Article(id=1320886341571825836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040366, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853444712, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853444712, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853444712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853444712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=243, endPage=255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886341785735341, articleId=1320886341571825836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium and Its Protective Effect Against Oxidative Damage in HSF Cells, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the extraction of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides (GLP) derived from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum CZDG10 and to explore its antioxidant properties and protective effect on skin cell damage. The extraction of GLP was optimized using a combination of single factor experiments and the response surface method, with high-pressure crushing assistance and compound enzyme treatment. The antioxidant activity of GLP was analyzed, and the injury model of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) induced by H2O2 was evaluated to assess the efficacy of GLP in preventing cell damage. The optimal extraction conditions of GLP included a crushing pressure of 100 MPa, solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 g/mL, compound enzyme content of 2.40%, enzymatic temperature of 50.0 ℃, enzymatic pH of 5.5, and enzymatic reaction time of 2.25 h. Under these conditions, GLP was obtained in 9.69%±0.32% yield. GLP primarily comprised mannose, glucose, galactose, and fucose and effectively scavenged DPPH, OH, and ABTS+ free radicals, with IC50 values of 0.30, 0.36, and 1.59 mg/mL, respectively, demonstrating its antioxidant capacity. Models of H2O2-induced HSF oxidative stress showed that GLP could improve the cell survival rate in a concentration-dependent manner and increase cell viability by 22.33% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. GLP also up-regulated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in HSF cells under oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), thereby reducing oxidative stress damage. In addition, GLP increased the content of collagen in HSF cells by reducing the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) content and promoting the secretion of collagen I in HSF cells, thereby maintaining the healthy state of the skin cells. Therefore, GLP exhibited a significant protective effect against H2O2-induced HSF cell damage. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium.

, authors=Jingliang ZHANG1, Yanqing SUN2, Xiaolu JIANG1, Zongmin ZHU2, Wenwen ZONG1, *, Lili SHANG2, authorsList=Jingliang ZHANG, Yanqing SUN, Xiaolu JIANG, Zongmin ZHU, Wenwen ZONG, Lili SHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenwen ZONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886345183121599, articleId=1320886341571825836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺优化及其对HSF细胞氧化损伤的保护作用, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化灵芝菌丝体多糖(Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides,GLP)的提取工艺,探究其抗氧化性能及对皮肤细胞损伤的保护作用。本研究以灵芝CZDG10菌丝体为原料,采用单因素实验结合响应面试验优化了高压破碎联合复合酶法提取GLP的工艺条件,分析其抗氧化活性,并建立H2O2诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞(Human skin fibroblasts,HSF)损伤模型,考察GLP在防护细胞损伤方面的作用效果。结果表明,GLP的最佳提取条件为:破碎压力100 MPa,料液比1:40 g/mL,复合酶添加量2.40%、酶解温度50.0 ℃,酶解pH5.5,酶解时间2.25 h,在此条件下GLP得率达到9.69%±0.32%。GLP主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和岩藻糖组成,且能够有效清除DPPH、OH和ABTS+自由基,其IC50值分别为0.30、0.36和1.59 mg/mL,提示其具有良好的抗氧化能力。此外,在H2O2诱导的HSF细胞中,GLP随浓度递增而显著提高细胞活力,1.0 mg/mL GLP可使损伤的HSF细胞存活率提高22.33%,经进一步分析发现GLP可通过上调细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力,降低活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,从而降低氧化应激损伤;同时,GLP还能够通过降低细胞内基质金属蛋白酶-1(Matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1)含量、促进I型胶原蛋白(Collagen I,Col I)的分泌,从而增加细胞内胶原蛋白的含量,维持细胞健康状态。因此,GLP对H2O2诱导的HSF细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用,本研究将为灵芝菌丝体多糖的开发及应用提供理论依据。

, authors=张京良1, 孙彦庆2, 江晓路1, 朱宗敏2, 宗雯雯1, *, 尚丽丽2, authorsList=张京良, 孙彦庆, 江晓路, 朱宗敏, 宗雯雯, 尚丽丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宗雯雯, authorNote=

张京良(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:菌物资源挖掘及功能产品开发,E-mail:

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宗雯雯(1993−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然功效成分的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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注:*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001,图6~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=PQDwfoE4q3gqzIBAV5pafg==, figureFileBig=kHAgmDOQVuhtN3JOkw1TqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886697705976263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different concentrations of GLP on the viabilities of HSF cells induced by H2O2, figureFileSmall=A0JjUBzm12S3Neco1EVIIQ==, figureFileBig=cbhv4zfkpx62XyxRvhAV3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886697856971208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同浓度GLP对H2O2诱导HSF细胞活力的影响, figureFileSmall=A0JjUBzm12S3Neco1EVIIQ==, figureFileBig=cbhv4zfkpx62XyxRvhAV3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886697919885769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different concentrations of GLP on oxidative stress factors in HSF cells induced by H2O2, figureFileSmall=m02+y53ApnOyCoU/7JI5Aw==, figureFileBig=Q75/1Cm0YjbcXcM6JhdqoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698028937674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同浓度GLP对H2O2诱导HSF细胞氧化应激因子的影响

注:A. ROS含量;B. SOD活力;C. GSH-Px活力;D. MDA含量。

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Factors and levels of response surface experiment

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水平因素
A复合酶添加量(%)B酶解温度(℃)C酶解pHD酶解时间(h)
−11455.01
02505.52
13556.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698335121870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素与水平

