Article(id=1320886342209352259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853444863, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853444863, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853444863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853444863, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=63, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886342393901636, articleId=1320886342209352259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction of Rice Bran Wax-High Oleic Acid Sunflower Seed Oleogel and Its Application in Bread, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the relationship between the structure of wax-based oleogels and bread quality, this study examined the effects of varying cooling temperatures (20, 4, −18 ℃) on the crystalline network structure of rice bran wax (C24-C32)—high oleic sunflower oil-based oleogels. Additionally, the application of these oleogels in bread was evaluated by substituting margarine with equal amounts of oleogels prepared with 3%, 5%, 8%, and 10% rice bran wax under 20 ℃ cooling. The results pertaining to the microstructure, crystal polymorph, oil-holding capacity, hardness, and thermal properties of the oleogel demonstrated that oleogels cooled at 20 ℃ exhibited a dense dendritic crystalline network with the presence of β' polymorphs. Elevated cooling temperatures increased the fractal dimension Db values (1.822±0.013~1.835±0.105). As the rice bran wax content increased, the crystalline network of oleogels became progressively denser, accompanied by significant increases (P<0.05) in Db values (1.053±0.104~1.783±0.023), hardness (10.43 g~256.12 g), and oil-holding capacity (48.33%~95.42%). Correspondingly, the melting/crystallization peak temperatures increased gradually. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the existence of van der Waals forces among the oleogel constituents. In relation to dough hardness and rheological properties, the hardness of doughs prepared with the oleogels was comparable to that of the butter-containing dough, while both the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') were lower than those of the butter-based dough. The oleogel containing 10% rice bran wax displayed a significantly higher relative content of β' polymorphs than other groups (P<0.05), and the resultant bread showed texture properties, specific volume, and crumb structure approaching those of the butter-containing bread. The L*, a*, and b* values of the crust color for all oleogel-added breads were lower than those of the butter-containing bread, with minimal impact on the crumb color. In summary, the dense crystalline network structure and high β' polymorph content in wax-based oleogels are critical factors influencing bread quality.

, authors=Shiyuan YANG1, 2, Mingqiao WU2, Zhuangpeng WANG2, Jin TU2, Leiyan WU2, 3, *, authorsList=Shiyuan YANG, Mingqiao WU, Zhuangpeng WANG, Jin TU, Leiyan WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Leiyan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886345803870804, articleId=1320886342209352259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=米糠蜡-高油酸葵花籽油凝胶构建及其在面包中的应用, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示蜡基油凝胶结构与面包质量之间的关系,本文基于研究不同冷却温度(20、4、−18 ℃)对米糠蜡(C24-C32)—高油酸葵花籽油基油凝胶结晶网络结构的影响,并以20 ℃冷却、添加3%、5%、8%、10%米糠蜡制备的油凝胶等量替代人造黄油在面包中的应用进行评价。油凝胶的微观结构、晶型、持油率、硬度和热性质结果表明,20 ℃冷却下的油凝胶呈密集的树枝状结晶网络及β'晶型的存在,冷却温度的提高增加了分形维数Db值(1.822±0.013~1.835±0.105);随着米糠蜡含量逐渐增多,油凝胶晶体网络愈加密集,Db值(1.053±0.104~1.783±0.023)、硬度(10.43 g~256.12 g)、持油率(48.33%~95.42%)显著增加(P<0.05),熔融/结晶峰值温度逐渐增大;傅里叶红外光谱表明油凝胶分子间存在范德华力。在面团硬度和流变特性上,油凝胶制备的面团硬度与黄油组面团相似,弹性模量G'和黏性模量G"值均低于黄油组面团。含10%米糠蜡制成的油凝胶β'晶体相对含量显著高于其它组别(P<0.05),且所制作的面包在质构特性、比容、气孔结构上趋于黄油组的面包。所有添加油凝胶的面包表皮颜色L*、a*和b*值均低于黄油组面包,对面包芯颜色影响不大。综上,蜡基油凝胶中密集的结晶网络结构和高β'晶体含量是影响面包品质的关键因素。

, authors=羊世远1, 2, 吴明俏2, 汪壮鹏2, 涂瑾2, 吴磊燕2, 3, *, authorsList=羊世远, 吴明俏, 汪壮鹏, 涂瑾, 吴磊燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴磊燕, authorNote=

羊世远(1998−),男,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴磊燕(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白界面、粮油食品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BJmRbwIDo5DgdzqXs17q7A==, magXml=5WGUrtMSnzvvANUVvQvG1A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WBqV9Lb0imqs0ZbbOZQfqQ==, pdfFileSize=2958182, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0hnol3A/J0mXDaChnwtJPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PEWxdG8r5lxTV5bNqd3/5A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886868175082106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yanghkd@hvust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886868246385277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, authorId=1320886868175082106, language=EN, stringName=Shiyuan YANG, firstName=Shiyuan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Finance and Economics, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 570100, China
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注:A为米糠蜡(20 ℃);B为米糠蜡(4 ℃);C为米糠蜡(−18 ℃);D~G分别为添加3%、5%、8%、10%米糠蜡(20 ℃);H为黄油。

