Article(id=1320886363126354265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070356, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853449850, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853449850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853449850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853449850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886363340263770, articleId=1320886363126354265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Quality and Microstructure of Triarrhena lutarioriparia Shoots, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study investigated the effects of different drying methods on the quality and microstructure of Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots to provide a reference for their drying processing. Methods: Fresh Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots were divided into blanched and non-blanched groups and subjected to four drying methods: hot air drying (HAD), infrared drying (IFD), heat pump drying (HPD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The effects of these drying methods on the quality attributes (texture, color, total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content) and microstructure of the samples were studied. Results: Significant differences were observed in the physical properties of dried products obtained by different methods. VFD resulted in the best physical characteristics, with the lowest shrinkage rate (9.1%), hardness after rehydration (14.2 N), and the highest rehydration ratio (5.87). IFD led to the highest shrinkage rate, but its rehydration ratio and rehydrated hardness were superior to those of HAD. In terms of nutrient retention, VFD samples exhibited the highest total phenol content (8.211 mg/g), total flavonoid content (2.482 mg/g), soluble sugar content (9.960 g/100 g), soluble protein content (12.005 mg/g), and DPPH radical scavenging rate (92.77%). Nutrient preservation capacity followed the order: VFD > IFD > HPD > HAD. Among the four methods, blanched samples showed better color but inferior physical properties and nutrient retention compared to non-blanched samples. Microstructural analysis revealed that VFD samples exhibited a porous honeycomb network structure with numerous small pores, indicating well-preserved cellular morphology with minimal damage. In contrast, HAD samples suffered severe structural collapse with the most significant damage. Conclusion: VFD was the optimal drying method for high-quality dried Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots. IFD outperformed HAD and HPD in nutrient preservation. Blanching effectively improved color preservation but reduces nutritional quality. This study wold provide valuable reference and fundamental data for further deep processing of fresh Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots.

, authors=Jueqin LIANG1, Xiaolei HAN1, Wei FAN2, Hui ZHOU2, Boning ZHANG3, Huiying LÜ1, *, authorsList=Jueqin LIANG, Xiaolei HAN, Wei FAN, Hui ZHOU, Boning ZHANG, Huiying LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huiying LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886365097677163, articleId=1320886363126354265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质和微观结构的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质及微观结构的影响,为南荻笋干燥加工提供参考。方法:以新鲜南荻笋为实验材料,实验分为漂烫组和非漂烫组,采用热风干燥(Hot Air Drying,HAD)、红外干燥(Infrared Drying,IFD)、热泵干燥(Heat Pump Drying,HPD)和真空冷冻干燥(Vacuum Freeze Drying,VFD)4种干燥方法分别对其进行干燥,研究不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质特性(质构、色泽、总酚、总黄酮、DPPH自由基清除率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量)及微观结构的影响。结果:不同干燥方式加工的南荻笋制品的物理特性具有较大差异,VFD所得制品物理特性最优,具有最低的收缩率(9.1%)、复水后硬度(14.2 N)及最高的复水比(5.87);IFD所得制品收缩率最高,但复水比及复水后硬度均优于HAD;营养物质保留方面,VFD具有最高的总酚含量(8.211 mg/g)、总黄酮含量(2.482 mg/g)、可溶性糖含量(9.960 g/100 g)、可溶性蛋白含量(12.005 mg/g)以及DPPH自由基清除率(92.77%)。营养物质保留能力按顺序为VFD>IFD>HPD>HAD。4种干燥方式中漂烫组具有更好的色泽但其他物理特性及营养成分的保持能力均低于未漂烫组。微观结构方面,VFD样品表面呈多孔性的蜂窝网状结构,微孔较多,孔隙较小,说明细胞结构未受到较大破坏,能够较好地保存其外观形态。HAD样品组织结构几乎完全坍塌,受破坏最为严重。结论:VFD为保证南荻笋干制品品质的最优干燥方式;IFD在营养物质保留方面优于HAD和HPD;对南荻笋进行漂烫处理能有效护色但会使其营养品质降低。该研究结果可为新鲜南荻笋的进一步精深加工提供可借鉴的方法和基础数据。

, authors=梁珏钦1, 韩晓磊1, 范伟2, 周辉2, 张博宁3, 吕慧英1, *, authorsList=梁珏钦, 韩晓磊, 范伟, 周辉, 张博宁, 吕慧英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕慧英, authorNote=

梁珏钦(1988−),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与质量安全研究,E-mail:

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吕慧英(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与质量安全研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图5同。

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注:*为P<0.05,**为P<0.01。

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Basic characteristics of Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots

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名称水分(%)硬度(N)总酚(mg/g)总黄酮(mg/g)可溶性糖(g/100 g)可溶性蛋白(mg/g)DPPH自由基清除能力(%)
