Article(id=1320884511752176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030272, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853008449, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853008449, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853008449, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853008449, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=292, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884512138052386, articleId=1320884511752176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Meat Quality and Myofibrillar Protein Characteristics of Wanxi White Geese at Different Ages, Parts and Sexes, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the differences in meat quality, nutritional composition, and myofibrillar protein (MP) characteristics of Wanxi white geese across different ages (120, 180, and 365 days old), different muscle parts (breast and leg muscles), and different genders. The results showed that with increasing age, shear force significantly increased (reaching 46.5 N in 365-day-old leg muscle, P<0.05), while meat color lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values increased, and tenderness, protein, and fat content showed a decreasing trend. Leg muscles exhibited significantly higher water-holding capacity (up to 76.74%) and pH than breast muscles (P<0.05). Meat from male geese showed better lightness but lower water-holding capacity compared to females. Nutritional analysis revealed that the total free amino acid content peaked at 120 days old (alanine: 235.24 µg/g, glutamic acid: 141.62 µg/g), with umami amino acids being prominent. Fatty acid composition was dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (up to 53.38%), and the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA/SFA) ranged from 0.47 to 0.53. The 120-day-old geese exhibited the highest unsaturated fatty acid content and superior nutritional value. Regarding MP functional properties, increasing age significantly enhanced MP concentration, surface hydrophobicity (up to 48.65 µg/g), gel water retention (89.03%), and emulsifying activity (0.067 m2/mg, P<0.05). Solubility peaked at 180 days old (45.74%) before declining. Leg muscle MP demonstrated significantly superior gel hardness (9159.7 N) and emulsifying stability (18.31) compared to breast muscle MP (P<0.05). MP from male geese had higher surface hydrophobicity but lower gel strength and emulsifying activity than females (P<0.05). These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the processing suitability of Wanxi White geese meat and developing differentiated products.

, authors=Yuting FENG1, 2, Song JIN3, Menglu WANG2, Rui WANG2, Chunjie LIU4, Lin MEI2, *, authorsList=Yuting FENG, Song JIN, Menglu WANG, Rui WANG, Chunjie LIU, Lin MEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin MEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884515652879157, articleId=1320884511752176417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同日龄、部位及性别的皖西白鹅肉品质和肌原纤维蛋白特性, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以皖西白鹅为对象,针对不同日龄(120日龄、180日龄、365日龄)、不同部位(胸肌、腿肌)及不同性别的样本,系统探究其肉品质、营养成分及肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)特性差异。结果显示,随日龄增长,剪切力显著提升(365日龄腿肌达46.5 N,P<0.05),肉色亮度(L*)和红度(a*)值增加,而嫩度、蛋白质与脂肪含量呈下降趋势;腿肌系水力(最高76.74%)、pH显著高于胸肌(P<0.05),公鹅肉色亮度优于母鹅,但系水力较低。营养成分特征显示,120日龄游离氨基酸总量最高(丙氨酸235.24 µg/g、谷氨酸141.62 µg/g),鲜味氨基酸占比突出;脂肪酸组成以单不饱和脂肪酸为主(最高53.38%),多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(PUFA/SFA)为0.47~0.53,其中120日龄不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,食用价值更优。肌原纤维蛋白功能特性显示,日龄增长显著提升MP浓度、表面疏水性(最高48.65 µg/g)、凝胶保水性(89.03%)及乳化活性(0.067 m2/mg,P<0.05),而溶解度于180日龄达峰值(45.74%)后下降;腿肌MP的凝胶硬度(9159.7 N)、乳化稳定性(18.31)等指标显著优于胸肌(P<0.05);公鹅MP表面疏水性较高,但凝胶强度及乳化活性低于母鹅(P<0.05)。研究结果为皖西白鹅肉加工适宜性评估及差异化产品开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=冯玉婷1, 2, 金松3, 汪梦露2, 王蕊2, 刘纯杰4, 梅林2, *, authorsList=冯玉婷, 金松, 汪梦露, 王蕊, 刘纯杰, 梅林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梅林, authorNote=

冯玉婷(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

金松(1980−),男,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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梅林(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母代表不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=5YUEiMvdW+wBfpmRvAWHAQ==, figureFileBig=C2DCBB8TtZdG5KB4E5mOpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520509883245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dissolution of myogenic fibres in Wanxi white geese of different ages, figureFileSmall=SndgXodDsv2RyKoDKtT7Vg==, figureFileBig=XccxXL+KuWQS7msDzNPW2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520568603502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同日龄皖西白鹅肌原纤维溶解度

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=SndgXodDsv2RyKoDKtT7Vg==, figureFileBig=XccxXL+KuWQS7msDzNPW2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520639906671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar fibrillar proteins in Wanxi white geese of different ages, figureFileSmall=NHOquMKF07nTyhpl2uUu1A==, figureFileBig=4sRj5/19sxkpAc035Rb+mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520707015536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同日龄皖西白鹅肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=NHOquMKF07nTyhpl2uUu1A==, figureFileBig=4sRj5/19sxkpAc035Rb+mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520790901617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Water retention of myogenic fibres in Wanxi white geese of different ages, figureFileSmall=AbsqVR2Jdjf8xlEYamk0VA==, figureFileBig=K0hgBhtQlp6jFQytZkiPvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520883176306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同日龄皖西白鹅肌原纤维保水性

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=AbsqVR2Jdjf8xlEYamk0VA==, figureFileBig=K0hgBhtQlp6jFQytZkiPvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884520950285171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=TDynamic rheological properties of myofibril gel, figureFileSmall=3WB0CPcMrcPHjs5C2nFcww==, figureFileBig=eANwzsemqeD6P5WC/ZzMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521025782644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图5, caption=肌原纤维凝胶动态流变特性, figureFileSmall=3WB0CPcMrcPHjs5C2nFcww==, figureFileBig=eANwzsemqeD6P5WC/ZzMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521088697205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Emulsifying activity index of myofibrillar protein in Wanxi white geese meat, figureFileSmall=GU/a2eVt8TUZrBrvnExrzg==, figureFileBig=82ZFaJUx/Bf5fv3i4u/YsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521155806070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图6, caption=皖西白鹅肉MP的乳化活性指数

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著 (P>0.05) ,不同字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=GU/a2eVt8TUZrBrvnExrzg==, figureFileBig=82ZFaJUx/Bf5fv3i4u/YsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521218720631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Emulsification stability index of Myofibrillar Protein in Wanxi white geese meat, figureFileSmall=A3p4HQJYTm7Le6Q80+GB6g==, figureFileBig=YyNkIGjeArnYSFnibYwBNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521290023800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图7, caption=皖西白鹅肉MP的乳化稳定性指数

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著 (P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=A3p4HQJYTm7Le6Q80+GB6g==, figureFileBig=YyNkIGjeArnYSFnibYwBNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521352938361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Total thiol content of myofibrillar protein in Wanxi white geese meat, figureFileSmall=jxEFbNc+AhpRb0pbAVNuzA==, figureFileBig=UkTsueatB4NPQQmDqUMtzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521420047226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图8, caption=皖西白鹅肉MP总巯基含量

注:MT、GT、MX、GX分别代表母鹅腿肌、公鹅腿肌、母鹅胸肌、公鹅胸肌。图中相同字母表示不同日龄、性别、部位所组成的不同组别间同一指标差异不显著 (P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05);图9同。