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注:不同的小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3、图6同。

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Db values of butter and oleogels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品米糠蜡(20 ℃)米糠蜡(4 ℃)米糠蜡(−18 ℃)3%米糠蜡(20 ℃)5%米糠蜡(20 ℃)8%米糠蜡(20 ℃)10%米糠蜡(20 ℃)黄油
分形维数Db1.828±0.018a1.835±0.105a1.822±0.013a1.053±0.104e1.445±0.003d1.553±0.044c1.783±0.023a1.687±0.041b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886872918839982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄油与油凝胶Db值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品米糠蜡(20 ℃)米糠蜡(4 ℃)米糠蜡(−18 ℃)3%米糠蜡(20 ℃)5%米糠蜡(20 ℃)8%米糠蜡(20 ℃)10%米糠蜡(20 ℃)黄油
分形维数Db1.828±0.018a1.835±0.105a1.822±0.013a1.053±0.104e1.445±0.003d1.553±0.044c1.783±0.023a1.687±0.041b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886872994337455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic property parameters of bread

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添加物质构特性
硬度(g)凝聚性弹性咀嚼性(mJ)比容(mL/g)水分含量(%)水分活度
黄油80.50±5.15cd0.85±0.02ab0.91±0.02bc62.50±5.09cd7.61±0.32a41.89±0.11a0.95±0.003b
3%米糠蜡104.20±14.84a0.84±0.02ab0.94±0.02a82.73±11.11a5.90±0.14c40.81±0.23b0.95±0.007b
5%米糠蜡92.64±6.82b0.85±0.03ab0.94±0.03abc74.18±6.83ab6.24±0.32bc41.84±0.46a0.96±0.001a
8%米糠蜡91.38±13.42bc0.83±0.01b0.94±0.02ab71.46±10.05bc6.47±0.16b41.48±0.22a0.96±0.002a
10%米糠蜡75.40±5.85d0.86±0.02a0.91±0.03c59.03±6.10d6.62±0.03b41.37±0.53ab0.95±0.002ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320886873074029232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

面包基本性质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加物质构特性
硬度(g)凝聚性弹性咀嚼性(mJ)比容(mL/g)水分含量(%)水分活度
黄油80.50±5.15cd0.85±0.02ab0.91±0.02bc62.50±5.09cd7.61±0.32a41.89±0.11a0.95±0.003b
3%米糠蜡104.20±14.84a0.84±0.02ab0.94±0.02a82.73±11.11a5.90±0.14c40.81±0.23b0.95±0.007b
5%米糠蜡92.64±6.82b0.85±0.03ab0.94±0.03abc74.18±6.83ab6.24±0.32bc41.84±0.46a0.96±0.001a
8%米糠蜡91.38±13.42bc0.83±0.01b0.94±0.02ab71.46±10.05bc6.47±0.16b41.48±0.22a0.96±0.002a
10%米糠蜡75.40±5.85d0.86±0.02a0.91±0.03c59.03±6.10d6.62±0.03b41.37±0.53ab0.95±0.002ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320886873141138097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Bread color of butter and rice bran wax oleogels

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添加物面包表皮色度面包芯色度
L*a*b*∆EL*a*b*∆E
黄油50.66±0.61a7.30±0.41a13.99±0.64a16.25±0.54c41.08±0.19a0.06±0.01a3.07±0.11a27.71±0.23c
3%米糠蜡38.68±0.11c0.31±0.12c1.81±0.13c30.52±0.18a39.49±0.51cd-0.08±0.06cd2.17±0.34cd29.68±0.65a
5%米糠蜡38.55±0.56c0.32±0.43c1.85±0.63c30.30±0.83ab39.85±0.63bc-0.07±0.06bc2.92±0.63ab29.22±0.78ab
8%米糠蜡39.16±0.43bc0.69±0.39bc2.37±0.51bc29.78±0.67ab38.56±0.84d-0.17±0.05d1.68±0.37d30.37±0.45a
10%米糠蜡39.48±0.11b0.95±0.11b2.72±0.14b29.73±0.09b40.90±1.28ab0.03±0.10ab2.40±0.36bc27.96±1.52bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320886873233412786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄油和米糠蜡油凝胶的面包颜色

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添加物面包表皮色度面包芯色度
L*a*b*∆EL*a*b*∆E
黄油50.66±0.61a7.30±0.41a13.99±0.64a16.25±0.54c41.08±0.19a0.06±0.01a3.07±0.11a27.71±0.23c
3%米糠蜡38.68±0.11c0.31±0.12c1.81±0.13c30.52±0.18a39.49±0.51cd-0.08±0.06cd2.17±0.34cd29.68±0.65a
5%米糠蜡38.55±0.56c0.32±0.43c1.85±0.63c30.30±0.83ab39.85±0.63bc-0.07±0.06bc2.92±0.63ab29.22±0.78ab
8%米糠蜡39.16±0.43bc0.69±0.39bc2.37±0.51bc29.78±0.67ab38.56±0.84d-0.17±0.05d1.68±0.37d30.37±0.45a
10%米糠蜡39.48±0.11b0.95±0.11b2.72±0.14b29.73±0.09b40.90±1.28ab0.03±0.10ab2.40±0.36bc27.96±1.52bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320886873308910259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Internal porosity parameters of bread