南荻笋86.1415.1402.5400.8761.2411.36686.456
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新鲜南荻笋基本特征

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名称水分(%)硬度(N)总酚(mg/g)总黄酮(mg/g)可溶性糖(g/100 g)可溶性蛋白(mg/g)DPPH自由基清除能力(%)
南荻笋86.1415.1402.5400.8761.2411.36686.456
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不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质和微观结构的影响
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梁珏钦 1 , 韩晓磊 1 , 范伟 2 , 周辉 2 , 张博宁 3 , 吕慧英 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(10): 23-32
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (10) : 23 -32
不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质和微观结构的影响
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梁珏钦1 , 韩晓磊1, 范伟2, 周辉2, 张博宁3, 吕慧英1, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南省农业科学院农产品加工与质量安全研究所,湖南长沙 410125
  • 2湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖南长沙 410128
  • 3沅江芦小妹食品有限公司,湖南沅江 413000
通讯作者:
吕慧英(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与质量安全研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁珏钦(1988−),男,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与质量安全研究,E-mail:

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Quality and Microstructure of Triarrhena lutarioriparia Shoots
Jueqin LIANG1 , Xiaolei HAN1, Wei FAN2, Hui ZHOU2, Boning ZHANG3, Huiying LÜ1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Hunan Institute of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Safety, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 3Yuanjiang Luxiaomei Food Co., Ltd., Yuanjiang 413000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070356
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目的:探究不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质及微观结构的影响,为南荻笋干燥加工提供参考。方法:以新鲜南荻笋为实验材料,实验分为漂烫组和非漂烫组,采用热风干燥(Hot Air Drying,HAD)、红外干燥(Infrared Drying,IFD)、热泵干燥(Heat Pump Drying,HPD)和真空冷冻干燥(Vacuum Freeze Drying,VFD)4种干燥方法分别对其进行干燥,研究不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质特性(质构、色泽、总酚、总黄酮、DPPH自由基清除率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量)及微观结构的影响。结果:不同干燥方式加工的南荻笋制品的物理特性具有较大差异,VFD所得制品物理特性最优,具有最低的收缩率(9.1%)、复水后硬度(14.2 N)及最高的复水比(5.87);IFD所得制品收缩率最高,但复水比及复水后硬度均优于HAD;营养物质保留方面,VFD具有最高的总酚含量(8.211 mg/g)、总黄酮含量(2.482 mg/g)、可溶性糖含量(9.960 g/100 g)、可溶性蛋白含量(12.005 mg/g)以及DPPH自由基清除率(92.77%)。营养物质保留能力按顺序为VFD>IFD>HPD>HAD。4种干燥方式中漂烫组具有更好的色泽但其他物理特性及营养成分的保持能力均低于未漂烫组。微观结构方面,VFD样品表面呈多孔性的蜂窝网状结构,微孔较多,孔隙较小,说明细胞结构未受到较大破坏,能够较好地保存其外观形态。HAD样品组织结构几乎完全坍塌,受破坏最为严重。结论:VFD为保证南荻笋干制品品质的最优干燥方式;IFD在营养物质保留方面优于HAD和HPD;对南荻笋进行漂烫处理能有效护色但会使其营养品质降低。该研究结果可为新鲜南荻笋的进一步精深加工提供可借鉴的方法和基础数据。

南荻笋  /  漂烫  /  热风干燥  /  热泵干燥  /  红外干燥  /  真空冷冻干燥  /  微观结构

Objective: This study investigated the effects of different drying methods on the quality and microstructure of Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots to provide a reference for their drying processing. Methods: Fresh Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots were divided into blanched and non-blanched groups and subjected to four drying methods: hot air drying (HAD), infrared drying (IFD), heat pump drying (HPD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The effects of these drying methods on the quality attributes (texture, color, total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content) and microstructure of the samples were studied. Results: Significant differences were observed in the physical properties of dried products obtained by different methods. VFD resulted in the best physical characteristics, with the lowest shrinkage rate (9.1%), hardness after rehydration (14.2 N), and the highest rehydration ratio (5.87). IFD led to the highest shrinkage rate, but its rehydration ratio and rehydrated hardness were superior to those of HAD. In terms of nutrient retention, VFD samples exhibited the highest total phenol content (8.211 mg/g), total flavonoid content (2.482 mg/g), soluble sugar content (9.960 g/100 g), soluble protein content (12.005 mg/g), and DPPH radical scavenging rate (92.77%). Nutrient preservation capacity followed the order: VFD > IFD > HPD > HAD. Among the four methods, blanched samples showed better color but inferior physical properties and nutrient retention compared to non-blanched samples. Microstructural analysis revealed that VFD samples exhibited a porous honeycomb network structure with numerous small pores, indicating well-preserved cellular morphology with minimal damage. In contrast, HAD samples suffered severe structural collapse with the most significant damage. Conclusion: VFD was the optimal drying method for high-quality dried Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots. IFD outperformed HAD and HPD in nutrient preservation. Blanching effectively improved color preservation but reduces nutritional quality. This study wold provide valuable reference and fundamental data for further deep processing of fresh Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots.

Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots  /  blanching  /  hot air drying (HAD)  /  heat pump drying (HPD)  /  infrared drying (IFD)  /  vacuum freeze drying (VFD)  /  microstructure
梁珏钦, 韩晓磊, 范伟, 周辉, 张博宁, 吕慧英. 不同干燥方式对南荻笋品质和微观结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 23 -32 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070356
Jueqin LIANG, Xiaolei HAN, Wei FAN, Hui ZHOU, Boning ZHANG, Huiying LÜ. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Quality and Microstructure of Triarrhena lutarioriparia Shoots[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 23 -32 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070356
南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia L.Liu),禾本科、荻属,是一种多年生无性繁殖的野生水陆两生植物,多生长于南洞庭湖滩涂湿地。南荻笋(Triarrhena lutarioriparia shoots)则是南荻早春发出的幼苗嫩茎,外形类似小竹笋,南荻笋是国家农产品地理标志和国家农产品证明商标“双认证”农产品,通常在沅江市域内又称为沅江芦笋[1]。其带壳鲜笋饱满、紧实,长度16 cm左右,中部直径1.5~2.0 cm。剥壳鲜笋呈淡绿色,笋头为芽白色,长度8~15 cm,中部直径1~1.5 cm。南荻笋作为洞庭湖区的特色野生蔬菜,食用历史悠久,资源优势显著。其富含大量膳食纤维、16种人体所需氨基酸及蛋白质、糖、维生素、硒、钾、钙、锌、镁和功能性成分。南荻笋具有天然野生、滋味鲜美、食药兼优等特点,被誉为“洞庭虫草”[2−5]。南荻笋采摘期为每年3月上旬至4月上旬,约40 d,其主要贮藏方式为采收后漂烫杀青、腌制保存,此法易导致其外观及营养品质大幅下降,造成原料的损失[6]。目前除传统腌制贮藏方式外尚未见其干制加工技术相关研究,市场也鲜有干制品流通,反季节食用南荻笋的方式相对较单一。因此南荻笋干制技术是该产业当前面临的急需解决的一项加工技术难题。
目前常见的果蔬干制方式有自然干燥、热风干燥、热泵干燥、冷冻干燥等。采用自然干燥的制品虽然成本低廉,操作简便,但耗时较长、过程缓慢,产品受环境因素影响较大,易变色变质,导致产品品质参差不齐[7];热风干燥通常耗时短、效率较高,但温度控制不当易破坏物料组织结构,导致色泽变暗,营养损失严重[8−11];热泵干燥技术是利用热泵除去干燥室内湿热空气中的水分并使除湿后的空气重新加热实现果蔬原料干燥的技术,具有温度低、参数易于控制、节能等优点,一般适用于热敏性的果蔬干燥[12];冷冻干燥是一种新型干燥方式,在几种干燥方式中最能完整地保存物料的营养品质,但较传统干燥方式对能源消耗及对设备的要求都较高[13−15]。在果蔬的干燥研究中,谢静等[16]对比了热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥对黑皮鸡枞菌品质的影响,研究结果表明真空冷冻干燥后黑皮鸡枞菌营养成分方面表现最佳。郭帅等[17]以新鲜酸枣为原料,研究热风干燥、真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥处理不同时间对酸枣的理化特性,活性成分和抗氧化活性的动态变化影响,结果表明真空冷冻干燥方式是获得高品质和长储藏期酸枣的预处理方式。
本研究旨在通过热风干燥(HAD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、红外干燥(IFD)及真空冷冻干燥(VFD)4种方式对南荻笋进行干燥处理,研究不同干燥方式对南荻笋干制品理化性质的影响及微观结构的变化,以期获得南荻笋的最佳干燥方式,为南荻笋的精深加工及产业化提供理论依据。