, figureFileSmall=jxEFbNc+AhpRb0pbAVNuzA==, figureFileBig=UkTsueatB4NPQQmDqUMtzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521491350395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Active thiol content of myofibrillar protein in Wanxi white geese meat, figureFileSmall=ptn6ZAUHukJYj9yTWFPZ5A==, figureFileBig=KnA4/IlaXYvZQNO3kcmkYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521562653564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=图9, caption=皖西白鹅肉MP的活性巯基含量, figureFileSmall=ptn6ZAUHukJYj9yTWFPZ5A==, figureFileBig=KnA4/IlaXYvZQNO3kcmkYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884521638151037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of basic characteristics of Wanxi white geese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
L*44.34±1.00d46.71±0.92c46.98±0.49bc47.35±0.33abc44.66±0.69d47.11±0.60bc47.93±0.49abc48.21±0.41ab45.32±0.73d47.42±0.76abc48.12±0.52ab48.60±0.65a
a*13.88±0.19e14.16±0.19de15.37±0.16c15.97±0.74bc14.19±0.30de14.93±0.21cd15.82±0.32bc16.46±0.97ab14.97±0.45cd15.50±0.82bc15.89±0.55bc17.15±0.53a
b*9.28±0.14a8.83±0.23a7.50±0.76bcd7.42±0.78cd8.79±0.35a8.67±0.38ab6.86±0.12d6.75±0.09d8.56±1.69abc8.65±0.27ab6.85±0.29d6.66±0.74d
剪切力(N)30.1±0.80i32.0±0.56h32.6±0.53h33.52±0.41g35.7±0.53f35.8±0.30e35.5±0.43f36.6±0.48f40.3±0.25d42.4±0.30c44.6±0.36b46.5±0.39a
系水力(%)71.42±1.67fg70.91±1.28g75.74±0.71ab73.32±1.40cde72.53±0.43def71.54±0.24fg75.96±0.24ab74.68±0.86bc73.76±0.28cd72.14±0.47efg76.74±0.28a75.28±0.37ab
pH6.14±0.03d6.30±0.02c6.32±0.03c6.76±0.03a5.93±0.02f5.87±0.02g6.12±0.03d6.04±0.05e5.93±0.02f5.85±0.03g6.54±0.02b6.13±0.02d
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523299095422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

皖西白鹅基本特性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
L*44.34±1.00d46.71±0.92c46.98±0.49bc47.35±0.33abc44.66±0.69d47.11±0.60bc47.93±0.49abc48.21±0.41ab45.32±0.73d47.42±0.76abc48.12±0.52ab48.60±0.65a
a*13.88±0.19e14.16±0.19de15.37±0.16c15.97±0.74bc14.19±0.30de14.93±0.21cd15.82±0.32bc16.46±0.97ab14.97±0.45cd15.50±0.82bc15.89±0.55bc17.15±0.53a
b*9.28±0.14a8.83±0.23a7.50±0.76bcd7.42±0.78cd8.79±0.35a8.67±0.38ab6.86±0.12d6.75±0.09d8.56±1.69abc8.65±0.27ab6.85±0.29d6.66±0.74d
剪切力(N)30.1±0.80i32.0±0.56h32.6±0.53h33.52±0.41g35.7±0.53f35.8±0.30e35.5±0.43f36.6±0.48f40.3±0.25d42.4±0.30c44.6±0.36b46.5±0.39a
系水力(%)71.42±1.67fg70.91±1.28g75.74±0.71ab73.32±1.40cde72.53±0.43def71.54±0.24fg75.96±0.24ab74.68±0.86bc73.76±0.28cd72.14±0.47efg76.74±0.28a75.28±0.37ab
pH6.14±0.03d6.30±0.02c6.32±0.03c6.76±0.03a5.93±0.02f5.87±0.02g6.12±0.03d6.04±0.05e5.93±0.02f5.85±0.03g6.54±0.02b6.13±0.02d
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523387175807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of texture characteristics of Wanxi white geese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
硬度(N)3219.8±304.2fg3353.5±249.7efg3054.1±721.6g3066.6±705.9g3868.3±174.3def4785.5±301.9c4070.3±703.7cde4320.7±236.3cd6112.3±308.8b6067.3±421.3b9159.7±158.0a9022.1±315.6a
粘性−45.52±9.58abc−39.36±12.6ab−40.94±9.92ab−35.67±13.8a−51.51±3.90abc−59.92±4.18c−57.50±5.46bc−57.93±4.63bc−41.61±8.19abc−45.77±2.46abc−37.23±13.20a−42.98±15.28abc
弹性0.813±0.06bc0.831±0.05bc0.933±0.02ab0.883±0.07ab0.865±0.09abc0.740±0.08cd0.829±0.05bc0.981±0.01a0.620±0.10d0.654±0.16d0.730±0.07cd0.833±0.08bc
咀嚼性2007.5±28.4fg2066.3±31.9ef2060.9±40.5efg2152.7±33.5de2191.3±14.1cd1962.3±72.2fg2215.7±93.6cd2462.8±52.1b2263.2±23.5c1956.9±50.6g2173.2±97.9a2171.7±73.0cd
回复性0.193±0.09b0.296±0.08ab0.346±0.03a0.275±0.07ab0.314±0.04a0.361±0.08a0.337±0.06a0.281±0.08ab0.306±0.02ab0.321±0.05a0.302±0.05ab0.380±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523462673280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

皖西白鹅质构特性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
硬度(N)3219.8±304.2fg3353.5±249.7efg3054.1±721.6g3066.6±705.9g3868.3±174.3def4785.5±301.9c4070.3±703.7cde4320.7±236.3cd6112.3±308.8b6067.3±421.3b9159.7±158.0a9022.1±315.6a
粘性−45.52±9.58abc−39.36±12.6ab−40.94±9.92ab−35.67±13.8a−51.51±3.90abc−59.92±4.18c−57.50±5.46bc−57.93±4.63bc−41.61±8.19abc−45.77±2.46abc−37.23±13.20a−42.98±15.28abc
弹性0.813±0.06bc0.831±0.05bc0.933±0.02ab0.883±0.07ab0.865±0.09abc0.740±0.08cd0.829±0.05bc0.981±0.01a0.620±0.10d0.654±0.16d0.730±0.07cd0.833±0.08bc
咀嚼性2007.5±28.4fg2066.3±31.9ef2060.9±40.5efg2152.7±33.5de2191.3±14.1cd1962.3±72.2fg2215.7±93.6cd2462.8±52.1b2263.2±23.5c1956.9±50.6g2173.2±97.9a2171.7±73.0cd
回复性0.193±0.09b0.296±0.08ab0.346±0.03a0.275±0.07ab0.314±0.04a0.361±0.08a0.337±0.06a0.281±0.08ab0.306±0.02ab0.321±0.05a0.302±0.05ab0.380±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523538170753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of nutritional content in Wanxi white geese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
水分(%)73.77±0.72d73.43±0.16de75.40±0.10bc76.60±0.26b73.27±0.32de67.37±0.50h75.40±0.40bc78.77±0.80a71.33±0.36f68.84±0.35g74.33±0.34cd72.04±0.50ef
灰分(%)2.07±0.06ab1.78±0.04e1.89±0.04cde1.83±0.05de1.93±0.06cd1.97±0.06bc2.16±0.12a2.08±0.10ab1.19±0.05f1.20±0.08f0.86±0.06f1.19±0.06f
粗蛋白(%)23.24±0.37abc23.31±0.45abc22.83±0.57abcd23.62±0.75ab22.69±0.94bcde24.01±0.54a22.07±0.58cdef23.38±0.94ab21.05±0.75f21.52±0.58ef21.59±0.38def21.68±0.94def
粗脂肪(%)2.98±0.04a2.85±0.07b2.30±0.06e2.17±0.09fgh2.64±0.06c2.53±0.06d2.24±0.05ef2.16±0.05fgh2.23±0.04efg2.14±0.03gh2.18±0.03fgh2.11±0.02h
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523622056834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