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添加物气孔总数(个)AF(%)CD(cells/cm2)
黄油394.75±27.84a21.35±2.40b43.86±3.09b
3%米糠蜡359.75±47.00c19.22±3.80c39.97±5.22d
5%米糠蜡370.25±66.41b26.71±2.90a41.70±7.38c
8%米糠蜡346.50±24.15c23.42±5.21b35.17±2.68e
10%米糠蜡387.25±8.06a23.86±8.31b45.70±4.90a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886873380213428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886342209352259, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

面包内部气孔参数

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添加物气孔总数(个)AF(%)CD(cells/cm2)
黄油394.75±27.84a21.35±2.40b43.86±3.09b
3%米糠蜡359.75±47.00c19.22±3.80c39.97±5.22d
5%米糠蜡370.25±66.41b26.71±2.90a41.70±7.38c
8%米糠蜡346.50±24.15c23.42±5.21b35.17±2.68e
10%米糠蜡387.25±8.06a23.86±8.31b45.70±4.90a
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米糠蜡-高油酸葵花籽油凝胶构建及其在面包中的应用
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羊世远 1, 2 , 吴明俏 2 , 汪壮鹏 2 , 涂瑾 2 , 吴磊燕 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(10): 63-71
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (10) : 63 -71
米糠蜡-高油酸葵花籽油凝胶构建及其在面包中的应用
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羊世远1, 2 , 吴明俏2, 汪壮鹏2, 涂瑾2, 吴磊燕2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1海南科技职业大学财经学院,海南海口 570100
  • 2江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330000
  • 3江西大由大食品有限公司,江西赣州 341000
通讯作者:
吴磊燕(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白界面、粮油食品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

羊世远(1998−),男,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Construction of Rice Bran Wax-High Oleic Acid Sunflower Seed Oleogel and Its Application in Bread
Shiyuan YANG1, 2 , Mingqiao WU2, Zhuangpeng WANG2, Jin TU2, Leiyan WU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Finance and Economics, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 570100, China
  • 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 3Jiangxi Dayou Da Food Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040140
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为揭示蜡基油凝胶结构与面包质量之间的关系,本文基于研究不同冷却温度(20、4、−18 ℃)对米糠蜡(C24-C32)—高油酸葵花籽油基油凝胶结晶网络结构的影响,并以20 ℃冷却、添加3%、5%、8%、10%米糠蜡制备的油凝胶等量替代人造黄油在面包中的应用进行评价。油凝胶的微观结构、晶型、持油率、硬度和热性质结果表明,20 ℃冷却下的油凝胶呈密集的树枝状结晶网络及β'晶型的存在,冷却温度的提高增加了分形维数Db值(1.822±0.013~1.835±0.105);随着米糠蜡含量逐渐增多,油凝胶晶体网络愈加密集,Db值(1.053±0.104~1.783±0.023)、硬度(10.43 g~256.12 g)、持油率(48.33%~95.42%)显著增加(P<0.05),熔融/结晶峰值温度逐渐增大;傅里叶红外光谱表明油凝胶分子间存在范德华力。在面团硬度和流变特性上,油凝胶制备的面团硬度与黄油组面团相似,弹性模量G'和黏性模量G"值均低于黄油组面团。含10%米糠蜡制成的油凝胶β'晶体相对含量显著高于其它组别(P<0.05),且所制作的面包在质构特性、比容、气孔结构上趋于黄油组的面包。所有添加油凝胶的面包表皮颜色L*、a*和b*值均低于黄油组面包,对面包芯颜色影响不大。综上,蜡基油凝胶中密集的结晶网络结构和高β'晶体含量是影响面包品质的关键因素。