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水平因素
A复合酶添加量(%)B酶解温度(℃)C酶解pHD酶解时间(h)
−11455.01
02505.52
13556.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698419007951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface experiment

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实验号A复合酶添加量B酶解温度C酶解pHD酶解时间GLP得率(%)
1−1−1008.25
21−1008.86
3−11007.29
411009.16
500−1−17.88
6001−17.95
700−118.57
800119.75
9−100−17.85
10100−17.90
11−10018.25
1210019.55
130−1−108.25
1401−108.23
150−1109.35
1601108.05
17−10−108.02
1810−109.46
19−10108.25
2010109.66
210−10−17.98
22010−17.65
230−1018.49
2401018.26
2500009.81
2600009.58
2700009.43
2800009.72
2900009.67
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698494505424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

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实验号A复合酶添加量B酶解温度C酶解pHD酶解时间GLP得率(%)
1−1−1008.25
21−1008.86
3−11007.29
411009.16
500−1−17.88
6001−17.95
700−118.57
800119.75
9−100−17.85
10100−17.90
11−10018.25
1210019.55
130−1−108.25
1401−108.23
150−1109.35
1601108.05
17−10−108.02
1810−109.46
19−10108.25
2010109.66
210−10−17.98
22010−17.65
230−1018.49
2401018.26
2500009.81
2600009.58
2700009.43
2800009.72
2900009.67
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ANOVA results of response surface quadratic polynomial models

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变异来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型16.02141.1419.72<0.0001**
A3.7213.7264.08<0.0001**
B0.5410.549.260.0088**
C0.5610.569.710.0076**
D2.6712.6746.00<0.0001**
AB0.4010.406.840.0204*
AC2.250×10−412.250×10−438.77×10−40.9512
AD0.3910.396.730.0212*
BC0.4110.417.060.0188*
BD2.500×10−312.500×10−30.0430.8386
CD0.3110.315.310.0371*
A21.3911.3923.970.0002**
B24.1314.1371.19<0.0001**
C24.1314.1371.19<0.0001**
D23.8013.8065.51<0.0001**
残差0.81140.058
失拟项0.73100.0733.470.1207
纯误差0.08440.021
总变异16.8328
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698658083282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型16.02141.1419.72<0.0001**
A3.7213.7264.08<0.0001**
B0.5410.549.260.0088**
C0.5610.569.710.0076**
D2.6712.6746.00<0.0001**
AB0.4010.406.840.0204*
AC2.250×10−412.250×10−438.77×10−40.9512
AD0.3910.396.730.0212*
BC0.4110.417.060.0188*
BD2.500×10−312.500×10−30.0430.8386
CD0.3110.315.310.0371*
A21.3911.3923.970.0002**
B24.1314.1371.19<0.0001**
C24.1314.1371.19<0.0001**
D23.8013.8065.51<0.0001**
残差0.81140.058
失拟项0.73100.0733.470.1207
纯误差0.08440.021
总变异16.8328
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698733580755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weight average molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of GLP

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样品多糖含量
(%)
重均分子量
(Da)
单糖组成(mol%)
甘露糖葡萄糖半乳糖岩藻糖
GLP70.542.197×10414.3256.1719.919.60
), ArticleFig(id=1320886698804883924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886341571825836, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

GLP的重均分子量及单糖组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品多糖含量
(%)
重均分子量
(Da)
单糖组成(mol%)
甘露糖葡萄糖半乳糖岩藻糖
GLP70.542.197×10414.3256.1719.919.60
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灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺优化及其对HSF细胞氧化损伤的保护作用
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张京良 1 , 孙彦庆 2 , 江晓路 1 , 朱宗敏 2 , 宗雯雯 1, * , 尚丽丽 2
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 243-255
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 243 -255
灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺优化及其对HSF细胞氧化损伤的保护作用
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张京良1 , 孙彦庆2, 江晓路1, 朱宗敏2, 宗雯雯1, * , 尚丽丽2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学青岛海洋生物医药研究院,山东青岛 266100
  • 2青岛黛优佳生物科技有限公司,山东青岛 266100
通讯作者:
宗雯雯(1993−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然功效成分的研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张京良(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:菌物资源挖掘及功能产品开发,E-mail:

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium and Its Protective Effect Against Oxidative Damage in HSF Cells
Jingliang ZHANG1 , Yanqing SUN2, Xiaolu JIANG1, Zongmin ZHU2, Wenwen ZONG1, * , Lili SHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Qingdao Drenergy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040366
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为优化灵芝菌丝体多糖(Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides,GLP)的提取工艺,探究其抗氧化性能及对皮肤细胞损伤的保护作用。本研究以灵芝CZDG10菌丝体为原料,采用单因素实验结合响应面试验优化了高压破碎联合复合酶法提取GLP的工艺条件,分析其抗氧化活性,并建立H2O2诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞(Human skin fibroblasts,HSF)损伤模型,考察GLP在防护细胞损伤方面的作用效果。结果表明,GLP的最佳提取条件为:破碎压力100 MPa,料液比1:40 g/mL,复合酶添加量2.40%、酶解温度50.0 ℃,酶解pH5.5,酶解时间2.25 h,在此条件下GLP得率达到9.69%±0.32%。GLP主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和岩藻糖组成,且能够有效清除DPPH、OH和ABTS+自由基,其IC50值分别为0.30、0.36和1.59 mg/mL,提示其具有良好的抗氧化能力。此外,在H2O2诱导的HSF细胞中,GLP随浓度递增而显著提高细胞活力,1.0 mg/mL GLP可使损伤的HSF细胞存活率提高22.33%,经进一步分析发现GLP可通过上调细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力,降低活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,从而降低氧化应激损伤;同时,GLP还能够通过降低细胞内基质金属蛋白酶-1(Matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1)含量、促进I型胶原蛋白(Collagen I,Col I)的分泌,从而增加细胞内胶原蛋白的含量,维持细胞健康状态。因此,GLP对H2O2诱导的HSF细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用,本研究将为灵芝菌丝体多糖的开发及应用提供理论依据。