皖西白鹅营养成分含量分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
水分(%)73.77±0.72d73.43±0.16de75.40±0.10bc76.60±0.26b73.27±0.32de67.37±0.50h75.40±0.40bc78.77±0.80a71.33±0.36f68.84±0.35g74.33±0.34cd72.04±0.50ef
灰分(%)2.07±0.06ab1.78±0.04e1.89±0.04cde1.83±0.05de1.93±0.06cd1.97±0.06bc2.16±0.12a2.08±0.10ab1.19±0.05f1.20±0.08f0.86±0.06f1.19±0.06f
粗蛋白(%)23.24±0.37abc23.31±0.45abc22.83±0.57abcd23.62±0.75ab22.69±0.94bcde24.01±0.54a22.07±0.58cdef23.38±0.94ab21.05±0.75f21.52±0.58ef21.59±0.38def21.68±0.94def
粗脂肪(%)2.98±0.04a2.85±0.07b2.30±0.06e2.17±0.09fgh2.64±0.06c2.53±0.06d2.24±0.05ef2.16±0.05fgh2.23±0.04efg2.14±0.03gh2.18±0.03fgh2.11±0.02h
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523794023299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of free amino acids in Wanxi white geese (µg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸组别
120 dX120 dT180 dX180 dT
Asp天冬氨酸5.20±3.07a3.02±1.19a2.16±1.16a7.36±0.54a
Thr苏氨酸49.11±20.57a17.63±0.65b43.81±3.26a38.59±0.17a
Ser丝氨酸168.41±64.76a107.77±8.75a120.48±1.80a104.46±13.83a
Glu谷氨酸141.62±56.31a116.27±14.08ab72.50±14.28b93.20±14.29ab
Gly甘氨酸87.17±33.03a48.77±3.58b48.08±4.20b37.92±2.37b
Ala丙氨酸235.24±86.50a148.23±12.60a169.25±8.54a173.71±12.93a
Met蛋氨酸21.57±9.35a6.04±0.19b9.31±1.88b9.97±0.05b
Val缬氨酸50.50±21.57a14.30±0.67b22.36±3.62b22.73±0.93b
Ile异亮氨酸32.91±14.63a8.42±0.46b14.81±2.61b14.79±0.95b
Leu亮氨酸70.88±32.18a16.82±0.86b32.39±9.04b33.05±2.96b
Tyr酪氨酸31.89±13.13a11.83±0.41b16.06±1.46b15.44±0.49b
Phe苯丙氨酸36.02±16.50a7.54±0.31b14.63±3.84b15.49±1.43b
His组氨酸21.45±8.82a10.38±0.21b12.96±1.02b11.10±0.31b
Cys胱氨酸0.23±0.20a0.53±0.09a0.13±0.23a0.14±0.25a
Arg精氨酸52.87±22.25a22.05±1.62b32.95±0.98ab28.22±1.36b
Pro脯氨酸54.50±21.32a24.82±0.78b50.44±8.75a49.86±1.58a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523865326468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

皖西白鹅游离氨基酸分析(µg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸组别
120 dX120 dT180 dX180 dT
Asp天冬氨酸5.20±3.07a3.02±1.19a2.16±1.16a7.36±0.54a
Thr苏氨酸49.11±20.57a17.63±0.65b43.81±3.26a38.59±0.17a
Ser丝氨酸168.41±64.76a107.77±8.75a120.48±1.80a104.46±13.83a
Glu谷氨酸141.62±56.31a116.27±14.08ab72.50±14.28b93.20±14.29ab
Gly甘氨酸87.17±33.03a48.77±3.58b48.08±4.20b37.92±2.37b
Ala丙氨酸235.24±86.50a148.23±12.60a169.25±8.54a173.71±12.93a
Met蛋氨酸21.57±9.35a6.04±0.19b9.31±1.88b9.97±0.05b
Val缬氨酸50.50±21.57a14.30±0.67b22.36±3.62b22.73±0.93b
Ile异亮氨酸32.91±14.63a8.42±0.46b14.81±2.61b14.79±0.95b
Leu亮氨酸70.88±32.18a16.82±0.86b32.39±9.04b33.05±2.96b
Tyr酪氨酸31.89±13.13a11.83±0.41b16.06±1.46b15.44±0.49b
Phe苯丙氨酸36.02±16.50a7.54±0.31b14.63±3.84b15.49±1.43b
His组氨酸21.45±8.82a10.38±0.21b12.96±1.02b11.10±0.31b
Cys胱氨酸0.23±0.20a0.53±0.09a0.13±0.23a0.14±0.25a
Arg精氨酸52.87±22.25a22.05±1.62b32.95±0.98ab28.22±1.36b
Pro脯氨酸54.50±21.32a24.82±0.78b50.44±8.75a49.86±1.58a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884523936629637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fatty acid composition of muscles of Wanxi white geese of different ages (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸组别
120 dX120 dT180 dX180 dT
SFA
豆蔻酸C14:00.48±0.01a0.49±0.02a0.55±0.10a0.51±0.01a
十五烷酸C15:00.06±0.01a0.04±0.01b−−
棕榈酸C16:025.20±0.01b25.43±0.06a25.00±0.02c23.63±0.06d
硬脂酸C18:05.53±0.02b5.57±0.09b6.25±0.01a4.82±0.01c
花生酸C20:00.09±0.01c0.08±0.01c0.51±0.01b1.82±0.05a
MUFA
肉豆蔻酸C14:10.04±0.01b0.06±0.01a−−
棕榈油酸C16:13.67±0.02d4.04±0.02c4.46±0.02b5.98±0.02a
油酸C18:1n9c49.33±0.06a49.07±0.06b47.00±0.10c45.40±0.10d
花生一烯酸C20:10.25±0.01b0.22±0.02c0.32±0.01a0.00d
PUFA
亚油酸C18:2n6c13.83±0.06c13.73±0.06c14.40±0.10b15.63±0.12a
亚麻酸甲酯C18:3n60.11±0.01a0.10±0.01b−−
亚麻酸C18:3n30.88±0.01a0.89±0.01a0.66±0.01c0.82±0.03b
花生二烯酸C20:20.13±0.01a0.06±0.01b0.00c0.00c
花生三烯酸C20:3n60.16±0.001a0.15±0.01b0.00c0.00c
SFA31.36±0.02c31.61±0.14b32.31±0.09a30.79±0.08d
MUFA53.29±0.07a53.38±0.07a51.78±0.11c51.38±0.09d
PUFA15.11±0.05b14.93±0.06c15.06±0.10bc16.45±0.13a
PUFA/SFA0.48±0.01b0.47±0.01c0.47±0.01c0.53±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884524020515718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同日龄皖西白鹅肉脂肪酸组成与含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸组别
120 dX120 dT180 dX180 dT
SFA
豆蔻酸C14:00.48±0.01a0.49±0.02a0.55±0.10a0.51±0.01a
十五烷酸C15:00.06±0.01a0.04±0.01b−−
棕榈酸C16:025.20±0.01b25.43±0.06a25.00±0.02c23.63±0.06d
硬脂酸C18:05.53±0.02b5.57±0.09b6.25±0.01a4.82±0.01c
花生酸C20:00.09±0.01c0.08±0.01c0.51±0.01b1.82±0.05a
MUFA
肉豆蔻酸C14:10.04±0.01b0.06±0.01a−−
棕榈油酸C16:13.67±0.02d4.04±0.02c4.46±0.02b5.98±0.02a
油酸C18:1n9c49.33±0.06a49.07±0.06b47.00±0.10c45.40±0.10d
花生一烯酸C20:10.25±0.01b0.22±0.02c0.32±0.01a0.00d
PUFA
亚油酸C18:2n6c13.83±0.06c13.73±0.06c14.40±0.10b15.63±0.12a
亚麻酸甲酯C18:3n60.11±0.01a0.10±0.01b−−
亚麻酸C18:3n30.88±0.01a0.89±0.01a0.66±0.01c0.82±0.03b
花生二烯酸C20:20.13±0.01a0.06±0.01b0.00c0.00c
花生三烯酸C20:3n60.16±0.001a0.15±0.01b0.00c0.00c
SFA31.36±0.02c31.61±0.14b32.31±0.09a30.79±0.08d
MUFA53.29±0.07a53.38±0.07a51.78±0.11c51.38±0.09d
PUFA15.11±0.05b14.93±0.06c15.06±0.10bc16.45±0.13a
PUFA/SFA0.48±0.01b0.47±0.01c0.47±0.01c0.53±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884524083430279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Texture characteristics of myofibril gel