油凝胶  /  米糠蜡  /  结晶网络  /  晶型  /  面包

To elucidate the relationship between the structure of wax-based oleogels and bread quality, this study examined the effects of varying cooling temperatures (20, 4, −18 ℃) on the crystalline network structure of rice bran wax (C24-C32)—high oleic sunflower oil-based oleogels. Additionally, the application of these oleogels in bread was evaluated by substituting margarine with equal amounts of oleogels prepared with 3%, 5%, 8%, and 10% rice bran wax under 20 ℃ cooling. The results pertaining to the microstructure, crystal polymorph, oil-holding capacity, hardness, and thermal properties of the oleogel demonstrated that oleogels cooled at 20 ℃ exhibited a dense dendritic crystalline network with the presence of β' polymorphs. Elevated cooling temperatures increased the fractal dimension Db values (1.822±0.013~1.835±0.105). As the rice bran wax content increased, the crystalline network of oleogels became progressively denser, accompanied by significant increases (P<0.05) in Db values (1.053±0.104~1.783±0.023), hardness (10.43 g~256.12 g), and oil-holding capacity (48.33%~95.42%). Correspondingly, the melting/crystallization peak temperatures increased gradually. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the existence of van der Waals forces among the oleogel constituents. In relation to dough hardness and rheological properties, the hardness of doughs prepared with the oleogels was comparable to that of the butter-containing dough, while both the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') were lower than those of the butter-based dough. The oleogel containing 10% rice bran wax displayed a significantly higher relative content of β' polymorphs than other groups (P<0.05), and the resultant bread showed texture properties, specific volume, and crumb structure approaching those of the butter-containing bread. The L*, a*, and b* values of the crust color for all oleogel-added breads were lower than those of the butter-containing bread, with minimal impact on the crumb color. In summary, the dense crystalline network structure and high β' polymorph content in wax-based oleogels are critical factors influencing bread quality.