新鲜南荻笋 采自湖南省沅江市漉湖芦苇场,基本特征见表1;硝酸铝、醋酸钾、氢氧化钠、亚硝酸钠、没食子酸、冰醋酸、浓硫酸、磷酸、硫酸锌、氯化钡、正辛醇、葡萄糖 分析纯,中国医药集团有限公司;牛血清蛋白标准品 分析纯,长沙市裕丰化玻器械有限公司;芦丁标准品、福林酚 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;硫代巴比妥酸、考马斯亮蓝 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH) 分析纯,绿源生物工程有限公司;实验用水均为去离子水。
UV-A360紫外-可见分光光度计 翱艺仪器(上海)有限公司;TexturePro CT3 4500质构仪 美国BROOKFIELD有限公司;AL-204型电子天平 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司;HR/T16M型高速冷冻离心机 湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司;LGJ-10FD真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;HE53快速水分测定仪 梅特勒-托利多科技(中国)有限公司;DHG-9053A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验仪器设备有限公司;PHB-4型pH计 上海雷磁精密仪器有限公司;EVO10型扫描电镜 德国蔡司公司;WRH-500AW5热泵干燥机 诸城市恩泽机械科技有限公司;R-HH-6型数显电子恒温水浴锅 上海博迅实业有限公司;SAK-505红外烘干机 泰州圣泰科红外科技有限公司;默克Milli-Q超纯水系统 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司。
选取新鲜、无损伤、无变质、大小一致的南荻笋3 kg分为两份,一份经过沸水漂烫3 min,一份不做处理,将两份各分为4组分别标为漂烫(Blanching)组:漂烫热风干燥(B-HAD)、漂烫红外干燥(B-IFD)、漂烫热泵干燥(B-HPD)、漂烫真空冷冻干燥(B-VFD);未漂烫(Non blanching)组:热风干燥(HAD)、红外干燥(IFD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)。采用上述4种干燥方式对两份实验材料按分组进行干燥处理。参照高炜等[18]的干燥方式并稍作修改,热风干燥:温度45 ℃,风速恒定1 m/s。真空冷冻干燥:冷阱温度≤−70 ℃,物料温度−40 ℃预冻4 h,真空度≤10 Pa。红外干燥:温度45 ℃,风速可调1 m/s,加热管功率225 W。热泵干燥:温度45 ℃,风速恒定1 m/s,除湿模式运行。将选取的南荻笋单层整齐铺放在筛网上,通过以上不同干燥方式进行干燥,其中,热风、红外、热泵干燥至恒重(干基水分分别为5.5%、5.7%、5.6%);真空冷冻干燥至物料隔板温度回升至室温并保持2 h不变(干基水分为5.1%)[19]。样品干燥后粉碎过筛(80目),用密封袋封口后置于干燥皿内保存备用。
水分含量测定采用卤素快速水分测定仪进行测定,仪器自动记录水分含量指标结果。
参照Zhang等[20]的测定方式稍作修改,色差仪测量的L*、a*、b*值分别代表明度、红绿轴和黄蓝轴。L*值越大亮度越高,a*值正值表示红色倾向,负值表示绿色倾向,b*值正值表示黄色倾向,负值表示蓝色倾向。用色差仪测干粉[21]的L*值、a*值、b*值,每组样品平行测定5次,取平均值。
取一定质量干燥后的南荻笋,在水(室温,25 ℃)中浸泡4 h后取出。沥干水分后称重,每组重复测定3次。按照公式(1)计算复水比[22]:
$ \mathrm{K=m}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{/m} $
式中:K为复水比;m和m0分别为复水前后的样品重量,g。
随机选取3个完整的南荻笋干样,使用TexturePro CT3质构仪进行测定,选取TA11/1000探头和TA-BT-KI夹具(B3 mm),测试速率:1 mm/s,挤压深度:3 mm,进行测试,重复3次,结果取平均数,单位为:g。
取新鲜无损的南荻笋,用游标卡尺测定其干燥前后直径,重复测定3次,按照公式(2)计算收缩率[23]:
$ \mathrm{收缩率(\text{%})=(d}_{ \mathrm{0}} -\mathrm{d}_{ \mathrm{t}} \mathrm{)/d}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:d0和dt为干燥前后南荻笋直径大小,mm。
采用福林酚比色法[24]测定总酚含量。准确称取1 g南荻笋粉末,加入30 mL 70%乙醇超声90 min,9000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液待测,取1 mL待测液,加入0.5 mL福林酚试剂,静置6 min,加入1.5 mL 10.6%碳酸钠溶液,混匀后于室温避光放置60 min,用分光光度计在765 nm波长处测定溶液吸光度值。同时以没食子酸为标准品制作标准曲线进行计算,得到回归直线方程:y=0.0029x+0.121,R2=0.9996。根据公式(3)计算总酚含量。
$ \rm{总}酚含量(mg/g)=\frac{m_t\times V_t}{m\times V} $
式中:mt表示由标准曲线计算得出的没食子酸质量,mg;Vt表示样液体积,mL;V表示测定取样体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g。
采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法[25]测定总黄酮含量,准确称取1 g南荻笋粉末,用70%乙醇定容至50 mL,超声辅助提取30 min,9000 r/min离心5 min后获得上清液作为待测液。取1 mL待测液于25 mL容量瓶,依次加入5% NaNO2 0.4 mL、10% Al(NO3)3 0.4 mL,摇匀静置6 min。加入4% NaOH 4 mL,摇匀静置10 min,最后用70%乙醇定容至刻度。以空白为参比,于510 nm波长处测定各溶液的吸光度值。同时以芦丁为标准品制作标准曲线进行计算,得到回归直线方程:y=0.0291x-0.0202,R2=0.9998。根据公式(4)计算总黄酮(以芦丁质量分数计)含量。
$ \begin{split} \rm{总}黄酮(以芦丁质量分数计)含量(mg/g)= \rm{\frac{m_t\times V_t}{m\times V}}\end{split} $
式中:mt表示由标准曲线计算得出的芦丁质量,mg;Vt表示样液体积,mL;V表示测定取样体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g。
采用蒽酮比色法[26],准确称取1 g南荻笋粉末,用30 mL蒸馏水在沸水浴中浸提30 min,冷却后定容至100 mL,过滤,取滤液为待测液。准确吸取1.0 mL待测液于具塞试管中,向各管中缓慢沿管壁加入4.0 mL蒽酮-硫酸试剂,立即摇匀。将各管置于沸水浴中加热10 min,取出后迅速用冷水冷却至室温。以试剂空白调零,于620 nm波长处测定各溶液的吸光度值。同时以葡萄糖标准品制作标准曲线进行计算,得到回归直线方程:y=0.0028x+0.0052,R2=0.9974。根据所测样品吸光度,在标准曲线上查得相应的可溶性糖含量。根据公式(5)计算可溶性糖含量。
$ \rm{可}溶性糖(g/100\; g)=\frac{m_t\times V_t}{m\times V}\times0.1 $
式中:mt表示由标准曲线计算得出的葡萄糖质量,mg;Vt表示样液体积,mL;V表示测定取样体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g。
采用考马斯亮蓝G250染色法[27],准确称取1 g南荻笋粉末,用25 mL磷酸缓冲液(PBS, 0.05 mol/L,pH7.0)或蒸馏水进行冰浴研磨或涡旋提取。于4 ℃下12000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液作为待测液。准确吸取1.0 mL待测液于具塞试管中,向各管中迅速加入5.0 mL考马斯亮蓝G-250试剂,立即涡旋混匀。静置10 min,以试剂空白调零,于595 nm波长处测定各溶液的吸光度值。同时以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)制作标准曲线进行计算,得到回归直线方程:y=0.0036x+0.07,R2=0.9993。根据所测样品吸光度,在标准曲线上查得相应的蛋白质含量。根据公式(6)计算可溶性蛋白含量。
$ \rm{可}溶性蛋白(mg/g)=\frac{m_t\times V_t}{m\times V} $
