数为2000倍。

, figureFileSmall=yHnKgmuPdb5h7rnHnD7Fiw==, figureFileBig=zsNGlYzbEkGsm2+7EMMoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886440809050350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of freezing on the free sulfhydryl content of gluten proteins in dough, figureFileSmall=0e8vd1vwNDF5L9lOqFPkPw==, figureFileBig=AWlkwusW8bCoYjzybM/pEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441148788975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冷冻对面团面筋蛋白游离巯基含量的影响

注:不同的小写字母代表数据间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);0 D、7 D、14 D分别代表冻藏第0、7、14 d;图6同。

, figureFileSmall=0e8vd1vwNDF5L9lOqFPkPw==, figureFileBig=AWlkwusW8bCoYjzybM/pEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441215897840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scans of bread crumb cross-section, figureFileSmall=ZLPL68Tx6cCw2yUFZsHktQ==, figureFileBig=8AaNDgLxiRlVfm0neYCXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441513693425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=CN, label=图5, caption=面包芯切面扫描图, figureFileSmall=ZLPL68Tx6cCw2yUFZsHktQ==, figureFileBig=8AaNDgLxiRlVfm0neYCXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441610162418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of freezing on the hardness of bread crumb, figureFileSmall=HR0Qd3krxLifdwi4fCOaQw==, figureFileBig=q/StLGV4sYSuncBe7mkWhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441698242803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=CN, label=图6, caption=冷冻对面包芯硬度的影响, figureFileSmall=HR0Qd3krxLifdwi4fCOaQw==, figureFileBig=q/StLGV4sYSuncBe7mkWhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886441924735220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of freezing on the moisture composition of dough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
Fresh14.93±0.16a84.01±0.14f1.06±0.04e
AF-0 D13.79±0.05c84.28±0.11e1.92±0.01a
IM-0 D14.32±0.07b84.05±0.14f1.62±0.04b
AF-7 D11.51±0.05e87.76±0.17c0.73±0.05f
IM-7 D11.85±0.10d87.00±0.03d1.15±0.02d
AF-14 D8.66±0.13g89.90±0.09a1.44±0.01c
IM-14 D10.51±0.04f88.43±0.21b1.06±0.03e
), ArticleFig(id=1320886442025398517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷冻对面团水分组成的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
Fresh14.93±0.16a84.01±0.14f1.06±0.04e
AF-0 D13.79±0.05c84.28±0.11e1.92±0.01a
IM-0 D14.32±0.07b84.05±0.14f1.62±0.04b
AF-7 D11.51±0.05e87.76±0.17c0.73±0.05f