oleogel  /  rice bran wax  /  crystalline network  /  crystal type  /  bread
羊世远, 吴明俏, 汪壮鹏, 涂瑾, 吴磊燕. 米糠蜡-高油酸葵花籽油凝胶构建及其在面包中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040140
Shiyuan YANG, Mingqiao WU, Zhuangpeng WANG, Jin TU, Leiyan WU. Construction of Rice Bran Wax-High Oleic Acid Sunflower Seed Oleogel and Its Application in Bread[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040140
固体脂肪如人造黄油广泛用于饼干、面包、酥饼等各种烘焙产品,赋予面团柔软、充气良好、黏弹性优异的结构,并改善面团的曝气性,增加烘烤后产品香味[1−2]。然而,通过氢化工艺生产的人造黄油常含有反式脂肪酸,对人体健康造成负面影响,因此寻找代替氢化人造黄油的工艺技术非常重要[3]。
油凝胶化被认为可用于代替固体脂肪的一类技术,将凝胶剂溶解于液态植物油中,依靠静电作用力、π-π堆积、范德华力及氢键等束缚液态植物油形成具有三维网络结构的有机凝胶体系,可以减少反式脂肪酸含量,同时增加饮食中的不饱和脂肪酸[4−5],在食品中应用前景较好。常见的凝胶剂有植物和动物蜡、单甘油酯、乙基纤维素、磷脂、植物甾醇和γ-谷维素等,它们能结构化植物油,形成与固体脂肪相似的黏弹性质和可塑性[6]。
米糠蜡是米糠油加工过程中的副产物,熔点在78~81 ℃,精制的米糠蜡为淡黄色略微发白的固体,能够在1%的浓度下通过加热与液体植物油均匀分散,从而发生凝胶化行为[7],因其简单、高效、安全且廉价的优点被认为是最佳的人造黄油凝胶剂[8]。Zhao等[9]研究发现米糠蜡与高油酸大豆油制备的油凝胶能够代替起酥油而不会影响面包品质。Pang等[10]利用米糠蜡与米糠油凝胶部分代替起酥油制作饼干,所制得的饼干酥脆度与起酥油制作的饼干相似且硬度和L*值较低。尽管蜡基油凝胶在烘焙产品中得到广泛应用,但油凝胶晶型与面包品质之间的关系尚未明确。此外,凝胶剂类型、油相组成、冷却速率和剪切条件会对油凝胶晶体结构产生影响,从而能够调控油凝胶形成具备传统固体脂肪的可塑性特征。Han等[11]研究表明在不同的冷却速率下含多不饱和脂肪酸的液油能在缓慢冷却速率下促进紧密晶体结构形成。Doan等[12]观察到在2 ℃/min的冷却速率下米糠蜡构造的米糠油基油凝胶形成较大的枝晶结构,晶体含量较多。与此同时,Wijarnprecha等[13]研究表明在不同的冷却速率下米糠蜡基油凝胶晶型与蜡自身结晶特性相关。然而,从构造油凝胶结晶网络结构角度探讨对面包内部特征(气孔结构、质构等)影响尚未有研究。因此,本文以米糠蜡和高油酸葵花籽油构造稳定的油凝胶,探究不同冷却温度对油凝胶晶型及网络结构的影响,随后以添加不同质量分数的米糠蜡在最佳冷却温度下形成的油凝胶全部代替人造黄油,从油凝胶结晶网络和晶型方面对面包品质特性影响进行试验分析,为更进一步开发健康食品提供基础依据。
高油酸含量葵花籽油(脂肪酸组成:油酸81.42%,亚油酸8.89%,棕榈酸4.06%,硬脂酸3.07%) 中粮悠采厨房食品(上海)有限公司;精制米糠蜡(纯度≥97%) 浙江湖州圣涛生物技术有限公司;白燕牌面包粉 广东白燕粮油实业有限公司;黄油 广州南侨食品股份公司;高活性干酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;绵白糖、鸡蛋、食盐 均购于网上商城。
TA-XT Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;XRD-7000粉末衍射仪、IRTracer-100傅里叶红外光谱仪 日本岛津仪器有限公司;DM4500P 偏振光显微镜 徕卡显微系统(上海)贸易有限公司;DSC214差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司;Discovery HR-1型流变仪 美国TA仪器有限公司;SS-05A微电脑螺旋式搅面机、SP-18S醒发箱、SGC-3Y烘烤箱 广州三麦机械设备有限公司;DSH-50-1水分测定仪 上海越平科学仪器(苏州)制造有限公司;GYW-1M水分活度仪 深圳市冠亚技术科技有限公司;高精度分光测色仪 美国Hunterlab公司。
参考朱小勇等[14]的方法并稍作修改。在50 mL烧杯中加入2.5 g米糠蜡,20 g高油酸含量葵花籽油构建稳定油凝胶,恒温磁力搅拌器边搅拌边升温,温度提高到90 ℃,300 r/min搅拌1 h直至米糠蜡全部溶解于油相中,取出在20、4、−18 ℃下冷却保存;然后分别称取3%、5%、8%、10%质量浓度的米糠蜡加入高油酸含量葵花籽油中,加热溶解同上,在20 ℃下保存48 h得到油凝胶。
参考Li等[15]的方法,将一滴熔化的油凝胶样品滴至载玻片上,盖上载玻片,于室温下(20 ℃)静置24 h后测定。使用偏振光显微镜观察样品,放大倍数设置为200×。采用ImageJ软件计算获得的偏光图像分形维数Db值。
参考Gao等[16]的方法并稍作修改。在X射线衍射仪器检测片的圆孔中加入适量(0.3 g左右)样品并抹平,测定条件:室温,使用Cu源X射线管(波长1.54056 Å、工作电压40 kV、电流30 mA),狭缝模具0.3 mm,以5°/min进行扫描,步长为0.01°,扫描范围10°~40°,使用Jade6软件进行数据分析并由以下公式计算β′晶体相对含量[17]。
$\begin{split} &\mathit{\beta}' \mathrm{晶体相对含量(\text{%})}=\\&\frac{ \mathit{\beta }' 晶体区域面积}{晶体区域面积+无定形区域面积}\times 100 \end{split}$