灵芝菌丝体多糖  /  复合酶  /  响应面  /  HSF细胞  /  抗氧化

To optimize the extraction of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides (GLP) derived from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum CZDG10 and to explore its antioxidant properties and protective effect on skin cell damage. The extraction of GLP was optimized using a combination of single factor experiments and the response surface method, with high-pressure crushing assistance and compound enzyme treatment. The antioxidant activity of GLP was analyzed, and the injury model of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) induced by H2O2 was evaluated to assess the efficacy of GLP in preventing cell damage. The optimal extraction conditions of GLP included a crushing pressure of 100 MPa, solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 g/mL, compound enzyme content of 2.40%, enzymatic temperature of 50.0 ℃, enzymatic pH of 5.5, and enzymatic reaction time of 2.25 h. Under these conditions, GLP was obtained in 9.69%±0.32% yield. GLP primarily comprised mannose, glucose, galactose, and fucose and effectively scavenged DPPH, OH, and ABTS+ free radicals, with IC50 values of 0.30, 0.36, and 1.59 mg/mL, respectively, demonstrating its antioxidant capacity. Models of H2O2-induced HSF oxidative stress showed that GLP could improve the cell survival rate in a concentration-dependent manner and increase cell viability by 22.33% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. GLP also up-regulated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in HSF cells under oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), thereby reducing oxidative stress damage. In addition, GLP increased the content of collagen in HSF cells by reducing the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) content and promoting the secretion of collagen I in HSF cells, thereby maintaining the healthy state of the skin cells. Therefore, GLP exhibited a significant protective effect against H2O2-induced HSF cell damage. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium.