IM-7 D11.85±0.10d87.00±0.03d1.15±0.02d
AF-14 D8.66±0.13g89.90±0.09a1.44±0.01c
IM-14 D10.51±0.04f88.43±0.21b1.06±0.03e
), ArticleFig(id=1320886442360942838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886431992623268, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of freezing on the secondary structure of gluten proteins in dough (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组分子间β-折叠反向平行β-折叠无规卷曲α-螺旋β-转角β-折叠
Fresh15.77±0.25a18.56±0.16a20.93±0.31e25.08±1.17a18.10±0.82d10.98±0.25a
AF-0 D15.12±0.19ab18.13±0.18ab23.97±0.32d22.06±0.08c19.79±0.25bc10.29±0.44ab
IM-0 D15.43±0.12ab18.36±0.02a23.50±0.54d24.12±0.19ab18.29±0.44cd10.77±0.49ab
AF-7 D14.33±0.18c17.29±0.05c26.29±0.92b20.43±0.12d20.77±0.49ab9.25±0.40c
IM-7 D14.87±0.21bc17.44±0.16bc24.97±0.28c23.33±0.18b19.28±0.40bcd9.00±0.69c
AF-14 D13.21±0.21d15.83±0.43d29.95±0.43a19.87±0.21d22.00±0.69a9.87±0.06bc
IM-14 D14.19±0.19cd17.22±0.27c25.65±0.49bc21.21±0.21cd19.87±0.06bc9.96±1.16abc
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冷冻对面团面筋蛋白二级结构的影响(%)

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实验组分子间β-折叠反向平行β-折叠无规卷曲α-螺旋β-转角β-折叠
Fresh15.77±0.25a18.56±0.16a20.93±0.31e25.08±1.17a18.10±0.82d10.98±0.25a
AF-0 D15.12±0.19ab18.13±0.18ab23.97±0.32d22.06±0.08c19.79±0.25bc10.29±0.44ab
IM-0 D15.43±0.12ab18.36±0.02a23.50±0.54d24.12±0.19ab18.29±0.44cd10.77±0.49ab
AF-7 D14.33±0.18c17.29±0.05c26.29±0.92b20.43±0.12d20.77±0.49ab9.25±0.40c
IM-7 D14.87±0.21bc17.44±0.16bc24.97±0.28c23.33±0.18b19.28±0.40bcd9.00±0.69c
AF-14 D13.21±0.21d15.83±0.43d29.95±0.43a19.87±0.21d22.00±0.69a9.87±0.06bc
IM-14 D14.19±0.19cd17.22±0.27c25.65±0.49bc21.21±0.21cd19.87±0.06bc9.96±1.16abc
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Effect of freezing on the texture of bread crumb

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实验组孔隙率(%)气孔密度(cells/cm2)气孔均面积(mm2)
Fresh46.06±1.08a107.12±5.64a0.43±0.06a
AF-0 D26.41±2.45c85.20±4.34b0.31±0.03b
IM-0 D35.90±1.02b89.76±3.41b0.40±0.05a
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冷冻对面包芯纹理结构的影响

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实验组孔隙率(%)气孔密度(cells/cm2)气孔均面积(mm2)
Fresh46.06±1.08a107.12±5.64a0.43±0.06a
AF-0 D26.41±2.45c85.20±4.34b0.31±0.03b
IM-0 D35.90±1.02b89.76±3.41b0.40±0.05a
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浸渍冷冻与空气速冻对冷冻面团及其面包品质的影响
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梁子骏 1 , 张正涵 1, 2 , 陆羲 1 , 王小勇 3 , 王增利 1, * , 林义利 4, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(10): 90-97