将30 g热的油凝胶样品倒入50 mL试管中,置于20 ℃下48 h后倒置试管观察油凝胶状态。
参考Ghan等[18]的方法并稍微修改,取约5 g油凝胶,放入称重过的离心管中记为W1(g),然后再次称重为W2(g),使用离心机在20 ℃下9000 r/min离心15 min。最后,在排出多余的液体油后,再次称重为W3(g),并用以下公式进行持油率计算。
$\rm 持油率(\text{%})=\frac{100\times (W_3 -W_1 )}{W_2 -W_ {1} } $
保证油凝胶样品表面平整用于质构特性测定。测定条件:探头P/5,移动速度2 mm/s,测试速度2 mm/s,触发力5 g,压缩率50%。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)并配备衰减全反射(ATR)采样附件测定油凝胶样品分子间作用力。将样品放置待测区,在500~4000 cm−1的范围内获得光谱。从光谱中减去空气背景,并通过OMNIC软件进行分析。
参考Meng等[19]的方法。称取7~8 mg凝胶油样品置于铝盘中密封,空的铝盘作为参考。参数设定为快速升温至80 ℃并保持10 min以消除晶体记忆;之后,以10 ℃/min的降温速率将密封的铝盘降温至为−10 ℃保持5 min;随后再以10 ℃/min的升温速率升温至80 ℃。采用Universal Analysis 2000进行数据分析。
面包配方参考AACC 10-11.01[20]的方法,高筋粉100 g、水60 g、糖粉6 g、干酵母2 g、黄油/油凝胶3 g、食盐1.5 g。将干性物料倒入和面机中,低速混合并缓慢加水成为光滑面团。将市售黄油或油凝胶倒入和面机中,并与面团低速混合。随后,将面团高速搅打,直到它吸入油脂变得有弹性并且可以从半透明薄膜中拉出。从机器中取出面团,在室温下松弛30 min。之后,将面团切成相等质量(80 g)的小块,然后捏合成圆形。将面团放入醒发箱中,温度设定为38 ℃,湿度设定为75%,发酵90 min。烤箱温度上下火200 ℃下烘烤12 min。
参考周锦枫等[21]的方法并稍作修改进行面团硬度测定。搅打好的面团称取20 g揉搓成圆,用质构仪进行硬度测定。测定条件:探头P/36R,移动速度1 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s,触发力5 g,压缩率50%。
参考Tanislav等[22]的方法,并稍作修改。将面团置于Discovery HR-1型流变仪平板上,放置5 min以平衡面团中的应力,并在测定过程采用二甲基硅油密封以防止测定过程中面团水分的蒸发。使用40 mm直径的平板模具,设置参数:温度25 ℃,夹缝距离为2 mm,频率扫描应变力0.01%,扫描范围0.1~100 rad/s。
烘烤成熟的面包室温冷却2 h,从面包中心切取20 mm厚的面包片进行质构测试。测定条件同1.2.8.1。
根据GB/T 20981-2007《面包油菜籽置换法》的方法进行面包比容测定。
$\rm 面包比容(mL/g)=\frac{面包体积(mL)}{质量(g)} $
根据GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定-直接干燥法》测定面包水分;使用冠亚GYW-1M水分活度仪测定面包水分活度。
取冷却后的面包利用全自动色差仪测定面包的L*、a*、b*值,色差偏差(ΔE)是样品色差值与对照样品色差值之间的偏差,计算公式如下:
$ \Delta E= \sqrt{{\left(L_{1}^{\text{*}}-L_{0}^{\text{*}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(a_{1}^{\text{*}}-a_{0}^{\text{*}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(b_{1}^{\text{*}}-b_{0}^{\text{*}}\right)}^{2}} $
式中L*表示明亮度,a*为红绿值,正值表示红色,负值表示绿色;b*为黄蓝值,正值表示黄色,负值表示蓝色。L0、a0、b0分别对应对照组面包(黄油)的色差值;L1、a1、b1表示试验样品面包色差值。
参考孟祥平等[23]的方法。将冷却2 h后的面包切片,使用扫描仪进行扫描,扫描频率为600 dpi。采用Image J软件将扫描图像截取最大矩形面积并转为8-bit灰度图像,利用Otsu thresholding技术对图像进行处理,在处理后图像的不同位置选取30 mm×30 mm图像3次,测定面积>0.1 mm2 的气泡的个数、气孔表面分率(Area fraction,AF)和气孔稠密度(Cell density,CD)。
样品均进行3次平行测定,结果以平均值±标准偏差的形式表示。数据处理使用Excel,SPSS19.0用于数据单因素方差分析和显著性差异分析(Duncan法),P<0.05表示具有显著性差异,作图使用Origin2021。
油凝胶的结晶网络结构能直接影响它的物理性质。利用偏光显微镜研究不同冷却温度和添加不同质量分数米糠蜡的油凝胶晶体结构。分形维数Db可以评估油凝胶晶体网络有序性与晶体聚集程度,Db值越大,晶体网络结构越强,凝胶结构越稳定[24]。如图1A~图1C和表1所示,不同冷却温度下的米糠蜡基油凝胶晶体网络结构差异明显。随着冷却温度的下降,油凝胶晶体组装由尺寸较大的晶簇逐渐变为稀疏细小晶体,Db值(1.835±0.105~1.822±0.013)也随之变小,这说明在较低的冷却温度下会形成较弱的油凝胶晶体网络结构,较高冷却温度能促进脂质分子在结晶过程中排列,晶体有更多时间相互作用聚集。因此,在20 ℃冷却温度下米糠蜡基油凝胶具有更加稳定的晶体网络结构。