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项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
硬度(N)51.187±2.56e44.310±2.27f67.147±2.28bc60.553±2.66d60.617±1.82d54.290±1.78e70.487±1.33b65.156±1.66c64.467±1.99c60.747±1.69d74.707±1.46a70.450±1.08b
弹性0.820±0.01fg0.789±0.02h0.820±0.01fg0.899±0.01a0.832±0.01ef0.817±0.01fg0.861±0.01cd0.890±0.01ab0.811±0.01fg0.802±0.01gh0.872±0.01bc0.843±0.01de
强度0.493±0.02h0.447±0.02i0.637±0.02de0.570±0.02g0.603±0.01f0.589±0.01fg0.677±0.02bc0.626±0.01e0.685±0.01b0.658±0.01cd0.719±0.01a0.713±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884524163122056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884511752176417, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

肌原纤维凝胶质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目120 d180 d365 d
MXGXMTGTMXGXMTGTMXGXMTGT
硬度(N)51.187±2.56e44.310±2.27f67.147±2.28bc60.553±2.66d60.617±1.82d54.290±1.78e70.487±1.33b65.156±1.66c64.467±1.99c60.747±1.69d74.707±1.46a70.450±1.08b
弹性0.820±0.01fg0.789±0.02h0.820±0.01fg0.899±0.01a0.832±0.01ef0.817±0.01fg0.861±0.01cd0.890±0.01ab0.811±0.01fg0.802±0.01gh0.872±0.01bc0.843±0.01de
强度0.493±0.02h0.447±0.02i0.637±0.02de0.570±0.02g0.603±0.01f0.589±0.01fg0.677±0.02bc0.626±0.01e0.685±0.01b0.658±0.01cd0.719±0.01a0.713±0.01a
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不同日龄、部位及性别的皖西白鹅肉品质和肌原纤维蛋白特性
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冯玉婷 1, 2 , 金松 3 , 汪梦露 2 , 王蕊 2 , 刘纯杰 4 , 梅林 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(8): 292-302
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (8) : 292 -302
不同日龄、部位及性别的皖西白鹅肉品质和肌原纤维蛋白特性
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冯玉婷1, 2 , 金松3 , 汪梦露2, 王蕊2, 刘纯杰4, 梅林2, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽农业大学食品与营养学院创新班,安徽合肥 230036
  • 2安徽农业大学食品与营养学院,安徽合肥 230036
  • 3正大食品(合肥)有限公司,安徽合肥 231100
  • 4肥西老母鸡食品有限公司,安徽合肥 230031
通讯作者:
梅林(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

冯玉婷(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

金松(1980−),男,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Meat Quality and Myofibrillar Protein Characteristics of Wanxi White Geese at Different Ages, Parts and Sexes
Yuting FENG1, 2 , Song JIN3 , Menglu WANG2, Rui WANG2, Chunjie LIU4, Lin MEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Innovation Class, School of Food and Nutrition, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
  • 2School of Food and Nutrition, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
  • 3Chia Tai Food (Hefei) Co., Ltd., Hefei 231100, China
  • 4Feixi Old Hen Food Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030272
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本研究以皖西白鹅为对象,针对不同日龄(120日龄、180日龄、365日龄)、不同部位(胸肌、腿肌)及不同性别的样本,系统探究其肉品质、营养成分及肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)特性差异。结果显示,随日龄增长,剪切力显著提升(365日龄腿肌达46.5 N,P<0.05),肉色亮度(L*)和红度(a*)值增加,而嫩度、蛋白质与脂肪含量呈下降趋势;腿肌系水力(最高76.74%)、pH显著高于胸肌(P<0.05),公鹅肉色亮度优于母鹅,但系水力较低。营养成分特征显示,120日龄游离氨基酸总量最高(丙氨酸235.24 µg/g、谷氨酸141.62 µg/g),鲜味氨基酸占比突出;脂肪酸组成以单不饱和脂肪酸为主(最高53.38%),多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(PUFA/SFA)为0.47~0.53,其中120日龄不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,食用价值更优。肌原纤维蛋白功能特性显示,日龄增长显著提升MP浓度、表面疏水性(最高48.65 µg/g)、凝胶保水性(89.03%)及乳化活性(0.067 m2/mg,P<0.05),而溶解度于180日龄达峰值(45.74%)后下降;腿肌MP的凝胶硬度(9159.7 N)、乳化稳定性(18.31)等指标显著优于胸肌(P<0.05);公鹅MP表面疏水性较高,但凝胶强度及乳化活性低于母鹅(P<0.05)。研究结果为皖西白鹅肉加工适宜性评估及差异化产品开发提供了理论依据。

皖西白鹅  /  肉质加工利用  /  肌原纤维蛋白  /  日龄  /  肉质特征

This study investigated the differences in meat quality, nutritional composition, and myofibrillar protein (MP) characteristics of Wanxi white geese across different ages (120, 180, and 365 days old), different muscle parts (breast and leg muscles), and different genders. The results showed that with increasing age, shear force significantly increased (reaching 46.5 N in 365-day-old leg muscle, P<0.05), while meat color lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values increased, and tenderness, protein, and fat content showed a decreasing trend. Leg muscles exhibited significantly higher water-holding capacity (up to 76.74%) and pH than breast muscles (P<0.05). Meat from male geese showed better lightness but lower water-holding capacity compared to females. Nutritional analysis revealed that the total free amino acid content peaked at 120 days old (alanine: 235.24 µg/g, glutamic acid: 141.62 µg/g), with umami amino acids being prominent. Fatty acid composition was dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (up to 53.38%), and the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA/SFA) ranged from 0.47 to 0.53. The 120-day-old geese exhibited the highest unsaturated fatty acid content and superior nutritional value. Regarding MP functional properties, increasing age significantly enhanced MP concentration, surface hydrophobicity (up to 48.65 µg/g), gel water retention (89.03%), and emulsifying activity (0.067 m2/mg, P<0.05). Solubility peaked at 180 days old (45.74%) before declining. Leg muscle MP demonstrated significantly superior gel hardness (9159.7 N) and emulsifying stability (18.31) compared to breast muscle MP (P<0.05). MP from male geese had higher surface hydrophobicity but lower gel strength and emulsifying activity than females (P<0.05). These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the processing suitability of Wanxi White geese meat and developing differentiated products.