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (10) : 90 -97
浸渍冷冻与空气速冻对冷冻面团及其面包品质的影响
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梁子骏1 , 张正涵1, 2 , 陆羲1, 王小勇3, 王增利1, * , 林义利4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2石家庄铁路职业技术学院,河北石家庄 050062
  • 3北京麦心食品有限公司,北京 101200
  • 4中关村科技园区平谷园管理委员会,北京101299
通讯作者:
王增利(1968−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
林义利(1969−),男,本科,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

张正涵(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与制造,E-mail:

Effects of Immersion Freezing and Air Freezing on the Quality of Frozen Dough and Its Baked Bread
Zijun LIANG1 , Zhenghan ZHANG1, 2 , Xi LU1, Xiaoyong WANG3, Zengli WANG1, * , Yili LIN4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Shijiazhuang Institute of Railway Technology, Shijiazhuang 050062, China
  • 3Beijing Maixin Food Co., Ltd., Beijing 101200, China
  • 4Zhongguancun Science Park Pinggu Park Management Committee, Beijing 101299, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050100
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本研究通过对比液体浸渍冷冻(immersion freezing,IM)和空气速冻(air freezing,AF)对冷冻面团及其烘焙面包品质的影响,旨在为面制品速冻技术的开发应用提供依据。实验测定了两种速冻方式下面团的冻结速率、流变特性、水分分布、微观结构、面筋蛋白巯基含量和二级结构,并结合烘焙面包纹理结构和硬度进行了对比研究。结果表明,IM组面团冻结速率为1.67 ℃/min,显著高于AF组(0.38 ℃/min),黏弹性模量更接近新鲜面团,强结合水含量比AF组高0.53%,游离巯基含量比AF组少0.09 μmol/g,蛋白二级结构较为有序,面筋网络结构更完整。烘焙后,IM组面包孔隙率、气孔密度和气孔均面积相比AF组面包分别增大了9.49%、4.56 cells/cm2和0.09 mm2,硬度为125.00 N,更接近新鲜面团烘焙面包。综上,液体浸渍冷冻通过抑制冰晶生长与减少面筋结构损伤,更有效地保持了面团品质,其成品面包特性接近新鲜面团制作的面包,具有显著技术优势。

液体浸渍冷冻  /  空气速冻  /  冷冻面团  /  面包品质  /  面筋网络

This study investigated the effects of immersion freezing (IM) and air freezing (AF) on frozen dough properties and the quality of the resulting baked bread, aiming to provide a basis for the development and application of rapid freezing technologies in flour products. The study compared the effects of the freezing methods on the various characteristics of dough, including the freezing rate, rheological characteristics, water state, microstructure, free sulfhydryl group content, and secondary structure of gluten proteins, and the texture, hardness of the baked bread. The results showed that the freezing rate of the IM dough (1.67 ℃/min) was significantly higher than that of the AF dough (0.38 ℃/min), the elastic modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G'') were closer to fresh dough. Furthermore, IM dough contained 0.53% more strongly bound water and showed 0.09 μmol/g less free sulfhydryl groups compared to the AF dough. In the IM dough, the secondary structure of gluten proteins was more ordered and the gluten network was more continuous. Compared to AF bread, IM bread exhibited a 9.49% increase in porosity, a 4.56 cells/cm2 increase in hole density, and a 0.09 mm2 increase in average hole area. The hardness of IM bread was 125.00 N, closer to that of bread made from fresh dough. These results indicated that IM more effectively preserves dough quality by inhibiting ice crystal growth and reducing gluten network damage. Consequently, the characteristics of IM bread were closer to those of bread made from fresh dough, which had significant technical advantages.

immersion freezing  /  air freezing  /  frozen dough  /  bread quality  /  gluten network
梁子骏, 张正涵, 陆羲, 王小勇, 王增利, 林义利. 浸渍冷冻与空气速冻对冷冻面团及其面包品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 90 -97 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050100
Zijun LIANG, Zhenghan ZHANG, Xi LU, Xiaoyong WANG, Zengli WANG, Yili LIN. Effects of Immersion Freezing and Air Freezing on the Quality of Frozen Dough and Its Baked Bread[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 90 -97 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050100
冷冻面团是指面粉加工成面团后的速冻产品,经解冻后进行后续加工可以制成面制品[1]。冷冻面团具有生产成本低、方便储存和运输以及安全化、标准化程度高等优点,在面制品生产中得到了广泛应用[1−2]。但在冷冻及储藏过程中,面团内部冰晶的形成和生长会破坏面筋网络结构,使其品质发生劣变[1]。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团品质会进一步发生劣变[3]。Daniela等[4]研究表明,冷冻速率快的冷冻面团的品质与新鲜面团更接近。杨勇等[5]研究了三种不同冻结方式对冷冻面团的品质影响,结果表明冷冻速率越快,冷冻面团与新鲜面团品质越接近。Jin等[6]对比常规冷冻面团和磁场冷冻面团后发现磁场冷冻面团内部冰晶尺寸小、对面筋蛋白和淀粉的破坏小。Liu等[7]研究发现,添加静电场辅助冷冻加工的冷冻面团的冷冻时间缩短且品质更好。由以上研究表明,冷冻技术对冷冻面团的品质有很大影响。不同冷冻技术在传热传质的方式、冷冻温度及时间上的差异影响了冷冻面团内部冰晶的尺寸大小、数量以及分布情况,进而影响了冷冻面团的品质[8]。
目前冷冻食品的冻结方式仍以空气速冻为主,该方法耗时长,冷冻产品品质较差[9]。为了改善冷冻食品的品质,国内外学者正在积极研究开发各种新型冷冻技术。液体浸渍冷冻技术是利用载冷剂与食品直接或间接接触使其温度迅速下降并冷冻的方法,与空气速冻相比,具有能耗低、冷冻速率快、冷冻产品品质好等优点[3]。张志广[10]对比了冷冻时不同介质对大黄鱼的品质影响,结果发现液体速冻样品的各项品质指标均优于气体速冻样品。Liang等[11]研究发现与传统鼓风冷冻相比,浸泡式冷冻的荔枝具有良好的完整性且营养成分保留率很高。张晓敏等[12]研究表明−40 ℃复合浸渍冻结处理的皇冠梨具有与新鲜果实接近的微观结构。吴宇桐等[13]发现浸渍冷冻比空气冷冻更好地保持了水饺肉馅的品质。雷萌萌等[14]对比了不同冻结方式对饺子品质的影响,结果发现浸渍冻结饺子的口感更接近新鲜饺子。Niu等[15]研究发现液氮式浸渍冷冻技术冷冻面团的效率较高且在15 d内有效保持了面团的品质。目前,液体浸渍冷冻技术在面制品中的应用较为有限,且与食品工业中广泛应用的空气速冻技术的对比研究相对不足。