式中:mt表示由标准曲线计算得出的可溶性蛋白质量,mg;Vt表示样液体积,mL;m表示样品质量,g;V表示测定取样体积,mL。
参考Ishola等[28]的测定方式,准确称取待测样品,用无水乙醇溶解并定容,配制成6 mg/mL的待测液,加入2.0 mL无水乙醇和2.0 mL 0.04 mg/mL的DPPH溶液,溶液充分混匀后于室温避光条件下静置30 min,使用分光光度计于517 nm处测定吸光度,记Ai。以2.0 mL无水乙醇替代0.04 mg/mL DPPH溶液,相同方法测定吸光度,记Aj。以2.0 mL无水乙醇替代样品溶液,相同方法测定吸光度,记Ac,重复实验3次。按照公式(3)计算样品对DPPH自由基清除率:
$ \rm{D}PPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_i-A_j}{A_c}\right)\times100 $
式中:Ai表示加入DPPH时溶液的吸光度;Aj表示未加入DPPH溶液后的吸光值;Ac表示未加入样品后的吸光值。
采用扫描电子显微镜观察南荻笋的微观结构。将南荻笋干样切成3 mm×3 mm×3 mm小块,固定镀膜后观察,分别采集样品500倍和1000倍的微观图像。
以上实验重复测定3次,采用Excel 2019软件对数据进行统计学分析,采用SPSS 19.0软件进行显著性检验(P<0.05)及相关性分析,采用OriginPro2025软件进行绘图制表。
食物收缩率、复水比及复水后硬度是衡量干制品品质的重要指标,食物干燥后收缩率越小即干燥产生的形变越小;复水比越高说明复水后恢复原来新鲜状态的程度越高;复水后硬度则是最直接反映口感的一项指标[29]。图1显示VFD南荻笋具有最低的收缩率(9.1%),最高的复水比(5.87)以及最接近鲜样(15.14 N)的复水后硬度(14.2 N),且未漂烫组物理特性均优于漂烫组,漂烫使所有干燥方式的硬度与收缩率提升(除IFD外,漂烫处理后其收缩率下降)、复水比下降,其中IFD受漂烫影响最大(收缩率:43.77%、复水比:2.13、硬度:37.7 N)。VFD过程中,样品整体结构改变较小,因失水作用,样品形状有一定程度的收缩,但整体形状基本保持不变,物料内部的水冻结成冰晶后,在真空状态下,玻璃化转变能锁定胶原蛋白结构以及冰晶升华形成三维多孔网络,因其孔壁脆弱易断裂,形成硬度低,收缩率小,复水比高的物理特性[30]。IFD过程中辐射穿透加热使内部组织结构受到破坏程度较大从而导致其收缩率最高,复水比最低以及表面焦糖化导致复水后硬度最大[31]。
色泽是评价蔬菜品质最关键、最直观的视觉指标以及影响消费者购买决策的一个核心因素[32]。图2显示不同干燥方式处理的样品中未漂烫组色泽指数a*值均显著高于漂烫组(P<0.05),a*值越小样品颜色越接近绿色,漂烫后a*值变小,说明漂烫有利于南荻笋绿色的保持,漂烫高温破坏与钝化了鲜样中的氧化酶活性,从而防止南荻笋因酶促褐变反应颜色变深。未漂烫组亮度指数L*值均显著低于漂烫组(P<0.05),说明漂烫后的南荻笋更具光泽。未漂烫组中,HPD组L*最低(60.2)且a*值最高(5.82),说明HPD下南荻笋色泽偏红,这与南荻笋干燥过程中发生褐变有关,HPD过程中通风的环境以及较长的高温干燥时间使得南荻笋褐变程度加深[33]。漂烫组中,B-VFD组L*值最高(86.38),与鲜样无显著差异(P>0.05),B-HAD、B-HPD、B-IFD组L*值相近(P>0.05)。综上,漂烫处理有利于南荻笋绿色的保持,HPD会使南荻笋变色严重,VFD组干燥过程处于真空低温低氧环境下,相比其他干燥方式具有更好的护色效果。
酚类和黄酮类物质是一类广泛存在于自然界中的天然有机化合物,对人体健康的影响包括抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌作用等[34],此类物质易受温度及氧气含量等因素的影响。图3(a)显示通过不同干燥方式干燥后总酚含量由高到低依次为VFD、IFD、HPD、HAD。VFD处理的样品总酚含量最高,为8.211 mg/g,显著高于其他三种干燥方式(P<0.05)。漂烫处理会使总酚含量损失36%~56%,总酚含量由高到低顺序不变。图3(b)显示不同干燥方式干燥后总黄酮含量由高到低依次为VFD、IFD、HPD、HAD。VFD的样品总黄酮含量最高,为2.482 mg/g,显著高于其他三种干燥方式(P<0.05)。经漂烫处理后会使总黄酮含量降低39%~67%,总黄酮含量由高到低顺序不变,这一结果与总酚含量相似。莫云峰等[35]通过三种不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉进行处理得到类似的结果。酚类物质在高温条件下易发生变性和失活,还原糖与氨基酸发生美拉德反应会消耗结合态酚类如绿原酸等;黄酮类(如槲皮素)在温度>70 ℃时B环开裂生成非酚类聚合物;液态水分迁移导致细胞壁破裂,酚类物质接触胞外氧化酶;漂烫过程中细胞膜破裂导致游离酚(如儿茶素)溶于热水[36]。因此漂烫和热干燥处理后的南荻笋总酚、总黄酮含量会显著降低,VFD真空低温的干燥条件使多酚降解酶与氧化酶失活,避免酚类物质降解,快速冷冻使物料进入玻璃态导致酚类物质分子运动冻结,从而有效保存样品中总酚、总黄酮的含量。