Ganoderma lucidum mycelium polysaccharides (GLP)  /  complex enzyme  /  response surface  /  HSF cell  /  antioxidant
张京良, 孙彦庆, 江晓路, 朱宗敏, 宗雯雯, 尚丽丽. 灵芝菌丝体多糖提取工艺优化及其对HSF细胞氧化损伤的保护作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 243 -255 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040366
Jingliang ZHANG, Yanqing SUN, Xiaolu JIANG, Zongmin ZHU, Wenwen ZONG, Lili SHANG. Optimization of Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium and Its Protective Effect Against Oxidative Damage in HSF Cells[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 243 -255 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040366
灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)是我国传统扶正固本、滋补强壮的名贵药材,在我国具有悠久的食药用历史,《神农本草经》记载灵芝“补中益气、增智慧、好颜色、久食轻身不老、延年神仙”,目前国家卫生健康委员会已将灵芝纳入“药食同源”目录[1]。灵芝多糖是灵芝的主要活性成分,具有免疫调节[2]、抗肿瘤[3−4]、抗氧化[5−6]、抗炎[7]、降血糖[8]、调节肠道菌群[9]、护肝[10]等多种生物活性。灵芝多糖主要来源于灵芝子实体、孢子粉和发酵菌丝体等材料。近年来,利用液体发酵菌丝体提取灵芝多糖,因生产周期短、提取率高、生产过程可控以及便于工业化生产等优势,逐渐受到广泛重视。
目前多糖的提取方法主要包括热水提取法[11−12]、微波辅助提取法[13]、超声辅助提取法[14]、酶提取法[15]等。经典的热水提取法操作方便简单,但存在提取时间长,能耗高,提取率低等问题;微波和超声辅助提取法可以快速高效提取灵芝多糖,但容易导致多糖结构破坏;酶法提取具有反应条件温和,提取率高,多糖结构完整,绿色环保等优点,已逐渐成为多糖提取的主要方法。但灵芝菌丝体细胞壁由几丁质、纤维素、半纤维素、灵芝多糖等结合构成,结构紧密稳定,导致多糖提取困难。近年来,通过不同提取方法联用提取多糖已成为提高多糖产量的有效策略[16−17],任洪飞等[18]通过反复冻融联合热水浸提法提高了灵芝多糖的得率和抗氧化活性。高压破碎技术因其高效破坏细胞壁结构的能力,在多糖等活性成分提取中展现出显著优势[19];而生物酶能针对性地降解细胞壁多糖组分,进一步提高提取效率。因此,将高压破碎与酶法相结合,有望突破传统提取工艺的瓶颈,实现灵芝菌丝体多糖的高效绿色提取。
氧化应激是导致皮肤衰老、炎症及多种慢性疾病的重要因素。过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)作为常见的氧化应激诱导剂,可通过产生活性氧自由基(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)导致机体DNA损伤、脂质过氧化及细胞凋亡[20−21]。近年来,天然多糖对氧化应激的保护作用越来越受到研究人员的关注。已有研究表明,灵芝多糖具有良好的自由基清除能力[22],并能够有效降低细胞内活性氧的水平[23];此外,其还可以通过提高机体抗氧化酶活力,降低MDA水平,减轻机体氧化应激损伤[24−25]。目前,灵芝多糖的研究多集中于子实体多糖和肝损伤保护等方面,而灵芝菌丝体多糖对皮肤细胞损伤的保护作用鲜有报道。
鉴于此,本研究以灵芝CZDG10菌丝体为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,结合响应面设计优化高压破碎联合复合酶法提取灵芝菌丝体多糖(Ganoderma lucidummycelium polysacchar,GLP)的工艺条件,测定其抗氧化活性,并通过建立H2O2诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞(Human skin fibroblasts,HSF)损伤模型,探究灵芝菌丝体多糖抗氧化能力及对HSF细胞的保护作用,以期为灵芝菌丝体多糖的高值化利用和抗氧化、抗衰老产品的开发提供理论依据。
灵芝菌丝体 由灵芝菌株CZDG10(CCTCC No:M 20241696)液体发酵,离心收集菌丝体,冷冻干燥制得;人皮肤成纤维细胞HSF 厦门逸漠生物科技有限公司;纤维素酶(500 U/mg)、木聚糖酶(20 U/mg)、菠萝蛋白酶(600 U/mg) 南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司;1,1- 二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS) 美国Sigma公司;水杨酸、无水乙醇、甲醇、硫酸亚铁、30%过氧化氢 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;总蛋白定量测定试剂盒(BCA法)、活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)测定试剂盒、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)测定试剂盒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)测定试剂盒、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)测定试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;人I型胶原蛋白(Collagen I,Col I)酶联免疫试剂盒、人基质金属蛋白酶-1(Matrix metalloprpteinase-1,MMP-1)酶联免疫试剂盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
Scientz-207A 高压细胞破碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;HWS24型电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;PH2700型酸度计 美国EUTECH公司;Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪、Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱 美国安捷伦公司;Nicolet iS10傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;TSKgel GMPWXL色谱柱 日本Tosoh公司;TECAN Infinite E Plex型酶标仪 上海帝肯贸易有限公司;HF90型二氧化碳培养箱 力康仪器有限公司;HCB-900V型超净台 青岛海尔生物医疗有限公司。