从图1D~图1H中可以看出,黄油的晶体呈棒状结构,晶体数量较多;而添加不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶所形成的晶体结构和晶体数量差异明显。油凝胶在添加量为3%米糠蜡下其晶体尺寸较小且晶体数量较为稀疏;添加5%米糠蜡的油凝胶晶体尺寸及数量变大且密集;添加量为8%时,油凝胶晶体呈簇状,出现树枝状结构;在添加10%米糠蜡可以观察到油凝胶具有较大晶簇,分支变多,晶体网络结构更加致密。王菊花等[25]研究也发现,随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,亚麻籽油基油凝胶形成致密的结晶网络结构。不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶的Db值也随着米糠蜡浓度的增加显著增大(P<0.05),10%米糠蜡Db值最大,为1.783±0.023。综上所述,随着米糠蜡添加量不断增加,晶体大小和数量逐渐增多从而聚集成晶簇,形成更致密的晶体网络结构,能更好地截留流动态植物油形成油凝胶,从而提高持油率与硬度。
脂肪晶体结构在油脂结晶过程中会产生同质多晶现象,脂肪晶型主要分为三种:α、β′及β[26]。利用XRD进行广角X射线衍射可以得知晶体结构信息。其中α和β晶型衍射峰分别在4.15 Å和4.6 Å左右,而β′晶型在3.8 Å和4.2 Å有两个强衍射峰[27]。图2A为不同冷却温度下米糠蜡基油凝胶的XRD谱图。与纯蜡相比,米糠蜡基油凝胶在2θ=20°附近出现宽峰,这与植物油中存在的液态甘油三酯有关。所有油凝胶样品均出现β′晶型特征峰,然而,在−18 ℃下冷却的油凝胶衍射峰强度明显弱于20 ℃和4 ℃,说明该冷却温度下的油凝胶晶体含量较少,这与偏光显微观察到的结果一致。通过XRD进一步表明,冷却温度为20 ℃的米糠蜡基油凝胶具有更加有序的分子排列,形成稳定的结晶网络结构。本研究将以冷却温度为20 ℃制备油凝胶进行后续研究。
从图2B中可以观察到,与黄油相比,添加不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶呈现相似的衍射峰,随着米糠蜡添加量增加,油凝胶的衍射峰形变得愈加尖锐。所有不同质量分数米糠蜡的油凝胶均在4.15 Å和3.8 Å附近出现较强衍射峰,表明主要以α和β′晶型为主。黄油在3.8 Å附近出现两个强度很小的β′特征峰。油凝胶体系中含有的β′晶体是烘焙脂肪理想的晶体结构,能给产品带来良好的曝气性与柔软质[28]。
图2C为添加不同质量分数米糠蜡的油凝胶和黄油中的β′晶体相对含量。黄油中的β′晶体相对含量与油凝胶相比是最低的,油凝胶中的β′晶体相对含量随着米糠蜡添加量的增加显著增加(P<0.05)。在烘焙食品中,晶型结构对于烘焙类产品品质至关重要,更多细小β′晶体能够增强脂肪保留空气的能力,在烘烤过程中将更多的晶体界面转移到膨胀气泡表面,从而提高气泡稳定性,形成稳定的气孔,保证烘烤产品松软多孔结构[29−30]。
图3是添加不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶和黄油的外观形态。所有油凝胶在倒置下均未出现流动现象,说明葵花籽油在3%米糠蜡添加量下可以形成稳定的凝胶体系。添加质量分数为5%、8%和10%米糠蜡的持油率及硬度均大于黄油,而添加3%米糠蜡的油凝胶低于黄油。油凝胶的持油率(48.33%~95.42%)和硬度(10.43 g~256.12 g)与米糠蜡添加量呈线性关系。这一结果与孟宗等[31]报道一致。油凝胶的硬度和持油率随米糠蜡浓度的增加而增加。
采用FTIR来研究油凝胶体系中分子间相互作用。如图4所示,不同样品的红外光谱呈现相似波动特征峰;在2930 cm−1和2850 cm−1附近出现的吸收峰与-CH3和-CH2-的伸缩振动有关,不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶特征峰均出现红移现象,这种轻微变化是由于范德华力引起的烷基链流动性的变化[32]。在1740 cm−1附近出现的吸收峰是与酯键相关的C=O;在1460 cm−1和1368 cm−1附近的吸收峰主要来自-CH2-及-CH3基团的C-H弯曲振动;1164 cm−1和1100 cm−1特征峰是C-O-H和C-O-C基团的C-O拉伸振动,而在735 cm−1附近观测到的吸收峰主要来自CH2弯曲。油凝胶样品中特征峰没有出现或消失,只观察到油凝胶样品吸收峰的红移。姚云平等[33]在米糠蜡与硬酯酰乳酸钠复配制成的油凝胶红外光谱上也观察到了相似现象。这表明米糠蜡油凝胶稳定网络仅通过物理相互作用,特别是范德华力。
利用DSC进一步探究不同质量分数米糠蜡制备的油凝胶熔融和结晶特性行为。如图5所示,所有的油凝胶在热力学行为上只有一个吸热峰和放热峰出现。在熔融曲线(图5A)上,随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,油凝胶熔融峰值温度上升,其峰值温度范围较窄(62.44~69.93 ℃)。这与XRD结果相符合,β′晶体具有高于α晶型、低于β晶型的熔点[34]。在结晶曲线(图5B)上,随米糠蜡含量的增多,油凝胶结晶峰值温度升高,峰值温度范围较宽(48.63~62.21 ℃)。葵花籽油基油凝胶在降温过程中比升温过程具有更加广泛的峰值温度范围。这可能与蜡中含有的长链脂肪酸和脂肪醇等化学成分有关,长链蜡酯的存在是在较高温度下结晶的原因[35]。