果蔬中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量是评价果蔬品质、风味、营养价值、加工特性及贮藏性能的核心参数[37]。图4(a)显示未漂烫VFD的样品具有最高的可溶性糖含量(9.960 g/100 g),显著高于其他干燥方式(P<0.05),IFD比VFD可溶性糖含量低18%,为次优选。4种干燥方式中未漂烫组可溶性糖含量均高于漂烫组,经漂烫处理后可溶性糖含量平均降低32%~52%。4种干燥方式对可溶性糖保持能力依次为VFD>IFD>HPD>HAD。图4(b)显示未漂烫VFD的样品具有最高的可溶性蛋白含量(12.005 mg/g),显著高于其他干燥方式(P<0.05),表明VFD能最大程度保留蛋白质,这与VFD的干燥环境有关,真空、低温的条件能有效减少美拉德反应的发生。4种干燥方式中未漂烫组可溶性蛋白含量均高于漂烫组,漂烫处理会使样品可溶性蛋白含量平均降低50%~85%,具有显著性(P<0.05)。未漂烫组中HAD可溶性蛋白含量最低(5.549 mg/g),但显著高于漂烫组(P<0.05)。在物料干燥过程中,氧气、温度等会对营养成分存在影响。高温会加速糖、蛋白质的分解和变性,破坏细胞结构,导致营养物质的流失。高温漂烫也是造成南荻笋中可溶性糖和蛋白质流失的重要因素[38]。
DPPH自由基清除能力是评价果蔬食品抗氧化性能的重要指标[39],一般来说产品保存的酚类物质等成分越高,DPPH自由基清除能力也会越强[40]。图5显示VFD的南荻笋在DPPH自由基清除能力方面显著高于其他三种干燥方式(P<0.05),由高到低依次为VFD>IFD>HPD>HAD。此外,未漂烫组DPPH自由基清除能力也显著高于漂烫组(P<0.05)。不同干燥方式导致DPPH自由基清除率差异的可能原因是干燥过程中抗氧化物质的保留率、热敏感性成分的转化以及氧化损伤程度的差异,如VFD能最大程度保留酚类和黄酮类等抗氧化物质,且在其干燥过程中能将绿原酸转变为奎宁酸,从而使其抗氧化活性提升;过度热干燥产生的酰胺及呋喃类物质会消耗抗氧化剂导致抗氧化活性下降[41];漂烫过程中会造成水溶性抗坏血酸及其他多酚类物质溶出损失[42],从而导致了南荻笋抗氧化能力明显下降。
由图6可以看出不同干燥方式下南荻笋微观结构对比差异较明显(放大倍数500倍),HAD组与HPD组表面板结严重,纤维化明显,切面蜂窝结构几乎完全坍塌断裂,在质构方面体现为硬度高、韧性差,口感粗糙,结构致密且硬壳阻碍水分进入,导致其复水慢且不完全;IFD组表面较光滑,皱缩较少,在质构方面体现为复水较快,但硬壳可能阻碍完全复水,表面硬化导致脆性增加;VFD组切面呈蜂窝状结构,孔隙均匀,细胞结构较完整,在质构方面体现为高度多孔结构使水分瞬间渗透,复水率可达90%以上,无收缩,保持酥脆或原有弹性,这与李光英等[43]对莴苣品质特性以及朱蕴兰等[44]对芦笋品质特性的相关研究结果相类似。VFD过程中,物料中的水分直接升华,从而使物料保持了较好的组织结构与形态。未漂烫组与漂烫组相比,未漂烫组组织结构较完整,表面较光滑整齐,漂烫组组织结构受破坏较明显,表面皱缩坍塌严重,多处组织断裂,细胞丧失完整性,因此漂烫组整体质构表现均差于未漂烫组。
本实验采用Pearson双尾检验,对不同干燥方式处理的漂烫预处理和非漂烫南荻笋各项指标进行相关性分析,结果如图7所示,其中红色代表呈正相关,蓝色代表呈负相关,颜色越深、圆圈越大代表成分之间的相关性越强[45],白色代表成分之间不存在显著相关性(P>0.05)。不同预处理和干燥方式的南荻笋营养品质对其色泽、物理特性和抗氧化性影响较大。相关系数矩阵表明,硬度、收缩率与总酚、总黄酮、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、DPPH呈负相关,与复水比呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。