本研究以空气速冻(AF)为对照,分析液体浸渍冷冻(IM)对冷冻面团及其烘焙面包的品质影响,以期拓展液体浸渍冷冻技术在面制品上的应用研究,为面制品速冻技术优化提供理论依据。
金像牌高筋面粉(蛋白质含量13.5%,湿面筋含量23%) 蛇口南顺面粉有限公司;半干酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;麦芽精 科麦(BAKER’S KINGDOM)(上海)烘焙食品贸易有限公司;全蛋液 安徽徽修堂生物有限公司;安佳全脂奶粉 新西兰恒天然集团;食用盐 中国盐业集团有限公司;舒可曼白砂糖 广州福正东海食品有限公司;乙二胺四乙酸、5,5'-二硫代-2-硝基苯甲酸、盐酸、溴化钾、十二烷基硫酸钠、甘氨酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;所有化学试剂等级均为分析纯。
BSA822电子分析天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;SIN-R200C无纸记录仪、WZP-Pt100温度传感器 杭州联测自动化技术有限公司;LC-FJX13面包发酵箱 广东圣恒家用电器有限公司;JZ-1000浸渍冷冻设备 北京旭腾翔元科技发展有限公司;DHR-2流变仪 沃特世科技(上海)有限公司;JC-T2602双光束分光光度计 青岛聚创环保集团有限公司;ADCI-60-C全自动色差仪 北京辰泰克仪器技术有限公司;SCIENTZ-18N冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;S-4800扫描电子显微镜 HITACHI日立;Nicolet IS10傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国尼高力仪器公司;LIME-MRI-D2高性能多模态核磁共振岩心分析仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司。
面团制作:称取1000 g高筋面粉、95 g白砂糖、18 g盐和10 g半干酵母放入搅拌机后加入100 g全蛋液、570 g水和5 g麦芽精,18 r/min搅拌5 min后改为40 r/min搅拌(约30 min)至面团质地柔软坚韧且可形成完整薄膜。将面团覆膜静置松弛15 min后分割(每剂面团大约70 g),排气揉圆。空气速冻组(AF)面团直接采用速冻隧道冷风循环冷冻,液体浸渍冷冻组(IM)面团包装于聚乙烯自封袋中使用冷冻液冷冻。两组面团冷冻温度均为−40 ℃,冷冻至面团中心温度下降至−20 ℃后将面团置于−18 ℃冰箱冻藏。以新鲜面团(Fresh)作空白对照。
参考田金河等[16]的方法并稍作修改制作面包:将冷冻面团室温静置解冻2 h后置于醒发箱(34 ℃、80% 相对湿度)醒发60 min后放入烤箱(上火180 ℃,下火200 ℃)烘烤18 min,烤制完成后于室温冷却2 h。以新鲜面团烘焙面包作空白对照。
测定冷冻面团的冷冻曲线。将温度探头插入面团中心,通过无纸记录仪持续监测面团温度直至其中心温度达−20 ℃。以横坐标时间(min)和纵坐标温度(℃)作冷冻曲线。
参照杨勇等[5]的方法并稍作修改。为避免发酵干扰,选用无酵母面团进行实验。冷冻面团用保鲜袋密封后室温解冻2 h。将5.0 g面团压成2 mm薄片置于流变仪测试(40 mm平行板夹具)平台,表面涂抹硅油防止水分蒸发,在振荡模式下选择频率扫描测定面团流变特性。调整测试间距为2 mm,以1 Hz频率从0.01%~100%进行应变扫描确定面团线性粘弹性区域,随后在0.02%恒定剪切应变下采用0.1~10 Hz频率扫描。通过弹性模量(G')和黏性模量(G'')表征面团的固体弹性和液体粘性。
参考臧梁等[17]的方法并稍做修改。采用22.96 MHz低场核磁共振分析仪(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)测定三种面团的水分分布。取2.0 g冷冻面团用保鲜袋密封后室温解冻30 min。设置CPMG脉冲序列模式参数为回波时间0.30 ms、采样间隔1400 ms、回波数1500、累加次数5、温度30 ℃,测定面团自旋-自旋弛豫时间T2。
将三种面团冷冻干燥后切成1 cm×1 cm×1 cm的方块,固定至样品台,表面喷金后采用电子扫描显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察断面微观结构,加速电压为5 kV,放大倍数为500倍和2000倍。
参考Pan等[18]的方法测定。将5,5'-二硫代-2-硝基苯甲酸(5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DTNB)溶于TGE(Tris-Gly-EDTA,TGE)缓冲液(86 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH8.0),92 mmol/L甘氨酸(Glycine,Gly),4.1 mmol/L 乙二胺四乙酸(Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid,EDTA),2.5%十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS))中配制成5 mg/mL的DTNB-TGE显色缓冲液。取50 mg冻干面团粉末,依次加入5 mL SDS-TGE缓冲液和50 μL DTNB-TGE显色液,涡旋混匀至固体全部溶解,室温避光反应30 min后离心(10000×g,20 min),收集上清液于412 nm处测定吸光值,空白为DTNB-TGE溶液。巯基含量的计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{SH}(\text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{412}\times \mathrm{D}\times {10}^{6}}{\mathrm{C}\times 13600} $