将冻干的灵芝菌丝体粉碎,过60目筛,收集菌丝体粉末。称取灵芝菌丝体粉末10 g,以1:40 g/mL的料液比加入纯化水,置高压细胞破碎机破碎5 min,加入2.0%的复合酶(纤维素酶:木聚糖酶:菠萝蛋白酶=3:2:1),调pH6.0,在45 ℃下酶解2 h,酶解结束后,90 ℃灭酶60 min。酶提取液在10000 r/min离心10 min取上清,并减压浓缩至原体积的1/5,加入3倍体积95%乙醇,4 ℃静置12 h后,10000 r/min离心10 min收集沉淀,将沉淀溶解于等体积的纯化水,用Sevag法除蛋白3次,上清液加入3倍体积95%乙醇,4 ℃静置12 h后,10000 r/min离心10 min收集沉淀,依次用无水乙醇、丙酮洗涤沉淀,冷冻干燥得GLP。
按1.2.1的提取方法,将料液比1:40 g/mL、破碎压力80 MPa,复合酶添加量2.0%、酶解温度45 ℃、酶解pH6.0、酶解时间2 h设置为实验基本条件,以GLP得率为指标进行单因素实验。分别考察破碎压力(0、60、80、100、120、140 MPa),料液比(1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50、1:60 g/mL),复合酶添加量(0、1%、2%、4%、6%),酶解温度(40、45、50、55、60 ℃),酶解pH(4.0、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、8.0)及酶解时间(1、2、3、4、5、6 h)对GLP得率的影响。
在单因素实验筛选的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,以复合酶添加量(A)、酶解温度(B)、酶解pH(C)和酶解时间(D)为因素,以GLP得率为响应值,设计4因素3水平的响应面试验,确定最优提取条件。试验因素及水平设计见表1。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[26]以无水葡萄糖为标准品制作标准曲线。称取适量无水葡萄糖配制成0.1 mg/mL的标准溶液。分别吸取标准溶液0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL至干燥试管,加水定容至1.0 mL,依次加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液和5 mL浓硫酸,立即混匀,室温静置20 min,于490 nm处测定样品吸光度。以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,吸光值为纵坐标,得标准曲线回归方程:y=14.764x−0.0031(R2=0.9998)。
将不同条件下得到的GLP用水配制成一定浓度的溶液,按葡萄糖标准溶液处理方法处理待测样品,并根据标准曲线方程计算GLP浓度,按照公式(1)计算GLP得率:
$ \text{GLP}得率\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{\text{C×V×N}}{\text{M}}\text{×100} $
式中:C表示根据吸光值计算出的GLP溶液质量浓度,mg/mL;V表示GLP溶液体积,mL;N表示溶液稀释倍数;M表示灵芝菌丝体取样量,mg。
采用高效液相凝胶色谱法(HPGPC)[27]测定 GLP的相对分子质量分布,并使用不同分子量的葡萄糖标准品绘制标准曲线。以出峰时间为横坐标,分子量对数值为纵坐标拟合得到的标准曲线为:y=−0.519062x+13.2595(R2=0.9993)。色谱条件:色谱柱为TSKgel GMPWXL柱,流动相为0.1 mol/L硫酸钠溶液,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温35 ℃,进样量20 μL。
采用PMP柱前衍生HPLC法[28]测定GLP的单糖组成。色谱条件:色谱柱为 Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18柱,流动相为乙腈−50 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(17:83,体积比) (pH6.9),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长 245 nm,柱温25 ℃,进样量10 μL。
将干燥至恒重的GLP样品和光谱级KBr以1:100的比例于玛瑙研钵中混合研磨,压制成片在4000~500 cm−1波数范围内进行红外光谱(FTIR)扫描。
参照吴梦思等[29]的方法并稍作修改,将2 mL样品溶液和2 mL 0.2 mmol/L DPPH甲醇溶液混匀,于黑暗条件下室温反应 30 min 后,在517 nm处测定吸光值。按照公式(2)计算DPPH自由基清除率:
$\rm DPPH自由基 \text{清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:A1表示样品组的吸光值;A0表示以甲醇代替DPPH甲醇溶液的吸光值;A2表示以蒸馏水代替样品溶液的吸光值。
参照王国霞等[30]的方法并稍作修改,向1 mL样品溶液中依次加入1 mL 9 mmol/L FeSO4溶液和1 mL 9 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液,混合均匀后,加入1 mL 8 mmol/L H2O2溶液,37 ℃保温30 min后,在510 nm处测定吸光值。按照公式(3)计算·OH清除率:
$ \rm{\cdot}OH\text{清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{\text{B}_{\text{1}}-\text{B}_{\text{0}}}{\text{B}_{\text{2}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:B1表示样品组的吸光值;B0表示以蒸馏水代替H2O2工作液的吸光值;B2表示以蒸馏水代替样品溶液的吸光值。
参照张婷阳等[31]的方法并稍作修改,制备ABTS储备液避光放置12~16 h后,将ABTS储备液用蒸馏水稀释成在734 nm下吸光度为0.70±0.002,即得ABTS工作液。将0.4 mL样品溶液与3.6 mL ABTS工作液混合均匀,室温下避光静置5 min,在734 nm处测定吸光值。按照公式(4)计算ABTS+自由基清除率:
$\rm \text{ABTS}^+\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:C1表示样品组的吸光值;C0表示以蒸馏水代替ABTS溶液的吸光值;C2表示以蒸馏水代替样品溶液的吸光值。
将HSF细胞复苏后,用含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素-链霉素双抗的DMEM完全培养基于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养,当细胞融合度约80%时进行传代培养。
以MTT比色法[32]检测细胞活力。取对数生长期的细胞,按5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,接种量100 μL,培养24 h后弃去上清液,每孔加入含不同浓度(0、0.125、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 mg/mL)GLP的新鲜DMEM培养基,并放回培养箱继续培养24 h。药物作用结束后,向每孔加入20 μL 5 mg/mL的MTT溶液,孵育4 h后弃上清液,向各孔中加入150 μL DMSO溶液,振荡10 min充分溶解,酶标仪测定490 nm处吸光值,按照公式(5)计算细胞活力(%)。
$ \text{细胞相对活力}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:Ti为样品组在490 nm处的吸光值;T1为对照组在490 nm处的吸光值;T0为空白组在490 nm处的吸光值。
取对数生长期的HSF细胞,按5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,接种量100 μL,培养24 h后弃去上清液,加入含不同浓度(0、50、100、200、400、600、800 μmol/L)H2O2溶液的新鲜DMEM培养基处理HSF细胞4 h,按1.2.7.2的方法测定细胞活性。
取对数生长期的HSF细胞,按5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,接种量100 μL,培养24 h后弃去上清液,将细胞分为空白对照组(CK)、模型组(CM)、阳性组(VC)和样品组(GLP)。空白对照组和模型组加入新鲜DMEM培养基,样品组分别加入含不同浓度GLP的新鲜DMEM培养基,阳性组加入含200 μmol/L 抗坏血酸的新鲜DMEM培养基,孵育24 h后,除空白对照组外,各组均加入H2O2孵育4 h,按1.2.7.2的方法测定细胞活性。
取对数生长期的HSF细胞,按1.2×106个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中,接种量2.5 mL,并按1.2.7.4进行细胞分组处理及培养。处理结束后以PBS清洗细胞,加入终浓度10 μmol/L的DCFH-DA工作液0.5 mL,37 ℃下避光孵育30 min后,按照ROS检测试剂盒说明书的方法,使用多功能酶标仪在525 nm发射波长(488 nm激发波长)下检测荧光DCF强度。
取对数生长期的HSF细胞按1.2×106个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中,接种量2.5 mL,并按1.2.7.4进行细胞分组及培养。处理结束后收集细胞,加入裂解液,将裂解后的细胞悬液以BCA法测定蛋白浓度,随后按照试剂盒说明书的方法测定细胞内SOD、GSH-Px活力和MDA含量。
取对数生长期的HSF细胞按1.2×106个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中,接种量2.5 mL,并按1.2.7.4进行细胞分组及培养。处理结束后取细胞培养上清液,于4 ℃、1000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液利用酶联免疫检测试剂盒,通过ELISA法测定各组HSF细胞分泌的Col I和MMP-1含量。
采用Design Expert 8.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据分析和绘图,组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05差异具有统计学意义。每组实验进行3次重复,测定结果数据均用平均值±方差(x±s)表示。
本研究考察了破碎压力、料液比、复合酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解pH和酶解时间6个因素对GLP提取的影响。如图1A所示,GLP得率随破碎压力的升高先迅速增加,后略有下降。在压力为100 MPa时,得率最高为8.63%,是未高压破壁的1.92倍。这可能是在一定压力范围内,高压所产生的剪切力、撞击作用及空化效应等使细胞瞬间破碎并膨胀,加速了多糖物质的溶出,有效提高GLP得率,但压力过高,会造成多糖结构的破坏反而使得率降低[19]。
如图1B所示,GLP得率随着料液比的增大而逐渐升高,当料液比为1:40时,GLP得率达到峰值8.92%,而后趋于平缓并略有降低。随着溶剂体积的增加,细胞内外多糖浓度差逐渐增大,从而加速了多糖的扩散与溶出[11],但过高的料液比会加剧杂质溶出影响多糖提取。
如图1C所示,随着复合酶添加量的增多,GLP得率呈现先逐渐上升后缓慢下降的趋势,加酶量为2%时,多糖得率达到峰值9.31%。研究表明复合酶可以有效分解灵芝细胞壁,有利于生物活性多糖的溶出从而提高多糖得率[33]。因此随着复合酶添加量的增大,细胞壁被高效酶解使GLP得率不断增加,复合酶添加量为2%时酶与底物的结合将近饱和,多糖得率最高,继续增加可能由于多糖的过度降解导致GLP得率降低。
如图1D所示,在40~60 ℃范围内,GLP得率随着温度的升高先上升后逐渐降低, 50 ℃时多糖得率达到最大值9.18%。表明该温度下复合酶分解灵芝菌丝体细胞壁的效果最佳,促进GLP释放,但当温度过高时,复合酶的活力降低影响酶解效果,导致多糖得率下降[34]。丁霄霄等[33]研究了利用复合酶法提取灵芝多糖的最适酶解温度,发现50 ℃最佳,与本研究结果一致。
如图1E所示,pH从4.0升至5.5时,GLP得率从6.46%升高至9.72%,当pH高于5.5时,多糖得率逐渐下降,表明复合酶在pH为5.5时,酶活力最强,有利于GLP溶出。而pH过高或过低会影响酶活性中心的构象,进而影响酶与底物的特异性结合和酶活力,使GLP得率降低[35]。
如图1F所示,在酶解时间1~2 h,随着时间延长,酶与底物充分接触,促进有效成分溶出,GLP得率逐渐上升,在2 h达到最高值9.56%,继续增加酶解时间GLP得率反而下降,这可能是由于过度的提取会破坏多糖结构,使多糖含量降低[36]。
根据以上单因素结果分析,破碎压力100 MPa、料液比1:40 g/mL、复合酶添加量2%、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解pH5.5、酶解时间2 h为GLP多糖的最佳提取条件。考虑到过高的破碎压力和料液比会显著提高设备性能要求及能源消耗,不利于工业化生产,因此本研究在固定破碎压力100 MPa和料液比1:40 g/mL的基础上,选取复合酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解pH、酶解时间四个因素进一步进行响应面优化分析。