Wanxi white geese  /  meat processing and utilization  /  myofibrillar protein  /  day of age  /  meat quality characteristics
冯玉婷, 金松, 汪梦露, 王蕊, 刘纯杰, 梅林. 不同日龄、部位及性别的皖西白鹅肉品质和肌原纤维蛋白特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 292 -302 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030272
Yuting FENG, Song JIN, Menglu WANG, Rui WANG, Chunjie LIU, Lin MEI. Meat Quality and Myofibrillar Protein Characteristics of Wanxi White Geese at Different Ages, Parts and Sexes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 292 -302 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030272
皖西白鹅属于安徽省优良品种,其羽绒品质优良,产绒率高[1],是重要的生产资源,具有体型较大、生长发育速度快且经济价值高等特点。近年来,随着消费者对高蛋白、低脂肪肉制品的需求增长,鹅肉因其营养均衡、风味独特而备受关注。
目前,关于鹅肉品质的研究已有丰富进展。Weng等[2]研究结果,研究日龄对鹅肉营养和品质的影响,章杰等[3]针对鹅肉物理性质及化学组成展开研究。汪彪[4]研究了乳酸杆菌和芽孢杆菌对浙东白鹅生产性能、血清指标及肠道微生态的影响。刘娜[5]对鹅肉加工工艺进行研究。袁宇尘等[6]对生长期皖西白鹅免疫器官结构和血液指标变化规律研究。研究表明,肉类的加工特性与其理化性质、肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)功能特性密切相关,肌原纤维蛋白的功能、凝胶对最终产品的品质和营养特性起着重要作用[7],而日龄、部位及性别等因素显著影响肌肉的持水力、嫩度、乳化性及凝胶性能等关键指标。这些为皖西白鹅的生产、加工与消费提供了理论支持。
然而,现有针对皖西白鹅的系统性研究较欠缺,尤其是不同日龄、解剖部位及性别对其肉质加工特性的影响尚未明晰,缺乏对日龄、性别和部位等因素影响的深入探讨。基于此,本研究以皖西白鹅为对象,系统探究不同日龄(120日龄、180日龄、365日龄)、部位(胸肌、腿肌)、性别对其肉质基本理化性状、营养特性、风味特征及MP功能特性的影响。通过解析其肉质随日龄的变化规律,明确关键加工特性与日龄、部位及性别的关联性,旨在为皖西白鹅进一步加工提供理论依据。
皖西白鹅 120日龄、180日龄、365日龄的皖西白鹅(同栏),雌雄各13只,正大饲料企业规模养殖场提供;无水乙醇(分析纯)、硼酸(分析纯)、甲醇(色谱级) 上海国药集团试剂有限公司;乙二胺四乙酸(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid,EDTA)、5,5' - 二硫代双(5,5' - Dithiobis,DTNB)、十二烷基硫磺酸(Dodecyl Sodium Sulfonate,SDS) 分析纯,广州索莱宝生物科技有限公司;磺基水杨酸、磷酸钠、氯化钠 分析纯,上海麦克林生物试剂有限公司;焦性没食子酸、苯酚、溴酚蓝 分析纯,合肥尚诚有限公司。
BC/BD-102HT冰箱 青岛海尔股份有限公司;CP224C电子天平 上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司;CR-400色差仪 日本 Monica Minolta 有限公司;C-LM3B数显式肌肉嫩度仪 北京京晶科技有限公司;雷磁PHS-3C pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;TA-XT plus质构仪 英国SMS公司;海能HD4020凯氏定氮滴定系统 郑州妙林仪器设备有限公司;PE-Lambda 35 紫外-可见分光光度计 美国PE仪器有限公司;Allegra 64R高速冷冻离心机 美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司;HH-S系列电热恒温水浴锅 常州万丰仪器制造有限公司;GelDoc EZ凝胶成像系统 上海瑞丰电子科技有限公司;NMI20-015V-Ⅰ型核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;DISCOVERY HR-Ⅰ型旋转流变仪 美国TA仪器有限公司。
样品处理:选取相同饲养条件(环境、日粮、管理方式)的120日龄、180日龄、365日龄皖西白鹅,雌雄各13只,颈部宰杀放血后去除内脏。剔除鹅肌肉表面筋膜、脂肪及结缔组织,分割为3 cm×2 cm×2 cm肉块(用于物性测定)及冷藏样品(−4 ℃和−18 ℃保存)。样品标记为MT(母鹅腿肌)、GT(公鹅腿肌)、MX(母鹅胸肌)、GX(公鹅胸肌)。
排酸:分两阶段进行,第一阶段温度为5~8 ℃,湿度为70%~75%,时间为2~3 h;第二阶段温度为0~4 ℃,湿度为85%~90%,时间为13~14 h。
参考牛力[8]的方法,并稍加修改。剔除鹅肌肉表面结缔组织膜,分割为3 cm×2 cm×2 cm肉块,然后在空气中暴露10 min,采用便携式色差仪测定胸肉L*值(亮度值)、a*值(红度值)、b*值(黄度值),每样品3个位点重复3次取均值。
参照NY/T 1180-2006《肉嫩度的测定 剪切力测定法》[9]。
参照GB 5009.237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》[10]。
参考张伟力[11]的测定方法,并稍加修改。将肉样切为10 g左右的小块,精确称取,放入离心管中进行离心(9000 r/min,4 ℃),离心10 min后用镊子取出肉样,并用滤纸吸取肉表面水分后再次称重,失去的水分为离心前与离心后的肉样重量之差。系水力由以下公式计算:
$\rm 系水力(\text{%}) = \left(1-\frac{{m - M}}{{m}}\right)\times \text{100} $
式中:m为肉样离心前重量,g;M为肉样离心后重量,g。
参考朱美淋等[12]的测定方法,并稍加修改。将鹅肉样品在室温放置2 h,分割为3 cm×2 cm×2 cm肉块,切面要求平整。采用质构剖面分析(TPA)法,探头型号选择P/36R,测前速率2.00 mm/s、测试速率2.00 mm/s、测后速率2.00 mm/s,压缩比设置为50%,探头两次测定间隔5.00 s,自动循环2次,每组平行测定3次。
水分按照国标GB 5009.3-2016[13]测定;灰分按照国标GB 5009.4-2016[14]测定;蛋白质按照国标GB 5009.5-2016[15]测定;粗脂肪按照国标GB 5009.6-2016[16]测定。所有测定实验均重复3次。
参考孙祥祥等[17]的测定方法,并稍加修改。称取3 g绞碎的肉样置于离心管内,加入3 mL超纯水混合并匀浆(6000 r/min,20 s,2次),离心(4 ℃、10000 r/min,10 min)后收集上清液,定容至5 mL。向2 mL离心管中依次加入600 mg上述溶液和1 mL 6%磺基水杨酸,振荡摇匀。超声处理30 min后4 ℃静置12 h后复超声处理30 min,离心(14000 r/min,30 min),取上清液用0.22 μm水相滤膜过滤得样品,上机分析。