式中,SH表示样品巯基含量,μmol/g;A412表示样品与空白在412 nm处的吸光度差值;D为样品稀释系数;C为样品初始浓度,mg/mL;13600为摩尔吸光系数,L/(mol·cm)。
称取5 mg冻干面团粉末与500 mg溴化钾粉末,在红外灯下用玛瑙研钵充分研磨混合后压成薄片进行红外测试。参数设置为[19]:光谱范围400~4000 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数32次。通过OMNIC 7.3和Peak Fit v4.12对酰胺I带吸收峰(1600~1700 cm−1)进行分峰处理,计算各分离峰面积得到面筋蛋白二级结构的相对含量。
使用扫描仪扫描面包中间切片,通过Image J软件分析切片中心区域(3 cm×3 cm)的孔隙率、气孔密度和气孔均面积。
参考杨连战等[20]的方法并稍作修改。将面包芯切成2 cm3立方体样品,使用质构仪测定其硬度。质构仪选用圆柱形平底探头,参数设置为:触发力5 g,测前、测中和测后速度分别为2 mm/s、1 mm/s和1 mm/s,两次压缩时间间隔5 s,应变50%。每组样品重复测定≥6次,去除可疑值后取均值作结果分析。
每组实验至少重复三次,结果用平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 26.0进行单因素方差分析,Duncan's多重比较进行显著性分析(P<0.05),GraphPad Prism 8.0进行图表绘制。
AF组和IM组面团的冷冻曲线如图1所示。最大冰晶生成带一般指冷冻食品温度由0 ℃下降至−5 ℃的过程[21]。冷冻食品通过最大冰晶生成带的时间越短,形成的冰晶尺寸越小,食品品质的保持效果越好[22]。由 图1可以看出,AF组通过最大冰晶生成带的时间为13 min,冷冻速率[5]为0.38 ℃/min。IM组通过最大冰晶生成带的时间为3 min,冷冻速率[5]为1.67 ℃/min。相较AF组面团,IM组面团冷冻速率更快,表现出更加理想的冷冻特性。
面团的流变特性反映了面团的形变能力,是影响面包烘焙品质如比容、感官评分的重要指标[23]。面团的黏弹性取决于面筋网络结构的强度,其中黏性反映了面筋网络固定水分和气泡的能力,弹性反映了面团在烘焙过程中的持气力[24]。从图2可以看出,三种面团的弹性模量(G')均大于黏性模量(G'')。其中,新鲜面团的黏弹性最好,IM组面团次之,AF组面团最差。面团在冷冻时形成的冰晶会影响淀粉和面筋蛋白等组分与水的结合作用,破坏面筋网络结构和面筋胶束,解冻后面团水分流失,黏弹性变低[1−2,5]。杨勇等[5]研究了不同冷冻方式对面团的粘弹性影响,发现冷冻速率越快,面团的粘弹性较新鲜面团变化越小。IM组面团冷冻速率快,冷冻过程形成的冰晶尺寸小,冷冻对面筋网络的破坏小,因此粘弹性变化小,面团品质保持较好。
面团冷冻时产生冰晶的过程会使其内部的水分发生迁移变化,影响面团品质[5]。通过LF-NMR检测不同面团中水分分布变化情况,并计算各峰面积占总峰面积的比例,得到各面团的水分组成情况(表1)。其中,A21、A22、A23分别表示强结合水、弱结合水和自由水在面团中的含量[25]。由表1可以看出,面团中弱结合水含量最高,强结合水含量较低,自由水含量最少。相较于新鲜面团(14.93%),冷冻面团(0 D)的强结合水含量显著下降(P<0.05)。其中,AF-0 D组面团相较IM-0D组面团强结合水含量显著下降0.53%(P<0.05)。随着冻藏时间的延长,冷冻面团中强结合水的含量不断下降,其中IM组面团强结合水含量始终高于AF组。有研究表明,冷冻面团中形成的冰晶会对面团成分如面筋蛋白和淀粉造成损伤,使面团对水分的束缚力减弱[26−27]。液体浸渍冷冻面团形成的冰晶较小,对面团内部结构的损伤小,面团持水力更好。
为了观察冷冻对面团面筋网络结构的影响,采用SEM电镜对冷冻干燥后的面团进行扫描,实验结果如图3所示。在面团形成的过程中,面筋蛋白间产生相互作用力,形成连续的空间网络结构,淀粉颗粒嵌入其中形成了完整的面筋淀粉复合结构[28]。由图3可以看出,相较于新鲜面团完整连续的面筋结构,冷冻面团的面筋网络出现了不规则孔洞,裸露的淀粉颗粒数增多,这与许多学者的研究结果一致[29−30]。孔洞一方面可能来源于面团冷冻前酵母发酵产生的CO2,另一方面可能由冰晶升华导致[31]。相较于AF组,IM组面团面筋网络结构中孔洞较少,暴露的淀粉颗粒较少,面筋膜(Gluten Film,GF)占比多,面筋链(Gluten Strand,GS)占比少,面筋网络更完整。结果表明,液体浸渍冷冻形成的细小均匀的冰晶对面团面筋网络机械结构的破坏程度更小。