在单因素实验的基础上,对提取工艺的主要条件进行优化,Box-Behnken设计方案及试验结果见表2。采用Design-Expert 8.0软件对试验结果进行多元回归分析,建立GLP得率(Y)对复合酶添加量(A)、酶解温度(B)、酶解pH(C)和酶解时间(D)的多元二次回归模型,得到回归方程:
Y=9.64+0.56A−0.21B+0.22C+0.47D+0.31AB−0.0075AC+0.31AD−0.32BC+0.025BD+0.28CD−0.46A2−0.80B2−0.35C2−0.77D2
模型的方差分析结果如表3所示。由表可知,模型P<0.0001,说明该回归模型的显著性极高,失拟项不显著(P>0.05),表明该方程能充分反映实际情况。模型相关系数R2=0.9517,R2adj=0.9035,表明模型能够解释90.35%响应值的变化,回归模型拟合度较好,可以用于预测分析酶解提取GLP的工艺结果。基于F值可以确定各因素对GLP得率的影响顺序为:复合酶添加量>酶解时间>酶解pH>酶解温度,该模型中A、B、C、D、A2、B2、C2、D2对结果的影响极显著(P<0.01),交互项AB、AD、BC、CD对结果的影响显著(P<0.05)。
基于二次回归模型绘制四个因素交互作用的响应面曲线图(图2),响应面及等高线形状可以反映交互作用强弱,响应面的坡度较为陡峭且等高线呈椭圆形则代表两因素的交互作用较强。由图2可以看出,复合酶添加量与酶解温度、复合酶添加量与酶解时间、酶解温度与酶解pH、酶解pH与酶解时间的等高线接近椭圆形,交互作用显著,与显著性分析结果一致。
根据上述模型,在破碎压力100 MPa、料液比1:40条件下,GLP的最佳提取工艺条件为:复合酶添加量2.40%、酶解温度49.73 ℃,酶解pH5.48,酶解时间2.25 h,最大理论GLP得率为9.88%。结合实际可操作性,调整提取条件为:复合酶添加量2.40%、酶解温度50.0 ℃,酶解pH5.5,酶解时间2.25 h,在此条件下进行验证实验,3次平行实验GLP得率的平均值为9.69%±0.32%,与预测值相近,表明该模型拟合性良好,预测准确。
对GLP的多糖含量和相对分子质量分布进行分析,结果见表4,GLP的多糖含量为70.54%,计算得到GLP的重均分子量Mw为2.197×104 Da。
GLP的单糖组成分析结果表明,GLP主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和岩藻糖组成,物质的量比为 1.49:5.85:2.07:1.0(表4),其中葡萄糖为主要成分,这与目前杨亚萍等[37]报道的结果基本一致,但单糖组成的摩尔比存在差异,可能与不同的提取方法有关。
GLP的红外光谱结果如图3所示,GLP在3391.83 cm−1处出现的较宽的吸收峰为O-H的伸缩振动引起,表明有羟基的存在;2931.63 cm−1处较窄的吸收峰为C-H的伸缩振动峰,这两类吸收峰均为多糖的特征吸收峰[38];在1669.98 cm−1处的吸收峰是由于多糖结合水引起或 C=O 的伸缩振动峰;1327.58 cm−1为C-H 的振动峰;1250~950 cm−1之间较强的峰是吡喃环糖苷键伸缩振动引起;在500~900 cm−1处有吸收峰表明多糖结构存在吡喃糖骨架[39]。因此,红外光谱显示GLP具有多糖的特征性吸收峰,为吡喃型多糖。
以DPPH自由基、·OH和ABTS+自由基清除能力评估GLP体外抗氧化能力,并以VC为阳性对照,结果见图4。GLP对3种自由基均具有较好的清除能力,且呈现明显的浓度依赖趋势。在浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,GLP对DPPH自由基和·OH的清除率均达到最大,分别为93.76%±0.47%和91.75%±1.07%(图4A~图4B),IC50值分别为0.30和0.36 mg/mL。GLP对ABTS+自由基的清除效果相对较弱,在浓度为2.5 mg/mL时,清除率为77.87%±1.19%(图4C),IC50值为1.59 mg/mL。陈瑞荣等[40]通过热水浸提法提取的灵芝菌丝粗多糖清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为0.47 mg/mL。聂健等[41]报道灵芝子实体多糖对DPPH自由基和·OH的IC50值分别为0.67和0.46 mg/mL,与上述报道相比,GLP具有较强的体外抗氧化能力,特别是对DPPH自由基和·OH。
质量浓度0.125~4.0 mg/mL的GLP处理HSF细胞24 h后,采用MTT法检测其对细胞存活率的影响,结果如图5A所示。随着样品浓度的增加,HSF细胞存活率逐渐下降,当GLP浓度小于2.0 mg/mL时,细胞存活率均大于90%,且与空白对照组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05);当样品浓度升高到4.0 mg/mL时,细胞活力显著下降至83.28%±7.21%(P<0.05),表明样品在0.125~2.0 mg/mL浓度范围内对HSF细胞的增殖无明显抑制作用。因此,在后续实验过程中,选定小于2.0 mg/mL的浓度作为GLP受试浓度。
H2O2是生物体内最常见的活性氧分子,它几乎可以从所有氧化应激来源中产生,外源H2O2由于其高膜透性可以进入细胞并诱导细胞损伤[26]。本文研究了H2O2在0~800 μmol/L浓度下对HSF细胞的细胞毒性,由图5B可知,随着H2O2浓度的增大,细胞活力逐渐降低,当H2O2浓度为400 μmol/L时,细胞存活率降低至58.19%±3.76%,此时细胞浓度接近半数抑制浓度,且与空白对照组差异显著。因此,后续实验中选用400 μmol/L H2O2作为HSF细胞的损伤浓度。
GLP对H2O2诱导损伤HSF细胞的保护作用如图6所示。HSF细胞经H2O2处理后,细胞活力降至56.33%±3.60%,与CK组相比差异极显著(P<0.0001),提示建模成功。经VC和GLP预处理的HSF细胞活力较CM组均明显提高,且与GLP浓度呈正相关趋势,其中0.5和1.0 mg/mL的GLP作用细胞,细胞存活率分别为73.19%±7.04%(P<0.01)和78.66%±5.63%(P<0.001),较CM组显著提高并已接近于VC的作用效果。这一结果证实了灵芝多糖对皮肤细胞的保护作用,殳叶婷等[42]以0.3125~1.25 mg/mL的灵芝多糖预处理细胞后,使H2O2诱导的HaCaT细胞存活率极显著提高(P<0.01);同时,研究表明灵芝多糖可保护HSF免受H2O2诱导的细胞毒性,使细胞死亡率降低22.05%[43],与本研究结果一致。结果表明GLP对氧化应激损伤的HSF细胞具有显著的保护作用。