参照GB 5009.168-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》[18]归一化法测定。
选用屠宰24~48 h的新鲜肉,剔除多余的脂肪以及结缔组织,将其剪碎放入真空袋中在−20 ℃左右冷冻24 h,提取肌原纤维蛋白前在4 ℃解冻约15 h。
参考徐德峰等[19]的测定方法,并稍加修改。取2 g肉样,加7.5倍体积焦磷酸盐饱和缓冲液(PRB)(100 mmol/L KCl,2 mmol/L MgCl2·6H2O,2 mmol/L EDTA·2Na,1 mmol/L DTT,2 mmol/L Na4P2O7·10H2O,10 mmol/L Maleate,pH6.8)冰浴匀浆30 s。离心(2000 r/min,15 min,4 ℃),收集沉淀,将其分散在4倍体积缓冲液中。重复离心2次,期间均冰浴匀浆30 s。第2次离心后,将沉淀重新分散在4倍体积NaCl溶液(0.2 mol/L)中,用纱布过滤。离心(2000 r/min,15 min,4 ℃),收集沉淀,重复2次。将沉淀分散在4倍体积的去离子水中洗脱2次,离心后所得沉淀即为提取的肌原纤维蛋白。
参考闫海鹏[20]的方法。以牛血清蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)为基准物质标定双缩脲溶液,取5 g左右提取物用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.2 mol/L NaCl,0.01 mol/L Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4,pH6.5)稀释5倍,在540 nm处测定肌原纤维蛋白的含量。
蛋白溶液的制备:取一定量的肌原纤维蛋白,用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.2 mol/L NaCl,0.01 mol/L Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4,pH6.8)配制成不同浓度的蛋白溶液。
参考闫海鹏[20]的方法。取5 mL蛋白液(6 mg/mL)离心(1500×g,10 min),取上清液2 mL加8 mL双缩脲试剂,采用磷酸缓冲溶液作为空白对照。将离心管放在20~25 ℃水浴锅中保温30 min,测定540 nm处的吸光值。计算公式为:
$ 溶解度(\text{\text{%}})=\frac{\text{离心后上清液的蛋白质量浓度}}{\text{离心前的蛋白质量浓度}}\text{×100} $
参照贾娜等[21]的测定方法,采用Chelh等[22]的方法。向2 mL蛋白液(5 mg/mL)加入120 μL溴酚蓝溶液(1 mg/mL),用漩涡振荡仪振荡混匀10 min,用相应的磷酸缓冲液进行空白对照组实验,离心15 min,在595 nm波长处测定其光密度值。计算公式为:
$\rm 表面疏水基含量(\text{μg})=\frac{\text{120 μg}\times ({\text{OD}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{OD}}_{\text{2}})}{{\text{OD}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中:OD1为空白组的光密度值;OD2为待测样品的光密度值。
参考栗俊广等[23]的方法,并稍加修改。使用预冷好的缓冲液(0.6 mol/L NaCl,pH7.0)溶解MP并调节MP溶液质量浓度为30 mg/mL。取3 mL上述MP溶液置于7 mL离心管中,置于水浴锅中加热,25 ℃开始保温5 min,以1 ℃/min的速率加热升温至75 ℃,保温10 min,停止加热,室温冷却1 h后,4 ℃冷藏过夜备用。
参考Kocher等[24]的方法。称取2 g左右的蛋白凝胶于5 mL离心管中,在4 ℃下离心10 min(10000×g),去除离心管中的液体,记录离心管的重量及离心前后离心管与凝胶的总重量。计算公式为:
$\rm WHC (\text{%}) =\frac{({\text{W}}_{\text{2}}-\text{W})}{({\text{W}}_{\text{1}}-\text{W)}}\text{×100} $
式中:W为离心管重,g;W1、W2为离心前后凝胶与离心管总重,g。
参考雷娜[25]的方法。用制得的凝胶进行质构分析。分析时压缩速度为1 mm/s,触发力5 g,测试速度1 mm/s,测后速度1 mm/s,数据采集率为200 pps。
参考雷娜[25]的方法。乳液热诱导形成凝胶过程中,粘弹性的测定通过流变仪中的平行板振动模式进行了测定,几何尺寸为直径40 mm。每个样品在平行板之间添加5 g(间距1.0 mm),用硅油来覆盖外露边缘防止水分散失,避免影响试验结果。诱导蛋白乳液凝胶化的加热范围是30~80 ℃,速率为2 ℃/min,在加热过程中,以正弦应变2%振幅测量样品的剪切力,并且振荡频率为0.1 Hz。测定肌原纤维蛋白乳化液在加热过程中G'(储能模量)和G''(损耗模量)随温度的变化情况,对储能模量的变化进行连续观察。
参照闫海鹏[20]的测定方法,向5 mg/mL 20 mL蛋白质溶液中加5 mL花生油,用匀浆机搅拌(8000 r/min,1 min),迅速从新制的乳状液底部吸去30 μL,加入15 mL 0.1% SDS溶液,然后以0.1% SDS作为对照组,测定其在500 nm处的吸光值A0及静置5 min后的吸光值A500。计算乳化活性指数,就是每毫克蛋白质能乳化油的表面积。计算公式为:
$\rm EAI =\frac{2\times 2.303}{C\times \varphi \times {10}^{4}}\times {\text{A}}_{\text{500}}\times 50 $
式中,C为乳化前的蛋白质质量浓度(mg/mL);φ为乳状液中油所占的体积比例。
$\rm ESI=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}\times \text{5}}{\Delta\text{A}} $
式中,ΔA 表示乳状液初始的吸光值和静置5 min后的吸光值差。
参照YONGSAWATDIGUL等[26]的测定方法。用0.6 mol/L的NaCl溶液配制4 mg/mL肌原纤维蛋白溶液0.1 mL,依次加入0.9 mL 0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH6.8,含8 mol/L尿素、2%十二烷基硫磺酸钠(SDS)、10 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、0.1 mL 0.1%二硝基苯甲酸(DTNB),混合均匀后在40 ℃下保温25 min,快速冷却后在412 nm处测出溶液吸光度。计算公式为:
$\rm {{C}}_{{0}}=\frac{{A}}{\varepsilon}\times D\times \rho = 75.35\times \frac{\text{A}}{\rho} $
式中:C0为巯基浓度(μmol/g);A为412 nm波长处的吸光度;ε为摩尔消光系数,此处为13600(mol·cm)/L;D为稀释倍数;ρ为蛋白质量浓度(mg/mL)。
以“平均值±标准差”表示结果,利用Microsoft Office Excel 365进行数据的整合,用SPSS 24.0软件进行显著性分析,P<0.05为显著,每项指标重复测定3次,用origin软件进行作图。