总酚、总黄酮、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质与DPPH呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),总黄酮、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质与b*值呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。说明干燥后硬度越高,收缩越严重,复水性越差;酚类物质保留提升抗氧化活性;高温干燥(如热风)导致酚类降解和硬度增加。抗氧化活性主要由酚类物质贡献,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白与抗氧化活性的显著相关性暗示其可能存在间接贡献或协同作用机制。酚类损失可能伴随红值升高(如类胡萝卜素氧化或美拉德反应)。
通过聚类分析可进一步展示样品之间的差异与联系,样品之间距离越大,则差异越大,相似度越低[46]。聚类分析结果如图8所示。不同处理方式的8组样品分为3个聚类,第一类为实验组VFD、B-VFD,均为真空冷冻干燥处理;第二类为实验组HAD、HPD、IFD,均为非漂烫处理组;第三类为实验组B-HAD、B-HPD、B-IFD,均为漂烫处理组。其中第一类处理样品与其他方式处理样品距离最远,说明与其他处理方式差异最大。第二类与第三类实验组处理样品距离较接近,是因为第一类实验组为冷冻干燥,第二类与第三类均为热干燥,说明温度是影响干制南荻笋品质指标的关键因素。
本研究通过比较漂烫与未漂烫组HAD、IFD、HPD、VFD 4种干燥方式对南荻笋质构、色泽、总酚、总黄酮、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、DPPH清除率以及微观结构的影响。主要结论如下,VFD具有更好的物理观感及口感,收缩率最低(9.1%),复水比最高(5.87),复水后硬度最低(14.2 N),褐变程度较低,颜色更接近鲜样,对各项营养成分含量保留较高(总酚8.211 mg/g、总黄酮2.482 mg/g、可溶性糖9.960 g/100 g、可溶性蛋白12.005 mg/g)。此外,真空冷冻干燥后的南荻笋DPPH自由基清除能力(92.77%)明显高于其他干燥方式,具有更好的抗氧化能力;IFD因其由内至外的干燥机理使得南荻笋内部细胞结构等受破坏严重,从而导致其物理特性表现低于HAD和HPD,但在营养物质保存表现方面优于HAD和HPD;HAD和HPD干燥机制较为类似,具体表现为其南荻笋干制品各方面表现差异不大,HPD在物理特性和营养物质保存方面均稍好于HAD,且HPD具有更高的节能效应。漂烫组与非漂烫组相比,漂烫能有效护色,但物理特性更差,营养成分更易流失,抗氧化能力明显低于未漂烫组。微观结构方面,VFD相较于其他干燥方式能更好地保存南荻笋结构组织的完整性,漂烫组南荻笋结构组织受到破坏大于未漂烫组。综上,真空冷冻干燥为保证南荻笋干制品品质的最佳干燥方式;若需平衡营养与效率则可考虑选择红外干燥;漂烫+真空冷冻干燥模式是南荻笋干制品颜色保真的首选干燥方式;在大规模生产中热泵干燥是替代传统热风干燥的较好选择。本研究为漂烫及不同干燥方式对南荻笋物理品质、营养品质影响提供了参考依据,实际生产中,需综合考虑其他工艺生产要求,选择适宜的干燥方式。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070356
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
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    1湖南省农业科学院农产品加工与质量安全研究所,湖南长沙 410125
    2湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院,湖南长沙 410128
    3沅江芦小妹食品有限公司,湖南沅江 413000

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吕慧英(1981−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与质量安全研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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