ROS是一系列分子氧衍生物的总称,在细胞的许多生理过程中作为信号分子发挥着重要作用,但过量的ROS在细胞内积累会引起氧化应激,破坏生物大分子诱发炎症、癌症、肝损伤和异常衰老等疾病[44]。因此,细胞 ROS 的水平可以直观反映细胞的氧化损伤程度。结果见图7A,在本研究中,H2O2诱导HSF细胞使细胞内ROS水平显著升高(P<0.0001)。质量浓度0.25~1.0 mg/mL的GLP均可显著降低H2O2诱导损伤后HSF细胞的ROS水平(P<0.01),并呈现浓度依赖性。Zeng等[45]以UVB诱导HSF细胞建立皮肤衰老模型,发现灵芝多糖能够显著降低细胞内ROS水平,提高细胞存活率进而抑制氧化应激,与本试验结果相似。结果表明,GLP可以通过降低HSF细胞ROS含量,从而减缓ROS过多导致的氧化损伤。
细胞有一个内源性抗氧化系统,通过产生多种酶促抗氧化剂来控制活性氧的产生和扩散。SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶可以通过中和细胞内的自由基和ROS,维持细胞稳态并抵御氧化损伤[46]。MDA是脂质过氧化反应的产物,其含量可反映机体组织和细胞的损伤程度[47]。GLP对H2O2诱导的HSF细胞内SOD、GSH-Px活力和MDA含量的影响见图7B、图7C和图7D,H2O2处理细胞后,引起HSF氧化损伤,SOD和GSH-Px活力均极显著降低(P<0.0001),质量浓度0.25、0.5、1.0 mg/mL的GLP处理后,SOD和GSH-Px活力均有所提高,并呈现一定的剂量依赖性,且质量浓度1.0 mg/mL GLP使细胞SOD和GSH-Px活力分别提高至36.54±2.83 U/mg prot (P<0.001)和37.61±0.62 U/mg prot (P<0.01),接近VC的保护效果。H2O2氧化损伤HSF会导致细胞脂质过氧化加剧,细胞内MDA含量显著升高(P<0.001),达到CK组的1.59倍(图7D)。与CM组相比,质量浓度0.50~1.0 mg/mL GLP均能显著降低MDA含量,分别降至2.20±0.19 nmol/mg prot(P<0.01)和1.93±0.11 nmol/mg prot(P<0.001)。张佳婵等[48]报道了灵芝菌丝体多糖可以上调细胞抗氧化酶水平,降低氧化损伤HSF细胞的MDA积累。此外,谢韶琼等[49]研究发现灵芝多糖可减少H2O2诱导的HaCaT细胞内丙二醛沉积,增加抗氧化酶活性,从而达到延缓衰老的作用。本研究表明GLP可以通过激活细胞内SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶并减少MDA等过氧化物的产生来清除细胞ROS,有效恢复氧化应激细胞的抗氧化能力,保护细胞免受氧化损伤危害,具有良好的抗氧化损伤功效。
细胞衰老过程中会产生大量的活性氧,形成氧化应激进而引起细胞损伤。同时,过量的ROS还通过激活一系列信号通路,导致皮肤基质中金属蛋白酶(Matrix Metalloproteinase,MMP)表达增加,加速细胞基质和胶原蛋白的降解,当正常胶原的降解和异常胶原纤维碎片的积累增加时,成纤维细胞的增殖受到抑制,导致胶原合成减少从而引起皮肤粗糙、褶皱、失去弹性等衰老现象形成[50]。Col I是皮肤中含量最多的胶原,在维持皮肤真皮层的结构和强度方面起主要作用[51],而MMP-1能够特异性降解Col I,调控其动态平衡过程[52]。
GLP对H2O2诱导的HSF细胞中Col I和MMP-1含量的影响如图8所示。与正常细胞相比,H2O2处理后HSF细胞中Col I含量极显著降低(P<0.0001),仅为正常细胞的55.36%,说明氧化损伤会使皮肤细胞中Col I分泌减少,但在0.5、1.0 mg/mL GLP和VC的保护作用下,Col I含量均明显上升,与模型组相比,分别提高了29.84%、35.16%和61.03%(图8A);由图8B可知,模型组MMP-1含量较CK组极显著升高(P<0.0001),而GLP和VC预处理均能显著降低H2O2诱导损伤后细胞中MMP-1表达水平(P<0.05),且GLP浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,对MMP-1的抑制率已达到40.45%,抑制效果强于VC。结果表明,GLP能够抑制H2O2诱导的HSF细胞中MMP-1的表达,并促进Col I蛋白的分泌,从而增加细胞胶原蛋白的含量。因此,GLP可能通过抑制细胞外基质降解保护皮肤健康状态,具有良好的抗衰老功效。
本研究采用高压破碎联合复合酶法提取灵芝菌丝体多糖,通过单因素实验研究了破碎压力、料液比、复合酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解pH和酶解时间对GLP得率的影响,并在此基础上采用响应面设计对GLP提取工艺进行优化,最佳提取条件为:破碎压力100 MPa,料液比1:40 g/mL,复合酶添加量2.40%,酶解温度50.0 ℃,酶解pH5.5,酶解时间2.25 h,在此条件下,GLP得率达到9.69%±0.32%,较现有文献报道的灵芝多糖得率(2.71%~6.10%)[11,26,53]提高了1.58~3.57倍。推测其潜在机理,可能是由于该提取工艺首先利用高压作用强力破坏灵芝细胞壁结构,促进细胞内有效成分溶出,为酶解创造有利条件[19];进而通过复合酶精准靶向降解关键组分:纤维素酶和木聚糖酶高效解聚纤维素糖骨架[36],菠萝蛋白酶降解交联蛋白辅助多糖释放。三种酶协同作用,与高压破碎预处理效果相互促进,对灵芝坚固细胞壁进行深度、高效瓦解,显著提升灵芝多糖得率。该多糖主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和岩藻糖组成,重均分子量Mw为2.197×104 Da。抗氧化实验表明GLP可以有效清除DPPH自由基、·OH和ABTS+自由基,其IC50值分别为0.30、0.36和1.59 mg/mL,展现出良好的抗氧化能力;细胞实验表明GLP对H2O2诱导的HSF细胞氧化损伤具有保护作用,其可通过提高细胞SOD、GSH-Px抗氧化酶活力,减少ROS含量,降低细胞脂质氧化水平,从而有效恢复氧化应激细胞的抗氧化能力;同时GLP能够缓解H2O2诱导的HSF细胞胶原蛋白和基质的降解,增加Col I含量,有助于延缓细胞衰老。为GLP在抗氧化、抗衰老功能性食品及护肤品中的应用提供支撑。后续将对GLP进一步纯化、对其结构、构效关系及作用机制进行深入探索,以期为GLP的开发应用提供扎实的理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040366
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    1中国海洋大学青岛海洋生物医药研究院,山东青岛 266100
    2青岛黛优佳生物科技有限公司,山东青岛 266100

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宗雯雯(1993−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然功效成分的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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