由表1可得,皖西白鹅肉的L*和a*值随日龄增加而呈上升趋势,而b*值下降;公鹅的L*和a*值明显高于母鹅(P<0.05),公鹅 b*值除了365日龄鹅肉胸肌,其余均小于母鹅。与ALONSO等[27]研究中测得在L*值,公鹅高于母鹅的结果一致。其中L*值范围为44.34~48.60,最大48.60,为365日龄公鹅,不同日龄和性别的鹅肉颜色亮度差异明显。a*值最大是17.15,也为365日龄公鹅;b*值范围是7.42~9.28,最高为120日龄母鹅。
肉的嫩度由肌肉中蛋白质种类、结构特性等因素决定[28],剪切力可用于表示嫩度,与嫩度呈反比关系。由表1可得,皖西白鹅肌肉剪切力值随日龄增长而升高,胸肌剪切力值显著低于腿肌(P<0.05),最小值为120日龄下的母鹅的胸肌30.1 N。根据李同树等[29]结果,180日龄下五龙鹅剪切力胸肌为4.9 kg,腿肌为3.7 kg,整体上高于相同日龄下的皖西白鹅,因此皖西白鹅肉质嫩度更高。
系水力影响肉的多汁性和加工特性,较高的系水力有利于保持肉品的品质。随日龄增加皖西白鹅系水力增大,表1中365日龄的皖西白鹅母鹅腿肌系水力最高,高达76.74%,其加工成品率最高。胸肌系水力由于日龄不同表现显著差异(P<0.05),且腿肌的系水力大于胸肌,公鹅系水力小于母鹅。
通过测定pH和评价肌肉酸碱度来判断肉类产品品质[30]。皖西白鹅的pH为5.85~6.76,腿肌pH显著高于胸肌(P<0.05)。公鹅pH在180日龄和365日龄时低于母鹅,在120日龄的pH高于母鹅,与章杰等[3]结果相反,章杰等[3]测得四川白鹅肉pH在5.5~6.4,在相同日龄下,pH整体低于皖西白鹅。
由表2可得,皖西白鹅肉硬度随日龄增长呈上升趋势,120日龄和180日龄雌鹅胸肉硬度显著低于雄性(P<0.05)。其中120日龄雌鹅腿肌的硬度最小,为3054.1 N,剪切力较低,表示肉质较软。皖西白鹅肉粘度值随日龄增长,呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,无显著差异(P>0.05),腿肌的粘度高于胸肌,180日龄和365日龄的雌性白鹅粘度高于雄性。不同日龄鹅肉的回复性不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。在弹性和咀嚼性方面,不同日龄下腿肌和胸肌均存在显著差异(P<0.05),且整体上腿肌在弹性和硬度上高于胸肌(P<0.05)。从表2得出的结果与翁恺麟[2]、李贞子等[31]研究结果一致且性别之间无规律性的变化趋势。
肌肉中的水分被称为肌原纤维水[32],而实验中肌肉含水量不同,可能是保持这部分水能力的不同,肌肉中水分含量不同,影响了肉制品的加工和口感。由表3可知,随日龄增长,皖西白鹅的水分含量无明显规律。胸肌水分含量显著低于腿肌(P<0.05),且母鹅在180日龄和365日龄的水分含量显著高于公鹅(P<0.05)。
灰分含量表明了皖西鹅肉的胴体特性中肌肉中总矿物质的含量,矿物质组成能显著影响肉的嫩度、保水性、风味和加工适应性。随日龄增长,鹅肉中的灰分含量呈现下降趋势。腿肌灰分含量先增加后减少,胸肌则持续下降,且性别对灰分没有规律性的影响,整体上高于潘珂等[33]测得相同日龄下莲花白鹅、广丰白银鹅、兴国灰鹅、丰城灰鹅的灰分含量。
粗蛋白含量是衡量食品蛋白质营养价值的基础参数,其数值高低直接反映食品中含氮物质的总量。粗蛋白含量随着日龄的上升呈现递减趋势,120日龄时性别无显著影响,但180日龄和365日龄时母鹅明显低于公鹅的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05)。
肌内脂肪含量在120日龄后随日龄的增长而降低,与其他日龄有显著差异(P<0.05),可能因为伴随着动物发育,其肌肉代谢三酰基甘油能力降低,因此不能有效储存三酰基甘油[34−35]。腿肌脂肪含量低于胸肌,且公鹅脂肪含量低于母鹅。
氨基酸含量是衡量肉质优劣的核心营养指标之一,其含量高不仅直接体现肉类的营养价值,还通过影响风味物质生成、蛋白结构稳定性等,改善口感与加工特性。测得结果与翁恺麟[2]研究结果一致。如表4所示,皖西白鹅各部位均检出16种氨基酸,其中游离氨基酸含量从高到低依次为:丙氨酸(235.24±86.50 µg/g)、丝氨酸(168.41±64.76 µg/g)、谷氨酸(141.62±56.31 µg/g)、胱氨酸(0.13±0.23 µg/g)。由于不同性别游离氨基酸和脂肪酸之间的差异前人已有报道,故本研究未重复开展[36]。
丙氨酸和丝氨酸是谷胱甘肽合成的重要前提物质,在抗氧化过程中起到重要作用[30−35]。而谷氨酸是最主要的鲜味氨基酸,谷氨酸的含量与鹅肉肉质的鲜美程度密切相关,此外,谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中的主要兴奋性神经递质,参与学习、记忆和认知等过程,同时作为氨基酸,谷氨酸是蛋白质的基本组成方式,参与多种蛋白质的合成。分析表4可得,120日龄胸肌的甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于同日龄腿肌及180日龄胸肌、腿肌(P<0.05),且120日龄胸肌中上述多种游离氨基酸含量均显著高于180日龄胸肌(P<0.05)。腿肌的游离氨基酸含量整体显著低于胸肌(P<0.05),但180日龄时,胸肌与腿肌间的游离酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
根据饱和度,可将脂肪酸分为饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸。经过检测,皖西白鹅肉中含有4种单不饱和脂肪酸、5种饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,这与关于鹅肉的报道一致[37−38]。如表5所示,皖西白鹅肉中饱和脂肪酸含量最高为32.31%±0.09%,多不饱和脂肪酸最高为15.11%±0.05%,单不饱和脂肪酸最高为53.38%±0.07%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,且饱和脂肪酸含量低于不饱和脂肪酸,这与林树茂等[39]研究结果一致。皖西白鹅测得单不饱和脂肪酸占比整体高于Tor等[40]和Khatun等[41]对鸡肉的测量。
饱和脂肪酸(SFA)摄入过多可能增加心血管疾病风险,但不同种类的SFA的生理效应存在显著差异:棕榈酸并非始终表现为升高血脂的作用[42−43],而硬脂酸可以降低血液中的胆固醇含量[43−45],从而减少心血管疾病的风险。皖西白鹅饱和脂肪酸中棕榈酸含量最高为25.43%±0.06%,硬脂酸含量最高为6.25%±0.01%。单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)具有降胆固醇、降糖降压等作用,而油酸作为大脑细胞膜的重要组成部分,有助于维持神经细胞的结构和功能,支持认知健康和神经保护。实验测得皖西白鹅不饱和脂肪酸中油酸含量最高(49.33%±0.06%)。多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)具有降血脂、降血压等生理功能,皖西白鹅多不饱和脂肪酸中亚油酸含量最高为15.63%±0.12%。多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值(PUFA/SFA)可以评估皖西白鹅的营养价值[46],实验结果显示PUFA/SFA值为0.47±0.01~0.53±0.01,高于一般膳食要求的0.4。120日龄皖西白鹅的单不饱和脂肪酸含量高于180日龄,多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于180日龄,所以120日龄的皖西白鹅肉具有更高的食用价值。