二硫键对面筋网络形成及稳定有重要作用,是评价面筋蛋白聚集程度的重要指标[32−33]。面团中二硫键和巯基在一定条件下可以相互转化,游离巯基含量增加,会导致面筋网络牢固性变差[34]。面团中游离巯基的测定结果如图4所示,与新鲜面团(8.25 μmol/g)相比,冷冻面团游离巯基的含量显著增大(P<0.05)。其中,IM-0 D组面团的游离羟基含量比AF-0 D组面团少0.09 μmol/g。随着冻藏时间的延长(7、14 d),冷冻面团游离巯基的含量不断增加。这是由于在面团的冷冻及冻藏过程中形成的冰晶以及重结晶会对面筋蛋白产生挤压破坏,使二硫键断裂,导致面筋蛋白结构松散,面筋网络被破坏[35−36]。牛梦丽等[37]研究发现冷冻面团中二硫键随着冻藏时间延长发生断裂,游离羟基含量增加。其中,AF组面团在冻藏第7 d和第14 d的游离巯基含量分别为13.02 μmol/g和14.23 μmol/g,显著高于IM组(P<0.05),这表明液体浸渍冷冻对面团中面筋蛋白结构的破坏较小,面筋网络结构保持更好。
面筋蛋白二级结构对面团品质的影响很大,其中α-螺旋主要影响面筋的弹性和硬度,β-折叠主要影响面团的黏性[38−39]。对酰胺I带各吸收峰进行指认[40]并计算峰面积得到表2结果。从表2可以看出,面团二级结构主要为α-螺旋和无规卷曲,这与刘兰香等[40]的研究结果一致。与新鲜面团相比,冷冻面团无规卷曲含量显著上升(P<0.05)。AF-0 D组面团α-螺旋含量显著下降,β-转角含量显著上升(P<0.05)。IM-0 D组面团(除无规卷曲含量外)与Fresh组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随着冻藏时间的延长,冷冻面团α-螺旋和β-折叠含量持续下降(IM>AF),无规卷曲和β-转角含量持续上升(IM<AF),这与雷磊等[41]的研究结果一致。以上结果说明冷冻面团在冷冻及冻藏过程中面筋蛋白结构趋向无序[41]。与AF组面团相比,IM组面团形成的小冰晶对面筋蛋白氢键以及二硫键的破坏程度小[41],因此面筋蛋白更有序,面筋网络更稳定。
面包内部的气孔结构反映了面包的持气力和松软程度[42],是评价面包品质的重要指标。由表3数据可知,相较于新鲜面包的孔隙率(46.06%)和气孔密度(107.12 cell/cm2),冷冻面团烘焙面包孔隙率和气孔密度显著下降(P<0.05),这与尚珊等[43]的研究结果一致。观察图5面包芯切面扫描图并结合表3结果可知,新鲜面包切片表面平整,组织光滑,气孔数量多且分布均匀,冷冻面团烘焙面包切片较粗糙,气孔数量少且大小、分布不均。由之前的研究结果可知,冷冻面团微观结构出现较多孔洞,游离巯基的含量升高,面筋蛋白二级结构趋于无序,面团的面筋网络被破坏,面团的粘弹性下降,持气能力变差,在面团醒发以及烤制过程中气孔壁破裂使气孔合并,孔隙率和气孔密度减小。相较于AF组面包,IM组面包的孔隙率、气孔密度和气孔均面积分别增大了9.49%、4.56 cells/cm2和0.09 mm2,面包组织切面较光滑,面包的持气力和松软程度更佳。面团在冷冻过程中形成的冰晶会破坏面筋和淀粉的复合结构、降低酵母细胞活性,使面包的产气能力和持气力下降[44−45]。IM组面团的冰晶尺寸小,对面筋网络及酵母细胞的破坏小,因此较好地保持了面包的品质。
面包硬度反映了面包的松软程度,一般与面包的烘焙品质负相关[46−47]。不同面包面包芯的硬度变化如图6所示,其中,新鲜面包的硬度最低(104.50 N),IM-0 D组面包硬度为125.00 N,AF-0 D组面包硬度为134.50 N。冷冻面团烘焙面包硬度显著增高(P<0.05)。随着冷冻面团冻藏时间的延长,其烘焙出的面包的硬度不断升高,这与田金河等[16]的研究结果一致。对比AF组面包和IM组面包可以发现,IM组面包的硬度在冻藏第7、14、28 d时显著(P<0.05)低于AF组面包。面团冷冻时冰晶的形成和增大会破坏面筋蛋白的网络结构,使其持水性变差[48],水分迁移流失,硬度增大,因此IM组面包相较于AF组面包硬度低,烘焙品质好。
本实验通过对比液体浸渍冷冻(IM)与空气速冻(AF)两种速冻方式对面团及成品面包品质的影响,得到以下结论:相较于传统空气速冻,液体浸渍冷冻技术可显著提升冷冻面团品质及稳定性。具体表现为IM组面团冷冻速率快,冻结过程中形成的小冰晶对面筋网络结构的机械损伤小,面团的流变特性、持水力更好,面筋网络更完整、面筋蛋白更有序,烘焙出的面包硬度低,孔隙率高(35.90%)且气孔密度大(89.76 cells/cm2)。随着冻藏时间的延长,冰晶的生长会导致冷冻面团的品质不断下降,但相比空气速冻,液体浸渍冷冻更好地保持了面团的品质。综上,与传统的空气速冻方式相比,液体浸渍冷冻的面团和新鲜面团的品质更接近。本研究期望为冷冻面团的新型冷冻加工方式提供参考,未来还需对载冷剂的安全性及载冷剂-食品成分迁移控制等进行深入研究,进一步推动液体浸渍冷冻技术在食品工业中的安全应用,为高品质冷冻食品的生产提供技术支撑。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050100
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2石家庄铁路职业技术学院,河北石家庄 050062
    3北京麦心食品有限公司,北京 101200
    4中关村科技园区平谷园管理委员会,北京101299

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王增利(1968−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
林义利(1969−),男,本科,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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