面团流变特性对产品的最终质量有影响。在图6A中可以观察到,添加10%米糠蜡油凝胶面团硬度显著大于黄油组面团(P<0.05),这可能归因于油凝胶面团中米糠蜡含量较高。正如上述油凝胶硬度结果所示,米糠蜡含量越高,油凝胶硬度越大,导致在面团体系中出现类似的硬度结果。在流变特性上(图6B~图6D),所有面团的G'(弹性模量)值始终大于G"(损耗模量)值,tanδ值均<1;随着振荡频率的增加,面团的G'值和G"值也逐渐增大,表现出频率依赖性;此外,油凝胶面团G'值和G"值均低于黄油组,且随着米糠蜡含量增加,黏弹性模量先下降后增大,tanδ值先提高后降低。然而,其它组别的油凝胶面团tanδ值均大于3%米糠蜡油凝胶,表明油凝胶中米糠蜡含量的增加导致面团黏性特征更加明显。这与Jung等[36]观察到的结果一致。Zhao等[37]将米糠蜡-高油酸大豆油凝胶制成的面团也观察到类似结果。固体脂肪能抑制更多的面筋网络交联,赋予面团优异的黏弹性,黄油中含有的大量固体脂肪能使面团更加柔软带有弹性,油凝胶中由物理作用截留的液体油可能影响了面团的水化阶段,进而阻碍面筋蛋白网络的形成,面团丧失部分黏弹性质[38]。
如表2所示。添加黄油和油凝胶的面包样品中水分含量和水分活度相似,差异不明显。米糠蜡油凝胶的面包硬度大于黄油组(除10%组),随着添加量的增加硬度逐渐降低,10%米糠蜡油凝胶面包与黄油组无显著性差异(P>0.05)、比容都显著低于黄油组(P<0.05),且10%米糠蜡油凝胶面包在弹性和咀嚼性上与黄油组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随着油凝胶样品硬度的增大,面包硬度和咀嚼性逐渐变小,比容增加,结果与Zhao等[37]的研究结果一致。是油凝胶中的结晶网络所造成的。如前所述,10%米糠蜡制备的油凝胶结晶网络更加致密,同时所含有的β′晶体相对含量是所有油凝胶组别中最高,有助于面团在搅打过程中更好地捕获并保持空气,烘烤期间稳定气泡,从而使面包获得柔软质地。
通过色差仪评估黄油和不同质量分数米糠蜡基油凝胶对面包样品颜色的影响,如表3所示。添加油凝胶制备的面包表皮颜色与黄油组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。添加油凝胶的面包表皮L*、a*和b*值均低于黄油制备的面包,面包表皮L*值越低,其颜色越暗,表明油凝胶能使面包表皮颜色变深。对于面包内部颜色,主要是由较白蜂窝状结构组成,全部油凝胶面包样品的L*值与黄油组差异显著(除10%米糠蜡组外)(P<0.05),10%米糠蜡油凝胶面包在L*值上与黄油组更接近,表明米糠蜡的加入使面包芯色泽略微变暗。
面包内部气孔分布可以在一定程度上说明面包柔软程度。图7是处理后的面包内部气孔结构图。可以直观地观察到黄油制备的面包气孔大小分布均匀,主要以细密气孔为主;添加3%、5%和8%米糠蜡油凝胶制作的面包内部结构开始出现大气孔,稀疏且不均匀,10%米糠蜡油凝胶制作的面包气孔结构与黄油组相似。含高不饱和脂肪酸油相组成的油凝胶缺乏固体脂肪晶体,特别是β′晶体的缺失会导致面团在烘烤过程中无法保持气泡稳定,从而影响内部气泡的膨胀致使面包失去柔软度[39],这与上述面包质构观察结果一致。
表4为面包气孔的基本参数,其中AF表示气孔表面分率,CD表示单位体积气孔数量。一般认为当AF与CD值越大时,烘焙产品品质越高,质地更加柔软,具有更令消费者喜欢的高比容。黄油组面包的气孔总数及CD值比3%、5%和8%米糠蜡油凝胶面包大,与10%米糠蜡油凝胶面包相比,在CD值上显著低于10%米糠蜡油凝胶面包(P<0.05),气孔总数与AF值差异不明显,说明添加较高质量分数米糠蜡的油凝胶所制作的面包具有与黄油组相似的内部气孔结构。面团在烤制过程中气泡会因温度的上升导致破裂,而气泡周围的β′晶体能够保护气泡过度膨胀。正如前述结果,10%浓度米糠蜡油凝胶结晶网络结构致密,增强了液油附着在气孔表面的能力,且β′晶体相对含量较高,能够更好地保护气泡,赋予最终产品内部气孔密集均匀结构。
在20 ℃的冷却温度下,米糠蜡-高油酸葵花籽油凝胶晶体网络结构更加紧密有序。随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,油凝胶持油率、硬度、结晶峰值温度与熔融峰值温度随之增加,晶体网络结构更加致密。油凝胶中的晶型主要呈现为β'晶型,范德华力在油凝胶构造中起重要作用。与黄油制备的面团相比,油凝胶制备的面团具有更低的弹性模量和黏性模量。在面包品质上,10%米糠蜡油凝胶制作的面包表皮颜色较黄油组面包更为深暗,面包芯颜色变化不明显,且硬度(75.40±5.85 g)、弹性(0.91±0.03 mm)、咀嚼性(59.03±6.10 mJ)、比容(6.62±0.03 mL/g)与黄油组面包(80.50±5.15 g、0.91±0.02 mm、62.50±5.09 mJ、7.61±0.32 mL/g)相似,内部气孔细小均匀且密集,这是因为油凝胶中更致密的晶体网络结构和较高的β'晶体含量赋予面包优异的气体滞留性。以上结果表明蜡基油凝胶晶体网络结构和β′晶体含量是影响面包品质的关键因素,为开发蜡基油凝胶低脂健康产品提供理论依据。未来可以研究蜡与其它凝胶剂复配制备油凝胶应用在烘焙专用油脂或烘焙产品中。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040140
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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    1海南科技职业大学财经学院,海南海口 570100
    2江西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,江西南昌 330000
    3江西大由大食品有限公司,江西赣州 341000

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吴磊燕(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白界面、粮油食品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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