肌肉所含MP最多,占蛋白质总量50%~55%,MP决定了乳化肉制品的保水性和凝胶性[47],是影响肉制品加工适应性的核心因素之一。如图1所示,皖西白鹅MP质量总占比因为日龄、性别、部位的不同而有区别,且有显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着日龄的增长,MP的百分比整体变化是上升的,腿肌明显高于胸肌(P<0.05)。365日龄下公鹅腿肌肌原纤维蛋白百分比最高,约为9.54%,其保水能力最强。
在加工肉制品时,要考虑蛋白质的溶解度,蛋白质溶解度的升高可以提高乳化能力[48]。但是通常认为MP溶解能力较差[49]。如图2所示,不同日龄、性别、部位皖西白鹅MP溶解度各不相同。随年龄增长,总体变化趋势为先增长后下降。在所选的3个日龄中,MP溶解度最大的是180日龄,其公鹅腿肌MP溶解度约为52.83%±0.10%,乳化能力越高,加工适应性更优。最小的是365日龄。根据分析可得,腿肌MP明显强于胸肌(P<0.05),性别对MP溶解度没有显著影响。
蛋白质表面疏水性氨基酸的相对含量由蛋白表面的疏水性反应所决定[50],表面疏水性越高,变性程度越大。由图3可得,MP表面疏水性在不同日龄、性别和部位下都有明显的差异性,且表面疏水性随日龄增长整体呈现上升的趋势(P<0.05)。对皖西白鹅不同部位和性别的MP表面疏水含量分析可得,365日龄下,公鹅MP表面疏水基含量最高,约为48 μg,胸肌明显低于腿肌(P<0.05),母鹅低于公鹅。
在加工肉制品的过程中,通常将保水性作为肉类的重要食用品质特征。保水性强弱影响人们对鹅肉产品的感官评价,从而影响产品经济价值[51]。保水性与肌肉中的肌浆与蛋白质的相互作用力以及静电排斥效应有关[52]。肌肉蛋白的氧化,使蛋白质构象和挥发性化合物吸收能力的改变,以及氨基酸衍生物的形成,进而改变肉制品中水分的分布和状态[53]。由图4可得,肌原纤维凝胶保水性随日龄的增长而增加,腿肌的肌原纤维保水性较胸肌大(P<0.05),母鹅在腿肌部位保水性低于公鹅,胸肌部位则反之。
凝胶的强度、硬度和弹性是影响肉制品口感的主要因素,并且硬度和强度是呈正相关的,凝胶系统的网状结构会随着硬度的增大而变得更密。根据表6得出,MP凝胶硬度和强度随日龄的增长而增长,不同日龄间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),而腿肌的MP凝胶在强度、硬度、弹性方面都高于胸肌(P<0.05),且无论是硬度还是强度,母鹅都明显高于公鹅。弹性范围为0.789~0.899,日龄对弹性影响弱于部位。所以通过年龄、部位、性别的精准选择,可定向调控皖西白鹅肉凝胶质构,匹配不同产品。
动态流变学通常用于评价MP的粘弹性[54]。高G'凝胶赋予产品强弹性,适度G'提升多汁性和嫩度,因水分和脂肪被均匀包裹。由图5可得,皖西白鹅在180日龄下的腿肌和365日龄下的胸肌时,G'在不同性别下没有明显性差异。365日龄的鹅胸肌的G'随着温度的升高先下降后回升。G'降低与蛋白质变性有关,而当温度达到60 ℃时,G'整体呈现升高趋势,可能与不可逆的蛋白凝胶网结构的形成有关。180日龄腿肌G'大于365日龄的胸肌,这可能是因为不同日龄、部位鹅肉的肌原纤维蛋白特性差异或者冷藏条件导致的。
乳化的活性指数反映MP在油-水界面吸附并形成乳化液的能力。图6表明,皖西白鹅肉MP乳化活性指数随日龄增长呈上升趋势。胸肌的乳化活性指数低于腿肌,且在180日龄时存在明显的差异性(P<0.05)。母鹅的乳化活性指数整体高于公鹅。365日龄的母鹅腿肌MP乳化活性指数最高,约为0.067 m2/mg,其乳化效率最高,制作香肠时脂肪分布更均匀更均匀,口感更顺滑。
乳化稳定性是指形成乳浊液而不分层的能力。由图7可得,MP乳化稳定性指数随日龄的增长总体呈下降趋势,且存在明显的差异性(P<0.05)。与同日龄的腿肌相比,胸肌的MP乳化稳定性较低。MP是维持乳液状稳定性的重要因素,蛋白质在水油界面阻止脂肪油滴聚集[55]。最高为120日龄下的公鹅腿肌,约为18.31,在加工过程中,使产品咀嚼时更具弹性和汁液感。
乳化活性指数是乳化稳定性指数的前提,但二者并非完全正相关。若MP的乳化活性指数高,则可快速包裹脂肪颗粒,形成细小均匀的乳滴,为稳定乳化奠定基础,但乳化稳定性指数依赖蛋白界面膜的交联强度,若蛋白仅吸附但未形成致密网络,即使乳化活性指数高,乳化体系仍易因脂肪聚集而破乳。
根据图8,图9对巯基分析可得,不同日龄下,皖西白鹅的总巯基含量没有规律性变化,同一日龄腿肌总巯基含量显著高于胸肌(P<0.05)。整体上活性巯基含量随日龄增长呈上升趋势,且差异性明显(P<0.05);而且在部位上,腿肌高于胸肌(P<0.05);在不同性别中,没有明显的差异性。总巯基含量在365日龄母鹅腿肌中达到最高,约为3.45×10−4 μmol/mg,较高的巯基水平有助于提升肌肉蛋白的加工稳定性与成功率。活性巯基易被氧化,分子内部的疏水基团被暴露,表面疏水性增加;过度疏水暴露促进氧化。当蛋白质严重变性,疏水区域暴露后,巯基更易被自由基攻击,活性巯基含量下降。当蛋白质结构变化时,巯基被暴露,这些自由巯基就会发生氧化反应形成二硫键,提高了蛋白质稳定脂肪的能力,从而提高了蛋白的乳化性。总巯基和活性巯基含量越高,蛋白质的功能性(凝胶性、乳化性、保水性等)越强,从而提升肉制品的质地、口感和保质期。
经过上述研究,发现日龄和部位对皖西白鹅肉品质影响较大。皖西白鹅鹅肉剪切力值、L*和a*随日龄增长而增长(P<0.05),而b*、pH则随日龄增长呈现相反趋势;120日龄白鹅中总游离氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸总量比180日龄更高,且相较于180日龄,120日龄白鹅谷氨酸含量更高(P<0.05);120日龄不饱和脂肪酸含量比180日龄的更高(P<0.05),且120日龄和180日龄皖西白鹅PUFA/SFA值均高于一般膳食要求0.4。结果发现120日龄鹅肉剪切力较低,肌肉纤维较细,口感更嫩;180日龄鹅肉适合制作香肠等肉制品,但直接食用口感不佳,365日龄鹅肉品质会下降。
在对皖西白鹅肉的研究中,发现MP质量浓度、表面疏水性、凝胶保水性、乳化活性指数、凝胶硬度与强度、活性巯基含量随日龄增长而增长,而乳化稳定性指数呈相反趋势;鹅肌原纤维蛋白总巯基含量基本与日龄无关;关于肌原纤维蛋白,180日龄皖西白鹅溶解度最大,365日龄皖西白鹅溶解度最小;在所研究的蛋白百分比、MP溶解度、乳化活性指数、MP表面疏水性、保水性、凝胶硬度、弹性、强度方面,腿肌明显高于胸肌,与性别无关。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030272
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1安徽农业大学食品与营养学院创新班,安徽合肥 230036
    2安徽农业大学食品与营养学院,安徽合肥 230036
    3正大食品(合肥)有限公司,安徽合肥 231100
    4肥西老母鸡食品有限公司,安徽合肥 230031

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梅林(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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